Experimental analysis of properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA)

concrete with mineral additives

. akr

Yldz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey

h i g h l i g h t s
At 100% RCA content, the concrete strength decreases about 24%.
Tensile splitting strength/compressive strength of RCA concretes are 7.711.4%.
Inverse relation between densitywater absorption at higher RCA content observed.
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 20 March 2014
Received in revised form 9 May 2014
Accepted 18 June 2014
Keywords:
Recycled coarse aggregate concrete
Silica fume
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
Mechanical properties
Physical properties
Regression analysis
a b s t r a c t
Nowadays, researches on the usability of recycled aggregate (RA) in concrete is gaining popularity in all
over the World due to the preservation of the environment and sustainable development. RA can be
obtained after crushing and screening of the construction rubble obtained from demolished structures.
The recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) used in this work is obtained from
_
ISTA (The
_
Istanbul Environmental
Protection and Waste Processing Corporation) to replace the natural coarse aggregates (NCA) in different
proportions. Mineral additives used in this experimental work are silica fume (SF) and ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBFS) at various ratios. The inuence of SF and GGBFS with RCA of hardened
concrete, such as compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, density and water absorption of are
experimentally investigated. The test results obtained showed that at 100% of the replacement level of
RCA, the compressive strength decreases about 24% and the strength reduction is more signicant at over
50% RCA content. Increasing the RCA content signicantly improves the tensile splitting strength of the
concrete according to the compressive strength. The ratios between the tensile splitting strength to the
compressive strength are greater in the RCA concretes incorporating GGBFS than the RCA concretes
incorporating SF. An inverse relationship between the density and the water absorption ratio is observed
in RCA concretes and this relation is more signicant in higher amounts of RCA contents.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Concrete is the most common and useful material in the
construction industry and has contributed to the advancement of
civilizations throughout last century. However, construction activ-
ities demand a signicant amount of natural materials in order to
produce cement and aggregate. Procurement of these natural
materials signicantly modies the natural sources and creates
major environmental problems [1]. Furthermore, sustainable
waste management is another major issue faced by countries all
over the world. In order to minimize the environmental impact
and energy consistency of concrete used for construction facilities,
reuse of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes can be a
benecial way which leads sustainable engineering approaches
to concrete mix design [2].
As many developing countries all over the world, Turkey has
also been generating a huge amount of C&D waste which generates
serious environmental problems to deal with. Due to the Urban
Renewal Law, it is estimated that demolition and maintenance of
the structures at the end of their design span result 45 million
ton/year of C&D waste [3]. In March 2006, the Istanbul Metropoli-
tan Municipality and the Istanbul Environmental Management in
Industry and Trade Inc. (
_
ISTA) prepared a plan, called Construc-
tion and Demolition Waste Management Plan. According to the
plan, it was decided that import centers would be established at
each municipality to collect local wastes [4].
On the other hand, the cement industry, in particular, already
uses by-products from the production of silicium (silica fume)
and steel (blast furnace slag). As recycling and reuse are
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.032
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Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725
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alternatives to minimize the impact of energy and raw material
consumption on the environment, another waste that can be
potentially used for concrete production is recycled aggregate
(RA) obtained via C&D waste [5,6].
RA mainly differs from natural aggregate (NA) as it is composed
by two different materials: NA and residue old cement mortar
attached. Old cement mortar is the origin of the worse properties
of RA: lower density, higher absorption, and higher Los Angeles
abrasion [7,8]. RA is also highly heterogeneous and porous, as well
as a high content of impurities. The heterogeneity inuences the
characteristics of RA and these aggregate properties have a negative
inuence on recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) quality such as
reduction of the compressive strength, tensile strength due to the
increased concrete porosity and a weak aggregatematrix interfa-
cial bond [911]. Although concrete strength decreases when RA
is used and the strength reduction could be as low as 40% [12
14]. It is reported in an experimental study carried out by Corinald-
esi and Moriconi [15] that the compressive strength of RAC can be
improved to equal or exceed that of natural aggregate concrete
(NAC) by adding mineral admixtures. Moreover, common cement
replacements used as mineral admixtures are y ash, silica fume
(SF) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) [16,17].
Furthermore, poor performance of the RAC is associated with
the cracks and ssures, which is formed in RA during processing,
thereby rendering the aggregate having weaker and more suscep-
tible to permeation, diffusion and absorption of uids [18]. Addi-
tionally, the permeability of concrete made with RA tends to
increase with increasing RA content [19]. Some authors have
reported differences between NAC and RAC regarding carbonation
rates [2022], while others [23] found that the carbonation depth
decreases in concrete with high percentages of RA. Thomas et al.
[24] reported that there is no signicant increase in the rate of car-
bonation with the RA incorporation. Pereira et al. [25] used two
types of superplasticizers (SP) in RAC with ne recycled aggregate.
They found that the performance of RAC with incorporation of RA
was poorer than the performance of NAC. However, the mechanical
performance of RAC was generally increased when SP was utilized
in the mixture. Sheen et al. [26] produced RAC using concrete
wastes from the earthquake of Chi-Chi in Taiwan. They observed
that the compressive strength of RAC was affected by RA; because
ne ingredients decreased the compressive strength. Also, it was
observed that high water absorption had a negative effect on the
strength of RAC. Sagoe-Crenstil et al. [27] analyzed the mechanical
and workability properties of RAC. They found that RA, produced in
a plant, had smoother and spherical particles, which made the
workability of RAC easy. Meftef et al. [28] examined the moisture
conditioning of recycled aggregates on the properties of fresh
and hardened concrete. The experimental results of their study
concluded that the RCA used in pre-wetting and surface-satu-
rated-dry conditions improve the concrete workability.
