Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering laboratory (2 )



- Title of experiment: "rhaa llE taeh ehlT dnallehS"
- Number of experiment: "2"
-
- Done by : Ramzy Kilani 0115131
Amal suliman 0100463
Mayson Qawooq 0115281
Doaa bdarneh 0124657

- Date of performing experiment: 31 / 4 / 2134
- Date of submitting report: 21 / 4 / 2134
- Type of report: "Short Report"











Rsults:
Table (1) Results of the experiment

trial
inlet
water T
outlet
water T
inlet
water P
outlet
water P
inlet
steam T
outlet
steam T Avg water Avg staem
1 292.15 304.15 0.4 0.7 378.15 338.15 298.15 338.15
2 293.15 298.15 0.49 0.69 378.15 339.15 295.65 336.9
3 294.15 303.15 0.8 0.5 381.15 339.15 298.65 339.9
4 295.15 308.15 1 0.49 382.15 339.15 301.65 341.9
5 295.15 313.15 1.15 0.41 381.15 341.15 304.15 342.65

Table (2) Results of the experiment

trial
inlet
stea
m P

steam

steam
Cp
stea
m Hfg(kJ) Tlm
Vol.Flow
steam
mass.Flow
steam
Vol.Flow
water
mass.Flow
water
1 0.5
0.0000
1
965.25
4
2.004
8
2257.63
6
58.894834
64
2.03333
E-05
0.0196268
31
0.0002916
67
0.2873558
33
2 0.5
0.0000
1
964.19
3
1.999
2
2257.63
6
30.273372
37 0.00002
1.92839E-
05
0.0002666
67
0.2633733
33
3 0.5
0.0000
1
963.21
4
1.993
7
2257.63
6
59.994945
49
1.83333
E-05
0.0176589
23
0.0002333
33
0.2309439
77
4 0.5
0.0000
1
962.54
8
1.993
2
2257.63
6
57.706128
39
2.08333
E-05
0.0200530
83
0.0002166
67
0.2144938
03
5 0.5
0.0000
1
962.25
4 1.992
2257.63
6
56.285229
79
2.31667
E-05
0.0222922
18
0.00017833
3
0.1766194
07

















Calculations of the fifth trial:
Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient:

trial Re Nu hi ho Ud Uc
1 1648.9117 7.3377 394.7635 8500.0000 325.7890 412.2553
2 1399.3470 7.2452 386.8937 8500.0000 326.8577 411.0750
3 1123.0575 7.0718 374.6236 8500.0000 324.4589 410.1236
4 1043.0620 6.9617 368.4479 8500.0000 321.4520 409.2558
5 844.5679 6.6571 351.6692 8500.0000 320.6369 409.0120
Rd Qw Qs QL QL%
0.0006 14419.6307 33475.1580 1780.2540 0.0532
0.0006 5505.0294 32650.1455 1897.6750 0.0581
0.0006 8687.0732 32500.2315 1941.1530 0.0597
0.0007 11654.1991 31152.2350 1980.3450 0.0610
0.0007 13286.9367 31015.2324 1996.1566 0.0640
2
3035 . 3 ) 37 )( 030 . 2 )( 014 (. m LN D A O o
LM T F U q
= = =
A A =
t t




Fig .2. Parallel flow heat exchanger.

( ) ( )
( )
14 .
19 105
19 31
33 . 3
19 31
65 105
56
19 105
31 65
ln
19 105 31 65
ln
0
1
2
1 2
=

=
=

=
=
(

=
(

A
A
A A
= A
P
R
C
T
T
T T
TLM




Fig.3. correction factor


F=.99
h h h h T cp m m q A = +

is the latent heat of condensation.

