A New Efficient Reconfiguration Approach Based on

Genetic Algorithm in PV Systems

M. Karakse
1
K. Murat
1
1
Firat University
Computer Engineering
Elazig, Turkey
mkarakose@firat.edu.tr kmurat@firat.edu.tr
E. Akn
1
K. S. Parlak
2

2
Firat University
Vocational School of Technical Sciences
Elazig, Turkey
eakin@firat.edu.tr ksparlak@firat.edu.tr


Abstract The purpose of reconfiguration process in PV
systems is to find the connection structure of the highest amount
of power obtained by the system under partial shading
conditions. In this paper, a new genetic-algorithm based
approach was presented for the reconfiguration. The system tries
to maximize the obtained power in the same sub-module
combining the ones that have the most approximate radiation
value to each other between the panels exposing to partial
shading. The proposed method only needs to short-circuit
currents pertaining to an adaptive and fixed panel as the input
parameter. So, it has a flexible structure that can work
independently from the hardware features of PV panels. It
creates the initial population generating random values by
benefiting from short-circuit current information it receives.
Based on these values, optimum connection diagram can be
obtained in a short time. The most important advantage of the
proposed algorithm is its applicability in PV systems including a
great number of panels and the efficient results it generated in
terms of the operating speed. For the test of the proposed
method, test data were obtained by the help of simulation
prepared in MATLAB-SIMULINK environment. Then, these
received data were used in genetic algorithm based
reconfiguration algorithm, and the required result was obtained.
The obtained results revealed that the proposed approach yielded
more efficient results in PV systems.
Keywords Reconfiguration, genetic algorithm, PV systems,
optimization.
I. INTRODUCTION
Partial shading in PV systems is an important factor
affecting the productivity of system. The decrease at the
amount of radiation falling upon the panels reduces the output
energy, as well [1]. There are two basic solutions in application
to draw more current from the system. One of these is
maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and the other is
reconfiguration [2].
MPPT is a method that aims operating of the system at a
maximum power point under any circumstances. There have
been several studies related to this subject in the literature
[3-10]. The basic approach in MPPT techniques is the follow-
up of the maximum point at P-V curve. By this means, it is
aimed to obtain constant maximum power from PV panels.
However, the applied MPPT techniques are special to the
system. Namely, it should be redesigned for each system that
will be applied. Moreover, these techniques depend upon the
connection types of PV series. That is, MPPT techniques try to
find the maximum power that can be obtained from the
connection at that time. Moreover, the system can have a
connection structure that can obtain higher power rather than
the shading conditions. Reconfiguration method is used to
overcome these disadvantages [11].
The process of reconfiguration aims to obtain maximum
power values changing the structure of the system in PV series
dynamically [12]. In the literature, there have been various
reconfiguration methods, and these techniques are inefficient in
big-size PV series. In their study Cheng et al. [13] proposed a
method that used sub-module stresses and open-circuit current
of PV cells. As presented in Fig. 1, the method included a fixed
panel, adaptive panel, and switching matrix. The study was
tested using a 3x10 PV panel, and the advantages of blurred
control were told about. In another study [14], Rough Sets
Theory (RST) was applied for the reconfiguration, and an
automatic reconfiguration system was proposed. A 3x2 PV
series was used for the test process.
In some approaches, switching was used upon the electrical
model of PV cells. In such kind of studies, because the
processes were re-performed for each PV, these become
disadvantageous in terms of both time and process complexity.

C
o
n
t
r
o
l

A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
Fixed Panel Adaptive Panel
I
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

