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AS / NZS 3666.1:2002 Australian / New Zealand Standard (tm) air-handling and water systems of buildings--Microbial control Part 1: design, installation and commissioning. Standard was prepared by joint Technical Committee ME-062, Ventilation and Airconditioning. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 8 March 2002.
AS / NZS 3666.1:2002 Australian / New Zealand Standard (tm) air-handling and water systems of buildings--Microbial control Part 1: design, installation and commissioning. Standard was prepared by joint Technical Committee ME-062, Ventilation and Airconditioning. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 8 March 2002.
AS / NZS 3666.1:2002 Australian / New Zealand Standard (tm) air-handling and water systems of buildings--Microbial control Part 1: design, installation and commissioning. Standard was prepared by joint Technical Committee ME-062, Ventilation and Airconditioning. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 8 March 2002.
buildingsMicrobial control Part 1: Design, installation and commissioning A S / N Z S
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ME-062, Ventilation and Airconditioning. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 8 March 2002 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on 18 April 2002. It was published on 2 May 2002. The following interests are represented on Committee ME-062: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers Association of Australia Australasian Fire Authorities Council Australian Building Codes Board Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Industry Group Australian Institute of Building Surveyors Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Department of Contract and Management Services, W.A. FPA Australia Institute of Refrigeration Heating and Air Conditioning Engineers New Zealand Institute of Engineers Australia Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association Property Council of Australia Additional interests participating in the preparation of this Standard: Department of Human Services (Vic) Department of Human Services (Tas) Institute of Plant Engineers Australasia National Health and Medical Research Council New South Wales Health Department Queensland Health Telstra Corporation Keeping Standards up-to-date Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments which may have been published since the Standard was purchased. Detailed information about joint Australian/New Zealand Standards can be found by visiting the Standards Australia web site at www.standards.com.au or Standards New Zealand web site at www.standards.co.nz and looking up the relevant Standard in the on-line catalogue. Alternatively, both organizations publish an annual printed Catalogue with full details of all current Standards. For more frequent listings or notification of revisions, amendments and withdrawals, Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand offer a number of update options. For information about these services, users should contact their respective national Standards organization. We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especially encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Please address your comments to the Chief Executive of either Standards Australia International or Standards New Zealand at the address shown on the back cover. This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 00101. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 Australian/New Zealand Standard
Air-handling and water systems of
buildingsMicrobial control Part 1: Design, installation and commissioning Originated as part of AS 36661989. Previous edition AS/NZS 3666.1:1995. Second edition 2002. COPYRIGHT Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001 and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020 ISBN 0 7337 4452 2 A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 2 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee ME-062, Ventilation and Airconditioning, to supersede AS/NZS 3666.1:1995. This Standards forms Part 1 of a series of Standards for the microbial control of air- handling and water systems, as follows: AS/NZS 3666 Air-handling and water systems of buildingsMicrobial control 3666.1 Part 1: Design, installation and commissioning 3666.2 Part 2: Operation and maintenance 3666.3 Part 3: Performance-based maintenance of cooling water systems A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 3 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD................................................................................................................... 4 SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 APPLICATION........................................................................................................... 6 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS................................................................................... 7 1.5 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 7 SECTION 2 DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF AIR-HANDLING SYSTEMS 2.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 AIR INTAKES .......................................................................................................... 11 2.3 EXHAUST AIR OUTLETS....................................................................................... 11 2.4 AIR FILTERS............................................................................................................ 