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AMD

OVERVIEW
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor
company based in Sunnyvale, California, United States, that develops computer
processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets.
AMD is the second-largest global supplier of microprocessors based on the x86
architecture and also one of the largest suppliers of graphics processing units.
HISTORY
2013
Apple announced its radically redesigned Mac Pro will feature dual AMD FirePro
graphics cards, improving both the visual and general computing performance of
Apple's high-end system and providing the power needed by the most demanding
digital content creators.
AMD launched the AMD Opteron X-Series processors, the industry's highest
performance small core x86 server processors4.
2012
Became the first company to announce plans to design and offer both 64-bit ARM
technology-based and x86 processors for multiple markets, starting with server and
embedded processors.
Became a founding member of the Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA)
Foundation along with ARM, Imagination Technologies, MediaTek Inc., Qualcomm,
Samsung, and Texas Instruments. The HSA Foundation is a not-for-profit consortium
of SoC IP vendors, OEMs, academia, OSVs and ISVs whose mission is to make it easy
for developers to program for parallel computing.
Launched the world's fastest and most versatile graphics card in the AMD Radeon
HD 7970 GHz Edition, delivering world-class gameplay at the highest resolutions.
Launched first-ever AMD FirePro APU to provide integrated visual computing
platform for CAD and Media and Entertainment workflows.
Unveiled a new generation of APUs and innovative SoCs, including the industry's first
quad-core x86 SoCs. The new products deliver low-power mobility and long battery
life with exceptional compute and graphics performance.
Introduced the AMD Z-60 APU tablet processor for Windows 8 tablets. The Z-60 is
AMD's lowest power APU to-date, enabling up to eight hours of battery life while
Web browsing and up to six hours of HD video playback1.
Launched a full line of next generation AMD Radeon HD 7000M series products for
superior mobile gaming experiences.
2011
AMD launches the AMD Fusion Family of APUs
AMD APUs receive more than 300 design wins from leading PC manufacturers
including Acer, Asus, Dell, HP, Lenovo, Samsung, Sony and Toshiba.
AMD showcases the worlds fastest CPU at AMD Fusion Zone. This record-setting
display of processor speed (which resides in the AMD FX CPU) signals important
performance gains for the new AMD Bulldozer multi-core architecture. The
Guinness World Record-breaking AMD FX CPU clearly demonstrates performance
gains for the new AMD Bulldozer multi-core architecture, which will provide x86
computing power future APUs.
AMD expands the AMD Opteron 6100 series family, with five new processor models
with new or updated designs from Acer, Cray, Dell, HP, SGI and others, offering more
choice to customers while delivering the core count, memory capacity and value they
demand.
AMD extends its superiority in the graphics market with launches of the AMD
Radeon HD 6800 and HD 6900 series graphics cards.
AMD launches the fastest discrete graphics card in the world, the AMD Radeon HD
6990.
AMD demonstrated Trinity the companys mainstream notebook APU for 2012 that
consumes less than half the power of todays lowest power 35 watt Llano APU.

AMD unveils its new HD tablet platform, AMDs 9-series chipsets, and Fusion APU
Roadmap & Vision Technology at Computex.
2010
AMD announces the AMD Opteron 4000 Series platform, the first true server
platform designed from the beginning to meet the needs of cloud, hyperscale and
SMB data centers.
AMD introduces the AMD FireStream 9350 and 9370 GPU compute accelerators,
delivering up to 2.64 TFLOPS of compute power for commercial, scientific and
academic research markets.
AMD delivers the first public demonstration of an AMD Fusion processor at Computex
2010.
AMD introduces its fastest and most tunable desktop processor ever as well as its first
six-core processor, the AMD Phenom II X6 1090T Black Edition, featuring new Turbo
CORE technology for more demanding games and productivity software.
AMD introduces the AMD Opteron 6000 Series platform, featuring the worlds first
8- and 12-core x86 processor for the high-volume 2P and value 4P server market,
designed to deliver workload-specific performance, power efficiency, and overall
value.
2009
AMD and Intel announce a settlement of all antitrust and IP disputes, with Intel paying
AMD $1.25 billion and agreeing to abide by a set of business practice provisions.
