(Effective Alternative Secondary Education)

BIOLOGY
MODULE 6
The Levels of Biological Organization
BUREAU O SE!O"DARY EDU!A#IO"
De$art%ent of Education
De$ED !o%$le&' Meralco Avenue
(a)i* !ity
Module 6
The Levels of Biological Organization
What this module is about
Livin* )y)te%) de%on)trate a uni+ue and co%$le& ,ierarc,ical or*ani-ation. You
find a ,ierarc,ical level t,at include) )i%$le %olecule)' %acro%olecule)' cell)' ti))ue)'
or*an)' or*an )y)te%' or*ani)%)' $o$ulation and )$ecie). Eac, level /uild) on t,e level
/elo0 it and ,a) it) o0n internal )tructure' 0,ic, i) often ,ierarc,ical. #,e)e ,ierarc,ical
level) are in a)cendin* order. You are t,e /e)t e&a%$le of a livin* t,in*. Your /ody i)
co%$o)ed of %any $art). Eac, $art ,a) it) o0n function. You u)e your eye) to )ee 0,at i)
around you. You ,ave ear) to collect )ound 0ave). You ,ave your feet for 0al1in*. All t,e
$art) of livin* t,in*) are interrelated. #,ey do not 0or1 alone /ut a) a 0,ole. One $art
interact) 0it, anot,er $art. 2ave you ever a)1ed your)elf 3 0,at i) in)ide t,e)e /ody $art)
t,at ena/le t,e% to carry out t,eir function4
In t,i) %odule' 0e ),all di)cu)) t,e or*ani-ation of or*ani)%) t,at ena/le) t,e% to
)urvive de)$ite t,e ever c,an*in* environ%ent. #,e follo0in* le))on) are included5
Lesson 1 The Molecular Organization
Lesson 2 The Cellular Level of Biological Organization
Lesson 3 Tissue, Organs and Organ Syste! Other Biological Level of
Organization
Lesson " The Characteristics of Living Things#
What you are expected to learn
After readin* t,e %odule' you are e&$ected to do t,e follo0in*5
6. Illu)trate t,e coordinated function of cell' ti))ue) and or*an )y)te%) for
%aintainin* life of $lant)' ani%al) and ,u%an /ein*).
7. Reco*ni-e t,e nece))ity of an or*ani-ed )y)te% for $ro$er *ro0t,' develo$%ent
and )urvival of an or*ani)%.
8 7 8

Ho to learn from this module
6. Read t,e in)truction) carefully.
7. Before you )tudy t,e conce$t) in t,i) %odule' ta1e t,e $rete)t.
9. !,ec1 your $rete)t a*ain)t t,e an)0er 1ey on $a*e 76.
:. Study t,e le))on) included in t,i) %odule until you *ain %a)tery of t,e to$ic).
;. Do all t,e activitie) and an)0er t,e +ue)tion) in eac, activity.
6. #a1e t,e )elf8te)t t,at acco%$anie) eac, le))on.
<. After %a)terin* all t,e le))on)' ta1e t,e $o)tte)t and c,ec1 you an)0er) a*ain)t
t,e an)0er 1ey on $a*e 76.
=. If your $o)tte)t )core doe) not reflect %a)tery' *o over t,e %odule a*ain.
What to do before !"retest#
Multi$le Choice. !,oo)e t,e letter of t,e /e)t an)0er. >rite t,e c,o)en letter on a
)e$arate ),eet of $a$er.
6. #,e )%alle)t level of or*ani-ation 0,ere t,e c,aracteri)tic of life e%er*e) i)
a. ato%ic level c. %olecular level
/. cellular level d. $o$ulation level
7. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* i) a co%$ound4
a. calciu% c. )odiu% c,loride
/. ,ydro*en d. o&y*en
9. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* i) an or*anic co%$ound4
a. !O
7
c. !a!O
9
/. !a2!O
9
d. !2
9
!2
7
O2
:. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* i) a %acro%olecule4
a. et,yl alco,ol $re)ent in 0ine) and li+uor
/. acetic acid in vine*ar
c. urea in urine
d. $rotein
;. Ener*y i) i%$ortant to non8livin* and livin* t,in*). >,ic, of t,e follo0in* )ource) of
ener*y $o0ered t,e for%ation of or*anic co%$ound) in t,e early day) of $ri%itive eart,4
a. electrical di)c,ar*e) fro% li*,tnin* c. )olar radiation
/. nuclear $o0er $lant d. )olar cell
8 9 8
6. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* doe) %OT c,aracteri-e a livin* t,in*4
a. a/ility to re)$ond c. or*ani-ation
/. cla))ification d. re$roduction and develo$%ent
<. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* i) t,e forerunner of t,e livin* cell4
a. $rotocell c. %acro%olecule)
/. cell %e%/rane d. coacervate dro$let
=. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* c,aracteri)tic) of livin* t,in*) i) a))ociated 0it, re)$on)ivene))4
a. All cell) ca%e fro% $re8e&i)tin* cell).
/. (en*uin can )0i% in icy Antarctica )ea.
c. Beetle i) a very tiny ani%al.
d. (lant /end) to0ard )ource of li*,t.
?. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* i) i%$ortant to t,e continuation of a functionin* cell@ or*ani)%4
a. !on)tant /ody te%$erature c. !on)tant $2
/. !on)tant /lood )u*ar level d. All are i%$ortant
6A. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* cell) )erve) a) /ody cover4
a. fat cell c. %u)cle cell
/. neuron d. cell) of t,e inner linin* of c,ec1
66. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* ti))ue) are $re)ent in duct) of *land)4
a. $arenc,y%a c. nervou) ti))ue
/. va)cular ti))ue d. e$it,elial ti))ue
67. >,at i) t,e or*an )y)te% re)$on)i/le for food $rocure%ent4
a. nervou) )y)te% c. di*e)tive )y)te%
/. %u)cular )y)te% d. re)$iratory )y)te%
69. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* $art) of t,e $lant tra$) ener*y fro% t,e )un4
a. #,e leave) of cactu) t,at /eca%e )$ine)
/. #,e /ri*,tly8colored leave) of t,e /ou*ainvilla $lant
c. #,e e$ider%i) of t,e leave) of $lant)
d. #,e )te% of t,e cactu)
6:. >,at i) t,e )u/)tance $re)ent in t,e fir)t $rotocell4
a. ri/onucleic acid c. li$id
/. $rotein d. car/o,ydrate
6;. 6;' >,at i) t,e or*an )y)te% re)$on)i/le for *a)eou) e&c,an*e4
a. nervou) )y)te% c. di*e)tive )y)te%
/. %u)cular )y)te% d. re)$iratory )y)te%
8 : 8
&ey to ans'ers on $age 2(#
8 ; 8
Be fa%iliar 0it, t,e follo0in* ter%)5
(rotocell #,e forerunner of true cell
!oacervate dro$let) An a**re*ate of or*anic co%$ound)
found in ne0ly for%ed ocean) of $ri%itive
eart,
!ell Ba)ic unit of livin* or*ani)%
#i))ue) Grou$ of cell) $erfor%in* t,e
)a%e@)i%ilar function
Or*an) Grou$ of ti))ue) doin* t,e )a%e function
Or*an )y)te% A))ociation of or*an) of )i%ilar function
Lesson 1# The Molecular Organization
Your /rea1fa)t %ay con)i)t of5

All t,e)e food) are i%$ortant to our ,ealt,. Mil1' e** and %eat are food for *ro0t,.
