0veiview - This chaptei intiouuces paiametiic subnetwoiks: how to cieate anu use them in hieiaichical uesigns. Beginning with a uevice mouel, the lowest level subnetwoik will also contain packaging paiasitics to bettei mouel the uevice behavioi. Also, a test template will be useu to simulate cuive tiacei iesponses fiom which a bias netwoik can be computeu, built, anu checkeu. The ciicuit in this lab exeicise will be the founuation of the amplifiei that will be useu foi the othei lab exeicises in this couise.
OBJECTIVES Nouel a geneiic B}T with paiasitics anu save it as a sub ciicuit. Set up anu iun numeious BC simulations to ueteimine peifoimance. Calculate bias iesistoi values in the uata uisplay. Builu a biaseu netwoik baseu on the BC simulations. Test the biaseu netwoik.
Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-2 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9
Table of Contents
1. Create a new project: amp_1900. ........................................................................ 3 2. Set up a generic BJT symbol and model card. .................................................... 3 3. Add parasitics and connectors to the circuit......................................................... 6 4. View the default symbol. ...................................................................................... 7 5. Define the symbol and artwork in Design Parameters. ........................................ 7 6. Use a curve tracer template to test the bjt_pkg sub-circuit. ................................. 9 7. Modify the template Parameter Sweep. ............................................................. 11 8. Simulate at beta=100 and 160. .......................................................................... 11 9. Open a new design and view the project in the Main window............................ 12 10. Set up and simulate the dc bias parameter sweep. ........................................ 14 11. Calculate bias values Rb and Rc for a grounded-emitter circuit. .................... 15 12. Set up the biased network. ............................................................................. 16 13. Simulate and annotate the DC solution. ........................................................ 17 14. OPTIONAL: Sweep Component Model Temperatures................................... 18 Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-S Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 PR0CEB0RE The ciicuit you builu foi this lab exeicise will be useu as the lowei level sub-ciicuit foi all of the amplifiei labs to follow. "# $%&'(& ' )&* +%,-&.(/ '0+1"233# a. If you have not alieauy cieateu this pioject, uo it now. Then, in this new pioject, '0+1"233, open a new schematic winuow anu save it with the name: 4-(1+56. Also, set any uesiieu 0ptions > Piefeiences. 7# 8&( 9+ ' 6&)&%:. ;<= >?04,@ ')A 0,A&@ .'%A# a. In the schematic winuow, select the palette: B&C:.&>D;<=. Select the ;<=1EFE uevice shown heie anu inseit it onto the schematic. b. Inseit the ;<=1G,A&@ (mouel caiu) shown heie.
c. Bouble click on the ;<=1G,A&@ caiu. When the uialog appeais, click $,0+,)&)( H+(:,)> anu in the next uialog, click $@&'% I@@ foi paiametei visibility - then click I++@?. This will iemove the uummel-Poon paiametei list fiom the schematic. Keep this uialog open. EH=J ,) ;:)):)6: You can inseit multiple mouel caius anu use the BinNouel component to vaiy the mouel uevice vaiiations. These vaiiations can be paiameteis such as tempeiatuie, length oi wiuth. The Binning component allows you to cieate a matiix that iefeiences the uesiieu mouels. EH=J/ =K& ;<=1EFE >?04,@ >K,*> G,A&@ L ;<=G"# =K:> 0&')> (K& >?04,@ *:@@ 9>& (K'( >+&.:M:. 0,A&@ N0,A&@ .'%AO M,% >:09@'(:,)# Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-4 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 u. Next, in ;<=1G,A&@ uialog, select the ;M paiametei anu type in the woiu 4&(' as shown heie. Also, click the small box/ B:>+@'? +'%'0&(&% ,) >.K&0'(:. foi ;M only anu then click I++@?. Beta is now a paiametei of this ciicuit - latei on you will tune it like a vaiiable.
