Neurotransmitters:

Acetylcholine
muscle action learning and memory
Alzheimer people have acetylcholine deficiency
Black widow & botox interferes/blocks
ABA !amma Aminobutyric Acid"
Brain#s brake pedal$ keeps many neurons from firing
%ow levels linked w/ anxiety
lutamate
%earning and memory
&oo much triggers migraine and seizures
Norepinephrine
'ontrol alertness
&oo little causes depression
&oo much triggers agitated states
Dopamine
(elps control voluntary movement
Affects sleep) mood) attention) learning) and the ability to recognize opportunities for rewarding
experiences in the environment
%ow levels associated w/ parkinson
(igh levels associated w/ schizophrenia
Serotonin
*leep) mood) attention) and learning
+, known types of serotonin !pathways" receptors in the brain
%ow levels associated w/ depression
Endorphins
*hields from pain & elevates feelings of pleasure
-orphine mimics
Oxytocin
.mportant role in experience of love and social bonding
/rugs and Neurotransmitters
Agonist
-imic/increase neurotransmitter effect0 1x0 -orhpine
Antagonist
Blocks neurotransmitter effect0 1x0 Botox
Neural networks
%arge 2#s of neurons !interconnected" work together to integrate incoming information and coordinate
outgoing information0
Brain: (indbrain -idbrain 3orebrain
4egions: 5rimitive 3eeling &hinking
-edulla
breathing and reflexes
'erebellum
motor coordination
5ons
sleep and arousal
Amygdala
3ear and intense emotions
Hippocampus
.nvolved in memory
Hypothalamus
-onitors eating) drinking) sex) emotion) stress) and reward
'erebral 'ortex !thinking": 6uter layer of brain
-ost complex mental functions take place like thinking and planning
3rontal 'ortex: .nvolved in reasoning) decision making process) self7regulation
%eft hemisphere
4ational
%ogic and se8uence
-ath
*peech and grammar
4ight hemisphere
.ntuition
5atterns and configuration
*patial perception
9isual recognition
1motion
1ach hemisphere has : lobes:
6ccipital
4esponds to visual stimuli like color) shape) and motion
&emporal
.nvolved in hearing) language processing) and memory
3rontal
.nvolved in personality) intelligence) and the control of voluntary muscles
5arietal
4egisters spatial location) attention) and motor control
'orpus 'allosum
&hick band of axons that connects the two hemispheres
Allows continuous flow of information
Broca area & ;ernicke area
Both in left hemisphere
Broca area
'ontrol of speech
;ernicke area
.nvolved in understanding language
*pinal cord
Around +<in long) from brain to lower back
5rotected by spinal column !backbone"
*ends and receives information from entire body and brain
5eripheral nervous system extends to the rest of the body from the spinal cord
1lectrical recording
11 1lectroencephalograph 7/etects brain wave activities
Brain .maging
'A& scan
51& scan
-4.
f-4.
Neurogenesis
New neurons are generated
6nly been documented in hippocampus
'ollateral *prouting
Axons of healthy neurons ad=acent to damaged cells grow new branches
*ubstitution of function
/amaged region#s function is taken over by another area of areas of the brain
1ndocrine system
set of glands regulating some organ#s activities by releasing chemicals into blood
lands
organs/tissues which creates chemicals that controls many bodily functions
(ormones
chemicals produced from endocrine glands
carried to bloodstream to all of the body
5ituitary land
controls growth and regulate other glands
regulated by hypothalamus
Adrenal glands
located at top of each kidney
responsible for regulating moods) energy levels) and ability to cope with stress
5ancreas
dual purpose gland performing digestive and endocrine functions
insulin controls glucose levels
*ex related glands
produce hormones related to sexual development and reproduction
important role in developing sexual characteristics and behavior
ovaries7estrogen
testes7 testosterone
&hyroid
front of neck below adam#s apple
regulates metabolism
thyroid disease linked to depression
enetics
branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
regor -endel7 *tudied heredity in generations of pea plants0 /iscovered predictable patterns of
heredity0
-olecular genetics
manipulation of genes using technology to determine their effect on behavior
*elective breeding
organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display
Behavior genetics
study of the degree and nature of heredity#s influence on behavior
(uman 'ell
basic structural unit of life0 Body has trillions
nucleus has chromosomes !threadlike structures w/ >? pairs"
genes7 dna segment
dna7 complex molecule w/ hereditary information
/ominant/4ecessive genes
some more likely to show up in physical characteristics of an organism
if one is dominant and the other is recessive) dominant gene overrides
recessive only shows up if both genes of a pair are recessive
enotype
actual genetic material and potential
5henotype
individual#s observable characteristics0 Both physical and psychological characteristics
'h0 ,
*tates of 'onsciousness
@nit ?
*ensory 4eceptor 'ells 7 specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory
nerves and the brain
*enses 6rgans A eyes) ears) skin) nose) tongue
*ensation A 5rocess of receiving stimulus energies !light) sound) heat" from the external environment
and transforming those energies into neural energy" through the sensory nerves
5erception A 5rocess of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning0
*ub=ective
Attention A 5rocess of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment0 *hiftable
*elective Alteration !cocktail party effect" A Act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while
ignoring others
.nattentional Blindness A ;hat#s missed when attention shifts
*ensory Adaptation A 'hange in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of
surrounding stimulation
5erson 5erception A 4efers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of
others
5erceptual *et A 5redisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way
estalt A erman for configuration or form
estalt psychology A ;hole is different than sum of its parts
'h0 B %earning A *ystematic) relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Associative learning A %earning that occurs when we make a connection and/or association between
two events
'onditioning A 5rocess of learning these associations
'lassical 'onditioning A 5roposed by .van 5avlov$ %earning process in which a neutral stimulus
becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and ac8uires the capacity to elicit a similar response
6perant 'onditioning A
4einforcement 7
5ositive reinforcement 7
Negative reinforcement 7
5unishment 7
5ositive punishment 7
Negative punishment 7
1xtinction 7
&horndike#s %aw of 1ffect 7
6bservational %earning 7
-indset: &erm used to describe the way our beliefs about ability dictate what goals we set for ourselfs0
3ixed) rowth0
-emory: 4etention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes0
1ncoding: process of remembering0 *ome is auto0
*torage: retention of info over time and how it#s represented in memory0
*ensory memory: real world0 'an#t actually rememberC
explicit memory: conscious recollection0 *pecific facts/events verb comm0
.mplicit memory: unconscious0 (abits and skills0 1ating0 -em which behavior is affected by prior exp0
;ith no mem of exp0
4etrieval: mem process occurs when retained info comes out
serial position effect:
retrieval tasks: recall) recognition0
4etrieval cues: specificity !look for specific0 irl with red hair") context
flashbulb memory: mem of emot sig0 1vents that people recall w/ more acc0 And vivid imagery than
everyday events0
5rospective memory: remembering info about doing something in the future0 .ntentions) goals) due
date0
.ntelligence: All purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks) to solve problems) and to learn from
experience0
Analytical7
creative7
practical7