From steam tables (at T
sat
=105C
0
=378K) = 2225 KJ.Kg
-1

( )
1
.
2
. 482 . 185
56 99 . 3035 . 3
33970
97 . 33
)) 65 105 ( 7 . 4181
3
10 2 . 14 ( )
3
10 2 . 14 2225000 (
/
3
10 2 . 14
3
. 22 . 985 )
1
. ( 42 . 14
1
.
1
. 1817 . 4
358
0
85
2
65 105
2

=

=
A
=
=

=
A + =

= =

=
= =
+
=
+
=
K m W
TLM F A
q
U
KW q
q
T cp m m q
s kg m kg s ml Q m
K Kg KJ CP
K C
T T
T
o
o
h h h h
h h
h
hout hin
h




Calculation of the heat transfer coefficient
Q= 4 = 17.5 L.min
-1

3
1
2 3
4
2
4
22 . 985
25
2
31 19
2
6234 . 2
) 10 12 (
4
10 967 . 2
4
10 967 . 2

=
=
+
=
+
=
=

= =
m Kg
C
Tc Tc
T
ms
Di
A
Q
V
O
OUT in
C

t t

( ) TURBULANT
VDi

= =

5
5
10 200310 . 6
10 5
012 . 6234 . 2 22 . 985
Re

Fully developed flow 10Di =.12 m<2.03m

1 2
1 2
4 . 8 . 4 . 8 .
. . 8500
. . 854930
012 .
64559 . 15891
15891 261 . 3 620310 023 . Pr Re 023 .


=
=

=
= = = =
K m W h
K m W h
K
D h
NU
o
i
i i


Calculation of the fouling resistance

. 30351 . 3 37 03 . 2 014 .
. 83158 . 2 37 03 . 2 012 .
1 1 1
1 1
1
2
2
m LN D A
m LN D A
A K
R R
A
R
A
R
A h A h A U
A K
R R
A
R
A
R
A h A h
A U
o o
i i
i
glass
i O
o
fo
i
fi
o o i i O O
i
glass
i O
o
fo
i
fi
o o i i
O O
= = =
= = =

+ + + + =

+ + + +
=
t t
t t


R
fo
=zero. (Steam moves in the shell so it assumed to be clean)

1 2
4 5 7 3
4
1 1
003145505 .
10 851083854 . 4
83158 . 2
10 561285 . 3 10 13086 . 4 10 6320 . 1
10 851083854 . 4
83158 . 2 3035 . 3 8500
1
83158 . 2 854930
1
3035 . 3 482 . 185
1
. . 728001681 . ) ( 75 . 66
2
5 . 90 43
2

=
+ + + =
+ +

= =
+
=
+
=
W K m R
R
R
k m W GLASS K C
Th Tc
T
fi
fi
fi
O


Calculation of the heat losses







KW q
q
H H m H H m q hi ho h Ci Co c
91 . 968
)) 2695000 2335000 ( 01126 (. )) 142400 217700 ( 0667 (.
)) ( ( )) ( (
.
.
.
.
=
+ =
+ =
A A A A



. . . .
H m H m q
inlet outlet

=



Objectives:

-To determine the overall heat transfer corfficient using steam on the shell
side and cooling water on the tube side.

-To investigate the effect of flow pattern (co-current or counter current) on
the heat transfer coefficient.

-To establish energy balance in the heat exchanger.

General Description
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers are one of the most popular types of
exchanger due to the flexibility the designer has to allow for a wide
range of pressures and temperatures. There are two main categories
of Shell and Tube exchanger:
1. those that are used in the petrochemical industry which tend to be
covered by standards from TEMA, Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
Association
2. those that are used in the power industry such as feedwater heaters
and power plant condensers.
Regardless of the type of industry the exchanger is to be used in there are
a number of common features
A shell and tube exchanger consists of a number of tubes mounted
inside a cylindrical shell. Figure 1 illustrates a typical unit that may be
found in a petrochemical plant. Two fluids can exchange heat, one fluid
flows over the outside of the tubes while the second fluid flows through
the tubes. The fluids can be single or two phase and can flow in a
parallel or a cross/counter flow arrangement.

Figure 1. Shell and tube exchanger.