Moreover there are number of previous studies concluding that
mineral additives can be successfully used as partial replacement
of cement in order to mitigate the poor performance of the RAC
[4,5,17,2932] Kou et al. [32] prepared some mixtures containing
NA, RA, and mineral additions such as y ash, SF, metakaolin and
GGBFS. The study concluded that mineral additions increased the
performance of RAC. For example, SF and metakaolin improved
both the mechanical and the durability properties however y
ash and GGBFS improved essentially durability performance. Dil-
bas et al. [33] used SF in RAC and twelve groups of concrete mix-
tures were produced with w/b = 0.5 and the quantity of cement
350 kg/m
3
. They found that the SF addition is an alternative way
to increase the compressive strength of RAC to use concrete in
structural industry. Furthermore, they also concluded that the
addition of the 5% SF content in RAC increases the ratio of the ten-
sile splitting strength to the compressive strength.
In spite of concretes made with slag cement tend to exhibit
slower strength gains and higher later strengths due to the pozzo-
lanic reaction to form extra CSH gel in the paste [3436], the
permeability of concretes made with slag cement signicantly
decreased with increasing slag cement content [37]. On the other
hand, it is well-known that SFs effects (the pozzolanic effect and
the ller effect) improve all the mechanical and physical properties
of the concrete but, particularly, its compressive strength [15,38
40]. RA is more porous than that of NA and some part of the cement
blended with SF would be able to penetrate into the aggregate,
which subsequently would increase the bond strength between
the aggregates and cementitious matrix. Furthermore, the cracks
in the RA is reduced due to the healing effect after longer curing
of SF blended cement pastes. Therefore, the concrete made with
RA, and the quality of the interfacial transition zone, is better than
that of the old paste and NAC. The bond between the new cement
paste and RA was enhanced [38,41].
The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical and
the physical properties of concretes containing SF (0510%) and
GGBFS (03060%) at various ratios and replacing (0255075
100%) the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with the recycled coarse
aggregate (RCA). In this study, the RCA obtained from
_
ISTA (The
_
Istanbul Environmental Protection and Waste Processing Corpora-
tion) was used. For this purpose, 25 concrete mixtures in ve groups
are produced, and the mechanical properties such as the compres-
sive strength, the tensile splitting strength, physical properties such
as density and water absorption of RAC are investigated at 28 days.
Each group has ve concrete mixtures. The conventional concrete
mixture with NCA, also named as natural aggregate concrete (NA),
is included in the rst group. The groups, mixture names and nota-
tions are listed in the tables. The regression analysis between the
tensile splitting strength and the compressive strength, the density
and the water absorption are examined. The ratios of the tensile
splitting strength to the compressive strength are also investigated.
2. Experimental studies
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Cement, SF and GGBFS
Type I general use Portland cement (CEM I 42.5R) compatible with Turkish
Standard Cement-Part 1: Composition, specications and conformity criteria for
common cements (TS EN 197-1 (2012)), SF suitable with American Society for
Testing and Materials Standard Specication for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
Mixtures (ASTM C 1240-12) and GGBFS suitable with Turkish Standard Ground
granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout (TS EN
15167-1 (2006)) are used in the concrete mixtures. The chemical and physical prop-
erties of cement, SF and GGBFS are given in Table 1.
2.1.2. Aggregates
NCA and RCA are used as aggregate in the concrete mixtures. In this analysis,
crushed lime stone aggregate was used as the NCA and the RCA was obtained from
_
ISTA (The
_
Istanbul Environmental Protection and Waste Processing Corporation).
Table 1
Properties of cement, SF and GGBFS.
Contents Cement SF GGBFS
SiO
2
(%) 20.1 >85 35.6
CaO (%) 63.5 0.2 35.1
SO
3
(%) 2.9 0.02
Al
2
O
3
(%) 4.9 0.7 14.7
Fe
2
O
3
(%) 3.6 1.2 0.44
MgO (%) 1.2 0.1 9.7
Structure of material Condensed microsilica
Density (g/cm
3
) 3.16 2.20 2.85
Chlorine ratio (%) <1 <1
Specic surface area (m
2
/kg) 3942 15,000 4000
Activity index (%) >95
Particle ratio (<0.045 mm) (%) <40
Loss on ignition (%) 1.7 1.0
18 . akr / Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725
The particle size distribution of NCA and RCA are performed to the requirements of
Turkish Standard Aggregates for concrete (TS 706 EN 12620 (2003)). The demol-
ished material undergoes on-plant crushing and on-laboratory crushing in two
steps. In the rst step, the rubble is collected on site area without classication of
the rubble components such as concrete, brick, marble etc., and then the rubble
is crushed into small pieces approximate diameter <50 mm by using plant crusher.
In the second step, a laboratory jaw crusher is employed in order to obtain RCA hav-
ing size fractions <30 mm. The jaw crusher has two jaws, and one of the jaws is
replaceable and another jaw is xed. Also it is possible to adjust the distance
between the jaws replacing the jaw with another one. In this study, the size fraction
of the NCA and the RCA were 12/22 mm. Silica based sand (river sand) with nominal
sizes of 0/4 mm was also used as the ne aggregate in the concrete mixes.