M
a
t
r
i
x

C
i
r
c
u
i
t
R
V
1
, V
2
, , V
m
I
I
I
I
output
V
1
, V
2
, , V
m

Fig. 1. Reconfiguration approach in [13].
978-1-4799-2399-1/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 23
In their study, Velasco et al. [15] used Electric Array
Reconfiguration (EAR) strategy, and proposed a method
presenting a mathematical method. In the study, it was aimed
to minimize the difference between the maximum and
minimum radiance levels in a PV series, and 6 PV modules
were tested. In a similar study, El-Dein et al. [16] used a
bipolar m-throws switching circuit for the reconfiguration
process, and presented a global mathematical model. They
actualized the test process in a 6x4 series.
Some of the methods presented for the fixed PV systems
are designed through receiving the catalogue information or
some other input information of PV series, and applicability of
these methods do not have the adequate flexibility. The method
either depends upon the system that has the catalogue
information it uses or expects the calculation of values
measurement of which takes extra time. In the study of Cheng
[17], a model-based reconfiguration algorithm was presented.
The method requires the calculation of shading degree using
the photo-generated current of each sub-module.
The basic function of the reconfiguration method is its
having a connection type that will provide the maximum
power. In the literature, there are various algorithms that help
finding the best among the possible connection types.
However, these approaches are the methods that are
appropriate to be used in small-sized series and extend the
process of finding a result in big-sized series. In their study,
Nyugen et al. [18] presented a method that used the bubble sort
algorithm for the decision process. Although they performed
the test process in a 3x3 small-sized series, this does not seem
appropriate to a real-time study in big-sized series. Another
presented method [19], used bubble sort algorithm to determine
the optimum array connection. But it shows the test results for
3x3 series. This doesnt seem appropriate to apply a real time
system.
In this study, a new genetic algorithm-based
reconfiguration approach was presented. The method prepared
by using adaptive and fixed panels has the ability to operate as
real-time in PV systems at any sizes with the developed
reconfiguration algorithm. Especially in genetic based
reconfiguration algorithm section, it was provided to calculate
the possible connection types, then to determine the connection
series that will give the maximum power based on the random
values created by the system instead of eliminating. By this
means, the system finds the connection structure with the
maximum energy much faster, and responds to varying partial
shading conditions much quicker. Furthermore, the presented
method has a flexible structure operating independently from
the system features. As the input parameters, it only receives
short-circuit currents pertaining only to adaptive and fixed
panels. Because it does not require any catalogue information,
voltage or temperature information except from this
information, it provides direct applicability upon different
systems. Under partial shading conditions, the effects of the
proposed method were tested in simulations at the end of the
study. The obtained results approved the advantages of the
method.


II. RECONFIGURATION FOR PV ARRAYS

A PV cell has the ability to absorb the solar energy and
convert this energy into electric energy via the photons [20].
This obtained energy can be usable so long as the radiation
over the cell continues. Moreover, formation of partial shading
over the cells causes the productivity to decrease under both
individual and simultaneous operating conditions in these cells
[21]. In order to affect at a minimum level from this negative
situation, PV cells can be connected in series or parallels while
operating. However, only these connection types can be
inadequate in module-based studies. For that reason, three
different connection types are used for PV modules. These
connection types presented in Fig. 2 are S&P, TCT, and BL
type connections. But, these connection types also vary in
terms of productivity [16, 22].
Reconfiguration is one of the methods used to overcome
negative situation caused by the partial shading in PV series
operating within the scope of a system. In this method, the
system is predicated to rearrange itself according to varying
radiation. By this means, a dynamic operation is provided
instead of a fixed connection structure. It is aimed to provide
the maximum power that can be obtained from the series under
any circumstances.
The system includes three basic parts in a reconfiguration
process that will be actualized in a PV system. These parts are
fixed panel, adaptive panel, and switching matrix circuit [2].
The fixed panel is the main operating part of the system that
has more PV cells. During the process, it does not undergo a
change and is fixed. Each line on this panel creates the sub-
modules, and it included mxn number of panels (m number of
sub-modules including n number of cells) (F
1
, F
2
,, F
m
). The
second part is adaptive panel. This part includes m number of
panels connected to each sub-module (A
1
, A
2
,, A
m
). Under
uniform radiation conditions, each panel in the adaptive panel
connects to a sub-module over the fixed panel. The third basic
part is switching matrix circuit providing the connection
between the adaptive and fixed panels. Each switch in this
circuit presented in Fig. 3 is designed in a way that will connect
any PV panels in adaptive panel to any sub-modules in fixed
panels. Because each panel is bipolar, the total switch element
number in a switching matrix circuit will be 2x(m x m).