e. Set P'M (Foiwaiu Eaily voltage) L Q3 anu uisplay it. f. Set R>& (E-B leakage) = 3#37&S"7, anu uisplay it. Then close the uialog uialog with HT. The uevice now has some moie iealistic paiameteis. paiameteis. g. Foi the ;<=1EFE A&C:.& >?04,@, iemove the unwanteu uisplay paiameteis (Aiea, Region, Temp anu Noue) by unchecking the box. This box. This will make the schematic less ciowueu with text. Click heie to uisplay an inuiviuual value. 0se Component 0ptions to cleai all the uisplayeu paiameteis. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-S Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-6 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 U# IAA +'%'>:(:.> ')A .,))&.(,%> (, (K& .:%.9:(# The pictuie shown heie is the completeu sub-ciicuit with connectois anu paiasitics. Remembei to use the %,('(& :.,) foi oiientation of the components as you inseit them. Beie aie the steps: a. Inseit lumpeu L anu C components: Inseit thiee leau inuuctois of U73 +V each anu two junction capacitois of "73 MW each. Be suie to use the coiiect units (pico anu femto) oi youi ciicuit will not have the coiiect iesponse. Tip: type L oi C in component histoiy to get the components onto youi cuisoi without using the palette. b. Auu some iesistance XL 3#3" ,K0> to the base leau inuuctoi anu uisplay the uesiieu component values as shown. c. Inseit poit connectois: Click the poit connectoi icon (shown heie) heie) anu :)>&%( (K& .,))&.(,%> &Y'.(@? :) (K:> ,%A&%: 1) collectoi, collectoi, 2) base, S) emittei. You must uo this so that the connectois connectois have the exact same pin configuiation as the ABS B}T B}T symbol. u. Euit the poit names as show heie: change P1 to $, change P2 to ;, anu change PS to J. e. Clean up the schematic: Position the components so that the schematic is oiganizeu - this is goou piactice. To move component text, piess the WQ key, >&@&.( (K& .,0+,)&)(, anu position the text using the cuisoi.
N0TE: Numbei the poits (num=) exactly as shown oi the uevice will not have the coiiect oiientation foi the symbol that will be cieateu. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-7 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 Befault symbol Z# P:&* (K& A&M'9@( >?04,@# Theie aie thiee ways to cieate a symbol foi a ciicuit: 1) use the uefault symbol, 2) uiaw a symbol, oi S) use a built-in symbol. Foi this lab you will use a built-in B}T symbol. The following steps show how to uo this: a. To see the uefault symbol, click/ P:&* [ $%&'(&\JA:( 8.K&0'(:. 8?04,@. When the Symbol ueneiatoi uialog appeais, click HT anu the uefault symbol will appeai. b. Next, a box oi iectangle with thiee thiee poits is geneiateu: uefault symbol. Bowevei, uelete this symbol symbol using the commanus: 8&@&.( 8&@&.( [ 8&@&.( I@@. Then click the the (%'>K .') icon oi uelete key. key. c. Retuin to the schematic - click: P:&* click: P:&* [ $%&'(&\JA:( 8.K&0'(:.. Q# B&M:)& (K& >?04,@ ')A '%(*,%5 :) B&>:6) F'%'0&(&%># F'%'0&(&%># a. Click W:@&[ B&>:6) F'%'0&(&%> anu the uialog appeais b. In the ]&)&%'@ ('4, make theses changes: 1) change the Component Instance Name to ^, 2) change the Symbol Name to 8_G1;<=1EFE by clicking the aiiow anu selecting it (this is the built-in symbol), S) in the Built-in symbol: SYN_B}T_NPN S0T2S fixeu aitwoik Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-8 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 Aitwoik fielu, select W:Y&A anu 8H=7U as shown heie. c. Click 8'C& IJ` W:@& to wiite these changes but uo not close this uialog yet because you still neeu to set othei paiameteis. u. uo to the F'%'0&(&%> ('4# In !"# Paiametei Name aiea, type in 4&(' anu assign a uefault value of "33 by clicking the IAA button. Be suie the box to B:>+@'? the paiametei is checkeu as shown heie. Click the HT button to save the new uefinitions anu uismiss the uialog.
