PART 2

DC CIRCUITS
I. CIRCUITS and NETWORKS
1. CIRCUITS
a closed conducting path through which an electric current flows or is
intended to flow
a. Parameters
the various elements of an electric circuit, like resistance, inductance, and
capacitance which may be lumped or distributed
b. Types:
Linear Cir!it
is one whose parameters are constant, i.e., they do not change with voltage
or current.
N"n#Linear Cir!it
is that circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current.
$i%atera% Cir!it
is one whose properties or characteristics are the same is either direction.
*The usual transmission line is bilateral; because it can be made to perform its
function equally well in either direction.
Uni%atera% Cir!it
is that circuit whose properties or characteristics change with the direction of
its operation.
*A diode rectifier is a unilateral circuit, because it cannot perform rectification in
both directions.
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.
#
I
/
R
0#0 DC CIRCUITS
0. ELECTRICAL NETWORK
onnection of various electric elements in any manner.
a. Types
Passi(e Net)"r1
!ith no source of emf.
Ati(e Net)"r1
ontains one or more than one sources of emf.
b. Parts
N"de
A "unction in a circuit where two or more circuit elements and#or branches are
connected together.
$ran2
$art of a network which lies between two "unctions.
L""p
A closed path in a circuit in which no element or node is encountered more
than once.
&es2
A loop that contains no other loop within it.
3. O4&5s La)
one of the most fundamental law in electrical circuits relating voltage, current
and resistance
developed in %&'( by )erman physicist 6e"r' Sim"n O2m
According to *hms +aw, the current ,-. flowing in an electrical circuit is
directly proportional to the applied voltage ,/. and inversely proportional to
the equivalent resistance,R. of the circuit and mathematically e0pressed as1
I 7
R
E
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DC CIRCUITS 2- 3
II. SERIES8 PARALLEL CIRCUITS
1. SERIES Cir!its
a circuit connection in which the components are connected to form one
conducting path
RT 7 R1.R0.R3
ET 7E1.E0.E3
IT 7 I17I07I3
PT 7P1.P0.P3
/"%ta'e Di(isi"n 9"r Series Cir!it:
E: 7 ET

T
R
:
R

!here1 /0 2 voltage across the resistor concerned
/T 2 total voltage across the circuit
R0 2 the resistor concerned
RT 2 the sum of all resistances in the circuit
0. PARALLEL Cir!it
a circuit connection in which the components are connected to form more
than % conducting path
RT 7
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
R R R
+ +
ET 7 E1 7 E0 7 E3
IT 7 I1 . I0 . I3
PT 7P1.P0.P3
C!rrent Di(isi"n 9"r Para%%e%
Cir!it:
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E
T
-
%
-
'
-
3

R
%
R
'
R
3

-
T

E
T
-
%
-
'

-
3

R
%
R
'
R
3

-
T

-
3

Resist"rs in
para%%e%
0#; DC CIRCUITS
I: 7 IT

T
R
e<
R
!here1 -0 2 current concerned flowing through resistor R0
-T 2 total current of the circuit
Req 4 equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit e0cept R0
RT 4 the sum of all the resistances in the circuit
III. NETWORK ANAL=SIS
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DC CIRCUITS 2- >
1. NETWORK LAWS and T4EORE&S


a. Kir2"995s La)
more comprehensive than *hm5s +aw and is used in solving electrical
termed as 6+aws opf /lectric 7etworks8
formulated by )erman physicist )ustav Robert 9irchhoff
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)
6In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the current meeting at a point (or
junction) is zero.

=
N
n
n
I
1
:;
!here -n 4 is the nth current entering the node
7 4 the number of currents at the node
-n short the sum of currents entering a node equals to sum of currents
leaving the node
-n using 9+, we usually use the following conventions
- urrent towards the node, positive current
- urrent away from the node, negative current
At 7*</ %1 IT # I1 # I0 # I3 7 ?
At 7*</ '1 I1 . I0 . I3 # IT 7 ?
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0#@ DC CIRCUITS
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
6The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances in each of the
conductors in any closed path (or mesh) in a network !"# the algebraic sum of
the emfs in that path is zero.

