Digital HRM

Sap Flow and

Stem
Hygrometer
Sensors
HRM Sap Flow
Thermometric method
Modification of CHPM
Uses a pulse of heat as a tracer
Ratio of heat transfer to two symmetrically placed
temperature sensors
HRM Principle
Probe spacings are the most significant source of
error in all heat pulse velocity techniques
How is it handled?
Use of simple baseline calibrations at zero flow
Meteorological data
Cut Stem method
Influence of Placement
Heat Ratios vary over time due to variations in wound
response and slight probe asymmetries caused by
the installation
How is it handled?
Multiple sampling between 60-100 seconds after heat
pulse
16-bit microprocessor & ultra low noise preamplifier
Precision installation kit
Influence of Time
Mechanical damage causes occlusions of the
vascular tissues
How is it handled?
Correction Co-efficients developed over a range of
wound sizes
Numerical models generated by S.S.O. Burgess
Automatic correction by sensor or manual (spreadsheet)
Wound Response
HRM Sensor
HRM Sensor Design
7
.
5

m
m
2
2
.
5

m
m
3
0

m
m
HRM Sensor Setup
HRM Sensor Report
Reporting Scheme
Example HRM Data Output
15.44 9.84 1.4 5.48 3.37 10 15:30:00 15/09/2005
21.55 11.72 1.65 5.96 3.49 10.98 15:20:00 15/09/2005
-20.2 17 1.75 6.17 3.59 10.44 15:10:00 15/09/2005
18.27 10.77 1.86 6.23 3.28 10.69 15:00:00 15/09/2005
26.7 14.09 1.85 6.39 3.68 10.57 14:50:00 15/09/2005
18.94 11.25 1.67 6.2 3.54 10.52 14:40:00 15/09/2005
26.71 13.5 1.42 6.37 3.55 10.4 14:30:00 15/09/2005
25.75 13.32 1.86 6.46 3.28 10.46 14:20:00 15/09/2005
20.39 11.08 1.87 6.75 3.07 11.09 14:10:00 15/09/2005
18.5 11.04 1.62 6.91 4.11 12.27 14:00:00 15/09/2005
17 10.66 1.7 6.16 3.43 10.58 13:50:00 15/09/2005
28.97 14.72 1.54 6.3 3.77 11.3 13:40:00 15/09/2005
J cm/hr I cm/hr D cm/hr C cm/hr B cm/hr A cm/hr hh:mm:ss dd/mm/yy
SVP00042 SVP00042 SVP00039 SVP00039 SVP00038 SVP00038 time date
Heat Pulse Energy Level
Heat Pulse Interval
Probe Spacing
Installation using HRM30-IK
Installation using HRM30-IK
Correction Factors
Smooth Bark Installation
Rough/Fibrous Bark Installation
Installation in Small Stems and Roots
Diurnal Sapflow of Eucalyptus camaldulensis
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

1
3
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4
0
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0
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1
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0
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Time (minutes)
H
e
a
t

P
u
l
s
e

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
c
m
/
h
r
)
rain
Midday
Midnight
Diurnal Sapflow of Eucalyptus albens
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (minutes)
H
e
a
t

P
u
l
s
e

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
c
m
/
h
r
)
rain
Midday
Midnight
Diurnal Sapflow of Corymbia maculata
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time (Minutes)
H
e
a
t

P
u
l
s
e

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
c
m
/
h
rain event
Midday
Midnight
3 separate probes/cables for ease of
installation/removal and allows for replacement of
damaged needles
Trouble shooting guide / Error codes
Plug & Play
Integrated micro-processor
Aussie Design & Aussie Made
HRM Features
Stem Hygrometer
Peltier cooling current
One thermocouple in contact with the stem and
one in chamber
Differential output = temperature gradient between
sample & the dew point of the junction
Stem Hygrometer Principle
Stem Hygrometer Design
Any Stem Size
Example Stem Hygrometer
Data Output
13.128 1.059 21:30:00 4/07/2005
13.11 1.086 21:20:00 4/07/2005
13.17 0.942 21:10:00 4/07/2005
13.258 0.916 21:00:00 4/07/2005
13.43 0.902 20:50:00 4/07/2005
13.576 0.994 20:40:00 4/07/2005
13.678 1.203 20:30:00 4/07/2005
13.794 1.426 20:20:00 4/07/2005
13.798 1.269 20:10:00 4/07/2005
13.82 1.19 20:00:00 4/07/2005
13.928 1.033 19:50:00 4/07/2005
14.178 1.321 19:40:00 4/07/2005
b C a MPa hh:mm:ss dd/mm/yy
PS100000 PS100000 time date
Dirunal Water Potential of a Potted Olive Tree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163 172 181 190 199 208 217 226
Ti me (mi nutes)
W
a
t
e
r

P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

(
-
M
p
a
)
Continuous logging Stem Water Potential
Ease of installation
Large Heat sink
3 thermocouples all heat measured not assumed
Automatic temperature compensation
Internal heater to prevent moisture build up
Minimal capital infrastructure costs Simply add a
sensor to any experiment
Stem Hygrometer Features
Plant FieldStation
FieldStation
Self Contained
Portable
Expandable
ICT International Pty Ltd
Solutions for soil, plant and environmental research
www.ictinternational.com.au
sales@ictinternational.com.au
Ph: [61] 2-6772-6770
Fax: [61] 2-6772-7616
PO Box 503, Armidale NSW 2350, Australia