AMD introduces ATI Radeon HD 5970, the fastest graphics card in the world to date,
designed to support the most demanding PC games at ultra-high resolutions and
ensure superior performance in the latest DirectX 11 games.
AMD unveils ATI Eyefinity multi-display technology, a revolutionary feature in the ATI
Radeon family of graphics processors that gives PCs the ability to seamlessly
connect up to six ultra high definition displays for a stunning new perspective on their
PC experience.
AMD introduces the Six-Core AMD Opteron processor with AMD Chipset platform,
the first server platform that enables advanced performance, the benefits of unified
processor and chipset technology, and furthers AMDs commitment to energy
efficiency.
AMD completes the shipment of its 500 millionth x86 processor since the companys
founding in 1969.
GLOBALFOUNDRIES, a new leading-edge semiconductor manufacturing company, is
formed by a joint venture between AMD and the Advanced Technology Investment
Company (ATIC).
AMD introduces ATI Radeon HD 2000 series graphics processors to deliver The
Ultimate Visual Experience graphics for desktop and mobile platforms.
2006
AMD demonstrates Accelerated Computing platform that breaks teraflop
performance barrier.
AMD acquires ATI to create a new, innovative processing powerhouse.
CrossFire multi-GPU gaming platform debuts.
AMD LIVE! media center PCs debut
Dell Inc. announces it will offer AMD processor-based systems.
AMD begins revenue shipments of processors from Fab 36.
AMD's Shanghai Research and Development Center (SRDC) launches to focus on the
development of AMD's next-generation mobile platforms.
AMD demonstrates the industry's first native quad-core x86 server processor.
AMD is a founding member of The Green Grid, an open, global organization designed
to decrease IT facility energy usage patterns.
2005
AMD introduces AMD Turion 64 mobile technology for notebook PCs and AMD
Athlon 64 X 2 dual-core processor for desktop.
AMD introduces the world's highest performing processors for 1-8P x86 servers and
workstations.
AMD files landmark antitrust litigation against Intel for illegally abusing its monopoly
to exclude and limit competition.
AMD announces grand opening of Fab 36 in Dresden, Germany.
ATI GPU is featured in Microsoft Xbox 360, revolutionizing high-definition gaming.
2004
AMD demonstrates world's first x86 dual-core processor.
AMD announces the 50x15 Initiative with the goal of accelerating affordable Internet
access and basic computing to 50 percent of the world's population by 2015.
Advanced Micro Devices (China) Co., Ltd. is established, headquartered in Beijing.
ATI introduces first 110nm GPUs (ATI Radeon X800 XL).
2003
AMD and IBM sign joint manufacturing technology development agreement to
develop future generation manufacturing technologies.
AMD Opteron processor and AMD Athlon 64 processor debut.
ATI introduces ATI Radeon 9600 XT: world's first high volume 0.13um low-k chips.
2002
AMD acquires Alchemy Semiconductor for low-power, embedded processor
technology.
AMD Cool'n'Quiet technology debuts with Athlon XP family: helps lower power
consumption, enables quieter-running system, and delivers performance on-demand
to maximize users' computing experience.
ATI launches ATI Radeon 9700 Pro: world's first DirectX 9 graphics processor.
2001
AMD Athlon MP processor debuts: the company's first multiprocessing platform.
HyperTransport technology is adopted by Agilent, Apple Computer, Broadcom,
Cisco Systems, IBM, nVidia, Sun, and Texas Instruments.
2000
AMD is first to break the historic 1GHz (one billion clock cycles per second) with the
AMD Athlon processor.
AMD introduces AMD PowerNow! technology with Mobile AMD-K6-2+ processors.
ATI Radeon graphics technology debuts: leading product for high-end gaming and
3D workstations.
ATI acquires ArtX, Inc., a graphics chipset company.
1999
AMD Athlon processor becomes first seventh-generation processor for Microsoft
Windows computing.
Vantis, AMD's programmable logic business, sold to Lattice Semiconductor.
1998
ATI is first company to introduce a complete set-top box design.
ATI ships its ten millionth AGP chip.
1997
AMD introduces the AMD-K6 microprocessor: helps drive PC prices below $1,000
for the first time, making PCs affordable to average consumers.
ATI is first graphics company to provide hardware support for DVD acceleration and
display.