Rice i) an ener*y8*ivin* food. Banana' )tra0/erry and oran*e *ive %ineral) and vita%in)
0,ic, %a1e u) *lo0. >,at are t,e /uildin* /loc1) of food)4
Accordin* to Soviet /ioc,e%i)t Ale1andr O$arin' *a)e) of t,e $ri%itive at%o)$,ere
di))olved in t,e rain 0ere carried do0n into t,e ne0ly for%in* ocean). E&a%$le) of t,e)e
8 6 8
*a)e) 0ere ,ydro*en' a%%onia and %et,ane. #,ey interacted 0it, eac, ot,er to for%
)i%$le or*anic %olecule) in t,e $re)ence of )tron* out)ide ener*y )ource). E&a%$le) of
)i%$le or*anic )u/)tance) are urea in ani%al urineB for%ic acid 0,ic, t,e ant) inCect into
our )1in a) t,ey /ite u)B acetic acid in vine*arB and alco,ol in 0ine). #,e out)ide ener*y
)ource) t,at $o0ered t,e $roduction of )i%$le or*anic )u/)tance) 0ere volcanoe)'
%eteorite)' radioactivity fro% t,e eart,D) cru)t' $o0erful electric di)c,ar*e) fro% li*,tnin*'
and )olar radiation. #,e idea of O$arin 0a) )u$$orted /y t,e 0or1 of A%erican c,e%i)t
Stanley Miller in 6?;9.
#,rou*, ti%e' t,e ocean /eca%e a 0ar%' or*anic )ou$ full of variety of or*anic
)u/)tance) )uc, a) a%ino acid)' *lycerol' )i%$le )u*ar)' nitro*enou) /a)e) and ),ort8
c,ained fatty acid). #,e)e or*anic )u/)tance) Coined to for% lar*e %olecule) and t,en
%acro%olecule). An e&a%$le i) t,e co%/ination of car/on dio&ide and 0ater in t,e
$re)ence of li*,t 0,ic, i) tra$$ed /y *reen $i*%ent) of $lant).
li*,t
O 2 !O
7 7
+ 7 6 67 6
O O 2 ! +
Green $i*%ent) of $lant)
#,i) $roce)) called $hotosynthesis occur) in t,e livin* )y)te%. #,e $roduct of
$,oto)ynt,e)i) i) a )u*ar called *luco)e (!
6
2
67
O
6
)' an or*anic co%$ound.
Macroolecules include car/o,ydrate)' li$id)' $rotein) and nucleic acid 0,ic, are
)u/)tance) $re)ent in food). #,e co%$le& or*ani-ation of t,e)e %acro%olecule) %a1e)
t,e% uni+ue. #,ey *ive livin* )y)te%) /ot, a /ioc,e%ical unity and diver)ity. i*ure 7
*ive) t,e different )tructure) of certain $rotein) in our /ody.
.
Collagen i) t,e $rotein $re)ent in t,e /one) and cartila*e) of our )1eletal )y)te%.
#,e ,e%o*lo/in i) t,e $rotein in our red /lood cell) t,at tran)$ort o&y*en fro% t,e lun*) to
t,e different $art) of t,e /ody and return) car/on dio&ide fro% t,e different $art) of t,e /ody
to t,e lun*). Myo*lo/in i) a %u)cle $rotein t,at )tore) o&y*en and %a1e) t,e %u)cle red.
>,at are t,e %acro%olecule) t,at %a1e u$ your /ody4 #,e colla*e in i*ure 7
),o0) t,e four *rou$) of or*anic co%$ound) %o)tly $re)ent in livin* or*ani)%).
8 < 8
i*ure 6. Structure) of )o%e (rotein)
!olla*en
($rotein cartila*e)
2e%o*lo/in
($rotein red /lood cell))
Myo*lo/in
($rotein found in %u)cle))


You can
$erfor% Activity 6.6 to $rove t,e $re)ence of t,e)e )u/)tance) in livin* or*ani)%).
What you ill do
)ctivity 1#1 Biocheical Test
>,at you need5 et,anol Benedict )olution )odiu% /icar/onate
Di)tilled 0ater tincture of iodine te)t tu/e)
Biuret rea*ent dilute ,ydroc,loric acid te)t tu/e rac1
>,at to do5
A. E%ul)ion te)t for fat)
6. Get t0o %L of c,ic1en )ou$ and $lace it in a te)t tu/e.
7. Add 7 %L of et,anol and %i& 0ell.
9. (our t,e %i&ture into t,e te)t tu/e containin* e+ual volu%e of di)tilled 0ater.
De)cri/e 0,at you )ee in t,e te)t tu/e.
:. If li$id i) $re)ent' a %il1y layer i) found on to$ of a clear li+uid. #,i) i) an
e%ul)ion of fat.
B. #e)t for Starc,
6. Get a coo1ed )0eet $otato' %a), it and add 0ater.
7. Decant t,e li+uid into a te)t tu/e and add a fe0 dro$) of tincture of iodine.
9. "ote t,e color c,an*e.
:. If t,e %i&ture turn) /lue /lac1' t,en )tarc, i) $re)ent.
8 = 8
i*ure 7. Macro%olecule)
Soya /ean
or $rotein %eal and oil (li$id)


D"A
(%olecule)
!ar/o,ydrate
!. #e)t for Su*ar)
6. Get 7 %L of )u*arcane Cuice and $lace it in a te)t tu/e. Add ; dro$) /enedictD)
)olution. If )u*arcane i) not availa/le' you %ay u)e ta/le )u*ar )olution /y %i&in*
; *ranule) in 6A %L 0ater.
