1.

Real Numbers
a. Rational Numbers
i. Natural
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
ii. Whole
1. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
iii. Integers
1. -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
b. Irrational Numbers
i. Cannot be written as a ratio
1. 0.33333333 is rational because it can be written as

2. Pi is irrational because it cant be written as a fraction
ii. Have no pattern of repeat
1. 0.321698715613819617 is irrational
2. 0.125125125125125125 is rational
2. Sets
a. This symbol opens a set { this symbol closes it }
b. Union
i. Union puts two sets together
ii. if A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {1, 2, 4} then A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
c. Intersection
i. Intersection finds common numbers between sets
1. If A = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} then A n B = {2, 4, 8}
3. Exponents
















Law Example
x
1
= x 6
1
= 6
x
0
= 1 7
0
= 1
x
-1
= 1/x 4
-1
= 1/4
- x
2
= - (x
2
) - 4
2
= - (4
2
) = - (16) = - 16
x
m
x
n
= x
m+n
x
2
x
3
= x
2
+
3
= x
5

x
m
/x
n
= x
m-n
x
6
/x
2
= x
6-2
= x
4

(x
m
)
n
= x
m*n
(x
2
)
3
= x
2
*
3
= x
6

(xy)
n
= x
n
y
n
(xy)
3
= x
3
y
3

(x/y)
n
= x
n
/y
n
(x/y)
2
= x
2
/ y
2

x
-n
= 1/x
n
x
-3
= 1/x
3

a. Scientific Notation
i. Tells you how many times the decimal is moved
ii. If the exponent is positive move decimal right (however many times the
exponent says
1.

00,000
iii. If the exponent is negative move decimal left (however many times the
exponent says)
1.

iv. Number must be between 1 and 10 or [1, 10)
4. Roots (also known as radicals)
a. Each square root has a conjugate
i. Eg.
ii. So
iii. 2 is the conjugate of -2 and the other way around
iv. So if when dealing with equations with square roots we use the symbol so we
know the answer can be positive or negative
b. Every root (cube root, square root etc.) can be made into an exponent
i. Rule says

1. So

c. Simplifying
i. Find a perfect square that is a multiple of the number
ii. Multiply the perfect square with a number to get original number
iii. Separate
iv. Simplify perfect square
1. Example
a.
b.
c.
d.
d. Simplifying fractions
i. Take square root of fraction
ii. Put square root on numerator and denominator
iii. Simplify using steps mentioned above
1. Example
a.

b.

c.

e. Adding numbers being multiplied with the same radical
i. Take out radical using distributive property
ii. Then add two numbers together
1. Example
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. Quadratics
a. Rules
i.

ii. (

iii. (

iv.

v.

b. FOIL
i. Multiply every single number by every number
1.
2.
3. All possible multiplications made now simplify
4.

5.

c. Factoring
i. Find two numbers whose product equals the middle number and whose
quotient equals the last number in the quadratic equation
1. Eg.

2.
3.
4.






d. Completing the square
i. (Quadratic equation is

) subtract C to the other side. The

divide B by 2 and square what you get, add that on both sides. Then factor. Then
solve to get solutions
1.

2.

3.

4 divided by 2 equals 2 the square of two is 4

4.

5.
6.
7.
e. Quadratic formula
i. (Quadratic equation is

) simply substitute, nothing else

1.

f. Vocabulary The DISCRIMINANT is the number under the root sign
i. Random discriminant rules relating to the quadratic equation









6. Polynomials
a. Degree = largest exponent
b. Polynomials cant have negative exponents
c. Learn long division and synthetic division
7. Imaginary numbers
a. The square root of a negative number equals an imaginary number and the square root
of the number
i.
b. The square root of an imaginary number is
Value of the
discriminant
Type and number of Solutions
Positive Discriminant
b 4ac > 0
Two Real Solutions
If the discriminant is a perfect square the
roots are rational. Otherwise, they are
irrational.
Discriminant is Zero
b 4ac = 0
One Real Solution
Negative Discriminant
b 4ac < 0
No Real Solutions
Two Imaginary Solutions
i.

8. Graphs
a. Asymptotes
i. A line that never touches the line of a function
ii. Horizontal
1. Works for fractions
2. If the leading coefficients have the same degree, the divide the
coefficients to get what y equals (horizontal line
a.

the asymptote is

iii. Vertical
1. Works for Fractions
2. The thing you cross out is the vertical asymptote
a.

b.

c. is crossed out so x = 8 is the vertical asymptote
b. Holes
i. A skip in the graph (a literal hole)
ii. Works with fractions
iii. The thing that is not crossed out is your hole
1.

2.

3. will not be crossed out so x = 3 is the hole
c. Logs
i. Adding logs means multiply them
ii. Dividing logs means divide them
iii. Ln means log of e