ATI is first graphics company to release products supporting Accelerated Graphics
Port, the new industry standard.
1996
AMD acquires NexGen, a microprocessor company.
ATI releases industry's first 3D graphics chip, first combination graphics and TV tuner
card, and first chip to display computer graphics on a television.
ATI enters the notebook market with the industry's first notebook 3D graphics
accelerator.
1995
AMD introduces AMD-K5 microprocessor: first independently-designed, socket-
compatible x86 microprocessor.
ATI is first graphics company to ship Mac-compatible graphics boards.
1993
AMD Am486 microprocessor family debuts.
AMD establishes joint venture with Fujitsu to produce Flash memory products.
ATI goes public; stocks are listed on NASDAQ and Toronto Stock Exchange.
1992
ATI releases VESA Local Bus (VLB) products, followed by peripheral component
interconnect (PCI_) products.
1991
AMD's Am386 microprocessor family debuts.
ATI introduces Mach8 chip and board products: first ATI products to process
graphics independently of the CPU.
1989
ATI assists in establishment of VESA standard for graphics industry.
1988
Work begins on AMD Submicron Development Center.
1987
AMD acquires Monolithic Memories, Inc. and enters programmable logic business.
ATI debuts EGA Wonder and VGA Wonder.
1986
ATI secures major contract with Commodore Business Machines to supply 7000 chips
per week.
1985
AMD is listed in Fortune 500 for the first time.
ATI incorporates.
ATI develops its first graphics controller and first graphics board product.
1984
AMD is listed in "The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America.
1982
At IBM's request, AMD signs an agreement to serve as a second source to Intel for
IBM PC microprocessors.
1979
AMD debuts on the New York Stock Exchange.
Production begins in new AMD Austin manufacturing facility.
1972
AMD goes public.
1970
AMD introduces its first proprietary device: the Am2501 logic counter.
1969
AMD incorporates with $100,000; establishes headquarters in Sunnyvale, California.
ARCHITECTURE
1 AMD-originated architectures
Am2900 series (1975)
29000 (29K) (198795)
2 x86 architecture processors
2.1 2nd source (197991)
2.2 Am*86 series (199195)
2.3 K5 architecture (1995)
2.4 K6 architecture (19972001)
2.5 K7 architecture (19992005)
2.6 K8 core architecture
2.7 K10 core architecture
Bulldozer module architecture
Bobcat core architecture
AM 2900 FAMILY
Am2900 is a family of integrated circuits (ICs) created in 1975 by Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD). They were constructed with bipolar devices, in a bit-slice topology,
and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a
different aspect of a computer control unit (CCU). By using a bit slicing technique.
Am2901 4-bit bit-slice ALU (1975)
Am2902 Look-Ahead Carry Generator
Am2903 4-bit-slice ALU, with hardware multiply
Am2904 Status and Shift Control Unit
Am2905 Bus Transceiver
Am2906 Bus Transceiver with Parity
Am2907 Bus Transceiver with Parity
Am2908 Bus Transceiver with Parity
Am2909 4-bit-slice address sequencer
Am2910 12-bit address sequencer
Am2911 4-bit-slice address sequencer
Am2912 Bus Transceiver
Am2913 Priority Interrupt Expander
Am2914 Priority Interrupt Controller
Am2915 Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2916 Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2917 Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2918 Instruction Register, Quad D Register
Am2919 Instruction Register, Quad Register
Am2920 Octal D-Type Flip-Flop
Am2921 1-to-8 Decoder
Am2922 8-Input Multiplexer (MUX)
Am2923 8-Input MUX
Am2924 3-Line to 8-Line Decoder
Am2925 System Clock Generator and Driver
Am2926 Schottky transistor 3-State Quad Bus Driver
Am2927/Am2928 Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2929 Schottky 3-State Quad Bus Driver
Am2930 Main Memory Program Control
Am2932 Main Memory Program Control
Am2940 Direct Memory Addressing (DMA) Generator
Am2942 Programmable Timer/Counter/DMA Generator
Am2946/Am2947 Octal 3-State Bidirectional Bus Transceiver
Am2948/Am2949 Octal 3-State Bidirdectional Bus Transceiver
Am2950/Am2951 8-bit Bidirectional I/O Ports
Am2954/Am2955 Octal Registers
Am2956/Am2957 Octal Latches
Am2958/Am2959 Octal Buffers/Line Drivers/Line Receivers
Am2960 Cascadable 16-Bit Error Detection and Correction Unit
Am2961/Am2962 4-Bit Error Correction Multiple Buss Buffers
Am2964 Dynamic Memory Controller
Am2965/Am2966 Octal Dynamic Memory Driver
AM2901 -Four- Bit Bipolar Microprocessor slice
AM2902- Look-Ahead Carry Generator
AM2903 : AM29203- The Superslice-is a high performance, cascadable, 4 bit bipolar
microprocessor slice designed for use in CPUs, peripheral controllers,
microprogrammable machines, and numerous other applications.