7. Add 6 %L dilute ,ydroc,loric acid. 2eat t,e %i&ture.
9. "eutrali-e t,e %i&ture 0it, )odiu% /icar/onate. >,at i) t,e color of t,e %i&ture
after addin* )odiu% /icar/onate4 #,i) i) a te)t for $re)ence of )ucro)e in food.
#,e )olution) you u)ed in t,e activity ca%e fro% livin* or*ani)%). S0eet $otato
contain) )tarc, 0,ic, can /e /ro1en do0n to )u*ar. A )i%ilar $roce)) 0ill ,a$$en to li$id)'
$rotein)' and nucleic acid. Su*ar unit) fro% )tarc, a) 0ell a) t,e )%all unit) fro% $rotein)'
li$id) and nucleic acid can /e reCoined into ot,er ne0 co%/ination) in ot,er for%) of
or*ani)%).
#,e %i&ture of %acro%olecule) ca%e clo)er to for%
co%$le& unit) called coacervate droplets. !oacervate
dro$let i) an a**re*ate of %acro%olecule) 0,ic, are found in
t,e ne0ly for%ed ocean) of $ri%itive eart,.
!oacervate dro$let) tend to a/)or/ and incor$orate )u/)tance) fro% )urroundin*
0ater. #,e co%$le&ity of %acro%olecule) increa)ed and *ave ri)e to unit) 0it, a/ility to
%a1e co$ie) of t,e%)elve).
#,rou*, ti%e' )e%i8$er%ea/le /oundary )urrounded t,e coacervate dro$let). #,i)
)e$arated t,e coacervate fro% t,e re)t of t,e ocean. i*ure 9 ),o0) t,e fluid %o)aic %odel
of %e%/rane.
A) you can )ee in
i*ure 9' t,e cell %e%/rane
i) %ade u$ of $rotein' li$id
and car/o,ydrate. A cell
%e%/rane i) an e&a%$le of
cellular or*anelle or cell
$art. Ri/o)o%e' a non8
%e%/rane /ound )tructure
in a livin* )y)te%' i) anot,er
e&a%$le of cellular $art.
urt,er %odification
of t,e )e%i8$er%ea/le /oundary enclo)ed coacervate dro$let) re)ulted to a $rotocell.
8 ? 8
i*ure 9. luid Mo)aic Model of t,e !ell Me%/rane
(rotocell %ean) a /e*innin* cell. A $rotocell 0a) a )tructure 0it, li$id8$rotein %e%/rane
t,at carried out ener*y %eta/oli)%. #,e )u/)tance in)ide t,e $rotocell 0a) ri/onucleic acid
(R"A). R"A ,ad a dual function. It )erved /ot, a) *enetic %aterial and a) cataly)t.
#,e $rotocell 0a) a forerunner of t,e )i%$le)t /iolo*ical )y)te%. It 0a) a
,eterotro$,. It could not %a1e food /ut it 0a) not ,un*ry. >,y4 #,e ocean 0a) full of
food. (rotocell 0a) )u$$lied 0it, life8)u$$ort )y)te% $re)ent in 0ater.
(rotocell under0ent /iolo*ical %odification to /eco%e a true cell. #,e flo0c,art in
i*ure : ),o0) t,e )ta*e) t,at led to t,e for%ation of t,e fir)t for% of cell' 0,erein t,e
%acro%olecule) led to t,e evolution of cellular or*anelle).
What you
ill do
Self*Test 1#1
Multi$le Choice. !,oo)e t,e letter of t,e /e)t an)0er. >rite t,e c,o)en letter on a
)e$arate ),eet of $a$er.
6. >,o )aid t,at t,e interaction of )i%$le inor*anic %olecule) led to t,e co%$le& for%ation
of /io%olecule) 1no0n in our /ody today4
a. #,o%a) Mor*an c. A.I. O$arin
/. Stanley Miller d. !,arle) Dar0in
7. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* %olecule) di))olved in t,e ne0ly for%ed ocean)4
a. a%%onia c. o&y*en
/. car/on dio&ide d. o-one
9. >,at $o0ered t,e interaction of )i%$le *a)e) in t,e $ri%itive at%o)$,ere4
a. Li*,tnin* c. )olar radiation
/. radioactivity in t,e )oil d. all of t,e a/ove
8 6A 8
i*ure :
#,e event) t,at led to t,e for%ation of
t,e fir)t cell
coolin*
Ener*y ca$ture
Eoinin*
%acro%olecule) (la)%a %e%/rane
(rotocell
!ell

(ri%itive Eart,
At%o)$,eric *a)e)
Si%$le or*anic %olecule)
:. >,at i)olated t,e coacervate dro$let) t,at for%ed in t,e ocean4
a. ina/ility to di))olve dro$let) in t,e ocean 0ater.
/. a/ility to a/)or/ )u/)tance) fro% t,e ocean
c. )e%i8$er%ea/le /oundary
d. ca$)ule
;. >,at i) t,e te)t for t,e $re)ence of )tarc, in food4
a. alco,ol te)t c. iodine te)t
/. e%ul)ion te)t d. )$ot te)t
Lesson 2# The Cellular Level of Organization
#,e cell i) t,e fir)t level of t,e /iolo*ical or*ani-ation. It i) t,e lo0e)t level to ,ave a
c,aracteri)tic of life. It i) t,e /a)ic unit of life. It i) %ade of %olecule) di)cu))ed in Le))on
I. #,e livin* )u/)tance in)ide t,e cell i) a Celly8li1e )u/)tance called $roto$las.
#,e fir)t cell 0a) a $ro1aryote and 0a) a ,eterotro$,. 2eterotro$, can not %a1e it)
o0n food. It ,a) no nucleu). #oday' t,ere are t0o *rou$) of $ro1ayotic cell F arc,ae/acteria
and eu/acteria. i*ure ; ),o0) t0o $ro1aryotic cell).

8 66 8
&ey to ans'ers on $age 2+#
!yano/acteria )$iral /acteria
i*ure ;. (ro1aryotic cell
#,e $ro1aryotic cell 0ent t,rou*, %any c,an*e) till it *ave ri)e to eu1aryotic cell' a
cell 0it, true nucleu). #,e eu1aryotic cell %ay /e $lant8li1e or ani%al8li1e. You can )ee
t,e)e eu1aryotic cell) in i*ure 6. #,ey ,ave true nucleu) and ot,er cellular $art).