=
N
n
n
/
1
:;
!here1 =n 4 the nth voltage in a loop
7 2 the number of voltages in a loop
-n short, the sum of the voltages around the loop is equal to >ero
-n using 9=+, we use the following conventions1
- ?or voltage sources, if loops enters on minus and goes out on plus,
positive voltage and if loops enters on plus and goes out on minus,
negative voltage
- ?or voltage drops, if the loop direction is the same as the current
direction, negative voltage drop and if the loop direction is opposite
to the current direction, positive voltage drop.
?or +**$ %1 ET A /1 A /0 A /3 7 ?
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DC CIRCUITS 2- B
b. &es2 Ana%ysis
A sophisticated application of 9=+ with mesh currents.
@esh urrents
An assumed current, which are preferably to flow clockwise around the
meshes.
-n mesh equations1
6Aelf2resistances8 terms always have ,B. sign because the $R-7-$A+ mesh
currents flow through them.
6@utual2resistances8 terms always have ,2. sign because the *TC/R mesh
current always flow through the mutual resistors in direction opposite to those
of the principal mesh currents.
The voltage of an emf source has a ,B. if the voltage A-<A the flow of
principal mesh currents ,i.e., if this current flows out of the positive terminal.
because this aiding is equivalent to voltage rise.
*The number of mesh equations equals the number of meshesD
. N"da% Ana%ysis
A systematic application of 9+ at a node and after simplifying the resulting
9+ equation, the node voltage can be calculated.
onsist of finding the node voltages at all principal nodes with respect to the
reference node.
Prinipa% N"de
A node with three or more circuit elements "oined together.
Re9erene N"de
The node from which the unknown voltages are measured
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0#C DC CIRCUITS
d. S!perp"siti"n T2e"rem
6The current through, or $oltage across, an element in a linear bilateral network
is e%ual to the algebraic sum of the current or $oltages produced independently
in each source.8
-n general1
7umber of network to analy>e is equal to number of -ndependent Aources.
To consider effects of each source independently, sources must be removed
and replaced without affecting the final result1
All voltage sources EE short circuited
All current sources EE open circuited
Aample $roblem
*n the following circuit, determine the current flowing through the %;9 ohm
resistor using the Auperposition Theorem1
)uide to Aolution1
-%; 4 current due to / and -
Ahort circuit the voltage source and compute for the current flowing
through %; 9 in the influence of the -
and termed as -0
*pen the current source and compute for the current through %; 9 in the
influence of %; =olts and termed as -y
-%; : -0 B -y

Auperposition is not applicable to power effects since the power loss in a resistor
varies as the square ,non2linear. of the current or voltage.
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DC CIRCUITS 2- D
e. C"mpensati"n T2e"rem
as applied to < circuits1
Any resistance R in a branch of a network in which current - is flowing can be
replaced, for the purposes of calculations, by a voltage equal to -R, or
-f the resistance of any branch of a network is changed from R to ,R B R.
where the current flowing originally is %, the change of current at any other
place in the network may be calculated by assuming than an emf of 4% , R.
has been in"ected into the modified branch while other sources have their
emfs suppressed and are represented by their internal resistance only.
9. Reipr"ity T2e"rem
6In any linear&bilateral network if a source of emf, ' in any branch produces a
current I in any other branch, then the same emf, ' acting in the second branch
would produce the same current I in the first branch.
Aimply mean,
/ and - are mutually transferable, or
The receiving point and the sending point in a network are interchangeable,
or
-nterchange of an -</A+ voltage source and an -</A+ ammeter in any
network will not change the ammeter reading,
-nterchange of an -</A+ current source and an -</A+ voltmeter in any
network will not change the voltmeter reading.
'. &i%%man5s T2e"rem
6( special case of the application of The$enin)s Theorem*or +orton)s Theorem
used for finding the ,-..-+ $oltage (/(0) across any network which contains a
number of parallel $oltage sources.
-n @illmanFs Theorem, the circuit is re2drawn as a parallel network of
branches, each branch containing a resistor or series battery#resistor
combination.
@illmanFs Theorem is applicable only to those circuits which can be re2drawn
accordingly. Cere again is our e0ample circuit used for the last two analysis
methods
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0#1? DC CIRCUITS
Re(ie) E!esti"n
Gsing @illman5s Theorem, solve for the Hranch voltages