29000(29K) Family
Am29027 Arithmetic Accelerator
Am29030 RISC Microprocessor with 8-Kbyte Instruction Cache
Am29035 RISC Microprocessor with 4-Kbyte Instruction Cache
Am29050 Streamlined Instruction Microprocessor with On-Chip Floating Point
Am29200 Single-Chip, 32-bit RISC Microcontroller
Am29205 16-bit External Interface RISC Microcontroller
AMD K5 architecture
Produce: 1996
Max. CPU clock rate: 75 MHz to 133 MHz
FSB speeds: 50 MHz to 66 MHz
Instruction set: x86 (IA-32)
Microarchitecture: K5
Cores: 1
L1 cache: 8 KB + 16 KB (Data + Instructions)
o Socket(s): Socket 5 and Socket 7
The K5 was AMD's first x86 processor to be developed entirely in-house.
The K5 was based upon an internal highly parallel 29k RISC processor architecture
with an x86 decoding front-end. The K5 offered good x86 compatibility. All models
had 4.3 million transistors, with five integer units that could process instructions out
of order and one floating point unit. The branch target buffer was four times the size
of the Pentium's and register renaming improved parallel performance of the
pipelines. The chip's speculative execution of instructions reduced pipeline stalls. It
had a 16 KB, four-way set associative instruction cache and an 8 KB data cache. The
K5 lacked MMX instructions, which Intel started offering in its Pentium MMX
processors that were launched in early 1997.
SSA/5
4.3 million Transistors in 500 or 350 nm
L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions)
Socket 5 and Socket 7
VCore: 3.52V
FSB: 50 (PR75), 60 (PR90), 66 MHz (PR100)
First release: March 27, 1996
Clockrate: 75, 90, 100 MHz
5k86
4.3 million Transistors in 350 nm
L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (Data + Instructions)
Socket 5 and Socket 7
VCore: 3.52V
Front side bus: 60 (PR120/150), 66 MHz
First release: October 7, 1996
Clockrate: 90 (PR120), 100 (PR133), 105 (PR150), 116.6 (PR166), 133 MHz (PR200)
AMD K6 architecture
Produce: From April 1997 to 1998
Max. CPU clock rate: 166 MHz to 300 MHz
FSB speeds: 66 MHz
Instruction set: MMX
Microarchitecture: x86
Cores: 1
L1 cache: 8 KB + 16 KB (Data + Instructions)
Socket(s): Socket 7
Core name(s): Model 6 , Little Foot
The main advantage of this particular microprocessor is that it was designed to fit into
existing desktop designs for Pentium branded CPUs. It was marketed as a product
which could perform as well as its Intel Pentium II equivalent but at a significantly
lower price. The K6 had a considerable impact on the PC market and presented Intel
with serious competition.
K6 (Model 6)
8.8 million transistors in 350 nm
L1-Cache: 32 + 32 KB (Data + Instructions)
MMX
Socket 7
Front side bus: 66 MHz
First release: April 2, 1997
VCore: 2.9 V (166/200) 3.2/3.3 V (233)
Clockrate: 166, 200, 233 MHz
K6 "Little Foot" (Model 7)
CPUID: Family 5, Model 7, Stepping 0
8.8 million transistors in 250 nm
L1-Cache: 32 + 32 KB (Data + Instructions)
MMX
Socket 7
Front side bus: 66 MHz
First release: January 6, 1998
VCore: 2.2 V
Clockrate: 200, 233, 266, 300 MHz
AMD K6-2 architecture
Produce: From early 1998 to 1999
Max. CPU clock rate: 266 MHz to 550 MHz
FSB speeds: 66 MHz to 100 MHz
Instruction set: MMX, 3DNow!