#,e cell)
),o0n in i*ure) ; and 6 are or*ani)%) /y t,e%)elve). >e call t,e% single*celled
organiss. ,uglena ,a) a *reen $i*%ent' a c,aracteri)tic of $lant). It al)o ,a) a
flagellu' a c,aracter)itic of an ani%al. Eu*lena' $ara%eciu% and a%oe/a are *rou$ed a)
$roti)t. ro% t,e% ca%e t,e fun*i' $lant) and ani%al). un*i (e&ce$t yea)t)' $lant) and
ani%al) are %ade u$ of %any cell). #,u)' t,ey are called ulti*celled organiss. You
are a %ulti8celled or*ani)%. Do you 1no0 ,o0 %any cell) you ,ave in your /ody4 >ell'
you are co%$o)ed of around 6A86AA trillion cell).
!ell) ,ave different ),a$e) and )i-e) /ecau)e t,ey do different Co/) and are found in
different $art) of t,e /ody. Do Activity 7.6 to vie0 t,e cell of a $lant and an ani%al.
What you ill do
)ctivity 2#1 -ie'ing a .lant and )nial Cell
>,at you need5 onion /ul/ %icro)co$e
cotton )0a/@toot,$ic1 *la)) )lide
Met,ylene /lue cover )li$
#incture of Iodine di)tilled 0ater
8 67 8
i*ure 6. Eu1aryotic cell)
Eu*lena $ara%eciu%
Diato%) A%oe/a
>,at to do5
A. (lant !ell
6. Stri$ off a $iece of e$ider%i) fro% t,e inner linin* of one of t,e fle),y )cale) of an
onion.
7. Mount a )%all $iece on a )lide' add a )%all dro$ of 0ater' and )tain t,e cell) 0it,
tincture of iodine.
9. !over t,e )$eci%en 0it, a cover )li$.
:. O/)erve and dra0 one cell under lo0 and ,i*, $o0er. O/)erve t,e *ranular
cyto$la)% )urroundin* t,e clear vacuole. #,e nucleu) i) located in t,e cyto$la)%
clo)e to t,e cell 0all. Dra0 a dia*ra% of t,e feature) you can )ee.
;. Re$eat t,i) )te$ /ut 0it,out )tainin* t,e onion 0it, iodine. >,at difference doe)
t,i) %a1e to ,o0 %uc, you can )ee4 >,at doe) t,i) tell you a/out t,e need for
)tainin* cell) /efore loo1in* at t,e% under a %icro)co$e4
B. Ani%al !ell
6. Gar*le 0it, 0ater.
7. Get a cotton )0a/ and %ove t,e cotton )0a/ over your c,ee1.
9. S%ear t,e )0a/ on a clean %icro)co$e )lide. Di)$o)e of t,e cotton )0a/ in t,e
container $rovided.
:. (ut 9 dro$) of %et,ylene /lue )tain onto t,e )lide 0it, a teat $i$ette and cover
0it, a cover)li$.
;. O/)erve t,e cell) under lo0 and ,i*, $o0er.
6. #,e cyto$la)% 0ill /e )tained /lue and t,e nucleu) a dar1er /lue. Dra0 a
dia*ra% of t,e cell under ,i*, $o0er.
#,e cell) you ,ave o/)erved )erve a) cover of a )urface. #,ey are $ac1ed clo)ely'
leavin* no )$ace) /et0een cell). #,e cell) you o/)erved in t,e onion )1in are e$ider%al
cell) 0,ile t,o)e of t,e inner linin* of your %out, are called s/uaous e$ithelial cells.
#,e cell t,at )erve) a) cover i) flat and can /e found on )urface). #,e cell) are ),o0n in
i*ure <.

8 69 8
!ell of t,e inner linin* of %out, !ell of t,e onion )1in
i*ure <. !ell you )a0 in your activity
#,e)e cell) vary in ),a$e). Loo1 at t,e cell) ),o0n in i*ure =. So%e /acterial cell)
are ),ort cylindrical o/Cect). "erve cell) ,ave co%$le& ),a$e) 0it, %any lon* t,in
e&ten)ion) and %ay reac, len*t,) of )everal %eter). Mo)t $lant cell) are $oly*onal
)urrounded /y ri*id cell 0all). Mo)t cell) in ani%al) are co%$act in ),a$e 0it, a
defor%a/le and often ric,ly folded )urface. >,y do cell) co%e in different ),a$e)4 #,e
),a$e) of cell) are a))ociated 0it, location and function.
!ell) %ay ,ave different ),a$e) and )i-e) /ut t,ey all ,ave )o%et,in* in co%%on a)
you can )ee in i*ure ?.
Bot, cell) ,ave %any $art) or organelles. #,e %o)t $ro%inent i) t,e $lasa
e0rane. (la)%a %e%/rane enclo)ed t,e cyto$la)%. #,e cyto$la)% i) ric, in 0ater.
A%on* $ro1aryote)' t,ere i) a nuclear area in t,e cyto$la)% /ut it i) not enclo)ed /y a
nuclear envelo$e. A%on* eu1aryote)' a %e%/rane enclo)ed8nucleu) i) e%/edded in t,e
cyto$la)%. (lant cell) ,ave cell 0all' a vacuole and %ay ,ave c,loro$la)t. (lant and
ani%al cell) are eu1aryotic cell) /ecau)e t,ey eac, ,ave a true nucleu). So%e cell) do not
,ave nucleu) and %o)t cell $art) t,at are $re)ent in eu1aryotic cell). A *ood e&a%$le i) t,e
cell of /acteriu% a) ),o0n in i*ure 6A. Bacteriu% i) a $ro1aryotic cell. #,e cell ,a)
8 6: 8
Ani%al cell (lant cell
i*ure ?. #,e cell
Red /lood cell i)
di)coidal' carrie)
re)$iratory
*a)e) 8 O
7
and
!O
7
at cell) )tore
fat and )erve
a) in)ulator
"euron t,at
conduct) nerve
i%$ul)e)
$arenc,y%a
cell) of $lant)
t,at )tore food
and 0ater
i*ure =. Garyin* ),a$e) of cell)
cyto$la)% 0it, nuclear -one 0,ere t,e )i%$le c,ro%o)o%e i) $re)ent. A c,ro%o)o%e i) a
coiled@folded deo&yri/onucleic acid' t,e *enetic %aterial.
