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Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2014 July; 5(3): (P) 428 - 436


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*"!"arch +rticl" Pharmaco,no!y





Int"rnational Journal o& Pharma an$ Bio Sci"nc"!
ISS-
0./5-62..

0123I0+4 053P5SII5- +-6 +-I3I0*5BI+4
P52-I+4 57 S242026 326I0I-+4 P4+-S

AHMED YACOUBA COULIBALY
*1,2
, ROKIAH HASHIM
1
, SHAIDA FARIZA SULAIMAN
3
,
OTHMAN SULAIMAN
1
AND LILY ZUIN PING ANG
1
.

1
Division of Bioresource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
2
a!oratory of "pplied Biochi#istry and Che#istry $"BI%C"&, U'()S*T,
University of %uagadougou, %uagadougou, Bur+ina 'aso,
-
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia


ABSTRACT

Different extracts from five medicinal plants were investigated for their antibacterial and
antifungal activities by agar diffusion and microdilution methods. The extracts selectively
exhibited antibacterial effect and the most active was the aqueous-acetone extract of
Euphorbia balsalmifera against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with diameters of inhibition zones d!
exceeding "mm and the minimal inhibitory concentrations less than #mg$ml. This
extract also displayed significant antifungal activity against brown rot Fomitopsis
palustris and carbamic acid methyl ester was identified by gas chromatography$mass
spectrometer as a main contributor to this antimicrobial activity. The aqueous-acetone
extract of Sporobolus pyramidalis was significantly active against all the fungal strains
d%"mm! with an exception on Pycnoporus sanguineus. Scoparia dulcis was the most
active against both white rot and brown rot fungi d%&'mm!. The antifungal activities of
these extracts were found to be comparable to those of the standard Glycyrrhizin (cid
Dipotassium )alt, foreseeing their use as sources of fungistats.

KEY WORDS: medicinal plant, resistant bacteria, fungistat, Sporobolus pyramidalis, Euphorbia
balsamifera, wood decay











AHMED YACOUBA COULIBALY
6i8i!ion o& Bior"!ourc"9 Pa)"r an$ 0oatin,! "chnolo,y9 School o& In$u!trial "chnolo,y9
:ni8"r!iti Sain! 3alay!ia9 P"nan,9 3alay!ia

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1. INTRODUCTION

*icroorganisms, including bacteria and fungi
are responsible for various infections in
humans, animals and plants. +ecause
microorganisms are continuously developing
resistances to current antibiotics, infectious
diseases are still the world,s leading cause of
premature deaths
&
. Bacillus licheniformis,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccocus
aureus are among the most widespread and
resistant bacteria involving in various diseases.
+eside this, plant pathogens and especially
fungi, are responsible for yield reductions in
crops and biodegradation of wood worldwide,
causing a serious problem for both wood
structure and forest management
-
. +rown-rot
and white-rot basidiomycetes fungi cause the
most destructive type of wood decay. the
brown-rot fungi selectively removes cellulose
and hemicelluloses compounds, whereas the
white-rot fungi causes degradation of all cell
wood components
/
. 0hite-rot Pycnoporus
sanguineus, Schizophyllum commune,
Trametes versicolor and brown-rot Fomitopsis
palustris, Gloeophyllum trabeum are
basidiomycetes fungi responsible for different
infections in plants and even in human.
Schizophyllum commune for example, can
cause invasive infections li1e brain abscesses
'

