AS Chemistry Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Hesss Law


The total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route
taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same.

Or

The energy change for a reaction is the same whether a reaction takes
place in one stage or in a series of stages.




H1

A
D


H2
H4

C
H3

Hesss law tells us that the enthalpy change of reaction for the
direct route is the same as for the indirect route. It does not
matter how many steps there are in the indirect route.

So we deduce the following (using the diagram)

H1 = H2 + H3 + H4










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Kajana SIvarasa

AS Chemistry Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Calculating the enthalpy change of formation, Hf using the

enthalpy change of combustion.

Enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one

mole of an element or compound reacts completely with oxygen
under standard conditions.

Example C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)

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Kajana SIvarasa

AS Chemistry Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Calculating enthalpy of reaction, Hr from enthalpy of

formations

Enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change when

the reaction occurs in the molar quantities shown in the
chemical equation, under standard conditions in their
standard states.

Example

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Kajana SIvarasa

AS Chemistry Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Bond Enthalpy


Bond enthalpy(BE) is the energy needed to break 1 mole of a
particular covalent bond.

Mean bond enthalpy is the mean bond dissociation enthalpy for
a particular bond in a range of compounds.

Bond Breaking : Requires energy to overcome attractive forces
joining the atoms together : Endothermic

Bond Making : Energy is released : Exothermic

In a chemical reaction :

If the energy needed to break the bonds is less than the energy
released when new bonds are formed the reaction will release
energy and the reaction is exothermic.

If the energy needed to break the bonds is more than the
energy released when new bonds are formed the reaction will
absorb energy and the reaction is endothermic.

Exothermic


















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AS Chemistry Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Endothermic

Calculating Enthalpy change of a reaction from bond enthalpies :

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Kajana SIvarasa

AS Chemistry Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Using bond enthalpies in Hess cycle calculations

Example Q :

The enthalpy change of formation of ethanol vapour from its elements can
be estimated by applying the standard enthalpies of atomization and bond
enthalpies to a Hess cycle. Given the data:

Hat [ C(graphite)] = +718 kJ/mol
Hat[H2(g)] = +218kJ/mol
Hat [O2(g)] = +249kJ/mol

And the mean bond enthalpies given above.

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Kajana SIvarasa