Magnetic Circuits, Materials G

Lecture21 Lecture 21
Magnetic Circuits, Materials g ,

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
MagneticCircuitsandTransformers Magnetic Circuits and Transformers
1. Understand magnetic fields and their interactions
with moving charges.
2 Usetheright handruletodeterminethedirection 2. Use the right-hand rule to determine the direction
of the magnetic field around a current-carrying
wireor coil wire or coil.
3. Calculate forces on moving charges and current
carryingwiresduetomagneticfields carrying wires due to magnetic fields.
4 Calculatethevoltageinducedinacoil bya 4. Calculate the voltage induced in a coil by a
changing magnetic flux or in a conductor
cuttingthroughamagneticfield cutting through a magnetic field.
5 UseLenzslawtodeterminethepolaritiesof 5. Use Lenz s law to determine the polarities of
induced voltages.
6. Apply magnetic-circuit concepts to determine
the magnetic fields in practical devices.
7. Determine the inductance and mutual
inductance of coils given their physical
parameters.
8. Understand hysteresis, saturation, core loss,
d dd i d and eddy currents in cores composed of
magnetic materials such as iron.
9. Understand ideal transformers and solve
circuits that include transformers.
10. Use the equivalent circuits of real
transformers to determine their regulations g
and power efficiencies.
Magnetic Field Lines g
Magneticfields Theflux Magnetic fields
can be visualized
as lines of flux
h f l d
The flux
density vector
B is tangent to
h li f fl that form closed
paths
the lines of flux
density flux Magnetic B =
Magnetic Fields g
Magnetic flux lines form closed paths that g p
are close together where the field is strong and
farther apart where the field is weak. p
Flux lines leave the north-seeking end of a g
magnet and enter the south-seeking end.
When placed in a magnetic field, a compass
indicates north in the direction of the flux
lines.
Right-Hand Rule g
Forces on Charges Moving in g g
Magnetic Fields
B u f = qu q
( ) sin quB f =
Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
B
l
f =
d
dq d
y g
d
dq
dt
q
B l = d
dt
dq
B l = id
Forceonstraight wireof lengthl inaconstant
( ) i ilB f
Force on straight wire of length l in a constant
magnetic field
( ) sin ilB f =
Force on a Current Carrying Wire y g
l 1
A i
m l
10
1
=
=
T B
A i
5 . 0
10
=
90 =
o
N T m A ilB f 5 ) 5 . 0 )( 1 )( 10 ( ) sin( = = =
Flux Linkages and Faradays
LLaw
Magnetic flux passing through a surface area A:
d =
A B
A
For a constant magnetic flux density perpendicular

BA =
to the surface:
The flux linking a coil with N turns:
N =
Faradays Law y
Faradays law of magnetic induction:
dt
d
e

=
dt
The voltage induced in a coil whenever its g
flux linkages are changing. Changes occur
from:
Magnetic field changing in time
Coil moving relative to magnetic field
Lenzs Law
Lenzs law states that the polarity of the
induced voltage is such that the voltage
would produce a current (through an
external resistance) that opposes the
original change in flux linkages.
Lenzs Law
US5,975,714 Renewable Energy
Flashlight
Flashlight
Flashlight
Voltages Induced in
Field-Cutting Conductors
Blu
dx
Bl
d
e Blx BA = = = = =

Blu
dt
Bl
dt
e Blx BA = = = = =
Magnetic Field Intensity and g y
Ampres Law
intensity field Magnetic H = = H B
7
0
10 4 =

Am Wb
y t permeabili Relative
r
0
=
Ampres Law:

= i dl H
Ampres Law
The line integral of the magnetic field g g
intensity around a closed path is equal to the
sum of the currents flowing through the
g g
surface bounded by the path.
Magnetic Field Intensity and g y
Ampres Law
product dot Hdl d = l H ) cos( product dot Hdl dl H ) cos(
direction same the in points and magnitude
constant a has H field magnetic the If
i Hl d length l incrementa the as
direction same the in points and magnitude
= l
Magnetic Field Around a Long g g
Straight Wire
I
I r H Hl 2 = =
r
I
H
2
=
I
H B
r
2
r
I
H B
2
= =
Flux Density in a Toroidal Core y
NI R H Hl 2 = =
R
NI
H
2
=
NI
B
R
2
R
B
2
=
Flux Density in a Toroidal Core y
r
R
NI
BA
2
2
= =
NIr
R 2
2

=
I N
R 2
2 2
=
R
Ir N
N
2
2 2
= =
Example 15.7
=
i dl H
1 path for A 10 =
3 path for A 10
2 path for 0
=
=
3 path for A 10 =
Example 15.8
Find the force between
thesetwowiresif they these two wires if they
are 1 m long and
separated by 0.1 m: p y
r
I
m B
2
) 1 . 0 (
7
1 0
1
=
T
m
A x
20
) 1 . 0 ( 2
) 10 )( 10 4 (
7
=

T m A
lB i f
T
) 20 )( 1 )( 10 (
) sin(
20
1 2 2 1
=
=
repulsive N
T m A

200
) 20 )( 1 )( 10 (
=
=
MagneticCircuits Magnetic Circuits
I i i li ti dt In many engineering applications, we need to
compute the magnetic fields for structures that
l k ffi i t t f t i ht f d lack sufficient symmetry for straight-forward
application of Ampres law. Then, we use an
i t th dk ti i it approximate method known as magnetic-circuit
analysis.
magnetomotive force (mmf) of an N-turn
current carryingcoil current-carrying coil
I N = F
Analog: Voltage (emf)
reluctance of a path for magnetic flux
g g ( )
l
= R
A
= R
Analog: Resistance
R F =
g
R F
Analog: Ohms Law
Reluctance Resistance
=
A
l
R
A
l
1
R