and sinusitis
#
. 2wing to control resistance to
current antibiotics and to manage infectious
diseases, natural products are getting greater
interest and many research pro3ects are
targeting plants as sources of antimicrobial
drugs
4,5
. 6arious plant extracts have been
traditionally used to protect crops and seeds
7
.
8thno-pharmacological surveys indicated that
Euphorbia balsamifera is used to treat chronic
wound
"
while Fadogia agrestis, ! anobrya,
Scoparia dulcis and Sporobolus pyramidalis
were reported to have been implicated in
various anti-infective remedies
&9
. Therefore,
there is a lac1 of information about the effect of
these plants on various microbial strains that
are pathogenic in human and plants. Then the
current study was carried out to investigate
about the potential of these tropical plant
species to fight most common pathogenic
bacteria and fungi in animals and plants along
with the analysis of their volatile components
by Gas :hromatography-*ass )pectrometer.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Plant material
(erial parts of five herbaceous plant species
Euphorbia balsamifera (it. 8uphorbiaceae!,
epidaghathis anobrya ;ees (canthaceae!,
Fadogia agrestis )chweinf .8x <iern.
=ubiaceae!, Sporobolus pyramidalis >. +eauv
!>oaceae! and Scoparia dulcis ?.
)crophulariaceae! were freshly collected on
@une -9&/ at Gampela located at -# 1m east
of ouagadougou, +ur1ina Aaso. Taxonomic
identification was verified by >rof. @eanne A.
*illogo ?aboratoire de +iologie et 8cologie
6egetales, Bniversity of 2uagadougou,
+ur1ina Aaso! and a voucher specimen was
deposited for each plant under the following
numbersC Euphorbia balsamifera 8+Daca
99&!, epidaghathis anobrya ?(Dnca 99&!,
Fadogia agrestis A(Dsca 99&!, Sporobolus
pyramidalis )>Dpca 99&! and Scoparia dulcis
)DDca 99-!. The plants were air-dried in the
laboratory and then reduced into powder for
future use.

2.2. Chemicals
(ll the chemicals were at analytical grade.
(cetone, methanol and dimethylsulfoxide were
purchased from Aisher, nutrient agar medium
and nutrient broth medium from 2xoid ?TD
8ngland, p-iodonitrotetrazolium E;T! and
sodium chloride from )igma, Glycyrrhizin (cid
Dipotassium )altfrom from 0(F2 To1yo, malt
extract from +ecton Dic1inson Arance, potato
dextrose agar from *erc1 Germany,
tetracycline and chloramphenicol from )igma-
(ldrich.

2.3. Extraction
(n amount of -#g of powder from each plant
was boiled for '# minutes to ma1e a decoction
which was air-dried at #9G: to give the water
extract. (nother -#g of powder from each plant
was soa1ed in -#9ml of a mixture of
acetone$water 59$/9 v$v! for '7h, filtered and
evaporated under reduced pressure &/- h>a,
'9G:! and then air-dried at #9G: to give a dried
extract aqueous-acetone extract!. Then, both
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of the two extraction processes was repeated
three times.

2.4. Antibacterial activity
The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts
was assayed as described previously
&&
with
slight modifications.

Preparation of bacterial inoculum
Aive bacterial strains Bacillus licheniformis
(T:: &-5#", Escherichia coli (T:: -#"--,
Klebsiella pneumonia (T:: &/77/,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (T:: -57#/ and
Staphyloccocus aureus (T:: &-499 were
obtained from )chool of +iological )ciences,
Bniversiti )ains *alaysia. 8ach strain was
grown separately on nutrient agar at /5G: for
-' hours, and then an aliquot was suspended
in nutrient broth and stand overnight at /5G:.
The bacterial inoculum was then prepared by
diluting this bacterial suspension in a sterile
saline solution 9."H ;a:l! to get
approximately &9
4
colony-forming units$ml as
compared to the turbidity of 9.# *acAarland
standards.

Preparation of culture medium
Twenty-eight grams of nutrient agar were
mixed with &999 ml of sterile distilled water.
The mixture was then sterilized by autoclaving
at &-&G: for -9 minutes. Bnder aseptic
conditions in the laminar flow hood, -9 ml of
agar medium was uniformly dispensed into
sterile >etri dishes. They were then covered
and cooled down at room temperature until the
culture medium hardened. The inoculation of
the bacterial culture on the agar surface was
done by the spread plating technique.

