RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF

HEALTH SCIENCES

SYNOPSIS ON
THE M.SC.(N) DISSERTATION

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HEALTH PROBLEMS
RELATED TO ALCOHOLISM AMONG MALE LABOURERS
IN SELECTED CONSTRUCTION SITES IN MANGALORE

Submitted By:
Mr. Arun. S
1st year M.Sc. Nursing student,
Srinivas Institute of Nursing
Sciences,
Valachil Padavu, Arkula,
Mangalore 574 143.

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka,

Bangalore.
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1.

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

MR. ARUN. S

AND ADDRESS

1st YEAR M. Sc. (NURSING)

(IN BLOCK LETTERS)

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

SRINIVAS INSTITUTE OF NURSING
SCIENCES,
VALACHIL PADAVU, ARKULA,
MANGALORE 574 143.

2.

NAME OF THE
INSTITUTION

SRINIVAS INSTITUTE OF NURSING

SCIENCES,
VALACHIL PADAVU, ARKULA,
MANGALORE 574 143.

3.
4.
5.

COURSE OF STUDY

M.Sc. NURSING

SUBJECT
DATE OF ADMISSION

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

01-06-2011

TITLE OF THE TOPIC.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HEALTH PROBLEMS
RELATED TO ALCOHOLISM AMONG MALE
LABOURERS IN SELECTED CONSTRUCTION SITES IN
MANGALORE

6.

BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK

6.1

Introduction
First you take a drink, then the drink takes a drink, then the drink takes you.
- Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is a central nervous system depressant. The

ingested alcohol is absorbed directly into the blood stream from the stomach and
proximal part of the small intestine. Because alcohol is water soluble, it circulates
easily throughout the body and readily passes through the blood- brain barrier.
Approximately 95% of alcohol is metabolized in the liver, with the remaining 5%
being excreted through lung, kidney and skin1. Ethanol is a straight chain alcohol,
and its molecular formula is C2H5OH.2

Figure1: structure of ethanol.

Alcoholism refers to the use of alcoholic beverages that cause damage to

the individual, society or both. Alcoholism is one of the major health and social
problems all over the world.3

According to the World Health Organization, every year about 2.5 million
people die from alcohol-related diseases all over the world, accounting for 3.8 per
cent of total deaths. Alcohol-related heart disease, cancer, accidents and suicides
contribute to these deaths. Alcohol abuse is more or less a universal problem.
There is hardly any effort to discourage the consumption all over the world.
Neither are there any statutory warnings.4

India is a dominant producer of alcohol in South-East Asia, with 65 per

cent of the total share, and contributes to around 7 per cent of the total alcohol
beverage imports into the region. Production doubled from 887.2 million liters in
1992-93 to 1,654 million liters in 1999-2000. It was expected to treble to 2,300
million liters by 2009-2010.5 In Karnataka state, availability of beverage alcohol
has risen from 2.96 liters to 6.35 liters. Prevalence rate in an urban slum at
Bangalore shows that 27% of males and 2% of females consume alcohol.6

According to current concepts, alcoholism is considered a disease and

alcohol a disease agent which causes acute and chronic intoxication, cirrhosis of
liver, toxic psychosis, gastritis, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, peripheral
neuropathy and gastro intestinal cancers. In addition to that its a leading cause of
suicide, automobile accidents, injuries and deaths due to violence. The health
problems for which alcohol is responsible are only part of the total social damage
which includes family disorganization, Crime and loss of productivity.7

6.2

Need For The Study

Construction workers build, repair, maintain, renovate, modify and
demolish houses, office buildings, temples, factories, hospitals, roads, bridges,
tunnels, stadiums, docks, airports and more. Construction workers include about 5
to 10% of the workforce in industrialized countries. Throughout the world, over
90% of construction workers are male.8
According to the International Labor Organizations 3% to 5% of the
working population are alcohol dependent and 25% are risk drinkers. In the past
10 years several international studies have been conducted on alcohol use
prevalence and accidents in the workplace & it is found that between 15% and
30% of fatal accidents occurring in the workplace are due to drug use; 20% to
25% of work accidents involve people who are intoxicated; alcohol users are
involved in between two and four times more accidents and are absent from work
two to three times more often than other employees. Overall, the percentage of
workers who abuse alcohol is between 40% and 70 %.8