a) b) c)
Fig. 2. Array configurations for reducing the power loss under partial
shading a) SP configuration b) TCT configuration c) BL configuration


24
S(1,1)
S(1,2)
S(1,m)
S(2,1)
S(m,1)
A
1 A
2
A
m
F
1
F
2
F
m

Fig. 3. Switching matrix circuit for reconfiguration

The reconfiguration process starts when the value of
radiation over the system changes, namely when the partial
shading occurs. The system generates the required input values
according to the radiance amount over the sub-modules in the
fixed panel. These values are directed to a decision-making
mechanism expected to find a connection order providing the
maximum power that can be obtained by the system
simultaneously. The result obtained here is directed to
switching matrix circuit by the help of a controller as the
subsequent stage. Through this stage, the order of connection
between the adaptive panel and fixed panel is established, and a
new connection order to the system of sub-modules in the fixed
panel is provided.
III. PROPOSED APPROACH
The most important process for the reconfiguration in PV
series is the presence of optimum configuration order. The
main difficulty here is the great number of the way of possible
connections as the size of the series increase. In this study, a
very efficient approach that provides the applicability of
reconfiguration algorithms in real-time and big series sizes was
presented. For example, in a series that have a 10 x 10 panel,
determining the best of billions of possibilities is impossible or
hard to apply. However, in this study it was possible to perform
reconfiguration in systems under any sizes and conditions
through the genetic based reconfiguration algorithm. The block
diagram of the proposed approach could be seen in Fig. 4.
A. PV System Structure
The structure of the proposed approach includes three basic
blocks. The first one is the fixed panel part connected through a
TCT connection structure including m number of sub-modules.
The connection structure in this part is fixed during the
operation. The second part is the adaptive panel including
panels as many as the number of sub-modules in the fixed
panel. The third part is the switching matrix circuit connecting
the adaptive and fixed panels to each other. This circuit is
designed in a way in which it will connect a panel in the
adaptive part to a sub-module in fixed part. The data acquired
from the fixed and adaptive panels are transferred to a data
acquisition unit. The acquired data are sent to control algorithm
for data processing, and the obtained optimum result is directed
to a switching matrix circuit by the help of a controller, and
actualized on the system.
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g

M
a
t
r
i
x

C
i
r
c
u
i
t
Adaptive Panel Fixed Panel
Data
Acquisition
Optimization
Based
Reconfiguration
Algorithm
Controller
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
m
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
m
I
(sc)
A
I
(sc)
F

Fig. 4. Block diagram of proposed reconfiguration approach

The purpose of the method proposed in this study is to
determine the sub-modules and the panels that have the most
proximate radiation and shading values among the ones in PV
series. So, current limiting and productivity loss that can arise
from the type of connection will be decreased.
B. Data Acquisition
When the other methods in the literature are analyzed, it
can be noticed that from the system processes can be
actualized calculating several input values such as
temperature, voltage, and shading degree. However, because
including these values into reconfiguration process after
calculation takes much time and cost, it affects the
performance negatively. Short circuit currents include
processes that are easy to be measured and do not cause waste
of time. By this means, it does not affect the performance of
the system rather than the other data types. Therefore, short
circuit current were used as the input parameter in study of the
proposed method. Short circuit currents of the adaptive panel
(I
(sc)
A) and short circuit currents of the fixed panel (I
(sc)
F) were
included into the data acquisition unit.

C. Optimization Based Reconfiguration Algorithm
In the reconfiguration processes in other studies, finding
the possible connection orders, and choosing of the optimum
ones among these take too much time. And this causes the
system to respond to the partial shading conditions late and the
productivity to decrease. In this study, a genetic based
reconfiguration algorithm was presented. Because genetic
algorithms reveal fast and efficient results, these are the
methods preferred in real-time applications [23, 24]. Using the
genetic algorithm here, highly beneficial results were obtained
in order to find the most optimum of the possible connection
configurations especially in big sizes. The flow diagram of the
proposed approach was presented in Fig. 5.

