Table of Contents

1.Introduction
2. Literature survey
3.Formation of the Problem
4.System specification
5.Design of solution
6.Implementation
7.Results and Discussions
8.System testing
9.Conclusion and future scope
10.References

List of Figures
Figure 2.1 A typical embedded system block diagram
Figure 2.2 The structure of a GSM network
Figure 4.1: AT89C51 Pin Diagram
Figure 4.2 Oscillator and timing circuit
Figure 4.3 SMOD Register
Figure 4.4 TCON Register
Figure 4.5 TMOD Register
Figure 4.6 IE Register
Figure 4.7 IP Register
Figure 4.8 PSW Register
Figure 4.9 PORT3 Alternate Use
Figure 4.10 Data framing
Figure 4.11 Data transfer
Figure 4.12 SCON Register
Figure 4.13 UART modes
Figure 4.14Voltage levels for RS232 and TTL
ABSTRACT

TITLE:

MICROCONTROLER BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

AIM:

The main objective of this project is to control the traffic lights based on
the density of the vehicles.
DESCRIPTION:
In this system IR sensors are used to measure the density of the vehicles which
are fixed within a fixed distance. All the sensors are interfaced with the microcontroller
which in turn controls the traffic signal system according to density detected by the
sensors.

If the traffic density is high on particular side more priority is given for that side.
The sensors continuously keep sensing density on all sides and the green signal is given
to the side on priority basis, where the sensors detect high density. The side with next
priority level follows the first priority level.

By using this system traffic can be cleared without irregularities and time delays
even though there is no traffic on the other side can be avoided.


SOFTWARE:
Embedded C.
TOOLS USED:
KEIL uvision2 IDE
HARDWARE:
1. PCB for micro controllers
2. 8051 controller,
3. DB9 Connectors
4. IR sensor pairs
5. Red, green LEDs
6. 11.0592 MHz quartz crystal,
7. Resistors, Capacitors



BLOCK DIAGRAM




























89C51

Step
down
T/F
Bridge
Rectifier
Filter
Circuit

Regulator
IR - E
Power supply to all sections

LCD

IR-W
Traffic signal
lights

IR -S

IR-N
Key board
CHAPTER 1
Introduction

1.1 Overview
The overview of this project is to implement Density based traffic controlling system using IR
technology and 89S52 controller. 89S52 is very efficient architecture which can be used for low
end security systems and IR is widely adapted technology for communication.
1.2Purpose
Purpose of the current work is to study and analyse the counting and controlling system by using
8051 controller.
1.3 Scope
Current work focuses on how to use effectively IR and 8051 controllers for digital security
systems.














CHAPTER 2
Literature survey


2.1 Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated
functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device
including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal
computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of
the common devices in use today.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the
size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are
mass-produced, benefiting from economics of scale. Physically, embedded systems range from portable
devices such as digital watches and mp4 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory
controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power stations. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large
chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some element of
programmability. For example, handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems such
as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them but are not truly embedded systems,
because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected
2.2 Characteristics
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose
computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met,
for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements,
allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small,
computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the
features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is,
of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in automobiles provides a specific
function as a subsystem of the car itself.
3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are
stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware
resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.

Figure 2.1 A typical embedded system block diagram
2.3 Micro Controllers
The micro controller, nowadays, is an indispensable device for electrical/electronic engineers
and also for technicians in the area, because of its versatility and its enormous application. .Born
of parallel developments in computer architecture and integrated circuit fabrication ,the
microprocessor or computer on chip first becomes a commercial reality in 1971.with the
introduction of the 4 bit 4004 by a small, unknown company by the name of Intel corporation.
Other, well established, semiconductor firms soon followed Intels pioneering technology so that
by the late 1970s we could choose from a half dozen or so micro processor typThe 1970s also
saw the growth of the number of personal computer users from a Handful of hobbyists and
hackers to millions of business, industrial, governmental, defense, and educational and private
users now enjoying the advantages of inexpensive computing.
A bye product of microprocessor development was the micro controller. The same fabrication
techniques and programming concepts that make possible general-purpose microprocessor also
yielded the micro controller.
Among the applications of a micro controller we can mention industrial automation,
mobile telephones, radios, microwave ovens and VCRs. Besides, the present trend in digital
electronics is toward restricting to micro controllers and chips that concentrate a great quantity of
logical circuits, like PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices) and GALs (Gate Array Logic). In
dedicated systems, the micro controller is the best solution, because it is cheap and easy to
manage.
2.6 Communication:

Communication refers to the sending, receiving and processing of information by electric
means. As such, it started with wire telegraphy in the early 80s, developing with telephony and radio
some decades later. Radio communication became the most widely used and refined through the
invention of and use of transistor, integrated circuit, and other semi-conductor devices. Most recently,
the use of satellites and fiber optics has made communication even more wide spread, with an
increasing emphasis on computer and other data communications.

A modern communications system is first concerned with the sorting, processing and storing of
information before its transmission. The actual transmission then follows, with further processing and
the filtering of noise. Finally we have reception, which may include processing steps such as decoding,
storage and interpretation. In this context, forms of communications include radio, telephony and
telegraphy, broadcast, point to point and mobile communications (commercial and military), computer
communications, radar, radio telemetry and radio aids to navigation. It is also important to consider the
human factors influencing a particular system, since they can always affect its design, planning and use.

Wireless communication has become an important feature for commercial products and a
popular research topic within the last ten years. There are now more mobile phone subscriptions than
wired-line subscriptions. Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low-cost, low-power, and
short-distance wireless communication used for personal wireless networks." Technology advancements
are providing smaller and more cost effective devices for integrating computational processing, wireless
communication, and a host of other functionalities. These embedded communications devices will be
integrated into applications ranging from homeland security to industry automation and monitoring.
They will also enable custom tailored engineering solutions, creating a revolutionary way of
disseminating and processing information. With new technologies and devices come new business
activities, and the need for employees in these technological areas. Engineers who have knowledge of
embedded systems and wireless communications will be in high demand. Unfortunately, there are few
adorable environments available for development and classroom use, so students often do not learn
about these technologies during hands-on lab exercises. The communication mediums were twisted
pair, optical fiber, infrared, and generally wireless radio.
2.7 IR Remote Theory
The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible range is via Infra-Red light. Almost all
audio and video equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to this wide spread use the
required components are quite cheap, thus making it ideal for us hobbyists to use IR control for our own
projects.
IR sensor is the combination of IR LED with PHOTO DIODE. After this combination we are connecting
the DARLINGTON PAIR TRANSISTOR. End of the IR sensor we have to connect a NOT gate for the
inverting purpose means low input have corresponding low output. At last this entire connector is
connected to any one external interrupt to generating the interruption of the main program.
Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this
colour because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons
why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing
it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be very cheap.
IR LED wave length range 1.6m to 2.4m. Materials used for IR LED are InSB, Ge,Si, GaAs, CdSe .
These IR s are not visible range for observation purpose we have to connect LED s are not.


CHAPTER 3
Problem formulation

The problem with the traffic system is that for every minute the vehicles at the 4-way road will
be heavy and the traffic lights shall be changed to each side for some fixed time. Even though
there are no vehicles at particular side, the traffic signals will glow for given fixed time.Due to
that there is time waste process. Due to this other side vehicles have to wait for the time to
complete the process. So to reduce the wastage of time, we can implement the system that
controls the traffic based on the heavy flow of vehicles at any particular side. With this system,
we shall count the number of vehicles at each side at the junction and give th path to the
particular side which has heavy flow of vehicles and keep remaining stop position. So that for
this to count the number of vehicles at side of the junction, we shall use IR technology.

CHAPTER 4
System Specification
4.1 89S52 Micro Controller
Features:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag

Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-
system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-
flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32
I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware
reset.

