1/30/2014

1
Nidhika Birla
A.P, Dept. of Electronics Engg.
Sendai subway: 16 stations and 13.5 km route, designed by
Hitachi
Washing machines that measure weight, saturation time and
water clarity in order to set program cycles
Portable camcorders with automatic focus and anti-jitter
Vacuum cleaners that measure air dust to set suction power
Microwave ovens that measure temperature, humidity,
weight of food to set time and power.
1/30/2014
2
Sugeno designed a voice controlled system to operate
an unmanned helicopter
Anti-Lock Braking Systems: Nissan, Mitsubishi. Honda,
Mazda, Hyunday, BMW, Bosch and Peugeot
Suspension, transmission and fuel injector systems are
usual.
Hitachi uses approximately 150 rules to trade in
Japanese bonds and futures
Yamaichi Securities uses hundreds of rules to manage a
stock fund
Anaesthesia Control and Fuzzy Data Analysis for Cardio-
Anaesthesia
Air
conditioning
Mitsubishi,
Hitachi, Sharp
Avoids temperature oscillations
and saves energy
Electronic
fuel injection
NOK/Nissan Injection based on throttle, O2
tax, water temperature, RPM, etc
Steel Nippon Steel Mix inputs and controls time and
temperature
Golf Maruman Golf
Club
Chooses clubs
Lifts Fujitec Improves response time based on
traffic
1/30/2014
3
AI is the activity of providing such
machines as computers with the ability to
display behaviours that would be regarded
as intelligent if it were observed in
humans (R. McLeod)
AI is the study of agents that exist in an
environment, perceive and act. (S. Russel
and P. Norvig)
AI emphasizes symbolic processing
Acts on higher levels of intelligence
AI seeks to understand
1/30/2014
4
Acts on lower levels of Intelligence
Uses learning extensively
Pattern recognition and heuristics play
important roles
Fuzzy Logic
Artificial Neural Networks
Evolutionary Systems
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
1/30/2014
5
Fuzzy Logic
Artificial Neural Networks
Evolutionary Systems
Swarm Intelligence
Hybrid Systems
Logic that deals mathematically with imprecise
information usually employed by humans.
Multi-valued logic that extends Boolean logic
usually employed in computer science.
1/30/2014
6
Used to alleviate difficulties in developing and
analysing complex control systems.
Function approximator
Decision systems
Who is greater than 1.80 m?
Who is tall?
Who weighs more than 60 kg?
Who is heavy?
The driver was heavy and tall.
1/30/2014
7
Macedonian philosopher who lived
between 384 e 322 AC
Studied under Plato in the Academy
Creator of formal logic
His father Nichomachus was court physician to King
Amyntas
Associates the spirit of observation and a
classification instinct
He was considered during the middle ages the
philosopher
He shaped much of the western mind.
1/30/2014
8
Objects are separated on very clear categories
One object either belongs to a category or
another
Either you are or not
Helps to separate objects into well defined
categories.
Every language is vague.
All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise
symbols are being employed. It is therefore not
applicable to this terrestrial life, but only to an
imagined celestial one.
Everything is vague to a degree you do not realize till
you have tried to make it precise.
Bertrand Russel
1/30/2014
9
As far as the laws of Mathematics refer to
reality, they are not certain; and as far as they
are certain, they do not refer to reality.
Albert Einstein
Happy people
Small rooms
High temperatures
Faster cars
High tax rates
High people
1/30/2014
10
Bertrand Russel, while trying to formalize Mathematic
had difficulties due to the liars paradox.
I am lying.
If Eubulides statement was true, then he is lying
when he says I am lying and so he isn't, i.e. his
statement is false.
If his statement is false, then he isn't lying when he
tells us he is, and so his statement is true.
Consider the set of all sets that are not
members of its own set. Is it a member of this
set?
If it is a member then it is not, but if it is not
then it is.
1/30/2014
11
Variable: AGE
Middle-Aged: 40 Years AGE < 55 Years
Old-Aged: AGE 55 Years
Is a person with age 54 Years 364 Days 23 Hours
59 Minutes 59 Seconds Old-Aged?
NO
Is a person with age 55 Years Old-Aged?