isc application of the samples
The sample solution -9, '9 and 49mg$ml in
water containing &9H D*)2! was sterilized by
filtration through microfilter 9.-Im! and &9Il
was impregnated on sterilized paper disc 4
mm in diameter, (dvantec To1yo Enc!. (fter
drying in aseptic conditions, the discs were
placed on the inoculated nutrient agar surface
and then gently pressed down to ensure
contact with the agar surface. The >etri dishes
were then incubated for &7 hours at /5G:.
Then, the diameter in mm! of the inhibition
zone around each disc was measured.
(ntibacterial activities were indicated by a clear
zone of growth inhibition around the paper
disc. 8ach test was repeated three times.
Tetracycline and chloramphenicol &9Il,
&mg$ml in water containing &9H D*)2! were
used as positive controls while a water solution
containing &9H D*)2 was used as negative
control.

!icrodilution method
The microdilution method was used to
determine the minimal inhibitory concentration
*E:! along the five bacterial strains. &99Jl of
nutrient broth medium -&mg$ml! were placed
into each "4 wells of the microplates. The
extract solutions &99Il, -9 mg$ml! were added
into the first rows of microplates and two-fold
dilutions &9 to 9.99"5mg$ml! were made by
dispensing the solutions to the remaining wells.
Then &99Il of nutrient broth and &9Il of
bacterial inoculum were added into all the
wells. Aor each dilution, a negative control
without inoculum &99Il of medium, &99Il of
extract solution and &9Il of saline solution
9."H! was prepared for optical comparison. (
control without sample solution &99Il of
medium, &99Il of D*)2 &9H and &9Il of
inoculum! was prepared to ensure bacterial
growth. (nother well was filled with &99Il of
medium, &99Il of D*)2 &9H and &9Il of
saline solution 9."H as a control to ensure
their sterility. 8ach test was carried out in
triplicate. The sealed microplates were
incubated at /5G: for &7h. Then, p-
iodonitrotetrazolium violet &9Il, 9.#mg$ml in
water! was added. The lowest concentration of
the extract that completely inhibited
macroscopic growth with no purple colour!
was determined by optical comparison with the
corresponding negative control and was noted
as minimum inhibitory concentration *E:!.

2.". Antifun#al activity
The antifungal activity was assayed as
described in a previous study
&-
with some
modifications. Aive fungal strains were usedC
Gloeophyllum trabeum ?.C Ar.! *urr. *E-&9-!,
Pycnoporus sanguineus >ers.C Ar.! *urr.
FB* 599"5!, Fomitopsis palustris +er1 8t
:urt! Gilbn.K=yv. AA>=E &9/9!,
Schizophyllum communeAr.! FB* 5"99/4!
and Trametes versicolor ?.Ar.! >ilat. AA=>E
9#95!. 8ach strain was grown separately on
potato dextrose agar at -#G: and 59H relative
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humidity for 5 days, and then an aliquot was
suspended in a liquid malt extract medium and
incubated for another 5 days. The hypha was
then homogenized and dilute in a sterile saline
solution 9."H ;a:l! as compared to the
turbidity of 9.# *acAarland standard. )terilized
potato dextrose agar medium was then poured
into the petri dishes and after cooling down, it
was impregnated with the diluted hypha by the
spread plating technique. The paper discs
were then impregnated with &9Il of the sample
solution -9, '9 and 49mg$ml in water
containing &9H D*)2! and apply on the agar
surface as described above. Glycyrrhizin (cid
Dipotassium )alt G(D)! was used as positive
control and &9H D*)2 as negative control.
(ntifungal activity was detected by a clear
zone of growth inhibition around the paper disc
after 5-h incubation at -#G:.

2.$. %as Chromato#raphy&!ass
Spectrometer analysis of the samples
)himadzu-G:-"( gas chromatograph, AED at
--9, ; - at &.9 ml$min, )>+-# capillary column
/9 m L 9.#/ mm ED. 9./ Imdf!, split ratio &C/9
in3ector temperature -'9G:, column
temperature maintained at #9G: for the first
five minutes and then raised to -/#G: #G: per
minute! followed by five minutes at -/#G:. G:-
*)C <ewlett->ac1ard #7"9 gas
chromatograph, combined with a @eol @*)-<M
&&9 mass spectrometer with source at -59G:
at 59 e6. En3ector was set at -59G: with
splitting ratio &C/9. The analysis was performed
on the aforementioned program on equivalent
column <>-# -# m L 9.-- mm and 9.-# Imdf!.
( mass spectral survey was performed using
the ;E)T mass spectral search program -997
with similarity indices more than "9H.