CONTRAST CONTROL:
To have a clear view of the characters on the LCD, contrast should be adjusted. To adjust the
contrast, the voltage should be varied. For this, a preset is used which can behave like a variable
voltage device. As the voltage of this preset is varied, the contrast of the LCD can be adjusted.
Potentiometer
Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected.
This arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a
circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at
the ends of the track are connected across the power supply, then the wiper terminal will provide
a voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.

Presets
These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted
directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For example to set the
frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit. A small screwdriver or
similar tool is required to adjust presets.
Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects
where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.
Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be
turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very
fine control.

Potentiometer Symbol


LCD INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER:






Preset Symbol

Vcc
Gnd
PRESET
(CONTRAST
CONTROL)
Vcc
FOR BACKLIGHT
PURPOSE

P2.0
P2.1
P2.2






89S52 P1.0

4 (RS) 1
5 (R/W) 2
6(EN) 3


LCD



D0
Gnd





Infrared LED (IR LED)
IR sensor is the combination of IR LED with PHOTO DIODE. After this combination
we are connecting the DARLINGTON PAIR TRANSISTOR. End of the IR sensor we have to
connect a NOT gate for the inverting purpose means low input have corresponding low
outputInfra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this
colour because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons
why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing
it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be very cheap.
Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote control doesn't
mean we can't make it visible. A video camera or digital photo camera can "see" the Infra-Red
light as you can see in this picture. If you own a web cam, point your remote to it, press any
button and you'll see the LED flicker. They do dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of
devices. Among other things, they form the numbers on digital clocks, transmit information from
remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliances are turned on. Collected
together, they can form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light.







FIG.3.1 IR LED USED IN REMOTE CONTROL
DARLINGTON PAIR:
An emitter follower offers high impedance of 500Kohms. For applications requiring still higher input
impedance, we may use what is called Darlington in place of conventional transistor. This Darlington pair
basically consists of two transistors cascaded in cc configuration. In the figure shown below the input
impedance of the second transistor
Constitutes the load impedance of the first.

We thus conclude that in comparison with a conventional single transistor emitter follower has in higher
current gain, higher input impedance and almost the same voltage gain lower out put impedances.

Fig: Darlington Pair
Modulation
Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above the noise. With modulation we
make the IR light source blink in a particular frequency. The IR receiver will be tuned to that
frequency, so it can ignore everything else.
You can think of this blinking as attracting the receiver's attention. We humans also notice the
blinking of yellow lights at construction sites instantly, even in bright daylight.

In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter on the
left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.
In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and 'spaces'. The 'space' is the default
signal, which is the off state in the transmitter case. No light is emitted during the 'space' state.
During the 'mark' state of the signal the IR light is pulsed on and off at a particular frequency.
Frequencies between 30kHz and 60kHz are commonly used in consumer electronics.
At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of the receiver's output. A 'mark' is
then automatically represented by a low level.
Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s we want to transmit. The real
relationship between the 'marks' and 'spaces' and the 1-s and 0-s depends on the protocol that's
being used. More information about that can be found on the pages that describe the protocols.

TRANSMITTER:
In the picture below we can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter
on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.
:
FIG.3.2 IR TRANSMITTER
The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should consume as little power as
possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as possible to achieve an acceptable control
distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well.
Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The older chips were dedicated to
only one of the many protocols that were invented. Nowadays very low power microcontrollers
are used in IR transmitters for the simple reason that they are more flexible in their use. When no
button is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode, in which hardly any current is
consumed. The processor when wakes up to transmit the appropriate IR command only a key is
pressed