RCA is classied with particle size 1222 mm, as similar to NCA using sieves
with sieve apertures 32, 22, 16, 12 and 8 mm. Then, the physical properties of
RCA are determined. The RCA contain not only crushed concrete but also various
impurities as shown in Table 2. The physical and mechanical properties of aggre-
gates are determined using Turkish Standards. Density and water absorption tests
are performed in accordance with Tests for mechanical and physical properties
of aggregates-Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption (TS
EN 1097-6/AC (2006)), Los Angeles abrasion loss is determined in accordance with
Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates-Part 2: Methods for the
determination of resistance to fragmentation (TS EN 1097-2 (2010)). Chemical
properties of RCA are also determined according to Tests for chemical properties
of aggregates Part 1: Chemical analysis (TS EN 1744-1 (2011)) and results are
listed in Table 3.
2.1.3. SP
Polycarboxylic ether based SP is utilized in order to enhance low workability of
the mixtures. Therefore, the slump class of all mixtures is set to slump class S4 so
that the workability of all mixtures is constant. Note that the slump class is chosen
according to Turkish Standard Concrete-Part 1: Specication, performance,
production and conformity (TS EN 206-1 (2002)). The density of SP ranges
1.0821.142 kg/l with color of amber. Total solid content in SP is 32.4%. Other
properties of the SP are presented in Table 4.
2.2. Concrete mixtures
Five groups of concrete mixtures that contain the previously mentioned aggre-
gates and have the target initial slump class S4 are produced in the laboratory. For
the sake of the convenience, the notations of the concrete mixtures are specied in
Table 5. The absolute volume method is employed to design the mix proportions of
the concrete mixtures shown in Table 6. In all the mixtures, the water/binder ratio
(w/b) is a constant value of w/b = 0.5, and the quantity of the binder is 350 kg/m
3
.
The concrete is mixed in a laboratory in a pan mixer. The coarse aggregates and
sand are rst dry blended for 1 min. Cement, SF and GGBFS are then added and dry
blended for a further minutes. Two thirds of water is added and mixing is continued
for another minute. The remaining water and SP are then added and the total mix-
ing time is 5 min. Concrete is cast in accordance with Standard Practice for Making
and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory (ASTM C192/C192M-13a
(2013)) and vibrated till large air bubbles occurs and blows at the top surface. In
Table 2
The components of RCA.
RCA content Proportion (%)
Crushed stone 67.75
Mortar 19.49
Brick 4.87
Natural aggregate 1.87
Tile 1.80
Mosaic tile 1.50
Marble 0.77
Plaster 0.40
Glass 0.36
Autoclaved aerated concrete 0.29
Red-colored aggregate 0.29
Mussel 0.27
Gypsum 0.27
Wood 0.07
Table 3
The physical properties of sand, NCA and RCA.
Type Density
(kg/m
3
)
Water
absorption (%)
Initial moisture
content (%)
Chlorides
content (%)
Water-soluble
sulfates (%)
Total
sulfates (%)
Total sulfur
content (%)
Fineness
modulus
Los Angeles
abrasion (%)
Sand 2550 1.7 1.26 2.16
NCA 2635 2.2 1.57 5.47 23.35
RCA 2315 7.4 3.45 0.89 0.91 0.99 0.88 5.69 46.70
Table 4
The properties of SP.
Content Superplasticizer
Structure of material Polycarboxylic ether
Color Amber
Density (kg/l) 1.0821.142
Chlorine ratio (%) <0.1
Alkaline ratio (%) <3
. akr / Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725 19
addition the slump of mixes with NCA and RCA with/without SF and GGBFS is sim-
ilar (18 cm 2 cm). Due to the rougher surface textures of crushed particles and
greater angularity compared with the smooth, rounded natural aggregates, it is
expected that the RAC mixtures are less workable. Owing to its high water absorp-
tion rate, the RCA is pre-soaked in water for 24 h before casting. Hence as approx-
imately the same amount of SP (0.300.66%) is used with increasing RCA content in
the mixtures as demonstrated in Table 6 and S4 slump class is obtained. Poon et al.
[42] mentioned that a small change in the initial slump of concretes included RA in
surface-dried condition at any replacement percentages was observed. In this con-
text, Mefteh et al. [43] concluded that the RCA used in pre-wetting and saturated-
surface dry conditions improved the concrete workability as well. Also there is no
observation of any bleeding or segregation for any of the concrete mixtures tested.
Moreover, in order to determine how SF and GGBFS have an effect on the
mechanical and the physical properties of the specimens, SF (0510%) and GGBFS
(03060%) are used in the mixtures. For instance, the specimen RA100-SF10 with
10% SF contains 315 kg/m
3
cement and 35 kg/m
3
SF and RA100-GGBFS60 contains
140 kg/m
3
cement and 210 kg/m
3
GGBFS as demonstrated in Table 6. SF and GGBFS
are replaced with cement by weight and the total quantity of binder (cement and
mineral additives) is 350 kg/m
3
in all the concrete mixtures. Sand content is con-
stant in all the concrete mixtures. The amounts of RCA in RAC mixtures are also pre-
sented in Table 6.
