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SCIENCE YEAR 5
UNIT 5: PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY

1. PREHISTORY

Prehistory is the period of time that started with the appearance of the human beings and ended with the
invention of writing.
Prehistory is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages.


1.1. THE PALAEOLITHIC AGE.

Life.
Palaeolithic people were nomads: they moved from place to place to find food.
They lived by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants.
They were organized in tribes and lived in caves or huts.
They discovered fire and used it to cook their food.












Tools and art.
In the Palaeolithic Age, people made simple tools with wood, stone and bone. They made spears, knives,
harpoons,
The first artists decorated the walls and ceilings of caves with paintings. These paintings are known as
cave art.
They used intense colours and painted animals such as bison and figures of people.













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1.2. THE NEOLITHIC AGE.

Life.
Neolithic people became sedentary: they lived permanently in one place.
They started to cultivate crops and raise animals. People began to specialize in some jobs. They
became farmers, stoneworkers, craftmen,
They built villages near the rivers.










Tools and art.
In the Neolithic Age, tools were made of polished stone.
They made new tools, such as hoes or polished stone axes.
Cave art represented scenes with groups of people hunting, gathering or dancing.
Craftwork included:
Pottery: they made pots from clay and used it for cooking and storing.
Cloth: they used the animal wool and fur for clothing.









1.3. THE METAL AGES.

Life.
In the Metal Ages, people learned to work metals.
At first, the used copper and then they discovered bronze and iron.
New tools and new techniques improved agriculture and livestock.
The first cities were built.

New inventions and art.
In this period, important inventions were produced:
The wheel: that made it possible to transport
people and goods.
The plough: they used it to work on larger
pieces of land.
The sail: they used sailing boats to transport
people and goods by water.



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In the Metal Ages, people built the first monuments using large stones called megaliths. The three
main megalithic monuments are: menhirs, dolmens and cromlechs.









2. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN PRE-ROMAN TIMES.

In pre-Roman times, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by two groups of people: the Iberians and the Celts.
Later, Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians established colonies in the Peninsula.


2.1. THE IBERIANS AND THE CELTS.

The Iberians:
They lived in the east and south of the Iberian Peninsula.
They were divided into tribes.
The Iberians lived in walled settlements with rectangular houses.
They were herders, farmers and traders. Some were expert craftsmen.

The Celts:
They lived in the centre and north of the Iberian Peninsula.
They were also divided into tribes.
The Celts lived in walled settlements with round houses.
Many of them worked as herders and farmers. Some were expert
metalworkers.


2.2. EARLY COLONIES.
Three ancient civilizations established colonies on the Iberian Peninsula:
The Phoenicians:
They came from Asia and settled on the southern coast.
They founded the cities of Cadiz and Malaga.

The Greeks:
They came from Greece and settled on the Mediterranean
coast.
They founded the cities of Denia and Ampurias.

The Carthaginians:
They came from North Africa and also settled on the
Mediterranean coast.
They founded the cities of Cartagena and Ibiza.

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3. SPAIN IN ROMAN TIMES.

More than two thousand years ago, the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and conquered the Iberian
Peninsula. The Romans called it Hispania.

3.1. ROMAN LIFE IN HISPANIA.
The Romans divided Hispania into provinces. Provinces were ruled by a governor.
Hispania adopted Roman customs and spoke Latin.
Roman society was divided into two groups: free people and slaves.
The main economic activity was trading.







3.2. ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
The cities had two main streets and a forum. The forum
was a large public square where romans celebrated
important events.
Romans were excellent builders. The principal roman
architecture elements were:
Religious buildings: temples.
Entertainment buildings: amphitheatres,
theatres, circuses and public baths.
Public works: bridges, roads and aqueducts.


Romans decorated their buildings with sculptures made of
marble and bronze.
They also made decorative frescoes in walls and covered
their floors with mosaics.

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