)uide to Aolution1
Gsed the @illman5s Theorem equation1
2. &a:im!m P")er Trans9er T2e"rem
?or loads connected directly to a < voltage supply, ma0imum power will be
delivered to the load when the resistance is equal to the internal resistance of
the source.
?or ma0imum power transfer : Rs 7 R%
Re(ie) E!esti"n
A battery source rated %' volts has an internal resistance of 'I ohms, what is the
e0pected load impedance to attain ma0imum power transferJ
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DC CIRCUITS 2- 11
Aolution1
Hy condition1 Rl : Rs therefore R% 7 0> "2ms
App%iati"ns
To obtain ma0imum power output from several types of power amplifier load
must match the output resistance of the associated components.
@a0imum power is delivered to an antenna circuit when the impedance of
the antenna is made to match that of the transmission line that feeds the
antenna.
i. T2e(enin5s T2e"rem
1(ny two&terminal of a linear, acti$e bilateral network of fi2ed resistances and
$oltage source*s may be replaced by a single $oltage source ('T3) and a series
internal resistance (4T3).
?ormulated by C2ar%es Le"n T2e(enin ,%&I(2%K'L.
=TC
The open circuit voltage ,=oc. which appears across the two terminals from
where the load resistance ,R+. has been removed.
RTC
The resistance looking back into the network across the two terminals with all
the voltage sources shorted and replaced by their internal resistances ,if any.
and all the current sources by infinite resistance.

F. N"rt"n5s T2e"rem
6(ny two terminal acti$e network containing $oltage sources and resistances
when $iewed from its output terminals, is e%ui$alent to a constant&current source (I+)
and a parallel internal resistance (4+).
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0#10 DC CIRCUITS
-7
The current which would flow in a short circuit placed across the output
terminals.
R7
The resistances of the network when viewed from the open2circuited
terminals after all voltage sources being replaced by open2circuits.
T2e(enin A N"rt"n Trans9"rmati"n
IN 7
T4
R
T4
/
RN 7 RT4

N"rt"n A T2e(enin Trans9"rmati"n
/T4 7 INRN RT4 7 RN
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DC CIRCUITS 2- 13
0. E<!i(a%ent T2ree#Termina% Net)"r1s
De%ta and Wye Cir!its
De%ta t" Wye
the equivalent resistance of each arm of the wye is given by the $R*<GT
of the two delta sides that meet at its end divided by the AG@ of the three
delta resistances
- 7
C $ A
A$
+ +
= 7
C $ A
$C
+ +
G7
C $ A
AC
+ +
Wye t" De%ta
The equivalent delta resistance between any two terminals is given by the
AG@ of star resistance between those terminals $+GA the $R*<GT of
these two star resistances <-=-</< by third resistance.
A 7
=
G- =G -= + +
$ 7
G
G- =G -= + +
C 7
-
G- =G -= + +
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0#1; DC CIRCUITS
TEST =OURSELH 2
Re(ie) E!esti"ns

%. A battery with a rating of K volts has an internal resistance of '; ohms, what is the e0pected
resistance of the bulb that is connected across the battery to attain a ma0imum power transferJ
a. '; ohms
b. %; ohms
c. I ohms
d. ' ohms
Ans)er a. '; ohms
C"nditi"n
?or ma0imum power transfer, Rsource : Rload
'. -n a series circuit of ' resistors '';; and MI;; with an impressed voltage of %;, what is the
circuit current in mAJ ,+o$ember, 5667)
a. %.MK
b. L.(L
c. M.3M
d. %.3M
Ans)er a. %.MK
S"%!ti"n
- :
3
%; 0 MK3 . %
L(;;
%;
MI;; '';;
%;

= =
+
3. The current needed to operate a soldering iron which has a rating of L;; watts at %%; volts is.
a. I.MII A
b. LL,;;; A
c. %&';; A
d. ;.%&' A
Ans)er a. I.MII A
S"%!ti"n
- : MIMI . I
%%;
L;;
=
$
= =
M. The ammeter reads '3; amperes while the voltmeter is %%I volts. !hat is the power in 9! at
the time of reading ,April, ';;M.
a. 'LM.I
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DC CIRCUITS 2- 1>
b. 'LMI
c. 'LMI;;
d. 'L.MI
Ans)er d. 'L.MI
S"%!ti"n
$ : =- : %%I0'3; : 'LMI; !atts : 'L.MI 9!
I. !hat type of circuit whose parameters are constant which do not change with voltage or
currentJ
a. lumped
b. tuned
c. reactive
d. +inear
Ans)er d. +inear
L. !hat is the total resistance of two equal valued resistors is seriesJ
a. twice as one
b. the sum of their reciprocal
c. the difference of both
d. the product of both
Ans)er a. twice as one
(. !hat do you e0pect when you use two '; kohms, % watt resistor in parallel instead of one %;
kohms, % wattJ
a. provide more power
b. provide lighter current
c. provide less power
d. provide wider tolerance
Ans)er a. provides more power
&. The voltage applied in < circuit having a power of 3L watts and a total resistance of M ohms.
a. L =
b. K =
c. %' =
d. 'M =
Ans)er c. %' =
S"%!ti"n
$ :
R
=
'