2.3. Specimens and curing
In the production stage of this study, 100 200 mm cylinders, 100 mm and
150 mm cubes were cast for each concrete mixture. The cylinders were used to
evaluate the tensile splitting strength. Furthermore, 150 mm and 100 mm cubes
were used for the determination of the compressive strength and the water
absorption, respectively. All the specimens were cast in steel molds and compacted
using vibrating table. After remolding, the specimens were cured in water-curing
tank at 20 2 C till test age at 28 days. It should be noted that these curing condi-
tions are compatible with Turkish Standard Testing hardened concrete-Part 2:
Making and curing specimens for strength tests (TS EN 12390-2 (2010)).
2.4. Tests
2.4.1. Compressive and tensile splitting strengths
In order to assess the compressive and the tensile splitting strengths of speci-
mens, experimental studies were performed in accordance with Turkish Standard
Testing hardened concrete Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens (TS
EN 12390-3 (2010)), and Testing hardened concrete-Part 6: Tensile splitting
strength of test specimens(TS EN 12390-6 (2010)). The tests were conducted at
the age of 28 days. A compression machine with a loading capacity 3000 kN was
used in the experiment. The loading rates were applied rst to the compressive
strength test with value 10.6 kN/s, and secondly to the tensile splitting strength test
with value 1.6 kN/s. The results for the compressive and the tensile splitting
strengths of specimens are displayed in Table 7.
2.4.2. Density and water absorption ratio
The density and water absorption ratio tests of specimens were applied on the
specimens 100 mm cubes in accordance with Turkish Standard Testing hardened
concrete-Part 7: Density of hardened concrete (TS 12390-7 (2010)) at the age of
28 days, and the results are shown in Table 7.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Compressive strength
The compressive strength results of the NCA and RCA concretes
made with SF and GGBFS are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 7. Each pre-
sented value is the average of three measurements. The compres-
sive strengths of the concrete mixture RA25, RA50, RA75 and
RA100 were reduced by 11%, 18%, 22%, and 24%, respectively, in
comparison to the strength of NA. It can be seen that the concretes
made with RCA from weak and unknown strength, resulted in
lower strength. In general, the use of RA diminishes the compres-
sive strength of the concrete, depending on the percentage of RA
used [38,4446]. Moreover, Li [47] concluded that the RCA content
in the concrete is found to have an inverse relationship with its
compressive strength but at low level of replacement (<20%), this
effect is negligible. The strength of concrete depends on the
strength of the aggregates, the cement matrix and the interfacial
transition zone (ITZ) between the matrix and the aggregates is
well-known. The failure in the concrete occurs at the weakest
point. It is demonstrated in macroscopic-scale in Fig. 2 that RCA
in the concrete is found broken after the tests are applied to the
specimen. Hence, the weakest point, being in these RAC, is the
RCA itself. In other words, higher porosity and lower density of
RCA, decrease the strength of RAC.
The compressive strength of concrete mixture NA with SF was
increased up to 8.7% but concrete mixture NA with GGBFS was
reduced up to 26% in comparison to the strength of the corre-
sponding concrete. It is found that the compressive strength of
concrete mixture RA25 with 5% and 10% of SF was increased by
0.8% and 3.4% while concrete mixture with 30% and 60% of GGBFS
was reduced by 18.6% and 24.3%, respectively, in comparison to the
strength of the corresponding concrete. It can also be seen from
Table 7 that the compressive strength of concrete mixture RA50
with SF was increased by 2.6% and 3.1% and concrete mixture with
GGBFS was reduced by 13.3% and 23.3% in comparison to the
strength of the corresponding concrete. Similar behavior was
observed in concrete mixtures RA75 and RA100. Remarkable result
from Table 7 and Fig. 1 is that the compressive strength of concrete
mixture RA100 with SF was increased up to 10.9% and the concrete
mixture RA100 with GGBFS was reduced up to 31.8% in compari-
son to the strength of the corresponding concrete. It can be also
realized from Fig. 3 that there is a high correlation between the
Table 5
The notation of mixtures, and expansion of notations.
Notation Expansion of notation
NA Concrete containing natural coarse aggregates
NA-SF5 Concrete containing natural coarse aggregates with 5% SF
NA-SF10 Concrete containing natural coarse aggregates with
10% SF
NA-GGBFS30 Concrete containing natural coarse aggregates with
30% GGBFS
NA-GGBFS60 Concrete containing natural coarse aggregates with
60% GGBFS
RA25 Concrete containing 25% recycled coarse aggregate
RA25-SF5 Concrete containing 25% recycled coarse aggregate with
5% SF
RA25-SF10 Concrete containing 25% recycled coarse aggregate with
10% SF
RA25-GGBFS30 Concrete containing 25% recycled coarse aggregate with
30% GGBFS
RA25-GGBFS60 Concrete containing 25% recycled coarse aggregate with
60% GGBFS
RA50 Concrete containing 50% recycled coarse aggregate
RA50-SF5 Concrete containing 50% recycled coarse aggregate with
5% SF
RA50-SF10 Concrete containing 50% recycled coarse aggregate with
10% SF
RA50-GGBFS30 Concrete containing 50% recycled coarse aggregate with
30% GGBFS
RA50-GGBFS60 Concrete containing 50% recycled coarse aggregate with
60% GGBFS
RA75 Concrete containing 75% recycled coarse aggregate
RA75-SF5 Concrete containing 75% recycled coarse aggregate with
5% SF
RA75-SF10 Concrete containing 75% recycled coarse aggregate with
10% SF
RA75-GGBFS30 Concrete containing 75% recycled coarse aggregate with
30% GGBFS
RA75-GGBFS60 Concrete containing 75% recycled coarse aggregate with
60% GGBFS
RA100 Concrete containing 100% recycled coarse aggregate
RA100-SF5 Concrete containing 100% recycled coarse aggregate with
5% SF
RA100-SF10 Concrete containing 100% recycled coarse aggregate with
10% SF
RA100-GGBFS30 Concrete containing 100% recycled coarse aggregate with
30% GGBFS
RA100-GGBFS60 Concrete containing 100% recycled coarse aggregate with
60% GGBFS
20 . akr / Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725
results of the compressive strength and RCA ratio (i.e. 0.924), as
represented by the trend line.
