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Synchronous Generator

Operation
Effect of Generator Loads Lagging Power Factor
If lagging loads (+Q or inductive reactive power loads) are added to a generator,
the phase voltage V
|
and the terminal voltage V
T
decrease.
Keep field excitation the same
'
A A
E E =
A s A
jX
|
~ + E V I
Effect of Generator Loads Unity Power Factor
A s A
jX
|
~ + E V I
If unity-power-factor loads (no reactive power) are added to a generator,
the phase voltage V
|
and the terminal voltage V
T
slightly decrease.
Keep field excitation the same
'
A A
E E =
Effect of Generator Loads Leading Power Factor
A s A
jX
|
~ + E V I
If leading loads (-Q or capacitive reactive power loads) are added to a generator,
the phase voltage V
|
and the terminal voltage V
T
may increase.
Keep field excitation the same
'
A A
E E =
Generator Voltage Regulation
100%
nl fl
fl
V V
VR
V

=
Lagging Load -> large positive voltage regulation
Unit Power Factor Load -> small positive voltage regulation
Leading load -> may be negative voltage regulation
Generator V Curves
The shape is like the letter V
For each fixed real power, plot
armature current vs. field
current.
Example 1 (1)
A 480 V, 60 Hz, A connected, four pole synchronous generator has the OCC curve shown in the figure.

This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 O and an armature resistance of 0.015 O.
At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full load conditions, the friction
and windage losses are 40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.

(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b) How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage 480 V at
no load?
(c) If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging, how much
field current is required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V?
(d) How much power is the generator now supplying? How much power is supplied to the generator
by the prime mover? What is the machines overall efficiency?
(e) If the generators load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to its
terminal voltage?
(f) Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF leading, how
much field current would be required to keep V
T
at 480 V?


Example 1 (2)
sg1.m
Example 2 (1)
After the MatLab program can work, please change the load current to be 60 A
at 1.0 PF, and 60 A at 0.8 PF leading and redo the above.
A 480V, 60 Hz, Y connected, six pole synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 1 O and
an armature resistance of 0.1 O.

At full load, the machine supplies 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full load conditions, the friction
and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and the core losses are 1.0 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.

(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b) What is the terminal voltage of this generator at full load assuming the field excitation current
keeps the same as no load?
(c) What is the efficiency of this generator at full load?
(d) How much shaft torque must be supplied by the prime mover at full load? How large is the
induced counter torque?
(e) What is the voltage regulation of this generator ?


sg2.m
Example 2 (2)
s A s A A
R jX
|
= + V I I E
o
u
0 sin cos sin
A A
s A s A A
R I X I E u u o = +
I I
Imaginary part of
Let the angle of : =0.
|
|
u
V
V
becomes:
cos sin
sin
A A
s A s A
A
X I R I
E
u u
o
+
=
I I
Note: is negative when current is lagging.
cos cos sin
A A
A s A s A
V E R I X I
|
o u u = +
I I
A
u
I
A |
u u u =
V I
Synchronous Generator
Capability Curve
Generator Capability Curves (1)
(1) Stator Copper Loss (stator heating):
(2) Rotor Copper Loss (rotor heating):
(3) Prime-movers Power Limit.
2
3
SCL A s
P I R =
2
RCL F F
P I R =
The maximum allowable heating of the rotor sets a maximum
field current I
F
for the machine. Its equivalent to set a maximum
E
A
for the machine.
The maximum allowable heating of the stator sets a maximum
phase current I
A
for the machine. Its equivalent to set a maximum
apparent power for the machine. (power factor is irrelevant)
Generator Capability Curves (2)
rotor field current sets the rated power factor
(rotor heating)
(stator heating)
A s A
jX
|
~ + E V I
Generator Capability Curves (3)
A s A
jX
|
~ + E V I
Assume V
|
keeps rated value. Multiply the above figure by
3
S
V
X
|
P
Q
Generator Capability Curves (4)
P
Q
capability curve
Q
P
flip
Generator Capability Curves (5)
Q
P
Add prime movers power limit (real power)
Example 3
sg3.m
A 480V, 50 Hz, Y connected, six pole synchronous generator is rated at 50 kVA at 0.8 PF lagging. It
has a synchronous reactance of 1.0 O per phase. Assume that this generator is connected to a steam
turbine capable of supplying up to 45 kW. The friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and the core
losses are 1.0 kW.

(a) Sketch the capability curve for this generator, including the prime-mover power limit.
(b) Can this generator supply a line current of 56 A at 0.7 PF lagging? Why or why not?
(c) What is the maximum amount of reactive power this generator can produce?
(d) If the generator supplies 30 kW of real power, what is the maximum amount of reactive power that
can be simultaneously supplied?


Synchronous Motor
Operation

UCF
Synchronous Motor and Generator (1)
motor generator
net R ind
k B B T =
o sin
net R ind
B kB T =
UCF
Synchronous Motor and Generator (2)
Generator Motor
s A s A A
R jX
|
= + V I I E
s A s A A
R jX
|
= + + V I I E
UCF
Torque of Synchronous Motor
o sin
net R ind
B kB T =
A s A s A
R jX
|
= + + V E I I
) (for sin 3
cos 3
s A
s
A
A
X R
X
E V
I V P
<< ~
=
o
u
|
|
sin 3 o
e e
|
s m
A
m
ind
X
E V
P
T = =
Pull-out torque: when sino=1, the maximum torque the machine can get.
net R
B kB T =
max
3
max
s m
A
X
E V
T
e
|
=
o
max
Typically take 3 (or sin 1/ 3, 19.47 )
in the design (leave margin).
full load
T T o o

~ ~ ~
UCF
Effect of Load Change
magnets) permanent using or fixed (when fixed :
course) electrical (from fixed :
sin 3 cos 3
F A
s
A
A
I E
V
X
E V
I V P
|
|
|
o u ~ =
2
(load increases) sin more heat (3 )
(leading lagging)
A A s
P I I R o
u
| | |
|
u
o
At full load, typically pick up cos 1 in the design.
sin ,
cos
A
s A
A
V
E
X E
I
|
u
o
o
~
~ ~
UCF
Example 1
Details in sm1.m
UCF
Effects of Field Current Change

A s A s A
A s A
R jX
jX
|
= + +
~ +
V E I I
E I
u
UCF
Underexcited Synchronous Motor
UCF
Overexcited Synchronous Motor
Behaves like a capacitor: can be used for power factor correction.
Called synchronous capacitor or synchronous condenser.
UCF
Synchronous Motor V Curves
UCF
Example 2
sm2.m
UCF
Power factor Correction Using Overexcited
Synchronous Motor - Example 3
sm3.m

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