Microarchitecture: x86
Cores: 1
L1 cache: 8 KB + 16 KB (Data + Instructions)
Socket(s): Socket 7 , Super Socket 7
Core name(s): Chomper, Chomper Extended
K6-2 (Chomper, 250 nm)
Package number: 26050
CPUID: Family 5, Model 8, Stepping 0
L1-Cache: 32 + 32 KiB (Data + Instructions)
MMX, 3DNow!
9.3 million transistors
Super Socket 7
Front side bus: 66, 100 MHz
VCore: 2.2V
First release: May 28, 1998
Manufacturing process: 0.25 m
Clockrate: 233, 266, 300, 333 & 350 MHz
K6-2 (Chomper Extended (CXT), 250 nm)
Package number: 26351
CPUID: Family 5, Model 8, Stepping 12
L1-Cache: 32 + 32 KiB (Data + Instructions)
MMX, 3DNow!
Super Socket 7
Front side bus: 66, 95, 97, 100 MHz
VCore: 2.0(mobile)/2.2/2.3/2.4V
First release: November 16, 1998
Manufacturing process: 0.25 m
Clockrate: 266, 300, 333, 350, 366, 380, 400, 427.5, 450, 475, 500, 533 & 550 MHz
AMD K7 architecture
AMD K7 is the first 7
th
generation PC CPU. First six generations were 8086, 80286,
80386, 80486, Pentium (AMD K5/K6) and Pentium II (AMD K6-2/K6-3). It is designed
to operate above 500MHz.
AMD K7,also known as AMD Athlon, was introduced in the first half of 1999 and its
architecture forms the basis for the subsequent Athlon XP versions until the release
of K8 (AMD Hammer).
K7 uses Digital Alpha EV6 system bus interface. This is probably the most
important architectural difference from the previous generations. EV6 provides:
- Use of both rising and falling edges, resulting in doubled bus speed
- Scalability beyond 200MHz(beyond 400MHz bus speed)
- Highest bandwidth of that time:
Athlon using 100MHz(x2) 1.60 GB/s
PIII using 133MHz 1.01 GB/s
- 72(64 + 8ECC) bit data bus
- Independent address bus able to address 8 terabytes
- Independent snoop bus
Conclusion
Being the first 7
th
generation CPU, AMD K7 has been a major leap forward in the CPU
history.
It had both performance and cost benefits when compared to Intel PIII and started
the competition that ended with todays AMD Athlon XP and P4 processors.
The K8 Architecture
The terms K8 and Hammer are AMDs internal names for the processor
microarchitecture . AMD uses the K8 microarchitecture for several lines of processors
such as:
AMD Opteron
AMD Athlon
AMD Athlon 64
AMD Turion 64 FX
AMD Sempron
K8 based processors have several features which are new to x86 processors,
such as 64-bit extensions, an integrated
Northbridge, glueless multiprocessing capabilities, and a multi-core design. These
characteristics differentiate K8
based processors from the traditional x86 processor design.
AMD K10 architecture
The characteristics
- Four core architecture;
- A yet unseen cache hierarchy: 128 KB of L1 cache and 512 KB of L2 per
core, unified L3 cache of 2 MB ;
- SSE 128 bit units ;
- DDR2 memory controller integrated to the processor;
- Advanced mechanism for energy management (Independent
Dynamic Core Technology);
- 3 HyperTransport 1.0 lanes (Barcelona), one HyperTransport 3.0 lane
(Phenom) ;
- 463 million transistors engraved in 65 nm SOI technology.
Bulldozer (microarchitecture)










Bulldozer is the codename for a microprocessor microarchitecture developed by
AMD for the desktop and server markets. It was released on October 12, 2011 as the
successor to the K10 microarchitecture.
Bobcat(microarchitecture)
AMDs New Low Power x86 Core Architecture












The Bobcat x86 CPU core design has since been completed and implemented in
AMD APU processor products with a TDP of 18 W or less. The core is targeted at
low-power markets like netbooks/nettops, ultra-portable laptops, consumer
electronics and the embedded market. Since its launch, Bobcat-based CPUs have
also been used by OEMs on larger laptops.
