LOGICAL SENSORS AND

ACTUATORS
Types of logical sensor and
actuator and its application
SENSOR
Logical Sensor
Sensors allow a PLC to detect the state of a process.

Logical sensors can only detect a state that is either true or
false. Examples of physical phenomena that are typically
detected are listed below :

inductive proximity - is a metal object nearby?
capacitive proximity - is a dielectric object nearby?
optical presence - is an object breaking a light beam
or reflecting light?
mechanical contact - is an object touching a switch?

Types of Logical Sensor

Contact Switches

Contact switches are
available as normally
open and normally
closed. Their housings
are reinforced so that
they can take repeated
mechanical forces.
Door Contact Switches
Types of Logical Sensor

Contact Switches
These often have rollers and
wear pads for the point of
contact. Lightweight contact
switches can be purchased for
less than a dollar, but heavy
duty contact switches will have
much higher costs.

Examples of applications
include motion limit switches
and part present detectors.

Types of Logical Sensor

Proximity

Sensors allow
a PLC to detect
the state of a
process
Types of Logical Sensor

Photo Optics
Optical sensors require both a
light source (emitter) and
detector.

Types of Logical Sensor

Photo Optics

Emitters will produce light
beams in the visible and
invisible spectrums using
LEDs and laser diodes.
Detectors are typically built
with photodiodes or
phototransistors.

The emitter and detector are
positioned so that an object
will block or reflect a beam
when present.

Types of Logical Sensor

Capacitive
Capacitive sensors are able to detect
most materials at distances up to a few
centimeters. Recall the basic relationship
for capacitance.

Types of Logical Sensor

Capacitive
In the sensor the area
of the plates and
distance between
them is fixed. But, the
dielectric constant of
the space around them
will vary as different
materials are brought
near the sensor.


5. Inductive

Inductive sensors use currents
induced by magnetic fields to
detect nearby metal objects.

The inductive sensor uses a
coil (an inductor) to generate a
high frequency magnetic field.

If there is a metal object near
the changing magnetic field,
current will flow in the object.
Types of Logical Sensor


5. Inductive
This resulting current flow sets up a new magnetic field that
opposes the original magnetic field.
The net effect is that it changes the inductance of the coil in the
inductive sensor. By measuring the inductance the sensor can
determine when a metal have been brought nearby.
These sensors will detect any metals, when detecting multiple
types of metal multiple sensors are often used.
Types of Logical Sensor

6. Ultrasonic

An ultrasonic sensor emits a sound above the normal
hearing threshold of 16KHz. The time that is required for the
sound to travel to the target and reflect back is proportional
to the distance to the target.
Types of Logical Sensor

6. Ultrasonic
The two common types of sensors are;

electrostatic - uses capacitive
effects. It has longer ranges and
wider bandwidth, but is more
sensitive to factors such as
humidity.
piezoelectric - based on charge
displacement during strain in
crystal lattices. These are rugged
and inexpensive.

These sensors can be very effective for
applications such as fluid levels in tanks and
crude distance measurement.
Types of Logical Sensor

Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


Logical Sensor and Switches Wiring
(sourcing and sinking)


ACTUATORS
ACTUATORS
Solenoid
ACTUATORS
Solenoid
Valves
ACTUATORS
ACTUATORS
Valves
Cylinder
ACTUATORS
Cylinder
ACTUATORS
Cylinder
ACTUATORS
Motor
ACTUATORS
Hydraulic
ACTUATORS
Electro -Hydraulic
The word electro-hydraulic has two meanings
for two highly different operations. It can
stand for an electrical control device that
makes precise adjustments in a hydraulic
system.

Also, it can mean a chemical reaction that is
created by firing short, powerful electrical
impulses into or directly beneath the surface
of a body of liquid.
ACTUATORS
Electro hydraulic servo valve
Electro -Hydraulic
Perhaps the most well-known electrohydraulic
device is an automobile's power steering unit
also called an electrohydraulic actuator.

The unit combines high power with a high degree
of accuracy to adjust for the minute movements
of the steering wheel in a vehicle.

This type of technology, where electrical
components are used to increase the accuracy of
hydraulic movements, can be applied to almost
any situation where hydraulics is used.

ACTUATORS
Electro -Hydraulic
ACTUATORS
Pneumatic
ACTUATORS
Electro - Pneumatic
The electro-pneumatic action is a control system for pipe organs,
whereby air pressure, controlled by an electric current and
operated by the keys of an organ console, opens and closes valves
within wind chests, allowing the pipes to speak.

This system also allows the console to be physically detached from
the organ itself.

The only connection was via an electrical cable from the console
to the relay, with some early organ consoles utilizing a separate
wind supply to operate combination
pistons.

ACTUATORS
Electro - Pneumatic
The basic operation of the system is as follows: when the organist
selects a stop and depresses a key, an electric circuit is completed,
causing a low-voltage current to flow from depressed key, through
the stop-tab switch, and on through the cable to the electro-
pneumatic relay.

The relay interprets the command from the console and sends an
electric current to the appropriate solenoid.

The solenoid is energized, causing the pipe valve connected to it to
open, which emits compressed air into the pipe, allowing the pipe
to speak.

ACTUATORS