FIG.3.3 TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT USED TO DRIVE IR LED
Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break
easily when the handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here, because
they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a little less accurate is not
important.
The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well over 1A! In order
to get an acceptable control distance the LED currents have to be as high as possible. A trade-off
should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and maximum control distance. LED
currents can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are very short. Average power
dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum value though. You should also see to it
that the maximum peek current for the LED is not exceeded. All these parameters can be found
in the LED's data sheet.
A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a suitable h
fe

and switching speed should be selected for this purpose. The resistor values can simply be
calculated using Ohm's law. Remember that the nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is
approximately 1.1V. The normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the battery
voltage drops, the current through the LED will decrease as well. This will result in a shorter
control distance that can be covered.
An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on the base
of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts 0.6V from that,
resulting in constant amplitude of 0.6V at the emitter. This constant amplitude across a constant
resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude. Calculating the current through the
LED is simply applying ohm law.
PHOTODIODES:
Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infrared light. The sun is the brightest
source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central heating system, and even our
body radiates Infrared light. In fact everything that radiates heat, also radiates Infrared light. Therefore
we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message gets across to the receiver with out
errors.

Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power (UV, Visible, and IR) and for the
conversion of optical power to electrical power. The photodiode spectral response can be measured in X-
ray, UV, visible, or IR. X-ray photodiodes are optimized for X-ray, gamma ray, and beta radiation
detection.

UV enhanced photodiodes are optimized for the UV and blue spectral regions, Photodiodes are a two-
electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current
varies with illumination. Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power and for the conversion
of optical power to electrical power. Photodiodes can be PN, PIN, or avalanche. PN photodiodes feature
a two-electrode, radiation-sensitive PN junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the
reverse current varies with illumination. PIN photodiodes are diodes with a large intrinsic region
sandwiched between P-doped and N-doped semiconducting regions. Photons absorbed in this region
create electron-hole pairs that are then separated by an electric field, thus generating an electric current
in a load circuit

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A RPS (Regulated Power Supply) is the Power
Supply with Rectification, Filtering and Regulation being done on the AC mains to get a Regulated power
supply for Microcontroller and for the other devices being interfaced to it.
A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a
particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c
mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply
For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one
Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is
AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains
voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by
an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the
middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the
power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is
stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the
ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

An Electrical Transformer
Turns ratio = Vp/ V
S
= Np/N
S
Power Out= Power In

V
S
X I
S
=V
P
X I
P

Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current



RECTIFIER:

A circuit which is used to convert ac to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion ac to
dc is called rectification

TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:

Half wave Rectifier
Full wave Rectifier
1. Centre tap full wave rectifier.
2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.



Comparison of rectifier circuits:


Parameter
Type of Rectifier
Half wave Full wave Bridge

Number of diodes

1

2

4

PIV of diodes

Vm

2Vm

Vm

D.C output voltage

Vm/z

2Vm/

2Vm/

Vdc at no-load

0.318Vm

0.636Vm

0.636Vm

Ripple factor

1.21

0.482

0.482

Ripple frequency

f

2f

2f

Rectification efficiency

0.406

0.812

0.812
Transformer Utilization
Factor(TUF)

0.287

0.693

0.812

RMS voltage Vrms

Vm/2

Vm/2

Vm/2






Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as
more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier
circuit.
Bridge Rectifier:
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-
wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as
shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig (a) to achieve
full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown
and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig (A)
Operation: During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while
D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (b)
with dotted arrows.

Fig (B)
During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased
while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The current flow direction is shown in the
fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Fig(C)
Filter:
A Filter is a device which removes the ac component of rectifier output but allows the dc
component to reach the load.

Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or
that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not
acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of
filtering.
(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by pass for the ripples voltage though it due
to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the D.C. to appear at the load.
(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high
impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the dc (due to low resistance to dc).
(c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter, multiple
section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of
capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.
Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to
act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is
falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies
current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value
(1.4 RMS value).
To calculate the value of capacitor(C),
C = *3*f*r*Rl
Where,
f = supply frequency,
r = ripple factor,
Rl = load resistance
Note: In our circuit we are using 1000F hence large value of capacitor is placed to
reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.

Regulator:
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available,
mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive
current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage
regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on
the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC
power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the
Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

Fig 6.1.6 A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX
offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a
zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output
impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available
in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,
Features:
Output Current of 1.5A
Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal Short-Circuit Limited
Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V.



