P2-3 GEOLOGI STRUKTUR Tektonik Lempeng & Orogenesa

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Geologi Struktur
(Tektonik Lempeng & Orogenesa)
Oleh :
Irvani
Uni versi tas Bangka Bel i tung J urusan Tekni k Pertambangan
Referensi :
Van Der Pluijm, B. A. and Marshak, S. 2004. Earth Structure. 2nd Edition. W. W.
Norton & Company, Inc., USA.
Rowland, S.M., Duebendorfer, E.M. and Schiefelbein, I.M. 2007. Structural Analysis
and Synthesis : A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology. 3th Edition. Blacwell
Publishing Ltd. Voctoria, Australia.
Bates, R.L. and J ackson, J .A., 1987. Glossary Geology. 3th Edition. American
Geological Institute Elexandria, Virginia.
Davis, G.H. 1984. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions. J ohn Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Ragan, D.M. 2009. Structural Geology : An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques.
4th Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Twiss R.J . And Moores, E.M. 2007. Structural Geology. 2nd Edition. W.H. Freeman
and Company, USA.
Ramsey J . and Huber, M. 1983. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology :
Strain Analysis. Vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., London.
Ramsey J . and Huber, M. 1987. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology : Fold
and Fractures. Vol. 2. Academic Press, Inc., London.
Ramsey J . and Huber, M. 2000. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology :
Applications of Continuum Mechanics in Structural Geology. Vol. 3. Elsevier
Academic Press, Inc., California.
Cox, A. and Hart, R.B. 1986. Plate Tectonics : How It Works. Blacwell Scienific
Publications, Inc., California.
Trouw, R.A.J . and Passchier, C.W. 1996. Microtectonics. Springer Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, Germany.
DLL.
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Pokok Bahasan :
I Pendahuluan (P.1)
II Tektonika & Orogenesa (P.2-3)
a. Tektonik lempeng
b. Orogenesa
III Gaya, Tegasan, Strain &
Deformasi (P.4-5)
a. Gaya & Tegasan
b. Strain & Deformasi
IV Struktur Geologi (P.6-9)
a. Unsur struktur
b. Lipatan
c. Kekar
d. Sesar
V Identifikasi Struk. Geologi (P.10-11)
a. Pengukuran dan analisis
struktur geologi
b. Analisis geofisika struktur
geologi
VI Aplikasi Struk. Geologi (P.12-13)
a. Mineralisasi
b. Migas
c. Kebencanaan geologi
VII Geologi Struk. Indonesia (P.14)
a. Umum
b. Sumatra&J awa
c. Bangka Belitung
Definisi
Tektonika ???
- TECTONICS: Involving force in formation of
structural geology
- SRUCTURAL GEOLOGY: the branch of geology
that deals with the form, arrangement, and internal
structure of the rocks, and especially with
description, representation, and analysis of
structures, chiefly on moderate to small scale. The
subject is similar to tectonics, but the latter is
generally used for the broader regional or historical
phases (Bates & J ackson, 1987).
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Big Bang dan Teori Nebula (Geologi modern)
Pembentukan Bumi & Semesta
Scenario begins about 13.7 billionyears ago with the Big Bang.
The debris from this explosion (almost hydrogen and helium),
began to cool and condense into the first stars and galaxies.
Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)
Chemical Subdivision of Earth
Crust
Mantle
Core
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Subsystems of Earth :
The atmosphere,
hydrosphere,
biosphere, lithosphere,
mantle, and core.
Monroe & Wicander (2009)
Struktur Bumi
Interactions Among Earths
Principal Subsystems
.....Struktur Bumi
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Struktur Tubuh Bumi
Earths interior is
divided into three
different layers based
on compositional
differencesthe crust,
mantle, and core.
Schmince (2004)
....Struktur Tubuh Bumi
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.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi
Earths interior based on physical propertiesthe
lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core,
and inner core.
The rigid lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle; it
forms the plates. The ductile asthenosphere acts as a lubricating
layer beneath the lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere averages 70
kilometers thick; continental lithosphere varies from 125 to 250
kilometers thick.
Carlson et al. (2011)
.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi
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Estimated (A) temperature and
(B) pressure with depth into Earth
..... Struktur Tubuh Bumi
The P-wave shadow zone, caused
by refraction of P waves within the
Earths core.
The S-wave shadow zone. Because
no S waves pass through the core, the
core is apparently a liquid (or acts like
a liquid).
Geofisika Struktur Bumi
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The velocity of seismic P and S waves generally increases with depth
except in the low-velocity zone. The plastic asthenosphere slows down
seismic waves. Velocity increases at 400 and 670 kilometers may be
caused by mineral collapse.
