o

ELEMENTS OF DAM ENGlNEERING

,-------------,
Earthlills Rocklills
. I gravels and I crushed
clays/sllts 1 sands -- nature ~ coarse rocks 1 rock
- - - - - - - +- - - - - - - - - - - ~~_4- - - - - - - ~- - - - - - -
1 particle ._. ~
I <2 mm lE--range ----,. 2 - 600 mm
1
1
I
1
:
<0.1 mm
cohesive-
frictional:
low-medium
very low
frictional:
medium
rstrength~
r- permeability ~
frictional: high
high medium
" \
~ ~
1
!
{
{!{
!
homogeneous zoned
zoned zoned
rockfill with
earthfill earthfill:
earthfill with
rockfill :
membrane
central core
rockfill
central core
I I
Figure 1.1 Earthfills and rockfills in dam construction.
EMBANKMENT DAM TYPES AND CHARACTERISTlCS
(a) Homogeneous with toedrain:
small secondary dams
m = 1 .5-2.5
(b) Modern homogeneous with internal
chimney drain
m =2.5-3.5
(e) Slender central day eore:
1 9th-century 'Pennines' type -
obsolete
m = 2.0-3.0
transitionl
drain
(e) Rolled day eore: zoned with
transitions and drains
m = 2.5-3.5
(d) Central concrete core:
smaller dams - obsolescent
m =2.0-3.0
zone 4a
transition/drain
zone 3
(f) Earthlill/rocklill with central rolled
day core: zoned with transitions and
drains m =1 .6- 2.0
Figure 1 .2 Principal variants of earthfill and earthfill/rockfill embankment dams.
1 2
ELEMENTS OF DA~1 EGINEERING
(a) Central rolled c1 ay core
m =1 .6-2.0
(b] lnclined rolled c1 ay core
1 1 / = 1 .6-2.0
rransition z'drain
(e) Decked: upstream asphaltie or
concrete mernbrane
m =1 .6- 2.0
td) Central asphaltic membrane
m =1 .6-2.0
Figure 1 .3 Principal variants of rockfill embar.kment dams.
1 4
irunsversc
profile
(a) Gravity dam
m = 0.75
ELEMENTS OF DAM ENGINEERING
horizontal
sect ion al base
block or
monolith
joints
(b) Massive buttress 1 : diamond head
m = 0.8-1 .0
(e) Massive buttress 2: roundhead
1 1 1 =0.8-1 .0
(d) Arch or arch-gravuy
m =0.3-0.5
(e) Cupola or double-curvature arch
Figure 1 .4 Principal types of concrete dam.
transverse
profile
(a) Hollowgravity
horizontal
section at base
struts -.._~'--,':
(e) 'Ambursen' or at slabbuttress:
reinforeed concreteeonslruetion
-obsolete
~
'.. " -
w -
*
(b) Deeked buttress,
e.g. spillway section
(d) Multiple areh
(multiple cupola similar)
Figure 1 .5 Further variants of concrete dams.
- -p
POZO DE ALIV IO
Fig. XI ..) fquemo el un pozo rJ al ivio
. ..
lo)
SECCION HOMOGENEA
(b)
SECCION
r C ) SECC
'O~I
, ,1 ," DE ENROCtJ .MIENTO
',' r. \~ .. ),h ~\ 7_ O.,,~. 1 I M P L R j t: ' " : , 1 I
_ .' L I I C. Ir .H~) I
Fg. XI-I Secciones fpicas de cori ino --{'! f;?rrft
......
(O) TRINCHERA IMPERMEABLE
.~--_ .
'. # . '~ .. '.' .'
~.
.... '
, . '
(b) DELANTAL IMPERMEABLE
t'
p.i.R' ',' B. (E'. <"'": -
. . .,' .... ', ...
0 (N.Tt".t L o w: ::.
. : " ..... ". " ,
.'. \ ". "
.. '."
. .
,.
SU ELO I~PER" 'EABlE
(e) OENTELLON
( d) oos oI SPoSIlO NES oEoRENES y FI LT ROS
PARA CAP CION
Fig,XI l Al gunos vorionf<;!s constructivas comu ~ n pr a de ti rr