! How can we establish time standards for an operation?

! Time Study
! Work Sampling
! Predetermined Times
! How do we obtain standard time in time studies?
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! How do we find standard time through work sampling?
Example:
! During a work day of 8 h, 420 units are assembled.
! A work sampling study found that 85% of the time, the operator was
working on the assembly of the part.
" using this information, can we estimate the Standard Time of the
assembly operation?
" The answer is NO.
" However, we can obtain the Observed Time of the Operation. We would
need rating and allowances to estimate the standard time
! Assume that the analyst made a note on the pace rating of the
assembly operation observed, and the average rating was R = 110.
Also, assume allowances of 15%. What is the standard time of the
operation?
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.
! How do we obtain standard time using
Predetermined Time Systems?
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Chapter 13
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Definition:
! Predetermined Time Systems (PTS) is a database of
basic motion times used to predict the normal time
for new or existing operations.
! A.k.a. basic motion times or synthetic times.
! PTS can also be used for:
! Determining time standards
! The analysis of work methods
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! Advantages:
1. Developing methods and cycle times in advance of actual
production
2. Improve existing methods
3. Establish work standards or portions of work standards
4. Eliminate the need for performance rating, since it has been
considered in the establishment of the PTS motion times
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! Disadvantages & Limitations of PTS:
1. Differences in the time values among the tables advocated by
the various systems
2. So many systems may be available that it can be difficult to
select the system which best fits the needs of a specific
company.
3. PTS, as a rule, do not make any provisions for fatigue
4. Time study is still needed to verify the results
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11
Family tree of
predetermined time
systems
Courtesy: Standards International, Chicago, Illinois
! 10 categories of
movements:
1. Reach
2. Move
3. Turn
4. Apply pressure
5. Grasp
6. Position
7. Release
8. Disengage
9. Body Motions(leg-foot,
horizontal, vertical)
10. Eye Motions
! Times are given in time
measurement units(TMU)
! 1 TMU = .000 010 h=.036 s
! Times are for an experienced
worker working at a normal
pace (100%)
! No allowances are included in
the times
! Complaints regarding MTM-1
are often a result of ignoring
learning curve
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How many TMUs are there in
1 second?
! Reach is a motion that usually occurs with an empty hand
! 5 Types (A, B, C, D, E):
A. To an object in a fixed location or in the other hand
Low visual control
B. To a single object whose general location is known
Location may vary slightly from cycle to cycle
Some visual control is necessary
C. To an object jumbled with others in a group
Considerable visual, muscular and mental control is necessary
Most difficult reach
Following grasp is complex
D. To a very small object or where accurate grasp is required
Considerable visual control is necessary for accurate grasp.
E. To an indefinite location to get hand in position for body balance or next motion
or out of way
! Distances are for path for the hand knuckle or fingertip
! The effect of acceleration and deceleration can be omitted if the hand is in
already in motion.
! Example of reach code: R6B
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What is the time (in
seconds) for the Reach
Movement R6B?
What is the time (in
seconds) for the Reach
Movement R15A?
! Move is a motion that usually takes place with the hand holding something
! 3 Types (A, B, C):
A. Move object to the other hand or against stop
Minimal control needed
B. Move object to an approximate or indefinite location
Some control needed
C. Move object to an exact location
Considerable control needed
! Code: M6B
! Effect of weight moved should be considered
! Up to 2.5 lb is included in standard time
! Code time = Standard time* Dynamic factor + Static constant
! Example: moving 5-lb weight, 6 in., to indefinite location: code: M6B5
! If object is slid, Effective Net Weight = weight * coefficient of friction
! 0.4 for wood-wood, and wood-metal
! 0.3 for metal-metal
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M6B5
3. Turn
! A movement that rotates the hand, wrist, and forearm about
the long axis of the forearm
! Time depends on degrees of turn, weight of the object, and
resistance against turn
! Eg: T30S, T45M
4. Apply pressure
! Application of force without resultant movement
! Eg: APA, APB
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! Grasp is a motion in which the purpose is to gain control of an object
! Skill Motion
! Improvements usually result in time reductions
! Often followed by move
! 5 Types
Type 1. Pickup grasp (follows A,B-Reach)
" Subdivided further, based on object size, surface, cylindrical size (1A, 1B, 1C1, 1C2, 1C3)
Type 2. Regrasp (to change or improve control during move)
Type 3. Transfer grasp (follows either A Reach or A Move)
" Transfer from one hand to another
Type 4. Jumbled grasp (follows C Reach)
" Subdivided further, based on size of jumbled objects (4A, 4B, 4C)
Type 5. Contact, sliding, or hook grasp (between Reach and Move) no time
required for contact
! Eg: G1A
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! Aligning, orienting, or engaging one object with another
! Usually follows a C Move
! Also a skill motion
! Requires minor hand movements
! Position times vary with:
! Amount of pressure needed to fit
" (1)Loose, (2)close, (3)exact fit
! Symmetry of the object
" (S)Symmetrical, (NS)nonsymmetrical, (SS)semisymmetrical
! Ease of handling
" (E)Easy or (D)difficult
! Eg: P2SSE
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! Breaking contact between one object and another
! Includes involuntary movement from sudden end of resistance
! Times vary with:
! Class of fit (loose, close, tight)
! Ease of handling (easy and difficult)
! Care in handling
! Eg: D3E
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! Relinquishing control of an object by the hand or fingers
! Two types:
! RL1: Simple opening of the fingers (2 TMU)
! RL2: Contact release (0 TMU)
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9. Body Motions
! Leg-foot, horizontal torso, vertical torso,
! Eg: W5P, SS15C1
10. Eye Motions
! Eye travel and eye focus
! Reading: TMU = 5.05 * # of words read
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! All left-hand and right-hand motions required to
perform the operation are summarized
! The rated times in TMU for each motion are
determined from the methods- time data tables
! Only limiting motions will be summarized
! Allowance for personal delays, fatigue, or unavoidable
delays are not included in the tabulated values
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! Lets work on the activity: Replace page in 3-ring binder
! The elements include:
" Reach to binder (30 inches away on a shelf full of binders)
" Grasp binder
" Move to desk
" Release
" Reach to cover (located 7 in away from the hands)
" Grasp edge
" Open cover (Assume the hand moves along 16 in)
" Release
25
! Combined Motions occur when the same body
member performs two or more motions at the same
time.
! E.g: regrasp during move
! Take greater of two times
! Draw a dash line instead of the time next to the motion code
that will be omitted
1. E.g.: Regrasp during move of a 1lb object along 3 inches to the other hand
2. E.g.: Regrasp during move of a 1lb object along 6 inches to the other hand
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! Simultaneous Motions occur when different body
members perform different motions at the same time.
" E.g.: Right and left hands
! Make sure simultaneous moves are truly simultaneous
! Can they be easily done simultaneously? (See Table X)
" If they are truly simultaneous, allow only for the longer time
E.g.: M8A(left) and M10A (right)
" If they are only apparently simultaneous, allow for both times.
E.g.: M8C(left) and M8C (right)
! See Step 2 of MTM-1 Analysis of:
! Replace page in 3-ring binder
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! Fewer types of motions than MTM-1 therefore are easier to
use
! MTM-2
! takes about 40% of the time of MTM-1 to analyze task
! Applies to work assignments where:
" The effort portion of the work cycle is more than 1 minute.
" Variability in normal time is high for short cycle elements.
" The cycle is not highly repetitive.
" The manual portion of the work cycle does not involve complex or
simultaneous motions.
! MTM-3
! Takes about 15% of the time of MTM-1 to analyze task.
! Is helpful to save time at the expense of accuracy.
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! Maynard Operational Sequence Technique
! Based on observation that the majority of activities are
associated with a limited number of motion sequences
! Five times faster than using MTM-1 with similar accuracy
! There are several MOST systems for different types of
operations.
" See the H.B. Maynard and company website (www.hbmaynard.com)
! Basic MOST: Three sequence models
1. General move
2. Controlled move
3. Tool use
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! The movement of an object through space where the path is not
restricted
! E.g. free movement of an object through the air.
! 3 Components:
! Get, Put, Return
! Components are described by parameters related to actions/motions
! A- action distance
! B- body motion
! G- gain control
! P- placement
! The index of each parameter vary from 0 to 16, depends on the action:
! Figure 13.13 (p. 528)
! E.g.: Get = A
3
B
6
G
3