In February 2013, AMD detailed plans for a successor to Bobcat codenamed Jaguar.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Am386
100%-compatible clone of the Intel 80386
Mac CPU clock rate 20 MHz to 40 MHz
FSB 20 MHz to 40 MHz
Core = 1
At that time faster than Intel model 33MHz < 40MHz
Doesnt have L1 cache
Am486/Am5x86
The 486 was the last clone of an Intel processor
Clock rate - 486 (25-120Mhz) while Enhanced 486 (66-120Mhz)
5x86 is a 486 with a 4x clock multiplier (133Mhz)
It was with the 5x86 that AMD began using the famous Pentium Rating
L1 = 8KiB 16KiB
PR Rating
The PR (Performance Rating) system was a figure of merit developed by AMD in the
mid-1990s as a method of comparing their x86 processors to those of rival Intel.
The first use of the PR system was in 1996,

when AMD used it to assert that their
AMD 5x86 processor was as fast as a Pentium running at 75Mhz. The designation
"P75" was added to the chip to denote this.
The letters PR stood for "Performance Rating", but many people mistakenly thought
it stood for "Pentium Rating", as the PR was often used to measure performance
against Intel's Pentium processor.
K5 (Fifth Gen)
AMD's first x86 processor to be developed entirely in-house
Two versions SSA/5 and 5k86
SSA/5 (75 to 100 MHz) while 5k86(90 to 133 MHz)
L1 8KB+16KB(data + instruction)
Problem - the K5 design didnt scale well past 150 MHz.
Solution they buy NexGen company
K6
Main advantage - designed to fit into existing desktop designs for Pentium branded
CPUs
Result of the work done by NexGen on the Nx686
Three version - Little Foot(K6), Chomper(K6-2) and Sharptooth(K6-3)
K6 - 166 MHz to 300 MHz, 32+32 Cache, 8.8M transistors
K6-2 - 266 to 550 MHz, 9.3M transistors. Supports 3DNow! Or SIMD operations.
Successful chip which AMD earned the revenue needed to introduce Athlon
K6-3 - 400 to 500MHz. It was a K6-2 with an on-die L2 cache having 21.4 transistors
3DNow! - enabling it to perform simple vector processing, which improves the
performance of many graphic-intensive applications.
SIMD (Single instruction, multiple data ) - It describes computers with multiple
processing elements that perform the same operation on multiple data points
simultaneously.
K7
Compose of Athlon, Athlon XP/MP, Duron, Athlon 4, Athlon XP-M, Mobile Duron
and Sempron.
The Duron was a lower-cost and limited version of the Athlon (64KB instead of
256KB L2 cache) and 600 MHz to 1.8 GHz
Sempron was released as a lower-cost Athlon XP
The original Athlon was the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz
(GHz) . Max. CPU clock rate 500 MHz to 2.33 GHz
The original Athlon, also known as Athlon Classic, was the first AMD CPU to drop all
compatibility with Intel chips by introducing new sockets
The original Athlon was the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz
(GHz) . Max. CPU clock rate 500 MHz to 2.33 GHz
The original Athlon, also known as Athlon Classic, was the first AMD CPU to drop all
compatibility with Intel chips by introducing new sockets
K8
The K8 was the first implementation of the AMD64 64-bit extension to the x86
processor architecture.
Processors for K8 is Athlon 64,Athlon 64-X2, Athlon 64-FX, Sempron,Opteron and
Turion 64
The K8 core is very similar to the K7. The most radical change is the integration of
AMD64 instructions and an on-chip memory controller. The memory controller
drastically reduces memory latency and is responsible for most of the performance
gains from K7 to K8.
AMD64 - is the 64-bit version of the x86 instruction set. It supports vastly larger
amounts (theoretically, 2
64
bytes or 16 exbibytes) of virtual memory and physical
memory than is possible on its 32-bit predecessors, allowing programs to store
larger amounts of data in memory.
Athlon 64 X2 was the first desktop-based dual core processor family while Opteron
was the first dual core server CPU
K10
K10 processors came in dual-core, triple-core and quad-core versions, with all cores
on a single die.