2.'. Statistical analysis
(ll the tests were run in triplicate and data are
presented as mean N standard deviation. Data
were analyzed by &-way analysis of variance
followed by the Tu1ey multiple-comparison test
with M?)T(T -9&/.'.97. ( p-value less than
9.9# was used to evaluate statistical
significance of the findings.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The antimicrobial potential of the five selected
plant species was assayed on five bacterial
strains. The antibacterial activity was evaluated
by disc diffusion method and the diameter of
inhibition zone d! was measured around the
paper disc loaded with different amount of
sample solution -99Ig, '99Ig and 499Ig! as
indicated in Table &. The different extracts
showed selective antibacterial activities along
the five strains. Encreasing the dose of the
extract did not showed significant change in
the antibacterial effect. The range of the
different doses tested may not affect the
bacterial growth, but higher amounts may
involve greater inhibition. Therefore, significant
changes can be observed across the different
dose of the aqueous-acetone extract of E!
balsamifera on the Gram-negative bacteria E!
coli and K! pneumoniae d%&#mm!. it also got
significant effect on Gram negative bacteria P!
aeruginosa dO &9mm! but not dose-
dependently. The activity of this extract on E!
coli was also noted as the most biocidal effect
along the five bacteria and among all the
extracts. Therefore Gram-positive bacteria
Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococus
aureus! are less sensitive to this extract
dO5N9mm! as compared to Gram-negative
bacteria. This plant sample may have high
diffusion potential to reach the external double-
bond membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
since this membrane ma1e them impermeable
and resistant to antibiotics
&/
. The most
abundant compound found in this active
aqueous-acetone extract of E! balsamifera was
n-decane but this only cannot 3ustified its
antibacterial effect since n-decane is also
present in all the other extracts and in greater
amount -".#5 to '-.-4H! but did not
displayed greater antibacterial activity Table
'!. The similar results were also observed for
n-undecane which is present in the extracts
&/.-- to -'.&/ H! in significant amount.
*oreover, these hydrocarbons and derivatives
were cited to possess lower antimicrobial
properties because of their limited hydrogen
bound capacity and their low water solubility
that limits their diffusion through the medium
&'
.
Aurthermore, the components present in
the substantial proportions are not necessarily
responsible for a great share of the total
activity and the antibacterial activity of this
extract from E! balsamifera can be explained
by either the synergistic effect of the different
components and$or by the presence of other
Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2014 July; 5(3): (P) 428 - 436