CHAPTER 5
System Design
Designing of this system is possible when you select the specific controller to suite.For this we
selected 89S52 controller.With the help of 89S52 controller traffic control system can be
implemented successfully with the help IR technology.To the controller we connected IR
transmitter and receiver circuit.Instead of IR transmitter and receiver we can go with photo diode
and photo transmitters also.Here we are using four IR pairs for each side.
Whenever vehicles reach the junction on each side, then IR detects the vehicle by sending
signal to controller and the controller will counts the count of vehicles. And calculate the
mximum count from them and give the path to side which has maximum count by glowing green
LED and other three sides red LED shall be glow.

5.1 Hardware Design:
5.1.1 Schematic



VCC
R5
R
J3
CON8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
U5
LM7805/TO
1
3
2
VIN
G
N
D
VOUT
C2
CAP
D4
DIODE
U1
AT89S52
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
1
2
3
4
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INT0
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/T0
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
VCC
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7
EA/VPP
ALE/PROG
PSEN
P2.7/A15
P2.6/A14
P2.5/A13
P2.4/A12
P2.3/A11
P2.2/A10
P2.1/A9
P2.0/A8
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
SW1
J2
CON8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C5
CAP
VCC
J4
CON8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
D1
DIODE
R4
R
J3
LCD
1234567891
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
g
n
d
v
c
c
3R
S
WE
N
P
0
.
0
P
0
.
1
P
0
.
2
P
0
.
3
P
0
.
4
P
0
.
5
P
0
.
6
P
0
.
7
V
C
C
G
N
D
C4
CAP
C1
C
P2
CONNECTOR DB9
5
9
4
8
3
7
2
6
1
C6
CAP
VCC
RXD
R6
POT
J2
CON8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
D6
DIODE
TXD
TXD
C7
CAP
U6
t/f (4pin)
12
34
12
34
C3
CAP
D2
DIODE
<Doc> <Rev Code>
<Title>
A
1 1 Thursday , July 15, 2010
Title
Size Document Number Rev
Date: Sheet of
Y1
CRYSTAL
D5
LED
RXD
J7
CON2
12
+5V
C9
C
= 1000UF/25V
U3
MAX232
1
3
4
5
2
6
12
9
11
10
13
8
14
7
C1+
C1-
C2+
C2-
V+
V-
R1OUT
R2OUT
T1IN
T2IN
R1IN
R2IN
T1OUT
T2OUT
C8
104
5.1.2. Schematic Description

The main aim of this power supply is to convert the 230V AC into 5V DC in order to give supply
for the TTL. This schematic explanation includes the detailed pin connections of every device with the
microcontroller.
This schematic explanation includes the detailed pin connections of every device with the
microcontroller.
Let us see the pin connections of each and every device with the microcontroller in detail.

Power Supply:
In this process we are using a step down transformer, a bridge rectifier, a smoothing circuit and
the RPS.
At the primary of the transformer we are giving the 230V AC supply. The secondary is connected
to the opposite terminals of the Bridge rectifier as the input. From other set of opposite terminals we
are taking the output to the rectifier.
The bridge rectifier converts the AC coming from the secondary of the transformer into
pulsating DC. The output of this rectifier is further given to the smoother circuit which is capacitor in our
project. The smoothing circuit eliminates the ripples from the pulsating DC and gives the pure DC to the
RPS to get a constant output DC voltage. The RPS regulates the voltage as per our requirement.
Microcontroller:
The microcontroller AT89S52 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592
MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18
th
& 19
th
pins of 89S51 to make it
work (execute) properly.

IR Module:
The IR transmitter and receiver are input and output devices. This is connected to the port P2 of
the Microcontroller.
LCD:
The LCD data lines are connected to port 0 of the microcontroller in the schematic and the
control signals like RS, EN are connected to pin2,3 of port 1.
LEDs :
Here the LEDs are connected to one of microcontroller port by using resistor.

