CHAPTER 3

117
3130 Repeat Prob. 3129 by taking the thermal expansion
of water into consideration as it is heated from 20C to the
boiling temperature of 100C.
3131 It is well known that the temperature of the atmo-
sphere varies with altitude. In the troposphere, which extends
to an altitude of 11 km, for example, the variation of temper-
ature can be approximated by T T
0
bz, where T
0
is the
temperature at sea level, which can be taken to be 288.15 K,
and b 0.0065 K/m. The gravitational acceleration also
changes with altitude as g(z) g
0
/(1 z/6,370,320)
2
where
g
0
9.807 m/s
2
and z is the elevation from sea level in m.
Obtain a relation for the variation of pressure in the tropo-
sphere (a) by ignoring and (b) by considering the variation of
g with altitude.
3132 The variation of pressure with density in a thick gas
layer is given by P Cr
n
, where C and n are constants. Not-
ing that the pressure change across a differential fluid layer
of thickness dz in the vertical z-direction is given as dP
rg dz, obtain a relation for pressure as a function of ele-
vation z. Take the pressure and density at z 0 to be P
0
and
r
0
, respectively.
3133 Pressure transducers are commonly used to measure
pressure by generating analog signals usually in the range of
4 mA to 20 mA or 0 V-dc to 10 V-dc in response to applied
pressure. The system whose schematic is shown in Fig.
P3133 can be used to calibrate pressure transducers. A rigid
container is filled with pressurized air, and pressure is mea-
sured by the manometer attached. A valve is used to regulate
the pressure in the container. Both the pressure and the elec-
tric signal are measured simultaneously for various settings,
and the results are tabulated. For the given set of measure-
ments, obtain the calibration curve in the form of P aI
b, where a and b are constants, and calculate the pressure
that corresponds to a signal of 10 mA.
h, mm 28.0 181.5 297.8 413.1 765.9
I, mA 4.21 5.78 6.97 8.15 11.76
h, mm 1027 1149 1362 1458 1536
I, mA 14.43 15.68 17.86 18.84 19.64
3129 A teapot with a brewer at the top is used to brew tea,
as shown in Fig. P3129. The brewer may partially block the
vapor from escaping, causing the pressure in the teapot to
rise and an overflow from the service tube to occur. Disre-
garding thermal expansion and the variation in the amount of
water in the service tube to be negligible relative to the
amount of water in the teapot, determine the maximum cold-
water height that would not cause an overflow at gage pres-
sures of up to 0.32 kPa for the vapor.
40
12 cm
4 cm
H
Vapor
Heat
P
v
< 0.32 kPa (gage)
FIGURE P3129
Pressure
transducer
Valve
Pressurized
air, P
Multimeter
Rigid container
Manometer
Mercury
SG = 13.56
h
FIGURE P3133
cen72367_ch03.qxd 10/29/04 2:22 PM Page 117
Chapter 3 Pressure and Fluid Statics

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to
teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-85

3-132
Solution The variation of pressure with density in a thick gas layer is given. A relation is to be obtained for pressure
as a function of elevation z.
Assumptions The property relation
n
C P = is valid over the entire region considered.
Analysis The pressure change across a differential fluid layer of thickness dz in the vertical z direction is given as,
gdz dP =
Also, the relation
n
C P = can be expressed as
n n
P P C
0 0
/ / = = , and thus

n
P P
/ 1
0 0
) / ( =
Substituting,
dz P P g dP
n / 1
0 0
) / ( =
Separating variables and integrating from z =0 where
n
C P P
0 0
= = to z =z where P =P,
dz g dP P P
z P
P
n

=

0
0
/ 1
0
0
) / (
Performing the integrations.
gz
n
P P
P
P
P
n
0
1 / 1
0
0
0
1 / 1
) / (
=
+
+

0
0
/ ) 1 (
0
1
1
P
gz
n
n
P
P
n n

=

Solving for P,

) 1 /(
0
0
0
1
1

=
n n
P
gz
n
n
P P


which is the desired relation.
Discussion The final result could be expressed in various forms. The form given is very convenient for calculations as
it facilitates unit cancellations and reduces the chance of error.