Max. CPU clock rate 1700 MHz to 3700 MHz
Processors for K10 is Sempron,Athlon,Athlon X2,Opteron,Phenom,Phenom 2 and
Turion 2
A-Series
Under the K10 is the A series
The AMD Accelerated Processing Unit, formerly known as Fusion, is a series of 64-
bit microprocessors from AMD designed to act as a CPU and graphics accelerator
(GPU) on a single chip which is called APU (accelerated processing unit)
APU - s a computer's main processing unit that includes additional processing
capability designed to accelerate one or more types of computations outside of a
central processing unit (CPU). This may include a graphics processing unit (GPU)
used for general-purpose computing (GPGPU), a field-programmable gate array
(FPGA), or similar specialized processing system.
Bulldozer
Successor to K10 series
Clock rate 2800-4500 Mhz
Processors of Bulldozer is the FX processor series and new versions of Opteron
using Bulldozer architecture
FX series is a series of high-end AMD microprocessors for personal computers.
Consist of 1.6B transistors
Modules
Bulldozer, Piledriver, Steamroller and Excavator processor architecture uses the
term modules instead of cores
The modular architecture consists of multithreaded shared L2 cache and FlexFPU,
which uses simultaneous multithreading. Each physical integer core, two per
module, is single threaded, in contrast with Intel's Hyperthreading, where two
virtual simultaneous threads share the resources of a single physical core
Simultaneous Multithreading is a processor design technology that allows multiple
threads to issue instructions each cycle. Simultaneous multithreading enables
multithreaded applications to execute threads in parallel on a single multi-core
processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion.
Hyper-Threading is a technology developed by Intel that enables multithreaded
software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single multi-core processor
instead of processing threads in a linear fashion.


Quiz:

AMD REPORTING
(basedonpastquizzes)

1. What is the Codename given by AMD for the AmdTurionIiUltraM600? Caspian


2. What is the Codename given by AMD for the AmdFx-8150Processor? Bulldozer
3. It was best known for its use in the Macintosh Quadra Series though it is not
compatible with the 80486, was positioned as the 486s equivalent in the features and
performance? What is the codename given to a Sempron Processor that was released
in May 2006 and it was used for laptops? Morola68040
4. When was the K5(Ssa/5) microprocessor FirstReleased? March 27, 1996
5. What are the FsbSpeedsOfAmdSempron? 166 MHz to 2700 MHz
6. These areTripleCore versions which belong to the Phenom8000Series. Toliman
7. The AmdOpteronProcessoris BasedOnK8Architectureor also known as what core?
SledgeHammer
8. What is the core size of the Piledriver? 32nm
9. Recently released Opteron CPUs is the Piledriver-BasedOpteron4300processor with
theCodename of ________. Seoul
10. What is the codename for the mobile platform which is used in the AMDLive!Ultra
PC/notebookPC? Puma
11. When did AMD launch discretegraphicchipset as part of the Spider desktop platform?
November15, 2007
12. This graphicsprocessingproductof the AMD allows up to 6 monitors to be connected
to one card to allow surround screen panoramicview. EyeFinity
13. One of the key features of the Cortex-A5processor is itsclockspeed/frequency, what
is its frequency? 1.57 DMIPS/MHZ
14. It is a commercial platform with a single-processor server platform which support
45nm, quadcoreprocess. Catalunya
15. It is a microarchitecture created by AMD aimed at low-power/low-costmarketwith a
min. featuresizeof40nmand instruction set of AMD64. Bobcat
16. It is the codename for the microprocessor microarchitecture developed by AMD for
the desktop and server markets. It was released on October12,2001as the successor
totheK10microarchitecture. Bulldozer
17. It is an x86-compatible microprocessor that was manufactured by AMD. It was
released on June 19, 2000 as a low-cost alternative to AMDs own Athlon processor
andthePentiumIII. AMD Duron
18. It was apopularfamilyof32-bitdeveloped and fabricatedbyAMD and was released
in1988. AMD 29K
19. What is the FSBofaPR90K5 based AMD microprocessor? 60MHz
20. K6 has 8.8 million transistors for both model6andLittleFoot. What is processsize
of the Little Foot K6 based microprocessor? 250nm
21. What is thev-corevoltage of Model 2k75Pluto/Turion180nmprocessor with 815
MHzfrequency? 1.7v
22. If thefrontsidebusof ApplebredModel8130nmis 266 MT/s what is its physicalclock
rate? 133MHz
23. What particulardatethat MorganModel7180nmwas first released? August 20, 2011
24. What is the codename given to a Sempronprocessorthat was released in May2005
and it was used for laptops? Keene
25. What is the coresizeprocessof a Sargas microprocessor? 45nm
26. It is a brandofgraphicsprocessingunits (GPU) that since 2000 has been manufactured
by AT Technology and subsequently AMD and is the successor to their Rage line.