YES
Middle - Aged
Old - Aged
Age
Age
M
.
G
.
M
.
G
.
1
1
40 55
40 55
Age
Age
M
.
G
.
M
.
G
.
1
1
40 55
40 55
60
60
35
70 75 75
0.5
0.5
57
1/30/2014
12
Lotfy Zadeh. Fuzzy Sets, Information na Control,
1965
Principle of Incompatibility
As the complexity of a system increases, our ability to
make precise yet significant descriptions about its
behaviour diminishes until a threshold is reached beyond
which precision and significance (or relevance) become
almost mutually exclusive characteristics.
Lofty Zadeh
Vagueness (Russel 1923)
Einstein (1937)
As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality,
they are not certain, and as far as they are certain,
they do not refer to reality.
Fuzzy logic invention:
Lotfi Zadeh (1965), although the ideas can be
traced back to earlier works (1962).
Zadeh (1968-73), fuzzy algorithms,fuzzy decision
making, Principle of incompatibility, fuzzy control.
1/30/2014
13
Fuzzy follow up:
Mamdani, first practical demonstration (1974 )
Applying Fuzzy Logic for control of steam engine
First fuzzy controller, Holmblad 1978.
First commercial applications in 1981.
Establishing of International Fuzzy System
Association (IFSA). (1984)
In 1994, Japan exported products worth $35 billion
that use fuzzy logic !
Traditional or Crisp Logic
No
Yes
Fuzzy Logic
No
Slightly
Somewhat
Sort of
A few
Mostly
Yes, Absolutely
1/30/2014
14
Yes Yes
No No
No No
Yes Yes
If the interest rate is high and the deficit is high
then there will be a recession
If rush hour then diminish the interval
between busses
If the tyre skids then loose the brake a bit
If the soil is very dry then water it for very long
time
1/30/2014
15
Measure Fuzzified Measure
Temp = 35

Temp = high,
high
(t)=0.8
Temp = 48 Temp = high,
high
(t)=1.0
Age = 35 Idade = middle,
middle
(i)=0.8
Grade = 10.0 Grade = A,
A
(t)=1.0
Grade = 8.5 Grade = A,
A
(t)=0.87
Fuzzy logic provides a method to formalize
reasoning when dealing with vague terms.
It is based on possibility theory.
1/30/2014
16
Fuzzy systems are knowledge-based or rule-
based systems.
The heart of a fuzzy system is a knowledge base
consisting of the so-called fuzzy IF-THEN rules.
A fuzzy IF-THEN rule is an IF-THEN statement in
which some words are characterized by
continuous membership functions.
XX Y=F(X) Y=F(X)
Function F(x) is unknown Function F(x) is unknown
1/30/2014
17
Fuzzification
Module
Inference
Engine
Defuzzication
Engine
Knowledge Base
(Rule Base and
Data Base)
Crisp
Inputs
Crisp
Outputs
Maps input
values in crisp
sets to values in
fuzzy sets
Simulates
decision making
capability of
human brain
Converts the
fuzzy output to
corresponding
crisp output
Database provides
necessary definitions
of linguistic variables
and fuzzy data
manipulation
Rulebase
represents in a
structured way
the control
policy of the
domain expert
1/30/2014
18
Fuzzy logic is flexible.
Fuzzy logic is based on natural language.
Better way of dealing with
Ill-defined systems, imprecise knowledge, incomplete
information, complex and non-linear systems.
Use rules that express imprecision of the real world.
Easy to understand, test and maintain.
Easy to be prototyped.
Robust. It operates even when there is lack of rules or
wrong rules.
Circumvents the need for rigorous mathematical
treatment.
Provides a better way of dealing with the linguistic
expressions
Can be blended with conventional techniques.
Reduction of development and maintenance time.
1/30/2014
19
Need more tests and simulation as stability
studying criteria is not available.
Shortage of trained personnel.
Difficult to establish correct rules.
Lack of precise mathematical model.
If you find Fuzzy Logic is not convenient, try
something else.
If a simpler solution already exists, use it.
1/30/2014
20
Is fuzzy logic probability ?
Find a fuzzy product description.
Find fuzzy development tools.
Fuzzy Mathematics