CHAPTER 6
261
618C A constant-velocity horizontal water jet from a sta-
tionary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate that
is held in a nearly frictionless track. As the water jet hits the
plate, it begins to move due to the water force. Will the accel-
eration of the plate remain constant or change? Explain.
negligible. Determine (a) the gage pressure at the center of
the inlet of the elbow and (b) the anchoring force needed to
hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction
factor to be 1.03.
623 Repeat Prob. 622 for the case of another (identical)
elbow being attached to the existing elbow so that the fluid
makes a U-turn. Answers: (a) 6.87 kPa, (b) 218 N
624E A horizontal water jet impinges against a vertical
flat plate at 30 ft/s and splashes off the sides in the vertical
plane. If a horizontal force of 350 lbf is required to hold the
plate against the water stream, determine the volume flow
rate of the water.
625 A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a
rate of 30 kg/s in a horizontal pipe upward by an angle u
45 from the flow direction while accelerating it. The
elbow discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-
sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm
2
at the inlet and 25 cm
2
at the exit. The elevation difference between the centers of
the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the
water in it is 50 kg. Determine the anchoring force needed to
hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction
factor to be 1.03.
Nozzle
Water jet
FIGURE P618C
Water jet
1
2
V
V
FIGURE P621
619C A horizontal water jet of constant velocity V from a
stationary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate
that is held in a nearly frictionless track. As the water jet hits
the plate, it begins to move due to the water force. What is
the highest velocity the plate can attain? Explain.
620 Show that the force exerted by a liquid jet on a sta-
tionary nozzle as it leaves with a velocity V is proportional to
V
2
or, alternatively, to m
.
2
.
621 A horizontal water jet of constant velocity V impinges
normally on a vertical flat plate and splashes off the sides in
the vertical plane. The plate is moving toward the oncoming
water jet with velocity If a force F is required to maintain
the plate stationary, how much force is required to move the
plate toward the water jet?
1
2
V.
Water
25 kg/s
35 cm
FIGURE P622
622 A 90 elbow is used to direct water flow at a rate of
25 kg/s in a horizontal pipe upward. The diameter of the
entire elbow is 10 cm. The elbow discharges water into the
atmosphere, and thus the pressure at the exit is the local
atmospheric pressure. The elevation difference between the
centers of the exit and the inlet of the elbow is 35 cm. The
weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered to be
150 cm
2
40 cm
45
25 cm
2
Water
FIGURE P625
626 Repeat Prob. 625 for the case of u 110.
627 Water accelerated by a nozzle to 15 m/s strikes the
vertical back surface of a cart moving horizontally at a con-
stant velocity of 5 m/s in the flow direction. The mass flow
rate of water is 25 kg/s. After the strike, the water stream
splatters off in all directions in the plane of the back surface.
(a) Determine the force that needs to be applied on the
brakes of the cart to prevent it from accelerating. (b) If this
force were used to generate power instead of wasting it on
the brakes, determine the maximum amount of power that
can be generated. Answers: (a) 250 N, (b) 1.25 kW
15 m/s
5 m/s
Water jet
FIGURE P627
cen72367_ch06.qxd 12/1/04 6:22 PM Page 261
Chapter 6 Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to
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6-5
6-15C
Solution We are to discuss the power required for a helicopter to hover at various altitudes.

Analysis Since the air density decreases, it requires more energy for a helicopter to hover at higher altitudes,
because more air must be forced into the downdraft by the helicopter blades to provide the same lift force. Therefore, it
takes more power for a helicopter to hover on the top of a high mountain than it does at sea level.

Discussion This is consistent with the limiting case if there were no air, the helicopter would not be able to hover at
all. There would be no air to push down.



6-16C
Solution We are to discuss helicopter performance in summer versus winter.

Analysis In winter the air is generally colder, and thus denser. Therefore, less air must be driven by the blades to
provide the same helicopter lift, requiring less power. Less energy is required in the winter.

Discussion However, it is also harder for the blades to move through the denser cold air, so there is more torque
required of the engine in cold weather.


6-17C
Solution We are to discuss if the force required to hold a plate stationary doubles when the jet velocity doubles.