....... Geofisika Struktur Bumi
Characteri sti cs of Oceanic Crust
and Conti nental Crust
.....Geofisika Struktur Bumi
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slope
shelf
Continental crust (SIAL)
ocean
ocean
Oceanic crust (SIMA)
Struktur Kulit Bumi
Earths Crust
Durant (?) - Slide
Orogenic belt
(mountains): deformed,
folded and faulted,
rocks
Platform: mostly flat
(undeformed)
Phanerozoic rocks (0-540 ma)
Orogenic belt
shield+platform=craton
Shield: Oldest
(Precambrian)
rocks exposed
........ Struktur Kulit Bumi
Idealized cross section of a continent
Durant (?) - Slide
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Profiles of seafloor topography
The vertical scales differ from the horizontal scales, causing vertical
exaggeration, which makes slopes appear steeper than they really are.
.......Struktur Kulit Bumi
(A) Vertical exaggeration 25 times.
The continental slope has an actual
slope of only 4 or 5 degrees, but the
great vertical exaggeration
of this drawing about 60.
Continental shelf and continental slope
The continental shelf lies upon
continental crust, and the
continental rise lies upon oceanic
crust.
.......Struktur Kulit Bumi
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Alfred Wegener (German meteorologist, 1910 1930)
published his theory of continental drift.
- Observations were supported by geographic fit, fossil
evidence, and geologic patterns across the Atlantic.
- The continents were composed of lighter, less dense
materials (sial - silicon and aluminum). The continents
drifted across the denser material of the Earths mantle
and the ocean floor (sima - silicon and magnesium).
- The driving forces behind continental drift were derived
from known forces such as the rotation of the Earth,
precession (a small conical rotation) of the Earths axis, or
tidal friction.
Frisch et all. (2011)
Continental Drift Concept (Old Idea)
Reconstruction of the
supercontinent Pangaea (After
Wegener, 1915). The diverse
geological and climatological
data from different continents
fit like a jig-saw puzzle
on this reconstruction.
Panthalassa was the giant
ocean that stood opposite
to Pangaea.
...... Continental Drift
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Pangaea breakup and continental drift
Carlson et all. (2009)
Distribution of plant and animal fossils that are found on the
continents of South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and
Australia give evidence for the southern supercontinent of
Gondwana.
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The Plate Tectonic Concept
Both continental and oceanic crust, move on
top of ductile mantle.
The lithosphere (Greek shell of rock) ranges in
thickness from 70 to 150 km or more, thicker below
the continents, thinner belowthe oceans.
The asthenosphere behaves in ductile fashion and
locally contains pockets of molten rock.
- Plate tectonics remains the first and only global
geodynamic theory which orchestrates all known tectonic
phenomena including earthquake zones, mountain
building, structural patterns, nature of sedimentary basins,
magmatism, and metamorphism plate tectonics is an
elegant and comprehensive synthesis of Earths
geodynamics.
- The theory of plate tectonics is that it is based on the
tectonics of present Planet Earth (e. g., Hess, 1962; Vine
and Matthews, 1963; Wilson, 1965; Isacks et al., 1968;
LePichon, 1968; Morgan, 1968; McKenzie and Morgan,
1969; Dewey and Bird, 1970).
..... Plate Tectonic
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The major plates of the world.
Nearly all of the presently existing plates contain areas with
both continental and oceanic crust.
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The present plate configurations and plate motions on Earth;
Three types of plate boundaries: convergent,
divergent, and transform.
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Block diagrams
showing the three
types of plate
boundaries.
Block diagrams of the outer shells of the Earth
(Plate boundaries : passive continental margins)
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......Passive Continental Margin
A contour current flowing along the continental margin shapes
the continental rise bydepositing fine sediment. Coarse layers
within the continental rise were deposited by turbidity currents
flowing down the continental slope.
Block diagrams of the outer shells of the Earth
(Plate boundaries : active continental margins)
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......Active continental margin
mid-oceanic ridge (MOR)
(A) Hydrothermal circulation of seawater
at ridge crest creates hot springs and
metallic deposits in rift valley.
(B) Black smokeror submarine hot
spring on the crest of the mid-oceanic
ridge in the Pacific Ocean
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fast-spreading: magma enters a large magma chamber in
crust;broad bulge exists at ridge
slow-spreading: magma chamber freezes between pulses of
spreading; axial rift valley occurs
from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270 from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270
....... mid-oceanic ridge
(A) Seamounts are conical mountains on the sea floor,
(C) The present depth of a guyot is due to subsidence.
(B) The flat summit of a guyot was probably eroded by
waves when the top of a seamount was above sea level.