#,e cyto$la)% i) )urrounded /y a %e%/rane. !ell 0all i) $re)ent in /acteria /ut it)
c,e%ical co%$o)ition i) different fro% t,at of a $lant cell. So%e /acteria %ay ,ave a
ca$)ule' cilia (,air8li1e )tructure) and fla*ellu% (tail8li1e). #,e cilia and fla*ellu% are
$re)ent in )o%e eu1aryotic cell' /ut of a different )tructure.
!ell) al)o differ in
)i-e. So%e are /i* li1e a
c,ic1en e**. Ot,er) are very
)%all li1e a /acteriu%. #a/le
6 li)t) )o%e cell) $re)ent in
$lant) and ani%al). #,eir
function and location are al)o
indicated.
Ta0le 1# Soe cells $resent in $lants and anials
Organis Cell Location 1unction
(lant Meri)te%atic cell Root ti$)' a$e&'
/ud)
#o increa)e t,e ,ei*,t of
$lant)' etc.
(arenc,y%a cell !orte& of )te%'
root)
ood )tora*e
Ani%al !olu%nar cell Inner linin* of t,e
inte)tine
A/)or$tion of nutrient)
!u/oidal cell Duct) of *land) Secretion of )u/)tance)
S1eletal %u)cle
cell
S1eletal %u)cle)
attac,ed to /one)
Mu)cle contraction 0,ic,
%ove) /ody $art)
What you ill do
Self*Test 2#1
6. ro% t,e illu)tration) and di)cu))ion in Le))on 7' la/el t,e )$ecified $art) of t,e cell
),o0n in i*ure 66.
$art %ar1ed %
$art %ar1ed f
$art %ar1ed C
$art %ar1ed n
7. I) t,e cell in i*ure 66 a $ro1aryotic cell or eu1aryotic cell4 E&$lain your an)0er.
8 6; 8
i*ure 6A. Bacteriu%
Lesson 3# Tissue, Organs and Organ Syste! Other Biological Level of
Organization
!ell) co%e to*et,er to do certain function). >e call t,i) a))ociation a) tissue.
#i))ue i) a *rou$ of a))ociated' )i%ilarly )tructured cell) t,at $erfor% )$eciali-ed function)
for t,e )urvival of t,e or*ani)%. "euron) or nerve cell) for% nervou) ti))ueB %u)cle cell)
for%) %u)cular ti))ueB /lood cell) for% va)cular ti))ueB fat cell) for% adi$o)e ti))ueB etc.
Many )+ua%ou) cell) for% )+ua%ou) e$it,elial
ti))ue. #,i) i) found in t,e outer layer of t,e )1in and
)erve) a) coverin* of our /ody.
8 66 8
i*ure 66. #,e !ell
&ey to ans'ers on $age 2+#
i*ure 67. S+ua%ou) e$it,elial ti))ue
!ell) of colu%nar
e$it,elial ti))ue are taller t,an 0ide a) ),o0n in i*ure 69. #,e nucleu) i) located at t,e
/a)e. #,e cell) %a1in* t,i) ti))ue %ay ,ave tiny $roCection) called villi and %icro)co$ic
$roCection) called icrovilli. !olu%nar e$it,elial ti))ue) are a))ociated 0it, )ecretion and
a/)or$tion of )u/)tance). #,ey are found in )to%ac,' inte)tine) and duct) of *land).
#,o)e /i* )$ace) ),o0n in i*ure 6: are
t,e conductin* ve))el) of t,e 0ater8conductin*
&yle% ti))ue of t,e $lant. Hyle% %a1e) u$ t,e
0ood of tree).
#,e ti))ue) of ani%al) are *rou$ed into four ty$e). #a/le 7 li)t) t,e four *rou$) of
ani%al ti))ue) 0,ile t,o)e of $lant) are li)ted in #a/le 9.
Ta0le 2# )nial tissues
Ty$e of tissues 1unction
e$it,elial ti))ue) !over and $rotect or*an)
connective ti))ue) !onnect one or*an to anot,er
%u)cle ti))ue) !ontract to $roduce %ove%ent
nervou) ti))ue) Re)$ond to c,an*e) in t,e environ%ent
8 6< 8
i*ure 69. !olu%nar e$it,elial ti))ue !olu%nar cell)
i*ure 6:. Hyle% of $lant)
Ta0le 3# .lant tissues
Ty$e of tissues 1unction
Meri)te%atic ti))ue) Actively dividin* cell) to re$lace da%a*ed and
old cell)
!ollenc,y%a ti))ue) Su$$ort ti))ue of ,er/aceou) $lant) and
te%$orary )u$$ort ti))ue of youn* 0oody $lant)
Sc,lerenc,y%a ti))ue) Su$$ort ti))ue of 0oody $lant
Ga)cular ti))ue)
Hyle%
$,loe%
#ran)$ort 0ater fro% root) to leave)
!onduct) food fro% leave) to ot,er $art) of t,e
$lant
>,at /eco%e) of ti))ue)4 #,ey for% or*an). Let u) ta1e t,e ,eart a) an e&a%$le.
Your ,eart i) a) /i* a) your fi)t. It i) located at t,e %id)ection of your u$$er /ody and i)
oriented to0ard) t,e left )ide of your /ody.
Your ,eart i) a dual
$u%$ /ecau)e it circulate)
/lood t,rou*, t0o
)e$arate clo)ed )y)te%).
O&y*en8carryin* /lood
leave) t,e left ventricle
t,rou*, t,e aorta and i)
di)tri/uted t,rou*,out t,e
/ody. #,e deo&y*enated
/lood i) returned to t,e
ri*,t auricle via t,e
)u$erior and inferior venae
cavae. #,e ri*,t ventricle
$u%$) t,e deo&y*enated
/lood t,rou*, t,e
$ul%onary artery to t,e
lun*)' 0,ere it e&c,an*e)
car/on dio&ide for o&y*en.
O&y*enated /lood fro%
t,e lun*) t,en return) to
t,e left auricle of t,e ,eart'
ready for arterial circulation' t,rou*, t,e $ul%onary vein). #,e ti))ue) t,at %a1e u$ t,e
,eart are cardiac ti))ue' nervou) ti))ue' e$it,elial ti))ue' adi$o)e ti))ue and connective
ti))ue. #,e)e ti))ue) ena/le t,e ,eart to do it) Co/ F to $u%$ /lood to t,e different $art) of
your /ody.