Some of the reasons workers offer as justification for drug and alcohol use
are to relieve tension, stress, frustration, monotony and absence of intellectual
stimuli that can occasionally occur at work. Environmental factors include:
availability of alcohol or drugs; social pressure to drink; frequent travel that keeps
workers away from the stabilizing influence of home; and lack of supervision.
Significantly alcoholism affects the worker, his co-workers, employer, and family,
as well as society in general. It can mean the loss of a job or income for the
worker, worries and harm for their partners, accidents and loss of productivity for
employers, instability, disruption of relationships, and internal strife for the
family; and, for society as a whole.8

Chronic drinking has major effects on all body systems, causes

progressive liver and kidney damage, damages to the stomach and related organs,
and slows mental responses frequently leading to accidents and death. 9 Alcohol is
a direct multisystem toxin and CNS depressant that causes drowsiness, in
coordination,

slurring of speech,

sudden mood changes,

aggression,

belligerence, grandiosity, and uninhibited behavior. In excess it also causes

stupor, coma and death.10

A descriptive study was conducted on alcoholism and construction

workers. The objective of the study was to study the alcohol consumption
and consequence of alcohol on health, working ability and accidents
in construction workers. The Sample consisted of 142 workers from Italy,
whose alcohol concentration measured during periodic health surveillance
examination. Result had shown that alcohol related disease as a cause of work
limitation, work disability and accidents in work sites. This study concluded that
there was a correlation between frequency and seriousness of accidents and
alcohol consumption in construction workers.11
A study was conducted to find out association between alcohol
Consumption and risk of 6 types of concerns (oral cavity, esophagus, colorectal,
liver, larynx and breast).

Sample consisted of 390 persons were reviewed and of this 200 were
selected for meta analysis. Result had shown that alcohol most strongly increased
the risks for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx 5.7% for the highest alcohol
consumption level, esophagus 4.2% and larynx 3.2. Study concluded that
Cirrhosis of liver, neoplasm of upper respiratory and digestive tract, haemorrhage
stroke, injuries and adverse effect were highly associated with alcoholic
consumption.12

Workplace programmes to prevent and reduce alcohol-related problems

among employees have considerable potential, because employees spend a lot of
time at work, co workers and supervisors may have the opportunity to notice a
developing alcohol problem. In addition, employers can use their influence to
motivate employees to get help for an alcohol problem.13

The investigator has had personal experiences of seeing many construction

workers working under the influence of alcohol. This in turn has led to accidents
at the working places, sometimes even loss of life. Nevertheless, these
construction workers are unaware of the ill effects of alcohol consumption on
their health. Thus the investigator felt the desire to spread the awareness regarding
alcohol abuse among construction workers so that steps can be taken to prevent
the problems related to alcoholism and to promote health.

6.3

Review of Literature
A prospective cohort study was conducted on alcohol attributable burden
of incidence of cancer in European countries. The objective of the study was to
compare the burden of cancer attributable to current and former alcohol
consumption. Data were collected from 10, 9118 men and 25, 4870 women aged
37-70 years from Western Europe. The result had shown that 44% affected with
upper aero gastric tract, 33% for liver, 17% colorectal area respectively.

This

study concluded that an important proportion of causes of cancer can be

attributable to alcohol consumption.14

A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the alcohol consumption,

binge drinking and coronary calcification. The objective of the study was to assess
the association between higher level alcohol consumption and coronary
calcification. The sample consisted of 3,037 white and black men and women
aged between 18-30 years from US. The result had shown that the prevalence of
coronary calcification was 8% in consumption of drinks/week, 9% for 1-6
drinks/week,13% for 7-13% drinks/week and 19% for>14 drink/week,
calcification was common among binge drinkers. The study concluded that a
direct

association

between

higher

alcohol

consumption

and

coronary

calcification.15

A clinical study was conducted on effects of chronic alcoholism on

male fertility hormones and semen quality. The objective of the study was to
evaluate the effects of chronic alcoholism on male fertility hormones and quality
of semen. Data were collected from 66 alcoholics free from smoking and drug
abuse from addiction treatment center America, by checking complete blood
count, biochemical parameters, levels of male fertility hormones FSH, LH,
testosterone, progesterone. Result had shown that in alcoholics FSH & LH levels
were significantly increased. Testosterone and progesterone levels significantly
decreased. This study concluded that chronic alcohol consumption has a
detrimental effect on male reproductive hormones and sperm quality.16