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components that may be active even in small
proportions. Then, the presence of carbamic
acid methyl ester in this extract is noteworthy
and could involve greater antibacterial and
antifungal effects since this compound and its
derivatives were considered as potent
antimicrobial agents
&#,&4
against numeral
microbes including the Gram-negative bacteria
tested in this study. (t any tested dose, all the
five bacterial strains had resistance to the
water extract of S!pyramidalis Table &!.
*oreover, at the highest dose 499Ig$disc! K!
pneumonia was not sensitive to the aqueous-
acetone extract of ! anobrya, B! licheniformis
to the water extract of F! agrestis, S! aureus to
the water extracts of F! agrestis and !
anobrya, P!aeruginosa to the water extracts of
E! balsamifera and S! dulcis and also to the
aqueous-acetone extract of ! anobrya.
:hloramphenicol and tetracycline were used
as standards at a lower amount &9Ig$disc!
and they exhibited stronger antibacterial effect
along the different strains as compared to plant
samples. Therefore, P! aeruginosa was found
to be totally resistant to chloramphenicol while
it was significantly sensitive to the aqueous-
acetone extract of E! balsamifera.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cited to develop
resistance to chloramphenicol through
acetyltransferase enzymes that inactivate the
drug or by inducing a bloc1age of bacterial
permeability
&5
. The minimal inhibitory
concentrations *E:! as determined by the
microdilution method are presented in Table -.
Gram-positive bacteria and also the Gram
negative bacterium K! Pneumonia are globally
less sensitive *E:%&9mg$ml! along the
different extracts as compared to the two Gram
negative bacteria E! coli and P! aeruginosa!,
except for the aqueous-acetone extracts of E!
balsamifera, S! dulcis and ! anobrya which got
*E:s inferior to &9 mg$ml. En general, these
two sensitive Gram negative bacteria E! coli
and P! aeruginosa! are more sensitive to
aqueous-acetone extract of E! balsamifera, F!
agrestis and S! dulcis *E:P-.#mg$ml!. This is
in accordance with the results of inhibition
zones as displayed in Table & where the Gram-
negative bacteria were also the most sensitive
as compared to Gram-positive bacteria. The
slight variations across the two methods might
be related to the difference due to the diffusion
and solubility in the agar and broth media.
The antifungal activities of the plant
extracts were assayed on five fungal strains by
the disc diffusion method Table /!. Different
amounts of sample solution -99, '99 and
499Ig! were loaded on the paper disc and the
diameter of inhibition was measured after 5-h.
(ll the fungi are sensitive to the standard
Glycyrrhizin (cid Dipotassium )alt G(D)!
with d% 7mm, but they were selectively
sensitive to the different extracts except
Pycnoporus sanguineus which is apart from
the others since it was not sensitive to the
different extracts at any dose. The extracts of
Fadogia agrestis were also not active on any
fungal strain. Therefore the aqueous-acetone
extract of S! pyramidalis exhibited significant
antifungal activity against all the strains d%
"mm! in regard to the standard G(D) d%
"mm!. This plant commonly 1nown as giant
rats tail grass is considered as an undesirable
pasture species for grazing animals
&7
and also
as a serious agricultural and environmental
weed in tropical and subtropical areas
&"
.
<owever, such findings on the antifungal
properties of S! pyramidalis in the present
study might be considered as valuable for
animals and plants welfare since it can involve
beneficial effects as anti-infective agent and
also protect from brown-rot and white-rot wood
decay. The greater antifungal activity was
observed with the water extract of S! dulcis
against Gloeophyllum trabeum and Trametes
versicolor dO /&N& mm and dO-/N- mm
respectively!. Et is difficult to attribute the
activity of a complex mixture to a particular
component and the main compound identified
in this water extract of S! dulcis as -,--
dimethoxybutane 4&.-/H! might involve
greater fungicidal effect in synergy with other
non-volatile compounds as polyphenols that
were previously quantified in S! dulcis
-9
and
also 1nown to exert an antimicrobial effect in
relation with their hydrogen donating ability
-&
.
The observed antifungal potential of these
plants can help to increase yields in crops and
forest management.



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P - 433
Table 1
iameters of inhibition (ones )mm* of bacterial #ro+th by
+ater and a,ueous&acetone extracts



Amounts
(g/disc)
E.bal -.a#restis ..anobrya S.dulcis S.pyr Standards
W WA W WA W WA W WA W WA ! T
"
r
a
m

n
e
g
a
t
i
#
e

b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a


E.
c
-99 7N&
b
"N-
c
7N9
b
"N&
d
7N9
c
5N9
b
7N9
c
=
a
=
a
=
a
-"N9
c
'-N9
b

'99 7N&
b
&#N&
d
7N&
b
"N&
d
7N9
c
5N&
b
7N&
c
=
a
=
a
=
a
nt nt
499 &9N9
c
-9N&
e
7N&
b
&9N&
e
7N&
c
&-N-
c
7N&
c
&9N&
c
=
a
"N9
bc
nt nt