! Find TMU
! The sum of the index values is multiplied by 10
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.
.
! Example:
An operator gets a washer 5 in away (within reach), place
on a bolt located (loose fit) 5 in away, and comes back to
the original position.
The total sequence and values is as follows:
(get) (put) (return)
A
1
B
0
G
1
A
1
B
0
P
1
A
1
! Total time: 5x10 = 50 TMU
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! Now your turn:
Walking 3 steps, bending down to pick up a bolt from the
floor, arising walking the three steps back and placing the
bolt in a bolthole.
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! Example:
1. Engaging a feed lever on a milling machine
This is a controlled move:
A
1
B
0
G
1
M
1
X
10
I
0
A
0
Get:
A
1
: Reach to Lever
B
0
: No body movement
G
1
: Gain Control of light lever
Move/actuate lever:
M
1
: Move lever (<12 in) to engage machine
X
10
: Process time of ~3.5 s
I
0
: No precise alignment
Return:
A
0
: No return
(activity occurred in the same workstation)
W
h
a
t
is
t
h
e

t
im
e
in

T
M
U
s
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! Example of tool use :
1. An operator picks up a knife (light) from a bench two
steps away, makes one cut across the top of a
cardboard box, and puts the knife back on the bench.
The operator remains on the bench.
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! Example of analysis
! Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards
! Based on the concept that the body member used is the
key variable.
! All body movements are multiples of a MOD (1 MOD
= .129 s).
! www.modapts.org
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! How do we obtain standard time using Predetermined Time
Systems?
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Break the operation into elements
Break the elements into fundamental motions
Depending on the PTS chosen
Determine the PTS code for each motion
Find the normal time for the code using PTS tables
No ratings are needed
Add allowances to the normal time to find the standard
time of the elements and operation.
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! In theory, PTS can accurately predict task times when
applied by a trained analyst.
! Analyst judgment is required (could be a problem).
! Different analysts get different times for the same job because
of different interpretations of the various rule.
! There are commercial software packages and expert
consultants in different PTS
! MOD++ (www.modapts.org)
! MOST (www.hbmaynard.com)
! TimeData
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! Predetermined time
systems are used to predict
the standard time for new or
existing jobs.
! Time Studies are used to
predict the standard time for
existing jobs.
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! PTS directly provide normal times
! Need to add allowances for standard
time.
! Time Studies provide observed time
! Need to include a Rating to obtain
normal time
! Need to add allowances to obtain
standard time
! Need to understand the task
! Need to find normal times for task
components in tables
! Need to convert TMUS to
appropriate time units
! Need to understand the task
! Need to gather data
! Need to analyze data to find
observed and normal times.
! 1, 2, 3, 4
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