A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the effect of body

mass index (BMI) and alcohol consumption on liver disease. The main objective
of the study was to investigate whether alcohol consumption and raised BMI act
to increase risk of liver disease. The sample consisted of labours from workplaces
across central belt of Scotland. The result had shown that BMI and alcohol
consumption were strongly associated with liver disease (P=0.001 and P<0.0001).
The study suggested that raised alcohol consumption and BMI were significantly
associated with liver diseases.17

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the incidence of alcohol use in

road traffic accidents (RTA) in South Delhi. The objective of the study was to
assess the involvement of alcohol use in RTA. The sample consisted of 500 cases
whose blood samples were screened for alcohol by cavett test and then quantified
by gas liquid chromatography. The result had shown that, totally 170 cases (34%)
were positive for alcohol. The maximum cases (38.2%) belonged to the age group
of 20-30 years. The study concluded that there is a significant effect of alcohol
consumption to road traffic accidents in South Delhi.18
A cross sectional study was conducted on health problem among migrant
construction workers. The objective of the study was to assess the
sociodemographic profile and morbidity pattern of construction workers. Data
were collected from 1337 workers from Vidyavihar (West) Mumbai. Result had
shown that regular consumers of alcohol and tobacco were 50.48 and 14.65%.
This study concluded that the morbidity status of construction workers is also
associated with tobacco use and alcoholism.19
A descriptive study was conducted on alcohol use, and HIV related risk
behaviours among adult men in Karnataka. The objective of the study was to
examine the association between alcohol use and HIV risk-related behaviors.
Data were collected from 1137 men aged 16-49 years in Karnataka. Results
shown that overall 9.5% of all men reported HIV risk-related behaviors, 38.1%
consumed alcohol, and about half of all current drinkers met criteria for hazardous
alcohol use. The study concluded that alcohol use remained significantly
associated with HIV risk related behaviour.20

6.4

Statement of the Problem

A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on
knowledge regarding health problems related to alcoholism among male labourers
in selected construction sites in Mangalore.

6.5

Objectives of the Study

Objectives of the study are to
Assess the knowledge of male laborers regarding health problems related
to alcoholism.
Develop and administer STP on health problems related to alcoholism.
Evaluate the effectiveness of STP by comparing the pre test and post test
knowledge scores.
Find out the association between pre test knowledge scores and selected
demographic variables.

Operational Definitions
6.6

Effectiveness:
Effectiveness refers to improvement in the post test scores after
administration of STP on health problems related to alcoholism, which is
measured and expressed in terms of knowledge scores.

Structured teaching programme:

It refers to structured teaching strategies to improve the knowledge of
alcoholism regarding its meaning, major causes, symptoms, and effect of
alcoholism on body systems.

Knowledge:
Knowledge refers to the correct responses to the questions asked during
interview by a questionnaire.

Alcoholism:Alcohol abuse is a bad habit that is characterized by the sufferer having a

pattern of drinking excessively despite the negative effects of alcohol on
the individual, work, medical, legal, educational and social life.

Health related problems:

It refers to effect of alcoholism on body systems includes nervous system,
hepatic system, reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, gastro
intestinal system, renal system, blood vessels and injuries.

Male labourers:
Male labourers refer to persons who are working in selected construction
sites.
8

6.7

Assumptions

Male labourers may not have adequate knowledge regarding health

problems related to alcoholism.

Structured teaching programme may improve the knowledge on health

problems related to alcoholism.