5.2.SOFTWARE Components
5.2.1. ABOUT SOFTWARE
Software used is:
*Keil software for C programming
*Express PCB for lay out design
*Express SCH for schematic design
KEIL Vision3
Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and
debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
A project manager.
A make facility.
Tool configuration.
Editor.
A powerful debugger.
This software is used for execution of microcontroller programs.
Keil development tools for the MC architecture support every level of software developer from
the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software
development.
The industry-standard keil C compilers, macro assemblers, debuggers,real, time Kernels, Single-board
computers and emulators support all avr derive--atives and help you to get more projects completed on
schedule. The keil software development tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing
embedded software developers.
When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you the device database and
the vision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for you.
Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most popular
embedded avr devices.
The keil Vision debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals(PC, CAN, UART,
SPI,Interrupts,I/O ports, A/D converter, D/A converter and PWM modules)of your avr device. Simulation
helps you understand h/w configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally,
with simulation, you can write and test applications before target h/w is available.
When you are ready to begin testing your s/w application with target h/w, use the MON51,
MON390, MONADI, or flash MON51 target monitors, the ISD51 In-System Debugger, or the ULINK USB-
JTAG adapter to download and test program code on your target system.
Express PCB Express PCB is a Circuit Design Software and PCB manufacturing service. One can learn
almost everything you need to know about Express PCB from the help topics included with the programs
given.
Details: Express PCB, Version 5.6.0
Express SCH The Express SCH schematic design program is very easy to use. This software enables
the user to draw the Schematics with drag and drop options. A Quick Start Guide is provided by which
the user can learn how to use it.
Details: Express SCH, Version 5.6.0
EMBEDDED C: The programming Language used here in this project is an Embedded C Language. This
Embedded C Language is different from the generic C language in few things like
a) Data types
b) Access over the architecture addresses.
The Embedded C Programming Language forms the user friendly language with access over Port
addresses, SFR Register addresses etc.
Signed char:
o Used to represent the or + values.
o As a result, we have only 7 bits for the magnitude of the signed number, giving us values from -
128 to +127.

Embedded C Data types:
Data Types Size in Bits Data Range/Usage
unsigned char 8-bit 0-255
signed char 8-bit -128 to +127
unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65535
signed int 16-bit -32,768 to +32,767
sbit 1-bit SFR bit addressable only
Bit 1-bit RAM bit addressable only
sfr 8-bit RAM addresses 80-FFH only



CHAPTER 6
Implementation
The applications as discussed in the design are implemented and the source code related to the
current work is pasted in the appendix.
SOFTWARE
Vision3
Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug
embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
A project manager.
A make facility.
Tool configuration.
Editor.
A powerful debugger.
To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\Examples, \C251\Examples,
\C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are provided.
HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the Serial Interface.
Building an Application in Vision2:
To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision2, you must:
1. Select Project - (for example, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2).
2. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
Vision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project.

Creating Your Own Application in Vision2
To create a new project in Vision2, you must:
1. Select Project - New Project.
2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from the Device
Database.
4. Create source files to add to the project.
5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files, Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files
to the project.
6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from
the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to
configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are
optimal for most applications.
7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
Debugging an Application in Vision2
To debug an application created using Vision2, you must:
1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session.
2. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main in the
Output Window to execute to the main C function.
3. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar.
Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on.
Starting Vision2 and creating a Project
Vision2 is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon. To
create a new project file select from the Vision2 menu
Project New Project. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you for the new project file
name.
We suggest that you use a separate folder for each project. You can simply use the icon Create
New Folder in this dialog to get a new empty folder. Then select this folder and enter the file name for
the new project, i.e. Project1.
Vision2 creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains a default target
and file group name. You can see these names in the Project

Window Files.
Now use from the menu Project Select Device for Target and select a CPU for your project. The
Select Device dialog box shows the Vision2 device database. Just select the microcontroller you use.
We are using for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. This selection sets necessary tool options for
the 80C51RD+ device and simplifies in this way the tool Configuration

Building Projects and Creating a HEX Files
Typical, the tool settings under Options Target are all you need to start a new application. You
may translate all source files and line the application with a click on the Build Target toolbar icon. When
you build an application with syntax errors, Vision2 will display errors and warning messages in the
Output
Window Build page. A double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct location in a
Vision2 editor window.
Once you have successfully generated your application you can start debugging.

