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MECHATRONIC SYSTEM
DESIGN
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Outlines
Conditioning Circuits
Circuits Elements
Power Supply
DC Voltage Divider
AC Voltage Divider
Wheatstone Bridge
Operational Amplifiers
Filters
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Introduction
Conditioning Circuits Conditioning Circuits Conditioning Circuits Conditioning Circuits
A signal conditioning circuit contains many
elements that are used to:
Adjust the level of signal.
Remove noise fromthe signal
Convert the signal
It can also be used to:
Supply power to the sensor circuit
Protect the sensor circuit.
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Circuits Elements Circuits Elements Circuits Elements Circuits Elements
Power supply
Voltage divider/ Wheatstone bridge
Amplifiers
Filters
DAC/ ADC
See in DAQ
Power Supply
Battery
Advantages:
Least expensive
Constant voltage
Large current flow.
Disadvantages:
Voltage decay with time under load
Replaced when dead
Recharged when empty
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Zener Diode
A zener diode can be used to regulate the output voltage
froma battery.
As long as V
s
>V
z
in reverse bias, the output voltage V
o
= V
z
V
s
V
z
Power Supply
We could also use the AC line power supply.
But we need to regulate it (convert AC to DC).
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The transformer converts the main supply to low
output AC voltage..
Power Supply
Power Supply
The rectifier converts the low AC voltage
to a varying DC voltage.
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Power Supply
A capacitor can be used to smooth the
varying DC voltage.
Power Supply
The ripples can be removed by using a
regulator (a circuit with zener diodes)..
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DC Voltage Divider
DC voltage divider
AC Voltage Divider
The two impedance voltage divider is used often to
supply a voltage different from that of an available AC
signal source.
In application the output voltage depends upon the
impedance of the load it drives.
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Voltage Divider
Q: What happens when R
1
and R
2
is changed by
R
1
and R
2
? What is the expression for V
out
?
Q: What happens when Z
1
and Z
2
is changed by
Z
1
and Z
2
? What is the expression for V
out
?
Wheatstone Bridge
A basic Wheatstone bridge circuit contains four resistances,
a constant voltage input, and a voltage gage, as illustrated
below.
For a given voltage input V
in
, the currents flowing through
ABC and ADC depend on the resistances, i.e.,
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Wheatstone Bridge
The voltage drops from A to B and from
A to D are given by,
The voltage gage reading V
g
can then be obtained
from,
Wheatstone Bridge
Now suppose that all
resistances can change during
the measurement.
The corresponding change in
voltage reading will be
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Wheatstone Bridge
If the bridge is initially
balanced, the initial voltage
reading V
g
should be zero. This
yields the following relationship
between the four resistances,
Application:
Typical strain gauge resistances range
from 30 to 3 k (unstressed).
used in mechanical engineering research
and measure the stresses generated by
machinery. Aircraft component testing,
linkages, and any other critical component
of an airframe to measure stress.
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ABDULLAH IBNU AL-ABBAS
Bertukar fikiran tentang ilmu sebahagian
daripada malam, lebih disukai daripada
berbuat ibadah di malam hari
Sesiapa yang memiliki empat perkara itu,
dia beruntung iaitu benar, malu, bagus
akhlak dan zuhud.
Amplifiers
The amplifier is the most important component
in a measurement system.
The ratio output/input is the gain, G of the
amplifier.
If the input voltage is vi and the output is v
o
, then
v
o
=Gv
i
+
-
Inverting
input
Noninverting
input
Output
Invert
Noninvert
V-
V+
Output
NC
1 8
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Amplifiers
An Operational amplifier is a circuit that contain
transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors to form an
amplification circuit.
There are several types of operational amplifiers:
Inverting & non-inverting
Differential amplifier
Voltage Follower
Summing amplifier
Comparator
Integrating amplifier
Differentiating amplifier
Amplifiers
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Ideal Op-Amp
Infinite voltage gain
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Zero input offset
Practical Op-Amp
Very high voltage gain
Very high input impedance
Very low output impedance.
Output voltage offset.
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Voltage Follower
Input signal is at the non-
inverting input.
Negative feedback
Gain is 1
V
out
=V
in
Used to remove the high input impedance. The
load will see a low input impedance(from the
output of the amplifier).
Voltage Follower application
The voltage follower is often used for the
construction of buffers for logic circuits.
The buffer is a single-input device which
has a gain of 1, mirroring the input at the
output. It has value for impedance
matching and for isolation of the input and
output.
B
Low input
impedance
A
High output
impedance
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Inverting Op-Amp
Signal is applied to the inverting input
Non-inverting input is grounded
Negative feedback
Close loop gain:
1
R
f
R
in
V
out
V
AVCL = =
Example:
Calculate Voltage gain of the inverting
Op-amp if the R1 = 20k and Rf =
300k
Ans : -15
Non-Inverting Op-Amp
Signal is applied to the non-inverting input
Inverting input is grounded.
Negative feedback
Close loop gain:

+ = =
1
R
f
R
1
in
V
out
V
AVCL
Example:
Calculate Voltage gain of the non inverting
op-amp . Given R1=150k and Rf=30k.
Ans : 6
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Application : Strain Gauge
Half-Bridge Arrangement
Using KCL at the inverting and non-inverting
terminals of the op amp we find that
~ V
o
= 2R(R
f
/R
2
)
R + R
R
f
+
-
+
V
0
__
+ V
cc
- V
cc
-
+
R
f
V
ref R
R - R
R
Op amp used to amplify
output from strain gauge
Summing inverting Amplifier
Signals are applied to the inverting input.
Non-inverting input is grounded.
Negative feedback
Example :
Calculate the output voltage for the
circuit if the Rf = 200 K , R1 = 10K,
R2=50K , R3=15 K, V1=V2=V3=0.8 V.
Find the output voltage of the following
Summing Amplifier circuit.
Ans : Vout= - 45 mV

+ + =
3
R
3
V
2
R
2
V
1
R
1
V
f
R
out
V
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Summing non inverting Amplifier
Signals are applied to the non inverting input.
Inverting input is grounded.
Positive feedback
Example :
Calculate the output voltage for the circuit if the Rf =
200 K , R1 = 10K, R2=50K , R3=15 K,
V1=V2=V3=0.8 V.

+ + =
3
R
3
V
2
R
2
V
1
R
1
V
f
R
out
V
Differential Amplifier
2 signal are applied.
Negative feedback
( )
1
V
2
V
1
R
2
R
out
V =
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Integrating Amplifier
Signals are applied to the inverting input.
Non-inverting input is grounded.
Negative feedback
V
out
=-(1/RC) V
in
dt
Differentiating Amplifier
Signals are applied to the inverting input.
Non-inverting input is grounded.
Negative feedback
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Comparator
Inverting
Non - Inverting
When two inputs are equal, output is 0 V
NON- INVERTING input is greater than inverting input by more than a small
fraction of volt then the output jumps to a steady positive saturation voltage.
INVERTING input greater than non-inverting input then output jumps to a
steady negative saturation voltage.
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EXAMPLE APPLICATION:
Filters
A filter is used to remove undesirable frequency
information froma dynamic signal.
Filter can be classified into the following:
Lowpass,
high pass,
band pass,
notch pass
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Filter Characteristics
Filter Characteristics
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Filter Characteristics
Passive/ Active Filters
Depending on the type of filter, we can define the
following:
f
c
= cut-off frequency
f
ch
=high cut-off frequency
f
cl
=lowcut-off frequency
f
r
=reject frequency
Magnitude ratio, M(f)
Dynamic error, (f)
Phase shift, (f)
Attenuation, dB (decibels)
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Filters Design
There are 2 main types of filters:
Passive filter: made of passive components such as
resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Active filter, employing operational amplifier.
Passive filters may be realized either with:
Resistors-capacitors: These are RC filters, and they are
the most used since they are easier and cheaper to
build.
Inductors-Capacitors. They are noted as LC filters, and
they have better performances.
The problems are: inductors are expensive, very difficult
to "tailor" to exact values, and they require shielding of
their electromagnetic field.
Passive Low-Pass Filter Design
A low pass filter allows low frequencies to pass
through the filter and blocks out high frequencies.
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Passive High-Pass Filter Design
A high pass filter does the opposite of a low pass
filter: blocks low frequencies and lets high
frequencies pass through.
Passive Band-Pass Filter Design
A band pass filter is like a low pass and a high pass
filter used in combination to isolate a group of
frequencies to pass through while everything else
gets cut out.
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Passive Notch-Pass Filter Design
A band reject filter is the opposite of a band pass
filter: a band of frequencies is blocked while
everything else is let through.
Further Readings
1. Bolton, W., Mechatronics: Electronic Control
Systems in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Chapter 3
2. D. G. Alciatore and M. B. Histand, "Introduction
to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems
Chapter 5
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