/.
p
-99 =
a
5N9
b
=
a
7N&
c
=
a
=
a
=
a
7N9
b
=
a
=
a
-"N9
c
/9N9
b

'99 5N9
b
"N9
c
=
a
7N&
c
5N9
b
=
a
=
a
7N9
b
=
a
=
a
nt nt
499 5N9
b
&#N-
d
5N9
b
&9N&
e
"N9
d
=
a
5N9
b
7N9
b
=
a
=
a
nt nt

P.
a
-99 =
a
&9N9
c
=
a
7N9
c
=
a
=
a
=
a
5N&
b
=
a
5N9
b
=
a
&4N9
a

'99 =
a
&9N9
c
5N9
b
7N9
c
=
a
=
a
=
a
5N9
b
=
a
5N9
b
nt nt
499 =
a
&9N9
c
7N9
b
"N9
d
5N9
b
=
a
=
a
5N9
b
=
a
&-N9
c
nt nt
"
r
a
m

p
o
s
i
t
i
#
e

b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a


0.
l
-99 =
a
5N9
b
=
a
5N9
b
=
a
=
a
=
a
7N&
b
=
a
5N9
b
&"N-
b
/9N9
b

'99 &9N9
c
5N9
b
=
a
7N9
c
"N&
d
5N9
b
=
a
7N&
b
=
a
5N9
b
nt nt
499 &/N9
d
5N9
b
=
a
&-N&
f
"N&
d
"N9
b,c
"N&
d
&9N9
c
=
a
5N&
b
nt nt

S.
a
-99 5N9
b
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
7N9
b
5N9
b
=
a
=
a
=
a
/'N&
c
//N&
b

'99 5N9
b
5N9
b
=
a
5N9
b
=
a
7N9
b
5N9
b
7N9
b
=
a
=
a
nt nt
499 &&N9
c
5N9
b
=
a
"N9
d
=
a
7N9
b
5N9
b
&9N9
c
=
a
=
a
nt nt
1alues are expressed as mean of 3 replicates 2standard deviation. 1alues )a3 b3 c3 d3 e3 f* +ithin each column +ith different superscripted
letters differ si#nificantly )P 45.5"*. 67 no inhibition )d4 $mm*. 87 +ater extract3 8&A7 a,ueous&acetone extract. E.c7 Escherichiacoli3
/.p7 /lebsiella pneumonia3 P.a7 Pseudomonas aeru#inosa3 0.l7 0acillus licheniformis3 S.a7 Staphylococusaureus. C7 chloramphenicol
)159#:disc*3 ;7 tetracycline )159#:disc*. nt7 not tested

Table $
!inimal inhibitory concentrations )m#:ml* of +ater and a,ueous&acetone extracts




%lant species



&'tracts



(ields ())
"ramnegati#e "rampositi#e
&* c +* p %* a ,* l S* a

E.
balsamifera
0ater --.9'N9.4-
c
&9 Q&9 # &9 Q&9
<-2-acetone /'."N7.#5
d
-.# # &.-# -.# &9

-. a#restis
0ater &5.- N '.#7
b
-.# Q&9 Q&9 Q&9 &9
<-2-acetone &/.74N&.&9
a,b
&.-# &9 -.# &9 &9

.. anobrya
0ater &9.#'N&.7"
a
# Q&9 -.# Q&9 Q&9
<-2-acetone &/.#4N'.4"
a,b
-.# &9 # &9 -.#

S. dulcis
0ater &-.94 N 9.#"
a
&9 Q&9 # Q&9 Q&9
<-2-acetone &-./4 N -.55
a
&.-# # &.-# -.# #

S. pyramidalis
0ater &'./4 N -.'7
a,b
Q&9 Q&9 Q&9 Q&9 Q&9
<-2-acetone &9.-' N 9./"
a
Q&9 Q&9 # Q&9 Q&9
<ield values are expressed as mean of 3 replicates 2standard deviation. 1alues )a3 b3 c3 d* +ithin each column +ith different
superscripted letters differ si#nificantly )P 45.5"*. E.c7 Escherichia coli= /.p7 /lebsiella pneumonia= P.a7 Pseudomonas aeru#inosa= 0.l7
0acillus licheniformis= S.a7 Staphylococusaureus

Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2014 July; 5(3): (P) 428 - 436


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Table-
>nhibition diameters )mm* of fun#al #ro+th by +ater and a,ueous&acetone extracts



Amounts
(g/disc)

E.bal

-.a#restis

..anobrya

S.dulcis

S.pyr

Standar
d
W WA W WA W WA W WA W WA "A.S

-.p
-99 =
a
&/N&
b
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
&'N&
b
=
a
&&N&
c
&9N&
b

nt

nt
'99 =
a
&/N&
b
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
&'N&
b
=
a
&9N&
c

499 =
a
&'N&
b
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
&#N&
b
=
a
&-N&
c


%.t
-99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
/&N&
c
=
a
=
a
&-N&
c
"N&
a

nt

nt
'99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
//N&
c
=
a
=
a
&-N&
c

499 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
//N&
c
=
a
=
a
&-N&
c


P. s
-99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
7N&
a

nt

nt
'99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a

499 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a


S.c
-99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
"N&
bc
&-N&
c

nt

nt
'99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
"N&
bc

499 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
"N&
bc


;.v
-99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
"N9
b
=
a
-/N-
b
=
a
&9N9
b
&9N&
c
"N&
a

nt

nt
'99 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
"N&
b
=
a
-4N-
b
=
a
&9N&
b
&-N&
c

499 =
a
=
a
=
a
=
a
"N&
b
=
a
-5N-
b
=
a
&9N9
b
&-N9
c

1alues are expressed as mean of 3 replicates 2standard deviation. 1alues )a3 b3 c3 d3 e3 f* +ithin each column +ith different superscripted
letters differ si#nificantly )P 45.5"*. 67 no inhibition )d4 $mm*. -.p7 -omitopsispalustris= %.t7 %loeophyllumtrabeum= P.s7
Pycnoporussan#uineus= S.c7 Schi(ophyllum commune= ;.v7 ;rametesversicolor.nt7 not tested

Table /
.ist of the identified compounds in the a,ueous&acetone extracts

0o 1T 0ame &*b 2*a 3*a S*d S*p
(rea H!
1 /.'- -,--Dimethoxybutane - - &-.5# - -
$ 7.-& :arbamic acid methyl ester #.5& - - - -
- &&.74 Decane Rn-Q -".#5 /7.' /&.&7 '&.5' '-.-4
/ &/.&" '-:hloro-&-azabicycloS-.-.-Toctane &'.#7 - - - -
4 &/.7" -,--Dimethyl-propyl -,--dimethyl-propane-thiosulfinate - - /.// - -
5 &#./' Bndecane Rn-Q &'.' -&.&" &/.-- -9.4 -'.&/
6 &5./& +enzenehexanenitrile, .beta.,.beta.-dimethyl-.epsilon.-oxo- - - '.# - -
7 -4.&# o-<ydroxyacetophenonylidene-',#-dimethyl-2-phenylenediamine - /-./' - - /9./
8 -4.-9 8thyne, fluoro- - - - - /./&
E.b 7 Euphorbiabalsamifera= -.a7 -ado#iaa#restis= ..a7 .epida#athisanobrya=
S.d7 Scopariadulcis= 6;7 6etention ;ime )min*= &7 not identified

CONCLUSION

+ased on the findings in this wor1, the aqueous-acetone extract of E! balsamifera resulted in
significant antimicrobial activity on both Gram-negative bacteria and brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis
palustris! The antifungal activities of Sporobolus pyramidalis and S! dulcis are significant on both
brown rot and white rot fungi except Pycnoporus sanguineus! These plants can be considered as
potential sources of fungistat for the management of infections in both animals and plants.

ACKNOWLEGMENT

This wor1 was supported by The 0orld (cademy of )ciences T0()! and Bniversiti )ains
*alaysia B)*! under postdoctoral fellowship SnumberC /-'9-##&/"T.
Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2014 July; 5(3): (P) 428 - 436


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