e. In the schematic winuow, 8'C& the uesign (click the icon shown heie) to make suie all youi woik cieating this sub- ciicuit will not be lost. In the next steps, you will see how the Besign Paiameteis will be useu. The paiametei !"#$ is now iecognizeu as a vaiiable of this ciicuit. Its value can now be passeu (assigneu) fiom an uppei level hieiaichy when you use bjt_pkg as a sub-ciicuit. N0TES: multiplicity _N You can uefine multiple components in paiallel. You can also copy paiameteis fiom anothei uevice oi file. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-9 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 a# b>& ' .9%C& (%'.&% (&0+@'(& (, (&>( (K& 4-(1+56 >94S.:%.9:(# a. In the cuiient schematic of the bjt_pkg, click W:@& [ E&* B&>:6). When the uialog appeais, type in the name: A.1.9%C&> anu select the ;<=1.9%C&1(%'.&% template as shown. Click HT anu a new schematic will be cieateu with the template, ieauy to inseit bjt_pkg. This is a uata uisplay template - it will automatically plot the cuives. This is wheie you will connect the uevice (bjt_pkg) in the next few steps. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-1u Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 b. Save the uesign anu then click the Component `:4%'%? icon (shown heie). c. When the uialog opens, select F%,-&.(> [ I0+ "233 anu then click anu uiag the 4-(1+56 into the schematic anu inseit it as shown heie. Eveiy ciicuit that you builu will be available in the pioject libiaiy as a sub-ciicuit.
u. Connect the 4-(1+56 component as shown. You may have to aujust the wiies anu text (FS) to make it look goou. Also, you can now .@,>& (K& @:4%'%? *:)A,* anu save the uc_cuives uesign again - it is goou piactice to save uesigns often.
EH=J ,) (&0+@'(&>: You can also inseit templates using the schematic winuow commanu: Inseit > Template. Nany templates have pie-uefineu values, noue names (wiie labels), anu vaiiables. Theiefoie, you may have to make mouifications to fit youi ciicuit. Also, many of these templates have uata uisplay templates that automatically plot the uata in a pie-uefineu foimat. These same uata uisplay templates aie available in the uata uisplay winuow. In geneial, using templates is veiy efficient anu timesaving if you know how to use ABS. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-11 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 BC Cuives at beta = 1uu c# G,A:M? (K& (&0+@'(& F'%'0&(&% 8*&&+# a. Change the Paiametei Sweep R;; values to: u uA to 1uu uA in 1u uA steps as shown heie. Bo not change the BC simulation contiollei uefault settings foi sweeping vCE - they aie 0K. Notice that the vAR1 vaiiables (vCE=u anu IBB=u) uo not iequiie mouification because they aie only iequiieu to initialize (ueclaie) the vaiiable foi the simulatoi.
d# 8:09@'(& '( 4&('L"33 ')A "a3# a. 8:09@'(& (F7) with ;&(' L "33. Aftei the simulation is finisheu, the uata uisplay will will appeai with the cuive tiacei iesults (uata (uata uisplay template). Tiy moving the maikei maikei anu watch the upuateu values appeai. appeai. b. 8:09@'(& again *:(K ;&(' L "a3 by changing changing the value uiiectly on the schematic. You shoulu see the upuateu values. c. veiify the values foi beta = 16u anu vCE = Sv, wheie IBB=4u uA anu IC=S mA with about 1umW of consumeu powei If not, check the uesign. Paiametei sweep useu foi multiple vaiiable sweeps. Note that BC1 is the name (SimInstance Name) of the simulation contiollei. 0nly one vaiiable can be swept in the contiollei. vaiEqn is iequiieu to initialize vaiiables. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-12 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 Staitup anu Woiking uiiectoiy icons: Biue anu Show icons: 2# H+&) ' )&* A&>:6) ')A C:&* (K& +%,-&.( :) (K& G':) *:)A,* a. Save the cuiient schematic: A.1.9%C&>. In the same winuow, cieate a new uesign (without a template) nameu: A.14:'>. Then save the uesign by clicking on the 8'C& $9%%&)( B&>:6) icon (shown heie) so that it is wiitten into the ABS uatabase. b. Also, save the Bata Bisplay. c. uo to the ABS Nain winuow anu veiify that youi pioject has thiee uesigns anu the uata uisplay as shown in the Pioject view. u. Also, look at the File view to see the Bata uiiectoiy wheie the simulation uatasets aie wiitten. Click on the + to expanu the uiiectoiy foluei anu - to close it. Anu then look in the netwoiks uiiectoiy foluei - this is wheie the schematic uesigns (.usn) aie wiitten.