Analysis No, the force will not double. In fact, the force required to hold the plate against the horizontal water
stream will increase by a factor of 4 when the velocity is doubled since
2
) ( AV V AV V m F = = =
and thus the force is proportional to the square of the velocity.

Discussion You can think of it this way: Since momentum flux is mass flow rate times velocity, a doubling of the
velocity doubles both the mass flow rate and the velocity, increasing the momentum flux by a factor of four.



6-18C
Solution We are to discuss the acceleration of a cart hit by a water jet.

Analysis The acceleration is not be constant since the force is not constant. The impulse force exerted by the
water on the plate is
2
) ( AV V AV V m F = = = , where V is the relativevelocity between the water and the plate, which is
moving. The magnitude of the plate acceleration is thus a =F/m. But as the plate begins to move, V decreases, so the
acceleration must also decrease.

Discussion It is the relative velocity of the water jet on the cart that contributes to the carts acceleration.



6-19C
Solution We are to discuss the maximum possible velocity of a cart hit by a water jet.

Analysis The maximum possible velocity for the plate is the velocity of the water jet. As long as the plate is
moving slower than the jet, the water exerts a force on the plate, which causes it to accelerate, until terminal jet velocity is
reached.

Discussion Once the relative velocity is zero, the jet supplies no force to the cart, and thus it cannot accelerate further.


Chapter 6 Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to
teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
6-6
6-20
Solution It is to be shown that the force exerted by a liquid jet of velocity V on a stationary nozzle is proportional to
V
2
, or alternatively, to
2
m .
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The nozzle is given to be stationary. 3 The nozzle involves a
90 turn and thus the incoming and outgoing flow streams are normal to each other. 4 The water is discharged to the
atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is zero.
Analysis We take the nozzle as the control volume, and the flow
direction at the outlet as the x axis. Note that the nozzle makes a 90
turn, and thus it does not contribute to any pressure force or momentum
flux term at the inlet in the x direction. Noting that AV m = where A
is the nozzle outlet area and V is the average nozzle outlet velocity, the
momentum equation for steady one-dimensional flow in the x direction
reduces to

=
in out
V m V m F

V m V m F
out out Rx
= =
where F
Rx
is the reaction force on the nozzle due to liquid jet at the nozzle outlet. Then,
AV m =
2
AV AVV V m F
Rx
= = = or
A
m
A
m
m V m F
Rx

2

= = =
Therefore, the force exerted by a liquid jet of velocity V on this stationary nozzle is proportional to V
2
, or
alternatively, to
2
m .

Discussion If there were not a 90
o
turn, we would need to take into account the momentum flux and pressure
contributions at the inlet.



6-21
Solution A water jet of velocity V impinges on a plate moving toward the water jet with velocity V. The force
required to move the plate towards the jet is to be determined in terms of F acting on the stationary plate.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The plate is vertical and the jet is normal to plate. 3 The pressure
on both sides of the plate is atmospheric pressure (and thus its effect cancels out). 4 Fiction during motion is negligible. 5
There is no acceleration of the plate. 6 The water splashes off the sides of the plate in a plane normal to the jet. 6 J et flow is
nearly uniform and thus the effect of the momentum-flux correction factor is negligible, 1.
Analysis We take the plate as the control volume. The relative velocity between the plate and the jet is V when the
plate is stationary, and 1.5V when the plate is moving with a velocity V towards the plate. Then the momentum equation
for steady one-dimensional flow in the horizontal direction reduces to

=
in out
V m V m F

i i R i i R
V m F V m F = =

Stationary plate: ( AV AV m V V
i i i
= = = and ) F AV F
R
= =
2


Moving plate: ( ) 5 . 1 ( and 5 . 1 V A AV m V V
i i i
= = = )
F AV V A F
R
25 . 2 25 . 2 ) 5 . 1 (
2 2
= = =

Therefore, the force required to hold the plate stationary against the oncoming water jet becomes 2.25 times greater
when the jet velocity becomes 1.5 times greater.
Discussion Note that when the plate is stationary, V is also the jet velocity. But if the plate moves toward the stream
with velocity V, then the relative velocity is 1.5V, and the amount of mass striking the plate (and falling off its sides) per
unit time also increases by 50%.


1/2V
V
Waterjet
F
Rx
Liquid
Nozzle
V
y
x