12 2.5 HUMIDIFIERS.......................................................................................................... 12 2.6 EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLING EQUIPMENT...................................................... 12 2.7 COILS........................................................................................................................ 13 2.8 TRAYS AND SUMPS............................................................................................... 13 2.9 CONDENSATE AND EQUIPMENT DRAINAGE................................................... 13 2.10 FAN ASSEMBLIES .................................................................................................. 14 2.11 DUCTWORK AND COMPONENTS........................................................................ 14 2.12 TERMINAL UNITS .................................................................................................. 14 2.13 COMMISSIONING................................................................................................... 14 SECTION 3 DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF HEATED WATER SYSTEMS 3.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 15 3.2 HOT WATER SYSTEMS.......................................................................................... 15 3.3 WARM WATER ABLUTION SYSTEMS ................................................................ 15 3.4 COMMISSIONING................................................................................................... 16 SECTION 4 DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF COOLING WATERSYSTEMS 4.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 17 4.2 PUMPS...................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 LOCATION............................................................................................................... 18 4.4 DRIFT CONTROL.................................................................................................... 18 4.5 CONTROL OF SOLIDS............................................................................................ 18 4.6 SUNLIGHT ............................................................................................................... 19 4.7 COMMISSIONING................................................................................................... 19 A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 4 FOREWORD Microbes abound in the natural environment and are normally present in low concentration level throughout buildings. Building systems are not sterile and will always contain some microbes. Generally, health hazards, which can lead to infections such as legionnaires disease or Pontiac fever, or allergic reactions such as humidifier fever, are created only when these microbes multiply to high concentrations. The three main categories of microbes that can be found in building environment are viruses, fungi and bacteria. Viruses are the simplest form of microorganism (microbe) but they can only reproduce within other living cells. The sources for viral transmission are the occupants rather than the building services. On the other hand, fungi and bacteria can colonize in building services if moisture and organic nutrients are present. Fungi (e.g. mould) attach to hard surfaces and are readily able to grow in conditions of high humidity as they extract their moisture from the air. Fortunately, they are readily controlled by the normal principles of hygiene, such as keeping surfaces dry, and by regular cleaning and disinfection with a mild bleaching agent. While fungi are difficult to eliminate, they will germinate only when moisture returns. Examples of systems that are only intermittently moist, but which are able to support fungal growths, are cooling coils, condensate trays, drain lines, ducting near cooling coils, and humidifier surfaces. Bacteria also prefer wet surfaces for growth but are generally to be found where the surfaces are submerged or at the interface between wet and dry areas. Colonization and growth of Legionella bacteria (the causative agent for legionnaires disease), can take place in any water-based system if the water is warm and supplied with nutrients. Examples of such systems relevant to building services are showers and baths, and cooling towers (and the like) used for heat rejection for which control measures are described in this Standard. Other sources include spa pools, decorative fountains, nebulizers (for hospital patients) ultrasonic humidifiers (misters at supermarket vegetable cabinets), cutting fluid (in industrial machine shops), dental equipment and, more recently, the potting mixtures and other composted material used by home gardeners. As Legionella bacteria are widespread in natural water sources, such as rivers, lakes, mud and soil, it is not surprising that they are often present in building water systems. Absolute exclusion of these particular bacteria from water systems, although a worthy objective, may not be possible nor necessary, and finding the bacteria does not by itself indicate that a source presents a risk. AS/NZS 3666.3 provides requirements for system decontamination should elevated Legionella counts be found. One type of application of particular concern is the provision of warm water for bathing or showering at some hospitals and institutions for the elderly, children and the mentally ill. This water is usually supplied at a temperature of 45C maximum, to prevent scalding. Therefore, Legionella control by elevated temperature at the point of use is not possible. Often, a storage-type warm water system is provided rather than a hot-cold mixing system. Cases of legionnaires disease amongst susceptible people have been associated with the aerosol sprayed from showerheads or bath taps supplied by such systems. Adverse conditions can be created by the build-up of sludge in storage vessels and possible dead legs in the piping system. Regular cleaning, maintenance and disinfection of the system are required. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 5 The problem can be largely overcome by the provision of anti-scald, thermal shut-off devices that mix hot and cold water supplied to the shower outlets instead of using warm water storage tanks or calorifiers. Such outlets can be readily dismantled and disinfected periodically with chlorine. Alternatively, cold water, which is directly heated to produce warm water, can be used. In the case of cooling water systems that make use of cooling towers to evaporatively cool recirculating water, the risk of disease can be minimized by the following: (a) Careful attention to system design and construction features. (b) Use of drift eliminators. (c) Siting of towers away from building air intakes, populated areas and discharges from kitchen exhaust systems. (d) Maintaining the system in a clean and sound condition. (e) Controlling water quality from when water is introduced into the system. (f) Monitoring towers and water condition. Similarly, the control of all microbes able to colonize water and air-handling systems of buildings can be effected by the avoidance of growth needs, by ensuring the systems are clean, properly designed, commissioned, operated and well maintained, and by the use of appropriate water treatment techniques. Further explanatory information regarding this subject can be found in the Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Handbook HB 32, Control of microbial growth in air- handling and water systems of buildings, and in the monograph produced by the National Environmental Health Forum entitled, Guidance for the control of Legionella [found at the website www.health.sa.gov.au/pehs (click Publications then Legionella). The Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating has produced a series of application manuals on cooling towers, water treatment, piping systems and maintenance. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 6 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Australian/New Zealand Standard Air-handling and water systems of buildingsMicrobial control Part 1: Design, installation and commissioning S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L 1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies minimum requirements for the design, installation and commissioning of air-handling and water systems of buildings for the purposes of microbial control. It does not include requirements for refrigerated room airconditioners and non- ducted split systems. NOTE: Refer to regulatory authority for the application of the criteria to buildings. Requirements specified in this Standard are not intended for the control of the wide range of discomfort symptoms that may afflict the occupants of some buildings. NOTES: 1 The Standard covers the most common known sources of the diseases associated with air-handling and water systems of buildings. Other sources, both known and potential, include cooling water systems for refrigeration equipment and air compressors, industrial heat exchangers when opened for cleaning, decorative fountains, spray irrigation systems, and industrial water-based cutting fluid systems. 2 In the event of an outbreak of legionnaires disease, special action is necessary, which will be advised by the health authorities. 3 Further information on the control of microbial growth in air-handling and water systems of buildings is given in HB 32. 4 HB 61 provides details of the standard specifications in the NATSPEC series. 5 Operation and maintenance requirements are given in AS/NZS 3666.2. 1.2 OBJECTIVE The objective of this Standard is to assist in the control of microorganisms in building systems, particularly those associated with legionnaires disease, Pontiac fever, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and humidifier fever. 1.3 APPLICATION This Standard is intended for use by regulatory authorities, building services designers, architects, equipment manufacturers and suppliers, installers, maintenance personnel, managers, owners, and operating staff responsible for designing, installing, commissioning, operating, and maintaining the air-handling and water systems of a building. It gives minimum requirements and shall be read in conjunction with any additional recommendations given by suppliers of the equipment and with the requirements of any relevant specification or applicable regulation. NOTE: This Standard has been developed for commercial building services systems. The technical content may be applied by the regulatory authority to other commercial or industrial systems and to domestic systems incorporating a cooling water system. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 7 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1324 Air filters for use in general ventilation and airconditioning 1324.2 Part 2: Methods of test 1470 Health and safety at workPrinciples and practices 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and laddersDesign, construction and installation 1668 The use of mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in buildings 1668.2 Part 2: Mechanical ventilation for acceptable indoor-air quality 1851 Maintenance of fire protection equipment 1851.6 Part 6: Management procedures for maintaining the fire and smoke control features of air-handling systems 2345 Dezincification resistance of copper alloys 2913 Evaporative air-conditioning equipment 4180 Drift loss from cooling towersLaboratory measurement 4180.1 Part 1: Chloride balance method 4254 Ductwork for air-handling systems in buildings AS/NZS 1892 Portable ladders 1892.1 Part 1: Metal 2865 Safe working in a confined space 3500 National plumbing and drainage 3500.1.2 Part 1.2: Water supplyAcceptable solutions 3500.2.2 Part 2.2: Sanitary Plumbing and DrainageAcceptable solutions 3500.4.2 Part 4.2: Hot water supply systemsAcceptable solutions 3666 Air-handling and water systems of buildingsMicrobial control 3666.2 Part 2: Operation and maintenance 4020 Products for use in contact with drinking water SAI/SNZ HB 32 Control of microbial growth in air-handling and water systems of buildings HB 61 NATSPECHandbook at building Standards extracts MP 52 Manual of authorization procedures for plumbing and drainage products NZS 4303 Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality NFPA 90A Installation of air conditioning and ventilating systems ABCB Building Code of Australia 1.5 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply. 1.5.1 Aerosol Airborne water particles less than 10 m in diameter. 1.5.2 Air filter A device for removing particulate material from air. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 8 1.5.3 Air-handling plant A component part of an air-handling system, which includes equipment providing air movement, as well as equipment for the purpose of controlling the direction, rate of airflow, division of airflow, and condition of air. It includes central station built-up plant, rooftop plant, package conditioners (freestanding or connected to ductwork), fan coil units, induction units, and process coolers (such as those used for the cooling of computer equipment). 1.5.4 Air-handling system A system for the purpose of directing air in a positive and controlled manner to and from specific enclosures by means of air-handling plant, ducts, plenums, air-distribution devices and control devices. 1.5.5 Air intake Any opening through which air is admitted to an air-handling system in a building. 1.5.6 Air outlet Any opening through which air is delivered by an air-handling system to a space in a building. 1.5.7 Approved and approval Approved by, or the approval of, the regulatory authority concerned. 1.5.8 Automatically controlled (water treatment) Dosage regulated by feedback control loop or timer 1.5.9 Biocide A physical or chemical agent that kills bacteria and other microorganisms. 1.5.10 Bleed-off (or blowdown) The removal of water from a system to limit the concentration of total dissolved solids and suspended solids. 1.5.11 Building Any structure classified in the Building Code of Australia. 1.5.12 Clean That part of maintenance which has as its objective plant free from visible sludge, foam, slime (including algae and fungi), rust, scale, dirt, dust and any deposit or accumulation of impurities, or any other foreign material. 1.5.13 Coil A heat exchanger made up of tubing formed into a compact shape by spiral or serpentine configuration, and usually incorporating surface fins. 1.5.14 Commissioning A systematic and progressive process of putting the components of a system into operation, calibrating instruments and controls, and then making adjustments and checks to ensure that the total system is providing satisfactory operation and performance. 1.5.15 Competent person A person who has had appropriate training or practical experience (or both) in the subject, sufficient to provide safe and satisfactory performance. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 9 1.5.16 Cooling tower A device for lowering the temperature of water by evaporative cooling in which atmospheric air is in contact with falling water, thereby exchanging heat. The term also includes those devices that incorporate a water-refrigerant or water-water heat exchanger. 1.5.17 Cooling water system A heat exchange system comprising a heat-generating plant, a heat-rejection plant and interconnecting water recirculating pipework and associated pumps, valves and controls. 1.5.18 Corrosion resistant Material that is not inherently susceptible to rapid corrosion under the conditions normally prevailing in the system. 1.5.19 Dead-leg A section of the system that does not permit the circulation of water. 1.5.20 Drift Water lost from the cooling tower as liquid droplets entrained in the exhaust air, excluding condensation. NOTE: Drift is not to be confused with plume, i.e. condensed water vapour. 1.5.21 Duct A component part of an air-handling system intended for the passage of air from one part of an air-handling system to another. 1.5.22 Ductwork The network of ducts (including plenums), which forms part of the air-handling system of a building. 1.5.23 Evaporative airconditioning equipment A device that effects a reduction of the dry bulb temperature of air by evaporating water into air. 1.5.24 Evaporative condenser A heat exchanger in which refrigerant is cooled by a combination of air movement and water spraying (see also cooling tower). 