According to the test results, it is clear that the compressive
strengths of the NCA and RCA concrete made with 5% and 10% SF
were higher than the other corresponding concretes while the
strengths of concretes incorporating 30% and 60% GGBFS were sig-
nicantly lower. The compressive strength gain (10.9%) and loss
(31.8%) of the concrete mixture RA100 were the highest than that
of both the NCA and RCA concretes incorporating 10% SF and %60
GGBFS, respectively. SFs not only the pozzolanic effect but also
the ller effect improves all the mechanical properties of the con-
crete, particularly its compressive strength [40]. Since the particle
size of SF was smaller compared to the particle size of GGBFS, the
ller effect of SF showed better results than GGBFS. Although RCA
are more porous than NCA when concrete containing RCA is pre-
pared with the use of SF, part of the SF penetrates into the pores
of RA which subsequently improve the ITZ bonding between the
paste and aggregates. Also the cracks originally present in the
RCA are lled by hydration products so the properties of RCA con-
crete are enhanced as reported in several studies [32,38,41].
Although the hydration kinetics of concrete containing GGBFS is
not yet fully understood, it has been shown that the rate of hydra-
tion of concrete containing GGBFS compared to ordinary Portland
cement concrete is lower and published reports show that by
28 days, only 1855% of the GGBFS used as cement replacement
has reacted [48,49]. Siddique and Kaur [50] reported that compres-
sive strength of concrete containing 204060% GGBFS was
respectively 16.8%, 23.9% and 28.5% lower than the control mixture
at 28 days. In spite of these disadvantages of GGBFS, compressive
strength loss of RCA concretes were less than the compressive
strength loss of NCA concretes, except concrete mixture RA100
with 60% GGBFS. It should be noted that the SF and GGBFS
enhanced the compressive strength of RCA concrete and it is con-
cluded by authors that the great amount of impurities in RCA may
even reduce the effect of SF and GGBFS on the compressive
strength in this experimental study.
3.2. Tensile splitting strength
The results of the tensile splitting strength of the NCA and the
RCA concretes made with SF and GGBFS are shown in Fig. 3 and
Table 7. Each presented value is the average of three measure-
ments. It can be seen that, the concretes made with RCA resulted
in lower strength. The tensile splitting strengths of the concrete
mixture RA25 and RA50 were reduced by 5.9%, RA75 and RA100
were reduced by 23.5%, and 11.8%, respectively, in comparison to
the tensile splitting strength of NA. As reported in studies by Lee
and Choi [10] and Padmini et al. [51], the tensile splitting strength
of concretes containing RCA are lower than the tensile splitting
strength of concretes made with NCA. Besides, the compressive
strength and the tensile splitting strength test results showed sim-
ilar behavior. The tensile splitting strength of concrete mixture NA
with 10% SF was increased by 2.9% but concrete mixture NA with
5% SF, 30% and 60% of GGBFS was reduced by 2.9%, 5.9% and
5.9%, respectively, in comparison to the strength of the correspond-
ing concrete. Remarkable results from Table 7 and Fig. 3 show that
the tensile splitting strength of concrete mixture RA25 with SF and
GGBFS were reduced. Concrete mixture RA25 with 5% and 10% of
SF was reduced by 3.1% and 6.2%, RA25 with 30% and 60% of GGBFS
was reduced by 12.5% and 15.6% in comparison to the strength of
the corresponding concrete. On the other hand, the tensile splitting
of concrete mixture RA50 with 5% and 10% of SF was increased by
3.1% but concrete mixture RA50 with 30% and 60% of GGBFS was
reduced by 9.4% and 15.6% in comparison to the strength of the
corresponding concrete. The tensile splitting of concrete mixture
RA75 with 5% and 10% of SF was increased by 7.7% and 11.5% but
concrete mixture RA75 with 30% and 60% of GGBFS was reduced
by 3.8% and 11.5% in comparison to the strength of the correspond-
ing concrete. Moreover, the tensile splitting of concrete mixture
RA100 with 5% and 10% of SF was increased by 6.7% and 10% but
concrete mixture RA100 with 30% and 60% of GGBFS was reduced
by 13.3% and 16.7% in comparison to the strength of the corre-
sponding concrete. It should be noted that lower correlation (i.e.
Table 6
Concrete mix proportions.