The shell and tube exchanger consists of four major parts:
- Front Headerthis is where the fluid enters the tubeside of the
exchanger. It is sometimes referred to as the Stationary Header.
- Rear Headerthis is where the tubeside fluid leaves the exchanger
or where it is returned to the front header in exchangers with multiple
tubeside passes.
- Tube bundlethis comprises of the tubes, tube sheets, baffles and
tie rods etc. to hold the bundle together.
- Shellthis contains the tube bundle.




















DISSCUSSION:
RELIABILITY OF DATA:
1. Heat transfer is thermal energy transit due to temperature difference from high temperature
region to low temperature region.
The data shows increase in cooled water (tube fluid) temperature and decrease in steams (hell
fluid) temperature then the data is accurate and logic.
2. The pressure drop is necessary for moving water in the tubes and steam in the shell
during the experiment.
3. While increasing the flow rate of cold water in the tubes the heat transfer from steam to
cooled water will be greater so the condensate flow rate will increase.
4. changing the flow rate of cold water cause the system to be under transient state so we
shall wait about (10-15 ) minutes until the variables in the heat transfer process return
constant with time again.
5. The pressure drop of steam in the shell is greater than of the pressure drop of water in
tubes so we put the steam in the shell because it is stronger than tubes.


COMPARISION OF RESULTS WITH LITERRATURE FINDINGS:
Table (4) Comparison between experimental and theoretical results
Variables Experimental results Representative results
Overall heat transfer
coefficient
223.147 W/m
2
.K 200-700 W/m
2
.K
Heat transfer
coefficient
3744.927 W/m
2
.K 2500-100000 W/m
2
.K
Fouling resistance

.00209955644 m
2
.K/W .0001 m
2
.K/W
Heat transfer 27.09 KW 968.91 KW

1. Overall heat transfer coefficient is less than the representative one because of the heat loss
from the device to the surrounding.
2. Fouling resistance is high because maintenance is annually and the fluid is dirty.
3. Heat loss to the surrounding is very huge because the steam is in the shell side and the
boundary is glass and it is not a good insulator.
4. Changing the water flow rate causes the system to be in transient state the variables will
change with time so the system need time to return to steady state.
5. Heat transfer coefficient inversely proportional to water flow water, because the thermal
energy transfer from steam to water will be decreasing.

QWATER , q , hi





CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
CONCLUSIONS:
1. the steam usually is in the tube side and the cold water in the shell side to minimize the
heat loss to surrounding but in this experiment its the opposite because the pressure drop
of steam is very high and it cause cracking in the tubes and the mechanical cleaning is
much more practical for tubes than for the shells so the steam pass through it.
2. Controlling the pressure of steam at the main supply before it enters the shell by
increasing it gradually.
3. Counter current flow has more efficient heat transfer coefficient than parallel flow.
4. Importance of steam trap to get red of condensate in the steams stream and to prevent
builds up of pressure on the whole system.
5. Some valves stay open to the atmosphere to keep the fluids moving by establishing
pressure drop.
6. the diameter of tubes are very small and large number to get larger effective area as
possible perpendicular to the heat transfer direction
7. Segmental baffles vertically cut by 25% fitted along the shell to direct the flow around
the tubes, increase velocity, promote cross flow, and help supporting the tubes.
8. log mean temperature difference method should be adjusted by a correction factor
because the driving force (T) will vary along the length of the exchanger and the flow
patterns is a mixture of cocurrent, counter current, and cross flow.

RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. Instead of doing five trials on parallel flow only
Two trials on parallel flow and three trials on counter flow.
2. Doing maintenance every six months




















References:
1. FRANK P.INCROPERA and DAVID P.D
E
WITT, Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer, 4
th
edition,(1996)
2. TEMA Seventh Edition. (1988) Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
Association.
3. Saunders, E. A. D. (1988) Heat ExchangersSelection, Design and
Construction, Longman Scientific and Technical.
4. Hewitt, G. F, Shires, G. L., and Bott, T. R. (1994) Process Heat
Transfer, CRC Press.
5. Boiler and Pressure Vessel code, ASME (American Society of
Mechanical Engineers).
6. British Master Pressure Vessel Standard, BS 5500.