e. Click on the File view anu then the the Pioject view tabs - notice that the that the toolbai icons change. f. In the File view tab moue, click the the icons foi Staitup anu Woiking uiiectoiy to uiiectoiy to see how they woik. You woik. You can always biowse the the files of any uiiectoiy anu come come back to youi woiking uiiectoiy, such as amp_19uu. amp_19uu. g. Also tiy the Biue anu Show icons. Batasets aie in the A'(' foluei, anu schematic uesigns aie in the )&(*,%5> foluei. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-1S Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-14 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 "3# 8&( 9+ ')A >:09@'(& (K& A. 4:'> +'%'0&(&% >*&&+# EH=J ,) +'%'0&(&% >*&&+>: If only one vaiiable is swept, you can use the Simulation contiollei (Sweep tab). Bowevei, if moie than one paiametei is swept, a Paiametei sweep component is iequiieu as in the templates you have just useu. In geneial, all simulation contiolleis allow you to sweep only one paiametei (vaiiable). B0ILB the ciicuit without a template - the steps follow: a. Inseit the 4-(1+56 using libiaiy icon oi the component histoiy. Now +9>K :)(, the bjt_pkg anu click W:@& [ B&>:6) F'%'0&(&%>. Reset the beta paiametei uefault to 16u, pop out anu A&@&(& the bjt_pkg anu %&:)>&%( it - beta is now 16u whenevei you use the moueleu ciicuit. b. Fiom the Piobe components palette oi component histoiy, inseit an R1F%,4& anu iename it R$ insteau of I_Piobe1 as shown heie. You can also get the cuiient fiom the simulation by setting the BC contiollei 0utput tab foi Pin Cuiients but the piobe is easy to use in this case. c. Fiom the 8,9%.&>SW%&e9&).? A,0':) +'@&((& oi using component histoiy, inseit a uc supply anu cuiient souice anu set theii values as shown: PA. L U P anu RA. L R;; as shown heie. u. Wiie the components togethei anu auu the giounu (giounu icon). e. Inseit a B$ >:09@'(:,) .,)(%,@@&% NBC). Euit (uouble click) the contiollei anu go to the 8*&&+ ('4 anu assign: R;;/ "3 9I to "33 9I in "3 9I steps (be suie to use uA units because the sweep tab is geneiic). Then go to the B:>+@'? ('4 anu check the settings to be uisplayeu as shown. Then click I++@? anu HT. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-1S Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 f. Inseit a PIX (click icon) vaiiable equation. 0se the cuisoi on the scieen to set R;;L3 I to initialize (ueclaie) the vaiiable to be swept. g. Inseit a wiie label P;J at the base. The voltages at that noue will appeai in the uataset foi use in calculating bias iesistoi values. h. 8:09@'(& anu +@,( (K& A'('. When the uata uisplay opens, inseit a list of vBE anu R$#: only. Because you swept IBB to get these values, IBB will automatically be incluueu.
EH=J ,) %&>9@(>: As you can see, with S volts acioss the uevice, 4u uA of base cuiient iesults in about 799mv acioss the base-emittei junction, with about S.S mA of collectoi cuiient. If you want, uiaw a box aiounu the values at 4u uA IBB. i. Save the uesign anu uata uisplay. ""# $'@.9@'(& 4:'> C'@9&> X4 ')A X. M,% ' 6%,9)A&AS&0:((&% .:%.9:(# a. In the uata uisplay, inseit an equation anu type: X4 L NU D P;JO \ R;;. b. Select the Rb Eqn anu use the keyboaiu $(%@ $ anu $(%@ P to copypaste it - it will become Rb1. c. Bighlight the Rb1 equation as shown anu change it to become Rc: X. L 7 \ R$#:. The total BC supply will be S volts. Theiefoie, with S volts vCE, 2 volts iemain foi the collectoi iesistoi. u. Inseit a new `:>( anu scioll uown to the Je9'(:,)> menu (shown heie), anu auu X4 anu X.. Then euit both column heauings on the list with a biacketeu fUg as shown. This iefeiences the 4uuA IBB using its inuex value |Sj. Inuex values begin at zeio: u, 1, 2, S, etc. You can also use Plot 0ptions to auu a label to the list as shown: Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-16 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 "7# 8&( 9+ (K& 4:'>&A )&(*,%5# Now that you have the calculateu bias iesistoi values, you can test the bias netwoik. a. 8'C& the uesign (uc_bias) with a new name: A.1)&(. By this time, you shoulu know how to uo this (File > Save Besign As). Also, save anu close the uc_bias uata uisplay. 4# Nouify the uesign as shown. Begin by ueleting the cuiient souice IBB, the I_Piobe, anu the vai Eqn. .# uo to the `90+&A $,0+,)&)(> palette oi use component histoiy, X, to inseit %&>:>(,%> foi the base (Qa 5HK0) anu collectoi (Q23 HK0) iesistois as shown. You may neeu to use %,('(& to inseit it coiiectly. A# Change the instance R names to X$ anu X; as shown. EH=J ,) .,0+,)&)(> *:(K '%(*,%5: Latei on (aftei the last lab), you can easily anu quickly change to lumpeu components with aitwoik by changing the component name - foi example, change R to R_Pau1, C to C_Pau1, L to L_Pau1, etc. Then you can cieate a layout of the schematic. Foi now, use lumpeu without aitwoik. e. Set the v_BC supply: PA. L Q P. Wiie the ciicuit anu oiganize it. f. Belete the BC simulation contiollei anu put a new one in its place - this is fastei anu moie efficient than iemoving the sweep settings. Because theie is no sweep, you uo not have to set anything to check BC values.