After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download the
software into an EPROM programmer or simulator. Vision2 creates HEX files with each build process
when Create HEX files under Options for Target Output is enabled. You may start your PROM
programming utility after the make process when you specify the program under the option Run User
Program #1.

CPU Simulation
Vision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be mapped for read,
write, or code execution access. The Vision2 simulator traps and reports illegal memory accesses being
done.
In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also provides support for the integrated peripherals of
the various 8051 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU you have selected are configured from
the Device
Database selection
You have made when you create your project target. Refer to page 58 for more Information
about selecting a device. You may select and display the on-chip peripheral components using the
Debug menu. You can also change the aspects of each peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes.

Start Debugging
You start the debug mode of Vision2 with the Debug Start/Stop Debug Session command.
Depending on the Options for Target Debug Configuration, Vision2 will load the application program
and run the startup code Vision2 saves the editor screen layout and restores the screen layout of the
last debug session. If the program execution stops, Vision2 opens an editor window with the source
text or shows CPU instructions in the disassembly window. The next executable statement is marked
with a yellow arrow. During debugging, most editor features are still available.

For example, you can use the find command or correct program errors. Program source text of
your application is shown in the same windows. The Vision2 debug mode differs from the edit mode in
the following aspects:
_ The Debug Menu and Debug Commands described on page 28 are Available. The additional debug
windows are discussed in the following.
_ The project structure or tool parameters cannot be modified. All build Commands are disabled.
Disassembly Window
The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and assembly program or
just assembly code. A trace history of previously executed instructions may be displayed with Debug
View Trace Records. To enable the trace history, set Debug Enable/Disable Trace Recording.
If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program step commands work on CPU
instruction level rather than program source lines. You can select a text line and set or modify code
breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the context menu commands.
You may use the dialog Debug Inline Assembly to modify the CPU instructions. That allows
you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the target program you are debugging

CHAPTER 7
System Testing
Density based traffic control system is a system which shall be able to count the vehicles
at each side of the junction road when vehicles are reached near to that junction. After
connecting the circuit and writing the code, then test it by sensing the IR sensor dated term used
to describe an opto-electronic means of sensing something, most commonly a photodetector of
some type.The system can be tested with the use of KEIL compiler.This one we are using to
write programs for 8051 controller.After writing programs using 8051 programmer we can dump
code in to the controller. Now develop the system by using IR transmitter and receiver, we can
use photo diode and photo transistors.To test the board,First of all write a program in terms of
like first enable LCD.To activate LCD send proper commands to it and after that configure
baudrate,parity and number of bits for the serial port. After initializing all the devices connected
to the controller,
While testing keep the transmitter & receiver aligned in a straight position facing each other
about a distance more than 2 meter but not less than that.If the transmitter and receiver are not in
a aligned position data communication is not possible.Connect the output of IR receiver to the
controller port pin.If there is no intruder the output pin will show low value.If there is any
introduce it will show high value.In program monitor for high value and when you the value is
high sens a message to a number indicating that intruder detected.


CHAPTER 8
Results and Evaluation
This chpater lists down the results realized from the practical work and examines whether
ideas/solution approaches recommended in research are met by the practical implementation. For
this project the main communication is by using IR technology.
CHAPTER 9
Conclusion
The controller we used having the following featurtes like 8 bit 8051 architecture in a tiny 40 pin
DIP package,128B RAM and 4kB on-chip Flash Program Memory. For low end applications this
controller is very easy to use and at the same time IR also widely accepted protocol for mobile
communication.By using IR technology and 8051 architecture based microcontroller we
implemented electronic based traffic density control system.