Radeon
27. AMD used a lettereat the end of theirproductnameornumber. What is e stands
for AMD? Energy efficient
28. It is a CPUs designed by AMD to unleash the maximum potentialof thesystem with
tunableperformance. Black Phenom 2
29. How many cores does a Magny-CoursOpteron6100 CPUs for socket G34. 8-12 Double
data rate
30. Durons uses an FSB that transfer actual data at the rate that is twice its physical clock
rate. If a front side bus is equal to 200, what is the actual operating speed of that
processor FSB? 133MHz
31. The second-generationDuronhas a speed grades between900and1300MHZ. What
is the coresizeof that processor? .18mm
32. Up to how many macro-ops (Mops) in each cycle being dispatched to one of the
dedicated cores in the bulldozer? 4
33. It is the first announced CPU from AMD to use power gating. The power gates are
implemented as a footer ring of NFETSaroundtheperiphery of a core and L2 cache,
using the package plane as virtual ground. Liano
34. What is the codename given to Opteron1300-serieswith45nmtechnology? Suzuka
35. What is the codename given to Opteron1300-serieswith65nmtechnology? Barcelona
36. Opteron 6200-series Interlagos (32nm) has a quad, eight, twelve and sixteen core
variations. What is the model number of this Opteron with frequency based of 2.4 GHZ
withAmbotcores? 6239
37. What is the codename given byAMDfortheAMDFX-8150Processor? Bulldozer
38. It is an eighth-generation microprocessor produced by AMD, released on September
23, 2003. Athlon 64
39. It was a popular family of 32bit based microprocessor and microcontroller developed
and fabricatedbyAMDandwasreleasedin1988. AMD 29k
40. What is theFSBofaPR90T5 based AMDmicroprocessor? 60MHz
41. A CPUcache is a cache used by the CPU of a computer to induce the average time to
access memory. If data is written on the cache, at some point it must also be written
onthememorytothemainmemory? Write-trough Cache
42. The AMD K6 is a superscalar T5 Pentium cache microprocessor manufactured by AMD
which superseded the T5. Why it is calledsuperscalar? Because of Parallelism
a. It is an AMD second generation A-series processor. This come with a new file driver
cores, an evolution of bulldozer, faster Achiche haha graphics, improves power
managementandextendedbatterylife. Trinity
43. What is the V-core voltage of an Athlon II x2221 at 32nm fusion cores made of an
integratedAPU? 0.45V-1.4125V
44. What is the base speed of this model AMDE23000MAPU with Radeon HD 63402 from
the AMD Dual core E2 series APUTurboboost? 180MHz
45. It is a technology for interconnection of computer processor. It isbidirectional, serial,
parallel, high bandwidth, low latency point to point achiche that was introducedinApril
2,2001. hypertransport
46. What is the codename given to thisAthlonIIwithaTDPof35W? Caspian
47. What is the modelnumber of this processor of Athlon II withthelowestTDP? Athlon II
KI25
48. It is a processing system that includes additional processing capability designed to
accelerate one or more types of computationoutsideofCPU. AMD EyeFinity Technolgy
49. It is a speedthrottlingandpowersaving technology of AMDusedforlaptops? Power
Now
50. AMD developed a singleGPU to support up to 6independent displays simultaneously.
AMD FirePro
51. It is a processing syste, that includes additional processing capability designed to
accelate one or more types of computationoutsideofcpu. APU (Accelerated Processing
Unit)
52. Afrontside bus is a computer communication interface often used during 1990s and
2000s it is technically carrier of databetweenthecpuandamemorycontroller hub.
Northbride

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