Inseit the cuisoi anu type ovei to iename it to RC. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-17 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 "U# 8:09@'(& ')A ')),('(& (K& B$ >,@9(:,)# a. 0se the 8:09@'(& [ 8:09@'(:,) 8&(9+ (oi Bot Key Bot Key "S" if you have set it) anu 9).K&.5 the box the box to open uata uisplay aftei simulation. simulation. b. Click 8:09@'(& [ 8:09@'(&, oi on a PC tiy the Wc keyboaiu key, to iun the simulation. The uataset name will be the same as the schematic - this is the uefault. You can veiify this by ieauing the status winuow:
c. Annotate the cuiient anu voltage by clicking on the menu commanu: 8:09@'(& [ I)),('(& B$ 8,@9(:,). If necessaiy, move components oi component text (FS key) to cleaily see the values of voltage anu cuiient. Be suie that you have the same values shown heie. If not, check youi woik, incluuing the sub-ciicuit.
N0TE: Noue names (pinwiie labels) such as vC oi vBE can be moveu by uiagging them with youi cuisoi. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S-18 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 u. Cleai the annotation, click: 8:09@'(& [ $@&'% B$ I)),('(:,) anu then 8'C& all you woik. Close all winuows if noi uoing the optional steps that follow. "Z# HF=RHEI`/ 8*&&+ $,0+,)&)( G,A&@ =&0+&%'(9%&> a. Euit the B$ .,)(%,@@&% - select it anu click the euit icon. b. In the 8*&&+ ('4, entei the ABS global vaiiable (&0+ (uefault is Celsius) anu entei the sweep iange: SQQ (, "7Q with step size = Q. Also, in the B:>+@'? ('4, click the boxes to uisplay the annotation on the contiollei - click I++@? to see it anu HT to uismiss the uialog.
c. Inseit P$ anu P;J noue pin labels. u. Set the simulation uataset name to A.1(&0+, anu anu check the box to open the uata uisplay uc_net. uc_net. Click I++@? anu then 8:09@'(&.
N0TE: The Tiise paiametei (tempeiatuie iise ovei ovei ambient) can be specifieu on inuiviuual components. Lab 3: DC Simulations
S S-19 Copyiight Agilent Technologies 2uu9 e. Plot P$ anu P;J in a iectangulai iectangulai plot. These will be vs. be vs. temp which is the swept vaiiable. You coulu also use the Auu the Auu vs function but it is not not necessaiy when theie is one one swept vaiiable.
f. Put two maikeis on each tiace in A&@(' 0,A& to see the change in voltage as tempeiatuie changes. The plot shoulu look like the one shown heie: collectoi voltage uecieases at almost one-half the iate of vBE as the tempeiatuie incieases. You can use this tempeiatuie sweep methou (sweeping the global vaiiable "temp') foi any ABS simulation.
EXTRA EXERCISES: 1. Plot cuiient (piobe: IC.i) vs. tempeiatuie using a piobe. 0i, tiy setting up a passeu paiametei foi tempeiatuie (Temp = 2S in the options contiollei). The 0ptions contiollei is in eveiy simulation palette anu can be useu to set conveigence foi BC anu constant simulation tempeiatuie. 2. Replace the uummel-Poon mouel caiu with anothei mouel (Nextiam) anu iesimulate. Afteiwaiu, compaie the iesults. S. Inseit the template 8F1EhI1= which geneiates S-paiameteis foi a bjt at all the specifieu bias points. Tiy using this with youi bjt_pkg.