Notation Constitution (kg/m
3
) Slump (cm)
Composite of binder Sand NCA RCA
Water Cement SF/GGBFS SP
NA 175 350 0/0 1.50 874 1170 0 18
RA25 175 350 0/0 1.50 874 877.5 292.5 18
RA50 175 350 0/0 1.62 874 585.5 585.0 17
RA75 175 350 0/0 1.62 874 292.5 877.5 18
RA100 175 350 0/0 1.73 874 0 1170 17
NA-SF5 175 332.5 17.5/0 1.50 874 1170 0 17
RA25-SF5 175 332.5 17.5/0 1.62 874 877.5 292.5 18
RA50-SF5 175 332.5 17.5/0 1.62 874 585.5 585.0 19
RA75-SF5 175 332.5 17.5/0 1.73 874 292.5 877.5 17
RA100-SF5 175 332.5 17.5/0 1.73 874 0 1170 19
NA-SF10 175 315 35/0 1.50 874 1170 0 19
RA25-SF10 175 315 35/0 1.62 874 877.5 292.5 19
RA50-SF10 175 315 35/0 1.62 874 585.5 585.0 17
RA75-SF10 175 315 35/0 1.73 874 292.5 877.5 19
RA100-SF10 175 315 35/0 1.73 874 0 1170 17
NA-GGBFS30 175 245 0/105 2.08 874 1170 0 19
RA25-GGBFS30 175 245 0/105 2.08 874 877.5 292.5 18
RA50-GGBFS30 175 245 0/105 2.08 874 585.5 585.0 19
RA75-GGBFS30 175 245 0/105 2.31 874 292.5 877.5 17
RA100-GGBFS30 175 245 0/105 2.31 874 0 1170 17
NA-GGBFS60 175 140 0/210 2.31 874 1170 0 19
RA25-GGBFS60 175 140 0/210 2.31 874 877.5 292.5 19
RA50-GGBFS60 175 140 0/210 2.31 874 585.5 585.0 18
RA75-GGBFS60 175 140 0/210 2.54 874 292.5 877.5 17
RA100-GGBFS60 175 140 0/210 2.54 874 0 1170 16
. akr / Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725 21
0.478) is observed between the results of the tensile splitting
strength and RCA ratio as represented by the trend line compared
to the correlation between the compressive strength and RCA ratio.
The tensile splitting strength gain of the concrete mixture RA75
with 10% SF was the highest than that of both the NCA and RCA
concretes incorporating SF. On the other hand, tensile splitting
strength loss of RA100 with 60% of GGBFS was the highest among
all concrete mixtures incorporating both SF and GGBFS. In general,
it is known that the strength development of concrete incorporat-
ing GGBFS is slower. Siddique and Kaur [50] compared and sum-
marized that, the tensile splitting strength of concrete containing
20%, 40% and 60% GGBFS was respectively 17.4%, 8.2%, and 15.6%
lower than the control mixture at 28 days. Moreover, Ann et al.
[52] concluded that the compressive and tensile strength for 65%
GGBFS concrete containing recycled aggregate was lower than that
of the control specimens due to the lower hydration rate. In
another study [27], it was found that the general trend in the ten-
sile splitting strength development appears to depend mainly on
binder rather than aggregate type. The tensile splitting strength
of the slag cement concrete improves with curing while the tensile
splitting strengths of portland cement concretes remain practically
unchanged beyond 28 days. It is clear that the SF contributed more
to the tensile splitting strength of the RCA concrete than to the NCA
concrete. The tensile splitting strengths of RCA concrete are
enhanced by using SF except concrete mixture RA25. As mentioned
in a study by Kou et al. [32], this may be due to the presence of SF
which improved the microstructure of the interfacial transition
zone and increased the bond strength between the new cement
paste and the RA. In this study it is concluded that this effect is sig-
nicant at higher RCA replacement levels.
Table 8 shows the effect of SF and GGBFS contents on the ratios
of the tensile splitting strength to the compressive strength. It is
observed from Table 8 that the ratios of the specimens NA,
Table 7
Average test results of the concrete mixtures.
Compressive strength (MPa) Tensile splitting strength (MPa) Density (kg/m
3
) Water absorption (%)
NA 42.4 3.3 2513 5.1
RA25 37.9 3.2 2317 7.2
RA50 34.7 3.2 2254 9.6
RA75 33.0 2.6 2103 12.4
RA100 32.1 3.0 2008 15.6
NA-SF5 42.9 3.3 2456 4.9
RA25-SF5 38.0 3.1 2298 7.1
RA50-SF5 35.5 3.3 2165 9.4
RA75-SF5 35.4 2.8 1990 10.7
RA100-SF5 32.0 3.2 1942 14.0
NA-SF10 46.1 3.5 2389 4.7
RA25-SF10 39.0 3.0 2205 6.9
RA50-SF10 35.0 3.3 2148 9.5
RA75-SF10 36.0 2.9 1854 10.5
RA100-SF10 35.6 3.3 1930 13.5
NA-GGBFS30 34.5 3.2 2376 5.8
RA25-GGBFS30 31.5 2.8 2176 7.4
RA50-GGBFS30 30.1 2.9 2059 11.4
RA75-GGBFS30 29.4 2.5 1845 14.2
RA100-GGBFS30 25.3 2.6 1835 17.1
NA-GGBFS60 32.1 3.2 2298 6.4
RA25-GGBFS60 28.4 2.7 2067 8.1
RA50-GGBFS60 26.6 2.7 1998 11.9
RA75-GGBFS60 25.7 2.0 1803 14.7
RA100-GGBFS60 21.9 2.5 1767 15.4
y = -0,1012x + 41,12(R
2
= 0,924)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 25 50 75 100
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
RCA Ratio (%)
Without SF and GGBFS SF5 SF10 GGBFS30 GGBFS60
Fig. 1. Compressive strength of concrete mixtures.