Or*an) 0or1 to*et,er 0it, ot,er or*an) to for% a )y)te%. #,e ,eart 0or1) 0it, t,e
/lood ve))el) F arterie)' vein)' ca$illarie)' to for% t,e circulatory )y)te%. It i) not only t,e
,u%an) t,at $o))e) t,e circulatory )y)te% /ut al)o ot,er %ulti8celled ani%al) )uc, a) fro*)'
,or)e)' $i*)' and rodent).
8 6= 8
i*ure 6;. #,e ,u%an ,eart
What ill you do
)ctivity 3#1 2o you 3no' that###
6. t,e )%all inte)tine i) a $art of t,e di*e)tive or*an )y)te%4
7. S%all inte)tine) are %ade u$ of t,e follo0in* ti))ue)5
a. e$it,elial ti))ue t,at cover) t,e outer%o)t $art of t,e )%all inte)tineB
/. e$it,elial ti))ue t,at line) t,e in)ide of t,e )%all inte)tineB
c. circular )%oot, %u)cle ti))ue to con)trict or dilate t,e inte)tineB
d. lon*itudinal )%oot, %u)cle ti))ue to ),orten or len*t,en t,e )%all inte)tineB
e. va)cular ti))ue to )u$$ly t,e )%all inte)tine 0it, o&y*en and nutrient) a) 0ell a)
to eli%inate 0a)te $roduct)B and
f. nervou) ti))ue to re)$ond to c,an*e) in t,e environ%ent.
Different or*an )y)te%) for% or*ani)%). i*ure 66 ),o0) t,e )u%%ary of t,e
,ierarc,y of t,e /iolo*ical or*ani-ation.



8 6? 8
i*ure 67. Su%%ary of level of or*ani-ation
Many
ti))ue)
are
$re)ent
,ere
!,e%ical
)u/)tance)
Ani%al cell
So%e ti))ue)
(lant cell
or*an )y)te% or*an of t,e circulatory
)y)te%
,u%an $lant
What you ill do
Self*Test 3#1
Multi$le Choice. !,oo)e t,e letter of t,e /e)t an)0er. >rite t,e c,o)en letter on a
)e$arate ),eet of $a$er.
6. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* unit) i) t,e lo0e)t level of /iolo*ical )y)te%4
a. cell c. %olecule
/. ti))ue d. %acro%olecule
7. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* )u/)tance) i)@are $re)ent in a $rotocell4
a. ri/onucleic acid
/. deo&yri/onucleic acid
c. /ot, ri/onucleic acid and deo&yri/onucleic acid
9. >,at i)@are re)$on)i/le for t,e uni+ue ),a$e of a cell4
a. It) )i-e c. It) function
/. It) location d. It) function and location
:. 2o0 do 0e call t,e a))ociation of )i%ilar cell) doin* t,e )a%e function4
a. or*an c. or*ani)%)
/. ti))ue d. or*an )y)te%
Biolo*ical or*ani-ation
doe) not end in Cu)t t,e
individual. #,ere are
/iolo*ical or*ani-ation)
/eyond you a) an individual.
You ),all loo1 at t,e% a) 0ell.
#,e fir)t or*ani-ation out)ide
t,e individual i) population.
A $o$ulation i) co%$o)ed of
all or*ani)%) of one ty$e
occu$yin* a $aticular area.
i*ure 6< ),o0) t,e
$o$ulation of African
ele$,ant). #,e African
ele$,ant) live in *ra))y
re*ion) )out, of t,e Sa,ara
De)ert.
8 7A 8
i*ure 6<. African ele$,ant)
&ey to ans'ers on $age 2+#
i*ure 6= ),o0) anot,er
$o$ulation. #,i) i) a floc1 of
),ee$ do%e)ticated in "e0
Iealand. In t,i) country' t,e
),ee$ $o$ulation outnu%/er)
t,e ,u%an $o$ulation.
i*ure 6? ),o0)
*ra))e). You are fa%iliar 0it,
different 1ind) of *ra))e). #,e
area occu$ied do%inantly /y
*ra))e) i) called a grassland.
In t,e *ra))land' you 0ill find ot,er $lant) and
ani%al). #,e $o$ulation of variou) $lant)
includin* *ra))e) and ani%al) in t,e *ra))land
%a1e u$ a community. A co%%unity i) an
a))e%/la*e of %any $o$ulation) occu$yin* a
*iven area at a *iven ti%e interval. i*ure) 7A
and 76 *ive %ore e&a%$le) of co%%unity.
i*ure 76 i) a ty$ical 1ind of %ountain
co%%unity. #,e ,u%an $o$ulation occu$yin*
t,e area i) en*a*ed in a*riculture. #,e
$o$ulation) interact a%on* t,e%)elve) and 0it,
t,e $,y)ical environ%ent )uc, a) )oil' 0ater'
at%o)$,ere' etc to for% an ecosystem. An
eco)y)te% i) a relatively )elf8contained' dyna%ic
)y)te% co%$o)ed of a natural co%%unity alon*
0it, it) $,y)ical environ%ent.
8 76 8
i*ure 6=. S,ee$
i*ure 6?. Gra))land !o%%unity
i*ure 76
Mountain co%%unity
i*ure 7A
!o%%unity do%inated /y tree)

What you ill do
)ctivity 3#2 %ae Me4
6. Do you 1no0 your $lace very 0ell4
7. "a%e an e&a%$le of a co%%unity found in your $lace.
9. >,y do you con)ider it a co%%unity4
:. "a%e an eco)y)te% in your $lace.
;. >,at are t,e or*ani)%) found in )uc, eco)y)te%4
What you ill do
Self*Test 3#2
U)e t,e follo0in* ter%) to identify t,e ter% /ein* de)cri/ed /y t,e 0ord@$,ra)e5
cell or*an )y)te% eco)y)te%
ti))ue $o$ulation
or*an co%%unity
JJJJJ 6. %u)cle in t,e ,eart
JJJJJ 7. yea)t
JJJJJ 9. %o)+uitoe) in t,e fore)t
JJJJJ :. fore)t
JJJJJ ;. root of t,e %an*o tree
JJJJJ 6. re)$iratory )y)te%
Lesson "# Characteristics of Living Things
In Le))on 7' 0e learned one i%$ortant c,aracteri)tic of livin* t,in*)' t,at i)' t,at livin*
t,in*) are or*ani-ed. >e ),all learn %ore c,aracteri)tic) of livin* t,in*) in t,i) le))on. #o
)tart t,e le))on' you can do activity :.6.
8 77 8
&ey to ans'ers on $age 2+#
Eco)y)te% %ay /e )%all or /i*' natural or artificial.
E&a%$le) of natural eco)y)te%) are river)' la1e) or ocean).
