- underground buds with the stem reduced to a small knob on which fleshy storage leaves are clustered
b. Tubers (e.g. white potatoes) - fleshy underground stems modified to store starch
c. Rhizomes (e.g. fresh ginger root) - are horizontal underground stems with nodes, internodes, dry scale leaves, and adventitious roots
d. Corms (e.g. crocus) - are upright underground fleshy stems covered by leaves reduced to dry, covering scales
e. Thorns (e.g. honey and locust) - are woody, sharply pointed branch stems
f. Prickles (e.g. rose and raspberry) - are small pointed outgrowths from the epidermis or cortex of the stem
g. Cladophylls (e.g. butcher'sbroom) - are flattened main stems that resemble leaves
h. Stipules (e.g. black locust) - are paired scales, glands, or leaflike structures at the base of the petiole formed from leaf or stem tissue
i. Stolons/Runners (e.g. strawberry plants) - are thin, aboveground, horizontal stems of indeterminate growth and long internodes that grow out from a parent plant and produce young plants at their tips
j. Tendril (e.g. grapes) - plant structure whose function is to help the plant climb
Specialized Leaves
a. Spines (e.g. cactus) - are small, unbranched, sharp outgrowths of leaf tissue in which the parenchyma is replaced by sclerenchyma
b. Bracts (e.g. red petals of poinsettia) - are modified leaves at the base of flowers or flower stalks
c. Insect-Trapping Leaves (e.g. Venus fly trap) - trap insects usually occur in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions
d. Reproductive Leaves (e.g. fern) - produce new plants at their tips
e. Window Leaves (e.g. Swiss cheese plant) - Have leaves shaped like ice cream cones. The transparent surface is covered with a thick epidermis and cuticle and has virtually no stomata. This arrangement allows light nearly direct access to the mesophyll with chloroplasts inside
f. Flower Pot Leaves (e.g. Dischidia) - develop odd pouches that become the symbiotic homes of ant colonies
g. Storage/Succulent leaves (e.g. Cheiridopsis) - are leaves modified to retain and store water
Specialized Roots
a. Food Storage Roots (e.g. Carrots) - enlarged to store starch and other carbohydrates
b. Pneumatophores (e.g. Mangrove) - Extend above the surface of water for plants that grow in swampy areas and also helps roots exchange gases
c. Aerial Roots (e.g. Poison Ivy) - Roots that occur above the surface of the soil
d. Contractile Roots (e.g. Lily) - Help to pull the plant deeper into the soil
e. Parasitic Roots (e.g. Pinedrops) - Peg-like projections penetrate hosts stem, usually does not contain chlorophyll
f. Buttress Roots (e.g. Tropical Roots) - Huge roots near base of trunk, usually in trees that grow in shallow soil