Fig. 2. RCA concrete after splitting tensile strength test.
22 . akr / Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725
NA-SF5, and NA-SF10 (i.e., 0.078, 0.077 and 0.076) are less than
those of RA25, RA25-SF5 and RA25-SF10 (i.e., 0.084, 0.081,
0.077). The ratios of the specimens are also less than those of
RA25, RA25-GGBFS30 and RA25-GGBFS60 (i.e., 0.084, 0.089,
0.095). These increments in the ratios stems from the usage of
25% RCA and it is clear that the ratios are greater in GGBFS series
than SF series. A careful inspection of Table 8 indicates that similar
behavior is also obtained in RA50, RA75 and RA100 series. This
might be due to the fact that increasing the RCA content signi-
cantly improves the tensile splitting strength of the concrete
according to the compressive strength. Furthermore, the ratios
are greater in the RCA concretes incorporating GGBFS than the
RCA concretes incorporating SF.
On the other hand, the ratio of tensile splitting strength to com-
pressive strength of RCA concrete is 7.711.4% and the ratio of ten-
sile splitting strength to compressive strength of NCA concrete is
7.810.0%. It is clear that the gap between the upper and lower
limits of the ratios of RCA concrete is greater than that of NCA con-
crete. The similar results are found by Jau et al. [53] that the ratio
for RAC is 7.4412.72% and that of NAC is 8.2511.13%. Moreover,
the results are also appropriate with the recommendations of ACI
363R and Katz [12] that the ratio of the exural and the tensile
splitting strengths to the compressive strength is in the range of
1623% and 913%, respectively.
In Table 8, the variation of the ratios with RCA content is pre-
sented for the ve groups tested. Although concrete made with
100% RCA are reported as it is not an economic proposition as is
not cost effective [46], the results show that RCA proportion in con-
crete mixture up to 100% increases the ratios of the specimens in
the all groups.
3.3. Correlation between compressive strength and tensile splitting
strength
The correlation between compressive strength and tensile
splitting strength was investigated and the relationships between
the compressive strength and the tensile splitting strength of the
concrete are displayed in Figs. 4 and 5. From Fig. 4, the correlation
coefcient for all specimens is found as 0.64. It can be realized from
Fig. 5 that there is a high correlation between the results of NA ser-
ies (NA with/without SF and GGBFS) (i.e. 0.792), as represented by
the trend line. The correlation coefcients obtained in R25, R50,
R75 and R100 series are 0.813, 0.995, 0.947 and 0.953, respectively.
The highest correlation (i.e. 0.995) is obtained in R50 series. Simi-
larly in an experimental study by Kou and Poon [31], high correla-
tion coefcient (0.79) between the compressive strength and the
tensile splitting strength of RAC mixtures was mentioned. In
another study [54], correlation coefcient (R
2
) between the com-
pressive strength and the tensile splitting strength of RAC mixtures
reached as high as 0.93. The analyses points out that the correla-
tion between the compressive strength and the tensile splitting
strength of RCA concretes are better than that of the NCA concretes
series. This might be due to the fact that RCA content improves not
only the tensile splitting strength of the concrete but also the
y = -0,005x + 3,312 (R
2
= 0,478)
0
1
2
3
4
0 25 50 75 100
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
RCA Ratio (%)
Without SF and GGBFS SF5 SF10 GGBFS30 GGBFS60
Fig. 3. Tensile splitting strength of concrete mixtures.
Table 8
The ratio of tensile splitting strength to compressive strength according to RCA, SF
and GGBFS content.
Notation SF (%) GGBFS (%) RCA (%) Ratio
1st Group NA 0 0 0 0.078
RA25 25 0.084
RA50 50 0.092
RA75 75 0.078
RA100 100 0.093
2nd Group NA-SF5 5 0 0 0.077
RA25-SF5 25 0.081
RA50-SF5 50 0.093
RA75-SF5 75 0.079
RA100-SF5 100 0.099
3rd Group NA-SF10 10 0 0 0.076
RA25-SF10 25 0.077
RA50-SF10 50 0.092
RA75-SF10 75 0.081
RA100-SF10 100 0.093
4th Group NA-GGBFS30 0 30 0 0.093
RA25-GGBFS30 25 0.089
RA50-GGBFS30 50 0.096
RA75-GGBFS30 75 0.085
RA100-GGBFS30 100 0.103
5th Group NA-GGBFS60 0 60 0 0.100
RA25-GGBFS60 25 0.095
RA50-GGBFS60 50 0.102
RA75-GGBFS60 75 0.089
RA100-GGBFS60 100 0.114
y = 0,0183x + 2,5808 R
2
= 0,792 (NA)
y = 0,039x + 1,5948 R
2
= 0,813 (RA25)
y = 0,066x + 0,9325 R
2
= 0,995 (RA50)
y = 0,0535x + 0,911 R
2
= 0,947 (RA75)
y = 0,0617x + 1,104 R
2
= 0,953 (RA100)
0
1
2
3
4
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
Compressive Strength (MPa)
NA RA25 RA50 RA75 RA100
Fig. 5. Relation between tensile splitting strength and compressive strength of
concrete mixture (NA, RA25, RA50, RA75, and RA100).
y = 0,0447x + 1,4701(R
2
= 0,639)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Fig. 4. Relation between tensile splitting strength and compressive strength of
concrete mixture (All).