Seamounts
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Goldfinger, Koppers, Winter (2010) : Plate Tectonics-Slide
Mekanisme Pergerakan Lempeng
..... Mekanisme Pergerakan Lempeng
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Tectonics (Materi Tambahan)
Reichard (2011) : Environmental Geology
Thermal Convection
...... Tectonics
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Convergent plate margins of the Earth characterized by ensimatic
island arcs (underlain by oceanic crust), ensialic island arcs
(underlain by continental crust), and active continental margins.
Convergent Plate Margi ns
Examples of different types of plate margins with subduction zones.
...... Convergent Plate Margi ns
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Examples of different types of plate margins with subduction zones.
Structure of a plate margin system with subduction zone and
ensialic island arc.
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The accretionary wedge of the Sunda Arc
Transform Faul ts
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Geometry of transform faults
at a mid-oceanridge
.... Transform Faults
Map showing major fracture zones and transform
faults in the East Pacifi c and Central Atlantic.
.... Transform Faults
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Hot Spots
Model for the evolution of a mantle plume based on
experiments with glucose syrup (Griffi ths and Campbell, 1990).
..... Hot Spots
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Mid-ocean ri dges
Mid-ocean ridges with moderate to fast (left; harzburgite or Oman type) and slow (right; lherzolite or Trinity type) spreading rates
(Boudier and Nicolas, 1985). The diagnostic features of slow spreading are presence of the central graben, the thin layer of
gabbro as a result of the small magma chamber, and the mostly lherzolitic mantle below the Moho due to the low amount of
basaltic melt extraction.
...... Mi d-ocean ri dges
30
Map showing distribution of ages of oceanic crust. The oldest oceanic crust is of J urassic age and is located in
the NW Pacifi c (ca. 185 Ma) and near the edges of the Central Atlantic (ca. 175 Ma). Small fragments of older
oceanic crust are captured between continental blocks in the Mediterranean Sea..
...... Mi d-ocean ri dges
Map of RRR triple junction between African (Af), Indo-Australian (In), and
Antarctic (An) plates in the Indian Ocean. The vectorial diagram describes
the different spreading rates and directions.
RRR triple junction
Tripl e Juncti on
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Map of plate tectonic setting along the western coast of North America
showing two RTF triple junctions. Both triple junction situations are in
accordance with that of Fig. 2.9c. Motion velocities in cm/yr.
RTF triple junctions
...... Tripl e Juncti on
Conti nental Graben Structures
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Main characteristics of active and passive graben systems (Condie, 1997)
...... Conti nental Graben Structures
Map of the European graben systemshowing the relations between the
Rhone Graben, Bresse Graben, Upper Rhine Graben, and Lower Rhine
Embayment.
.... Conti nental
Graben
Structures
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Map of the principle elements of the East African grabensystem.
..... Conti nental Graben Structures
Passi ve Conti nental
Margins and
Abyssal Pl ai ns
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A complete sedimentary cycle at a passive continental margin
(Einsele, 1992). A sequence is subdivided into several tracts
that are controlledby transgression andregression of the sea.
Passi ve Conti nental Margi ns and Abyssal Pl ai ns
.... Passi ve Continental Margins and
Abyssal Pl ai ns
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Terranes
Terranes (terrain), consists of a block of geology, usually bounded by fault
zones, that shows a geological evolution that contrasts with the geology of
neighboring crustal blocks (J ones et al., 1982; Schermer et al., 1984).
Map and cross-section views illustratingterrane accretion
...... Terranes
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Orogenesa
Schematic profiles illustrating the evolution of orogens as a
consequence of subduction and collision.
Island-arc type
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..... Island-arc type
..... Island-arc type
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Andean t ype
Al pi ne styl e
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..... Al pi ne st yl e
Colli si on of two conti nents
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Flyschsequence in the Eastern Alps (Rhenodanubian Flysch)
and molasse sequence inTibet (Qiuwu Molasse.
Cross section showing eff ects of slab breakoff .
Breakoff of the subducted, dense oceanic lithosphere after collision is triggered by the
buoyancy of the lower-plate continental crust and the decelerating plate convergence (caused
by increasing frictional forces).
Upli ft, erosi on, and el evation of mountai ns
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Effects of changes in thicknesses of continental crust and
lithospheric mantle with respect to surface elevation.
..... Upli ft, erosi on, and el evation of mountai ns
Tibetan Plateau with Himalayas
The Tibetan Plateau forms a fl at depression with limited relief, only
interrupted by individual mountain ranges (NW Tibet, photo taken on
ground at 5100 m). The Himalayas (below, aerial photgraph) achieved their
high relief due to the intense monsoonal precipitation (Cho Oyu, 8200 m, to
the right; Tibetan Plateau in the background).
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Escape of crustal blocks in southeastern Asia
(Tapponnier et al., 1986).
Terima Kasih

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