A A

Magnetic Circuit for Toroidal Coil g

r A R l 2
2

= =
r
R
r
R
A
l 2 1 2 1 1
2 2

= R
I N
NI
2
=

F
F
R
I Nr
2
2
= =
R
F
Advantageof the Advantage of the
Magnetic-Circuit Approach g pp
Th d f h i i i h The advantage of the magnetic-circuit approach
is that it can be applied to unsymmetrical
ti ith lti l il magnetic cores with multiple coils.
Magnetic Circuit with an Air Gap g
Find what current is required to generate a flux density
of B
gap
=0.25 T in the air gap.
) 5 . 0 6 4 ( 1 1 cm x l
R

= =
2
0
10 5 . 23 1
) 3 )( 2 (
m x
cm cm A
R
r
core
= =

4
4 7
10 195 5
10 6 ) 10 4 )( 6000 (
x
m x x
=
=

10 195 . 5 x =
6000 =
r
r
Fringing g g
We approximately account for fringing by
adding the length of the gap to the depth and g g g p p
width in computing effective gap area.
2 4
10 75 8
) 5 . 0 3 ( ) 5 . 0 2 ( cm cm x cm cm A
gap
+ + =
7
0
2 4
10 4
10 75 . 8
x
m x
gap
=
=

2 4
2
7
10 75 . 8
10 5 . 0
10 4
1
m x
m x
x
R
gap
=

6
10 547 . 4 x =
R R R +
x x x
R R R
gap core total
10 600 . 4 10 547 . 4 10 195 . 5
2 4
6 6 4
= + =
+ =
Wb x
m x T A B
gap gap
10 188 . 2
) 10 75 . 8 )( 25 . 0 (
4
2 4
=
= =
turns A
x x R F
1006
) 10 600 . 4 )( 10 188 . 2 (
6 4
=
= =

A
turns A F
i
Ni
012 . 2
1006
= = =
=
A
turns N
i 012 . 2
500
Exercise 15.9
Determinethecurrent requiredtoestablishaflux
Determine the current required to establish a flux
density of 0.5T in the air gap
Exercise 15.9
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( cm cm x cm cm A
gap
+ + =
2 4
10 9
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 (
m x
cm cm x cm cm A
gap
=
+ +
2
7
0
10 1 1
10 4
m x
x
gap
=

6
2 4 7
10 842 8
10 75 . 8
10 1
10 4
1
m x
m x
x
R
gap
=

6
10 842 . 8 x =
Exercise 15.9
) 1 6 2 8 2 ( 1 1 cm x x l
R
core
+
= =
2
0
10 27 1
) 2 )( 2 (
m x
cm cm A
R
r
core

3
4 7
10 4 107
10 4 ) 10 4 )( 5000 ( m x x
=

3
10 4 . 107 x =
Exercise 15.9
R R R
core gap total
+ =
m x T A B
R x x
gap gap
gap
) 10 9 )( 5 . 0 (
10 107 . 0 10 842 . 8
2 4
6 6
= =
+ =
R
i
mWb
total
45 . 0
=
=
x x x
N
i
1000
) 10 45 . 0 )( 10 107 . 0 10 842 . 8 (
3 6 6
+
=

A 027 . 4
1000
=
A MagneticCircuit withReluctances A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances
in Series and Parallel
Findthefluxdensityineachgap
Find the flux density in each gap
A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances
t t l
R R + =
1
in Series and Parallel
b a
c total
Ni
R R
R R
+
+
1 1
b
total
c
divider current
R
R
Ni

=
=
) (
c
a
b
c
b a
a
R R
R
divider current
R R

=
+
= ) (
a
a
a
c
b a
b
A
B
R R
=
+
a
a
a
a
A
B
A
=
Magnetic Materials g
MagneticMaterials Magnetic Materials
The relationship between B and H is not linear for
the types of iron used in motors and transformers. yp
B-H curves exhibits
h t i
hysterysis
Magnetic Materials
T t l li t
g
Total alignment
Residual
alignment at
H=0
Alignment
Magneticfieldof atomswithinsmall domainsarealigned
Linear 1-2
2-3
Magnetic field of atoms within small domains are aligned
Magnetic fields of the small domains are initially randomly
oriented
As the magnetic field intensity increases, the domains tend to
align, leaving a residual alignment even when the applied field
is reduced to zero
Energy Considerations gy

= = =
t t
d Ni dt i
dt
d
N dt vi W
0 0 0

= =
= =
B B
dB H V dB AlH W
AdB d and Hl Ni

= =
B
core
dB H W
W
dB H V dB AlH W
0 0
= =
V
dB H W
V
W
0
Energy Considerations gy
W
B
dB H
Al
W
W
B
v

= =
0
Al
0
The area between the B-H curve and the B axis represents
p
the volumetric energy supplied to the core
CoreLoss Core Loss
Power loss due to hysteresis is proportional to y p p
frequency, assuming constant peak flux.
Eddy-Current Loss y
As the magnetic field changes in a material, it g g
causes eddy currents to flow. Power loss due
to eddy currents is proportional to the square of y p p q
frequency, assuming constant peak flux.
v
P
2
R
P =
EnergyStoredinthe Energy Stored in the
Magnetic Field g
2
B
2
2
B
dB
B
W
B
v
= =
2
0

Magnetic Circuits, Materials G

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Magnetic Circuits, Materials G

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Lecture21 Lecture 21

Magnetic Circuits, Materials g ,

For a constant magnetic flux density perpendicular

Magnetic Circuit for Toroidal Coil g

S-ar putea să vă placă și