. akr / Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725 23
compressive strength, as can be seen from Table 8. It must be noted
that, the results of NA series have the greatest standard deviation
(i.e. 5.98 MPa) for compressive strength and the lowest (i.e.
0.12 MPa) for tensile splitting strength. Also it is presented in
Fig. 5 that the NA series has the lowest correlation coefcient
(i.e. 0.792). Evaluating Table 9 and Fig. 5, the NA series have the
greatest standard deviations and low correlation coefcients.
Hence it can be commented that low correlation coefcients
between compressive and tensile splitting strengths is originating
from the high scatter in the strength results of specimens.
In an experimental study by Maleev et al. [55], concrete cube
specimens used for compressive strength testing and a precast rein-
forced concrete column were crushed to produce RA. The compres-
sive strength class of the cubes specimens and the precast column
were C30/37 and C40/50, respectively. The standard deviations of
compressive strengths of the specimens included 050100% RA
contents were calculated such as 1.58 MPa, 1.21 MPa and
3.50 MPa, respectively and high standard deviation was found
due to 100% RA content [55]. Similarly, the higher standard devia-
tions for compressive and tensile splitting strength are calculated
for the RA100 series in this study. It is concluded by authors that
the RCA used in this study includes great amount of impurities
such as bricks, wood, glass etc. and this may increase the standard
deviations of specimens included RCA.
3.4. Density and water absorption ratio
The experimental studies, the effects of aggregate type, SF and
GGBFS content on the density and the water absorption are evalu-
ated at the age of 28 days. The test results are displayed in Table 7
and Fig. 6. It is well-known that the absorption capacity of RCA is
higher than that of NCA. The higher absorption rate of the cement
mortar attached to the aggregate particles causes the higher water
absorption of the RAC and it can be inferred that the inclusion of
RCA content in the specimens makes the specimens more porous,
and this leads to a decrease in the density and an increase in the
water absorption [56,26].
In this context, the greatest density and the lowest water
absorption are obtained for NCA concrete specimens. It is
well-known that water absorption requires linked and open cracks
in the structure of aggregate and RCA contains cracks due to the
crushing process. As seen from Table 7, the increase of RCA content
in RCA concrete increases the water absorption of RCA concrete as
expected for all mixtures. Also the great amounts of impurities in
RCA concrete increase the water absorption of RCA concrete. The
relation between the water absorption and the density is plotted
in Fig. 6. It is estimated that there is an inverse relationship
between the density and the water absorption ratio.
4. Conclusions
In this study, the effects of RCA with/without SF and GGBFS on
the physical and mechanical properties of concrete are presented.
The relations between the mechanical and physical properties of
RCA concretes are also analyzed. Based on the above results, the
following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The compressive strength of the RCA concrete gradually
decreases as the amount of RCA increases. At 100% of the
replacement level, the concrete strength decreases about 24%
at 28 days. At over 50% of the replacement level, the strength
reduction is more signicant.
2. The compressive strength of the specimens containing 5% and
10% SF contents increases, 30% and 60% GGBFS contents
decreases by replacing of the NCA with RCA at 28 days.
3. The tensile splitting strength of the RCA concrete is lower than
the tensile splitting strength of the NCA concrete. The tensile
splitting strength of the specimens containing SF increases by
replacing of the NCA with RCA. However, the tensile splitting
strength of the specimens containing GGBFS decreases by
replacing of the NCA with RCA.
4. The RCA content signicantly improves the tensile splitting
strength of the concrete according to the compressive strength.
Furthermore, the ratios are greater in the RCA concretes
incorporating GGBFS than the RCA concretes incorporating SF.
The ratio of tensile splitting strength to compressive strength
of RCA concrete is 7.711.4% and the ratio of tensile splitting
strength to compressive strength of NCA concrete is 7.810.0%.
It is clear that the gap between the upper and lower limits
of the ratios of RCA concrete is greater than that of NCA
concrete
5. An inverse relationship between the density and the water
absorption ratio is observed in RCA concretes and this relation
is more signicant in higher amounts of RCA contents.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express their gratitude to the
_
ISTA
(The
_
Istanbul Environmental Protection and Waste Processing
Corporation), AKANSA Cement Industry and Trading Co., and BASF
Chemical Company for providing recycled aggregates, cement and
mineral/chemical admixtures.
Table 9
Standard deviations and mean values of compressive strength and tensile splitting strength of specimens.
Test Statistical value Specimens included
NA RA25 RA50 RA75 RA100
Compressive Strength (MPa) Standard deviation 5.9841 4.7982 4.0587 4.3426 5.6390
Mean value 39.60 35.04 32.56 31.94 29.44
Tensile splitting strength (MPa) Standard deviation 0.1228 0.2074 0.2683 0.2387 0.3564
Mean value 3.30 2.96 3.08 2.62 2.92
y = -51,707x + 2636,2 (R
2
= 0,811)
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500
2700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
k
g
/
m
3
)
Water Absorption (%)
NA RA25 R50 R75 R100
Fig. 6. Relation between density and water absorption.
24 . akr / Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 1725
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