= : $R : %' M 0 3L =
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0#1@ DC CIRCUITS
K. !hen resistors are connected in series, what happensJ
a. the effective resistance is decreased
b. nothing
c. the tolerance is decreased
d. the effective resistance is increased
Ans)er d. the effective resistance is increased
%;. ?ind the Thevenin5s impedance equivalent across R' of a linear close circuit having %;2=
supply in series with resistors ,R% :%;; ohms and R' : ';; ohms ,+o$ember, 899:.
a. LLL ohms
b. L.LL ohms
c. LL.L ohms
d. L.LL ohms
Ans)er c. LL.L ohms
Aolution
RTC : LL( . LL
';; %;;
';; 0 %;;
' R % R
' R % R
=
+
=
+
%%. Cow much power does electronic equipment consume, assuming a I.I A current flowing and a
%';2= power source ,+o$ember, 899:)
a. L; !
b. LL !
c. LL; !
d. %'I.I !
Ans)er c. LL; !
S"%!ti"n
$ : =- : %';0I.I : LL; !
%'. Cow many nodes are needed to completely analy>e a circuit according to 9irchoffs urrent +aw
,(pril, 899;)
a. *ne
b. Two
c. All nodes in the circuit
d. *ne less than the total number of nodes in the circuit
Ans)er d. *ne less than the total number of nodes in the circuit
%3. A common connection between circuit elements or conductors from different branches.
a. 7ode
b. Nunction
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DC CIRCUITS 2- 1B
c. )round
d. @esh
Ans)er b. Nunction
%M. -t is used to denote a common electrical point of >ero potential ,(pril, 566<)
a. Ahort circuit
b. Reference point
c. *pen circuit
d. )round
Ans)er d. )round
%I. +oop currents should be assumed to flow in which directionJ ,(pril, 899;)
a. Atraight
b. clockwise
c. counterclockwise
d. either b or c
Ans)er d. either b or c
%L. -n mesh analysis, we apply1
a. 9+
b. 9=+
c. Aource transformation
d. @illman5s Theorem
Ans)er b. 9=+
%(. !hich of the following is not a valid e0pression of *hms +aw ,+o$ember, 8999)
a. R :$-
b. / :-R
c. - : /#R
d. R : /#-
Ans)er a. R : $-
%&. Gsing *hms +aw, what happens to the circuit current if the applied voltage increasesJ ,(pril,
566<.
a. urrent doubles
b. urrent increases
c. urrent remains constant
d. urrent decreases
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0#1C DC CIRCUITS
Ans)er b. urrent increases
%K. According to *hm5s +aw, what happens to the circuit current if the circuit resistance increasesJ
((pril, 5667)
a. urrent doubles
b. urrent decreases
c. urrent increases
d. urrent remains constant
Ans)er b. urrent decreases
';. -f the resistance of a circuit is doubled and the applied voltage is kept constant, the current will
beOOOOOOOO ,(pril, 5667)
a. He quadrupled
b. Remains the same
c. He cut in half
d. He doubled
Ans)er c. He cut in half
'%. -t is an electrical current that flows in one direction onlyJ ,April, ';;I.
a. 7ormal current
b. Alternating current
c. <irect current
d. /ddy current
Ans)er c. <irect current
''. -n *hms law, what is /#RJ ,+o$ember, 5667.
a. Amperage
b. =oltage
c. Resistance
d. $ower
Ans)er a. Amperage
'3. A 332kohm resistor is connected in series with a parallel combination made up of IL2kohm
resistor and a (.&2kohm resistor. !hat is the total combined resistance of the three resistorsJ
,+o$ember, 8999.
a. 3K;L( ohms
b. MK;LK ohms
c. L3(LK ohms
d. KI;;; ohms
Ans)er a. 3K;L( ohms
S"%!ti"n
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DC CIRCUITS 2- 1D
Rtotal : 339 B 9ohms ;L( . 3K
9 & . ( 9 IL
9 & . ( 90 IL
=
+
'M. !hich of the following cannot be included in a loop of 9irchhoff5s =oltage law ,(pril, 566<.
a. urrent sources
b. =oltage sources
c. Resistance
d. Reactance
Ans)er a. urrent sources
'I. A series connected circuit consists of 3 loads and consume a total power of I; !atts. -t was
reconfigured such that ' are in parallel and the other load is in series with the combination. !hat is
the e0pected power to be consumed thenJ
a. I; !atts
b. 'I !atts
c (I watts
d. MI watts
Ans)er a. I; !atts
C"nditi"n
$ower is additive in any configuration of load whether in series or in parallel
$total : I; !atts
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