6.8

The knowledge may vary according to selected demographic variables.

Delimitations
The study will be limited to:

Male labourers in selected construction sites, irrespective of their habit of

alcoholism.

6.9

Evaluate the effectiveness of STP only in gaining knowledge.

50 male construction workers.

Hypotheses
H1:- The post test mean scores will be significantly higher than the mean
pre test knowledge scores of male labourers regarding health

problems

related to alcoholism.
H2:- There will be a significant association between pre test knowledge
score and selected demographic variables

7
7.1

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Source of Data
Data will be collected from male labourers working in selected
construction sites in Mangalore who fulfill the inclusion criteria.

7.2

Research Design
The research design selected for this study is pre experimental one group
pre test post test design.
O1

O2

(DAY 1)

(DAY 1)

(DAY 7)

O1 - Pre Test
O2 - Post Test

X - Administration of STP.

SCHEMATIC OUTLINE OF RESEARCH DESIGN

DESIGN
Pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test design

POPULATION
Male labourers working in
selected construction sites.

STUDY SETTING
Selected construction sites
in Mangalore

SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
Non-random purposive
sampling

TOOL
Structured interview
schedule.

STUDY SAMPLE
50 male labourers working in
selected construction sites

VARIABLES

DEPENDENT
Knowledge regarding
health problems
related to alcoholism

INDEPENDENT
STP

ATTRIBUTES
Age, education, socioeconomic status,
previous exposure to
information, chronic
alcoholics.

ANALYSIS

Base line
variables and
knowledge will be
analyzed using
frequency,
Percentage, mean
and standard
deviation.

Knowledge scores
will be analyzed
using mean,
standard
deviation, and
mean percentage.

Paired t test for significance

of difference between pre test
and post test scores.
Chi square test for association
between pre test scores and
socio demographic variables.

FINDING, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

10

7.3
Setting
7.4

Study will be conducted in selected construction sites in Mangalore.

Population
The population selected for this study will be the male labourers working
in selected construction sites in Mangalore.

7.5
7.5.1

Method of Data Collection

Sampling Procedure

7.5.2

Sampling procedure will be non probability purposive sampling.

Sample Size
The data will be collected from 50 male labourers working in selected

7.5.3

construction sites who meet the inclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria
Male labourers:
Working in selected construction sites.

7.5.4

Who are present on the day of data collection.

Exclusion Criteria
Male labourers:
Who are not willing to participate.
Who do not speak Kannada and Hindi.

7.5.5

Who are deaf and dumb.

Instrument Used
A structured interview schedule for assessing the knowledge on health
problems related to alcoholism by using a knowledge questionnaire.
Section A :- Demographic Performa.

11

7.5.6 Section B :- Knowledge questionnaire on health problems related to alcoholism.

Data collection method

Permission will be obtained from the concerned contractors of selected
construction sites by explaining the purpose of the study. The objective of the
study will be to explain to the participants and informed consent will be obtained
from the subjects. The investigator will introduce himself to the participant and an
interview schedule will be conducted for 30mts by using knowledge
questionnaire. The structured teaching programme on health problems related to
alcoholism will be conducted immediately after the pre test. After 7days, a post

7.6

test will be conducted on the same group by using the same tool.

Data Analysis Plan

Based on the objectives data analysis will be done using descriptive and
inferential statistics. Findings will be presented in the form of tables and figures.
Descriptive statistics
Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation will be used to
describe the demographic variables and level of knowledge.
Inferential statistics
1. The chi-square test will be used to find the association of

pre-test

knowledge score with selected demographic variables.

2. Paired t test will be used to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

7.7

programme.
Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on
patient or other human or animals? if it so please describe briefly.
No. The study does not involve any investigation or intervention. However
a structured teaching programme will be given to construction workers. The study

7.8

does not involve any injury, injections or harm to the subjects.

Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.7?
Ethical clearance will be obtained from the ethical committee of the
college of nursing prior to the conduction of the study. Administrative permission
will be obtained from the concerned authorities of the selected construction sites.
12

8.

Written consent will be obtained from the samples and confidentiality will be

maintained.

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