Creating the beginning population: A sample connection
definition showing the structure of the chromosomes creating
25

Create the beginning population
by using short-circuit currents
Apply the fitnnes function
Crossing
Mutation
New generation
Whether if reached
maximum iteration or
solution
End
Start
Y N
Selection
Fig. 5. Flow diagram of genetic based algorithm

the population was presented in Table I. F indicates the fixed
panel in the system, and A indicates the adaptive panel in the
system.

According to the sample connection in Table I; A
1
and A
3
terminals were connected to F
1
, A
2
terminal was connected to
F
2
and F
3
was left as blank. According to this, we obtain a
three-bit value for each F indicating the connected terminal
values with disconnected terminal values. The nine-bit
expression created when we bring these values together was
shown in Fig. 6(a). The beginning population pertaining to our
genetic based algorithm will include the chromosomes that
have the aforementioned structure. Each chromosome was
mxm byte, and determined as random.

Applying the fitness funtion: The first step for the fitness
value that will be calculated for each chromosome in
optimization algorithm is the control of the chromosomes
validity. Namely, it is to provide the elimination of the
chromosomes connection structure of which are not possible
from the others. For this, the values corresponding to F bits in
each chromosome are added. The bits in the obtained result
were multiplied. If the obtained value is 1, it is added with
0, and if different from 1, it is added with X
max
. X
max
, is the
TABLE I. A SAMPLE CONNECTION BETWEEN ADAPTIVE AND FIXED
PANEL
Statik Ksm Adaptif Ksm
F1 A1,A3
F2 A2
F3 -


maximum value a chromosome can take from this process.
When the chromosome structure in Fig. 6(a) is applied to the
process, the situation in Fig. 6(b) is obtained.

Short circuit currents are used for the second step in
determining the genetic based reconfiguration algorithm. If
I
(sc)
F is taken as the short circuit current pertaining to the fixed
part, and I
(sc)
A is taken as the short circuit current of the
adaptive part, then Y value is calculated by the help of
Equations (1) (4).

n i I I I
i
A sc F sc i sc
i
,... 2 , 1 ,
) ( ) ( ) (
= + = (1)
] ,..., , max[ max
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 n
sc sc sc
I I I I = (2)
] ,..., , min[ min
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 n
sc sc sc
I I I I = (3)
I I Y min max = (4)

Finally, fitness function should be as such:

Y X x fitness * ) ( = (5)

Selection, Crossing and Mutation: The process of selection
among the chromosomes is performed as random. The
crossing is actualized through the randomly chosen two
chromosomes. Within each chromosome, two-point crossing
process is performed with a randomly chosen index. The
mutation process is actualized through the transformation of a
gene within a randomly chosen chromosome.

Creating new generation: The new chromosomes obtained
as result of the crossing and mutation are added to the
population. Then, the three chromosomes with the biggest
value of fitness function are excluded from the population.

Evaluation: Whether the required maximum iteration or
repeated solution can be obtained or not is controlled, and the
termination of the application is decided.
A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3
F1
1 0 1
F2
0 1 0
F3
0 0 0
a)