#errariu% and a+uariu% are e&a%$le) of artificial eco)y)te%.
#,e /i**e)t eco)y)te% i) t,e entire /io)$,ere.
What you ill do
)ctivity "#1 Life or no Life
6. You are *iven t0o o/Cect). One i) a %ar/le' t,e ot,er one i) a 780ee1 old do*.
7. You are told to %a1e t0o /o&e). In Bo& 6' $ut your de)cri$tion a/out t,e %ar/le. In Bo&
7' $lace t,e de)cri$tion a/out t,e do*.
>,at did you )ay a/out t,e %ar/le4 One t,in* a %ar/le ,a) i) calciu% car/onate.
#,i) i) a c,e%ical or*ani-ation. It i) not a /iolo*ical or*ani-ation. #,erefore' %ar/le i) a
non8livin* t,in*.
"o0' 0,at did you )ay a/out t,e do*4 You could )ay t,at a do* i) co%$o)ed of
cell). You Cu)t de)cri/ed a livin* t,in* /ecau)e cell i) t,e /a)ic unit of a livin* or*ani)%. #o
%aintain t,i) or*ani-ation and carry on t,e activitie) of livin* t,in*)' it need) out)ide
)ource) of materials and energy. A $lant need) li*,t ener*y fro% t,e )un to allo0 0ater
and car/on dio&ide to $roduce food and o&y*en t,rou*, t,e $roce)) called
$hotosynthesis. 2o0 did t,e $lant *et t,e ra0 %aterial) for $,oto)ynt,e)i)4 >ell' it ,a)
t,e follo0in* $art)5
a. root) to *et 0ater and nutrient) fro% )oil
/. &yle% to /rin* u$ t,e 0ater and $lant nutrient) to t,e leave) 0,ere
$,oto)ynt,e)i) occur
c. )to%ata to *et car/on dio&ide fro% t,e air
d. c,loro$la)t t,at contain c,loro$,yll tra$) ener*y fro% t,e )un
#,e do* need) food. #,rou*, cellular res$iration, t,e ener*y )tored in t,e food i)
/ein* ,arve)ted. !ellular re)$iration i) t,e /rea1do0n of food to relea)e ener*y. 2o0 doe)
a do* u)e food a) a )ource of ener*y4 Li1e t,e $lant' it ,a) $art) to carry out t,e $roce)).
#,e do* u)e) t,e di*e)tive )y)te% to *et t,e food and di*e)t it' t,e circulatory )y)te% to
/rin* t,e $roduct of di*e)tion to cell) 0,ere cellular re)$iration occur)' and t,e re)$iratory
)y)te% to o/tain o&y*en fro% air into t,e lun*). ro% t,e lun*)' t,e o&y*en i) carried to t,e
,eart. #,e ,eart $u%$) it to t,e different cell) of t,e /ody. !ell) ,ave %itoc,ondrion 0,ere
di*e)ted food i) de*raded to ,arve)t ener*y.
.hotosynthesis and cellular res$iration are c,e%ical reaction) carried out /y
livin* t,in*)' /ut t,e)e are not t,e only c,e%ical reaction) t,at occur in livin* t,in*). #,ere
are %any ot,er $roce))e). #,e )u% of all t,e)e c,e%ical reaction) in a cell i) called
metabolism.
8 79 8
Bo& 6 #,e %ar/le Bo& 7 #,e do*
or t,e)e %eta/olic $roce))e) to continue' t,ere are condition) to /e %et. >,at are
t,e)e4 All livin* t,in*) need to %aintain a )ta/le te%$erature' %oi)ture level' acidity' and
ot,er $,y)iolo*ical factor). #,i) i) called homoestasis. 2o%eo)ta)i) %ean) t,e
%aintenance of internal condition) 0it,in certain /oundarie). 2o0 do livin* t,in*) do t,i)4
Let u) ta1e t,e /ody te%$erature. So%e or*ani)% re*ulate t,e /ody t,rou*, /e,avior.
#y$ical e&a%$le of t,i) i) de%on)trated /y %arine i*uana. I*uana rai)e) it) te%$erature /y
)tayin* in t,e )un on a ,ot roc1. >,en it) /ody te%$erature /eco%e) ,i*,' it dive) into t,e
)ea to cool do0n. You do not ,ave to do 0,at i*uana) do. >,y4 You ,ave or*an )y)te%)
)uc, a) t,e e&cretory )y)te% to 1ee$ your /ody te%$erature at an avera*e of 9<
o
!.
Meta/oli)% )u$$ort) *ro0t,. Gro0t, %ay /e in t,e for% of increa)e in %a))' )i-e' or
or*ani-ation t,at i) different fro% )i%$le addition of %ore $article) of %atter. A)ide fro%
*ro0t,' livin* t,in*) al)o develo$. You 0ere once a )in*le8celled fertili-ed e** called
-y*ote. Iy*ote divide) %any ti%e) and under*oe) %any c,an*e) to /eco%e a %iniature
adult' and eventually /eco%in* a full *ro0n adult.

Once %ature' livin* t,in*) *enerate off)$rin* t,rou*, re$roduction. #,e off)$rin* i)
a loo18ali1e of $arent) /ut t,ere are difference) or variation. #,e variation i) due to t,e
rearran*e%ent of ,ereditary infor%ation. Gariation i) /ot, /ad and *ood. Good variation
*ive) off)$rin* a /etter c,ance of )urvival.
#,e environ%ent i) ever c,an*in* /ut livin* t,in*) *et u)ed to it. >e call t,i)
ada$tation. )da$tation i) t,e re)ult of evolutionary c,an*e. It i) t,e accu%ulation of
in,erited variation) over ti%e. In i*ure 77 you )ee )everal ada$tation).
Livin* t,in*) are )en)itive to c,an*e) in t,e internal and e&ternal environ%ent.
Ma1a,iya or 3touc, %e not 3 fold) it) leave) a) )oon a) you di)tur/ it. Da%a de noc,e
relea)e) it) fra*rance /y ni*,tfall. You 0it,dra0 your fin*er) 0it,out t,in1in* a) )oon a)
you touc, a ,ot or cold o/Cect.
8 7: 8
i*ure 77. Ada$tation)
Birds have
wings to fly.
Crabs and shrimps
have powerful pinchers
for defense.
Bombardier beetle
releases very hot
liquid when
provoked.
An orchid with
flowers that
looked like a
bug
Electric eel and sting
ray have electric organ
that produce electrical
discharges to navigate
murky, deep waters and
to capture prey.