F1 F2 F3
+ + = 111
1 * 1 * 1 = 1 X = 1 + 0 = 1
101 010 000
b)
Fig. 6. Bits of array connection a) Chromosome structure b) Method to
eliminate the connections which cannot apply
26
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this study, the testing of the proposed method was
actualized with two different simulations. The first one was the
testing process performed using the 3 x 3 size system. The
second simulation was performed increasing the PV series up
to 10 sub-modules. Short circuit currents used in simulations
were obtained using the PV system model prepared in
MATLAB-SIMULINK environment before. The testing
process was actualized in a computer with Intel Core i7-
2630QM 2.00 GHz processor and 8 GB RAM.
In the first simulation study, different radiation values were
given to PV panels, and partial shading conditions were
created. The radiation values obtained under these conditions
were presented in Table II. The short circuit currents measured
for these radiation values were as presented in Table III. The
method proposed using these values was tested accepting the
crossing process as 3 bits and mutation rate as 0.01. The way of
connection obtained as the result, the period of obtaining, and
the rate of obtaining were given in Table IV with different
beginning populations. These results obtained through the
proposed method were compared with the reconfiguration
approaches used in two different studies [18, 19]. During this
comparison, the input parameters of the three methods and the
periods for the approaches to obtain a result were regarded
as basic. The obtained comparison results were presented in
Table V. In the second simulation study, the test was
performed increasing the number of used PV series between 4
and 10. The period to find the optimum connection order
pertaining to three different methods and the obtained results
TABLE II. RADIATION VALUES OF PV SYSTEM
No Adaptive Panel (W/m2) Fixed Panel (W/m2)
1 300 1,000 900 800
2 700 600 500 400
3 700 400 200 300
TABLE III. SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT VALUES OF PV SYSTEM
No Adaptive Panel (A) Fixed Panel (A)
1 1.1380 4.1740
2 2.6560 6.8300
3 2.6560 10.2400
TABLE IV. RESULTS FOR THE FIRST SUMULATION
The number
of
chromosome
in beginning
population
Connection
Process
time (ms)
Ratio of
true result
(%)
F1 F2 F3
10 000 000 111 66 22
20 000 000 111 298 45
50 000 000 111 729 89
100 000 000 111 2,539 100
300 000 000 111 21,667 100
TABLE V. COMPARISON OF BUBBLE SORT, MODEL BASED VE GENETIC
BASED METHODS
Reconfiguration Method Input Parameter
Process time
(ms)
Bubble sort [19] Short circuit currents 1,478
Model-Based[18]
Photo-generated
currents
686
Our Genetic-Based Short circuit currents 300

were given in Table VI. The comparison of these result values
was simulated through MATLAB, and the obtained graphic
was shown in Fig. 7.
When both simulation results were analyzed, the
performance of the proposed method under partial shading
conditions could be noticed. When the obtained results were
analyzed in the first test process, we can say that the input
parameters and the used method were efficient during the
result-finding period. Especially when the results obtained for
the bubble-sort method and the proposed method were
analyzed, it can be noticed that although both methods took the
same input parameters, there was nearly four-fold difference
among the periods to obtain a result. In the second test process,
we could see the difference among the three methods more
clearly when the number of sub-modules in PV system was
increased. Especially in 4 or more PV series, the number of
possible connection types reach to fairly high numbers. So, the
method used to find the most optimum among these connection
types is the determining factor in response speed of the system.
TABLE VI. TEST RESULTS FOR MORE PV SERIES
Number
of sub-
modules
Bubble sort[19]
(ms)
Model-Based[18]
(ms)
Our Genetic-
Based (ms)
4 24,576 10,800 6,000
5 375,000 148,576 18,000
6 5,598,720 2,188,320 36,000
7 84,707,280 28,646,680 75,000
8 1,321,205,760 587,202,560 90,000
9 21,427,701,120 10,523,422,720 105,000
10 362,880,000,000 151,280,000,000 240,000

4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
2
4
6
8
10
x 10
7
Number of sub-modules
T
i
m
e

(
m
s
)

Bubble Sort Method
Model Based Method
Genetic Based Method

Fig. 7. Comparison result for more PV sub-modul.
27
When the graphic in Fig. 7 was analyzed, it could be noticed
that the proposed method was more appropriate for the big-size
systems rather than the other methods.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, a new genetic algorithm based reconfiguration
approach has been proposed to increase the productivity of PV
systems which decreased in their rate under the partial shading
conditions. The system was prepared using an adaptive panel, a
switching matrix circuit, and a fixed panel connected in TCT
structure. The series were exposed to partial shading using a
PV system model prepared in MATLAB-SIMULINK
environment, and the short circuit currents were calculated.
These obtained short circuit currents were given to the
developed genetic based reconfiguration algorithm, and the
optimum connection order was found. In simulation studies,
two different test results pertaining to the proposed method
were presented. Firstly, the method was operated upon a
system at a 3x3 low level, and the obtained results were
experimented at a similar level, and compared with different
studies. In the second simulation study, the system was tested
using more numbers of sub-modules, and the comparison
results were presented through different methods. When both
test results were considered, it was noticed that the proposed
reconfiguration method was faster than the other methods, and
was more applicable in operation of real-time systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study has been supported by The Scientific and
Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 1001
Programme) under Research Project No: 112E214.
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