Leaves of cactus
became spines to
prevent water
loss.
What you ill do
Self*Test "#1
>,ic, c,aracteri)tic) of livin* t,in*) Cu)tify t,e )tate%ent (nu%/er) 68;). !,oo)e fro%
letter) a 8 e.
a. Livin* t,in*) are or*ani-ed.
/. Livin* t,in*) carry out %eta/oli)%.
c. Livin* t,in*) re)$ond.
d. Livin* t,in*) re$roduce.
e. Livin* t,in* evolve.
JJJJ 6. 2ereditary unit) are $a))ed fro% $arent) to c,ild.
JJJJ 7. !at run) a0ay fro% an a$$roac,in* do*.
JJJJ 9. !ell) u)e %aterial) and ener*y for *ro0t, and re$air.
JJJJ :. #,ere are %any different 1ind) of livin* t,in*).
JJJJ ;. Ada$tation to a 0ay of life /e)t e&$lain) 0,y livin* t,in*) di)$lay ,o%eo)ta)i)' are
diver)e' /e*an a) )in*le cell)' are cla))ified into t,ree do%ain)' and %ate 0it,
t,eir o0n 1ind.
Livin* t,in*) co%e in diver)e for%). Loo1 at t,e or*ani)%) in i*ure 79. #,ey are
all /eautifully colored.
Let$s %ummarize
6. Molecular or*ani-ation )tart) fro% ato%) to $rotocell.
8 7; 8
i*ure 79. Different life for%)
&ey to ans'ers on $age 2+#
7. !ell i) t,e lo0e)t level of /iolo*ical or*ani-ation.
9. !ell) differ in ),a$e) due to t,eir function and location.
:. !ell i) eit,er a $ro1aryotic cell or eu1aryotic cell.
;. #i))ue i) a *rou$ of )i%ilarly )tructured cell) t,at $erfor% t,e )a%e function.
6. #i))ue) for% or*an)' and or*an) into or*an )y)te%).
<. Livin* t,in*) ,ave different c,aracteri)tic).
"osttest
Multi$le Choice. !,oo)e t,e letter of t,e /e)t an)0er. >rite t,e c,o)en letter on a
)e$arate ),eet of $a$er.
6. >,ic, one doe) %OT /elon* to t,e *rou$4
a. eco)y)te% c. $o$ulation
/. co%%unity d. ti))ue
7. >,at i) t,e )u/)tance $re)ent in t,e fir)t $rotocell4
a. ri/onucleic acid c. $rotein
/. car/o,ydrate) d. li$id
9. >,at i) co%%on to /ot, $ro1yotic cell and eu1aryotic cell4
a. %itoc,ondrion c. cyto$la)%
/. c,loro$la)t d. nucleu)
:. Meta/oli)% refer) to
a. c,e%ical and ener*y tran)for%ation)
/. %aintenance of internal condition)
c. a/ility to re)$ond to )ti%ulu)
d. t,e lac1 of re$roduction
;. Livin* t,in*) can ada$t to a c,an*in* environ%ent /ecau)e
a. t,ey are ,i*,ly or*ani-ed
/. t,ey $o))e)) a nervou) )y)te%
c. t,ey ,ave a 0ay of *ettin* food
d. t,ey ,ave a 0ay of *ettin* re)$iratory *a)e)
8 76 8
>,ic, of t,e follo0in* )tate%ent) c,aracteri-e) ite%) 6 and <4
a. Livin* t,in*) evolve. c. Livin* t,in*) re)$ond.
/. Livin* t,in*) are or*ani-ed. d. Livin* t,in*) re$roduce.
JJJJJ6. 2ereditary unit) $a))ed fro% $arent) to c,ildren
JJJJJ<. Ie/ra) run a0ay fro% t,e cliff
=. (lant) are uni+ue a%on* livin* t,in*) in t,at t,ey are
a. %ulticellular and a/)or/ food c. %ulti8cellular and $,oto)ynt,etic
/. unicellular and in*e)t food d. all of t,e)e are correct
>,ic, of t,e follo0in* ter%) de)cri/e) ite%) ? and 6A4
a. co%%unity
/. $o$ulation
c. eco)y)te%
JJJJ ?. tila$ia in %uddy river
JJJJ6A. %on1ey eatin* ea*le) in t,e vir*in fore)t in Mindanao
66. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* )y)te%) inte*rate) t,e activitie) of t,e ,u%an /ody4
a. )1eletal )y)te% c. e&cretory )y)te%
/. %u)cular )y)te% d. endocrine )y)te%

6. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* con)trict) t,e lar*e and )%all inte)tine)4
a. )%oot, %u)cle c. cardiac %u)cle
/. )1eletal %u)cle d. nervou) ti))ue
<. >,ic, of t,e follo0in* i) )tora*e cell4
a. !ollenc,y%a c. )c,lerenc,y%a
/. (arenc,y%a d. va)cular ca%/iu%
&ey to 'nsers
.retest
6. / 6. / 66. d
7. c <. a 67. c
9. d =. d 69. d
:. d ?. d 6:. a
;. a and c 6A. d 6;. d
8 7< 8
&ey to ans'ers on $age 25#
Lesson 1
Self*Test 1#1
6. c
7. a
9. d
:. c
;. c
Lesson 2
Self*Test 2#1
6. 6.6 fla*ellu%
6.7 cell %e%/rane
6.9 nucleu)
6.: %itoc,ondrion
7. eu1aryotic cell /ecau)e it ,a) true nucleu)
Lesson 3
Self*Test 3#1
6. a
7. a
9. d
:. /
Self*Test 3#2
6. ti))ue
7. cell
9. $o$ulation
:. eco)y)te%
;. or*an )y)te%
6. or*an )y)te%
Lesson "
Self*Test "#1
6. d.
7. c
9. /
:. e
;. a
8 7= 8
.osttest
6. d 6. d 66. d
7. a <. c 67. a
9. c =. c 69. /
:. a ?. /
;. / 6A. /
(eferences
!a%$/ell' ". (7AAA). Biology. En*le0ood !liff)' "e0 Eer)ey5 Eo,n >iley and Son).
Mader' S. (7AA9). Biology. En*le0ood !liff)' "e0 Eer)ey5 Eo,n >iley and Son).
(ic1erin*' >.R. (7AAA). Complete biology. O&ford' "e0 Yor15 O&ford Univer)ity (re)).
JJJJJJJJ. (7AAA). icrosoft Encarta.
8 7? 8