1.5.25 Exhaust air outlet An outlet from an air-handling system, discharging air to atmosphere. 1.5.26 Hot water Water at or above 60C. 1.5.27 Humidifier A device for adding moisture to air to raise its humidity. NOTE: Humidifiers are of several types, including steam, spray, atomizing and boiling water. 1.5.28 Humidifier fever A form of allergic reaction caused by inhalation of allergens of microbial origin arising from the wetted surface of equipment, such as humidifiers. 1.5.29 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Respiratory illness usually caused by inhalation of the spores or antigens of various different types of microorganisms; also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 10 1.5.30 Installation Mounting plant, equipment and controls, securing in position, connecting up to components of a system for subsequent commissioning of the plant and the associated system. 1.5.31 Legionnaires disease A potentially fatal illness characterized by pneumonia and caused by infection with Legionella bacteria species, commonly Legionella pneumophila. The incubation period of the disease is from 2 to 10 days, and the attack rate is low. Symptoms include an abrupt onset of high fever, non-productive cough, chills, headache and muscle pain. 1.5.32 May Indicates (a) that a course of action is permissible; and (b) the existence of an option. 1.5.33 Pontiac fever A self-limiting, short-duration, non-fatal fever caused by Legionella bacteria. The incubation period of the disease is from 5 h to 66 h, and the attack rate is up to 95%. Symptoms include chills, headache, muscle pain, and other flu-like symptoms. 1.5.34 Recirculation The full or partial redistribution to spaces, by air-handling plant, of air previously extracted from those spaces. 1.5.35 Regulatory authority Any authority that is authorized by statute to exercise jurisdiction over matters such as the design, materials, installation, commissioning, operation or maintenance of any part of an air-handling or water system of a building. 1.5.36 Shall Indicates that a statement is mandatory. 1.5.37 Should Indicates a recommendation. 1.5.38 Terminal unit An appliance receiving, conditioning and delivering air supplied through a duct system. 1.5.39 Tundish A fitting into which pipework can discharge with an air gap. 1.5.40 Warm water Water between 30C and 60C (nominally 43C). A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 11 S E C T I O N 2 D E S I G N , I N S T A L L A T I O N A N D C O M M I S S I O N I N G O F A I R - H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M S 2.1 GENERAL 2.1.1 Outdoor air The quantity and quality of outdoor air introduced and the design of air-handling systems shall be in accordance with the requirements of AS 1668.2 or NZS 4303, as applicable. 2.1.2 Access for maintenance Easy and safe access for cleaning, inspection and maintenance shall be available to and about all plant, equipment and components covered in this Section. Relevant requirements of AS 1470, AS 1657, AS/NZS 1892.1 and AS/NZS 2865 shall be complied with. 2.1.3 Provision for maintenance Provision shall be made for shutdown, to facilitate regular maintenance. 2.1.4 Building plans Typical information is required in building plans. NOTE: Building plans should include a site survey and should show the proposed locations for cooling towers, air intakes and exhaust outlets. The site survey information should show details of existing cooling towers, air intakes, exhaust outlets and natural ventilation openings of buildings adjacent to or facing the proposed new installation. 2.2 AIR INTAKES 2.2.1 General Intakes of air-handling systems shall be designed to drain away any rainwater that may enter. Intakes shall prevent the entry of vermin, birds, rodents, and windblown extraneous material, such as leaves and papers. Intakes shall be constructed of corrosion-resistant, non-porous materials suitable for the application. NOTE: External lights attract insects and should not be placed near air intakes. 2.2.2 Location Intakes shall be located to avoid the ingress of contaminants from flues, air exhausts, cooling towers, sewer vents, waste containers, and other sources of airborne pollution. Prevailing wind directions, wind effects, multiple roof levels and arrangement of adjacent structures shall be taken into account in locating air intakes. NOTE: For further requirements, see AS 1668.2 for the location of air intakes. 2.3 EXHAUST AIR OUTLETS 2.3.1 General Exhaust air outlets of air-handling systems shall be designed to drain away any rainwater that may enter. Exhaust air outlets shall prevent the entry of vermin, birds, rodents, and windblown extraneous material, such as leaves and papers. Outlets shall be constructed of corrosion-resistant, non-porous materials suitable for the application. 2.3.2 Location Objectionable exhaust discharges from air-handling systems shall be located to avoid cross-contamination with air intakes, cooling towers or any openable windows or doors, in the same building or a nearby building. Prevailing wind directions and wind effects shall be taken into account in locating exhaust air outlets. NOTE: For further requirements, see AS 1668.2 for the location of exhaust air outlets. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 12 2.4 AIR FILTERS Where installed, air filters shall be selected and located so that access is available for maintenance and the accumulation of moisture does not occur. Filter bypass shall be avoided. NOTES: 1 Provision of air filters is strongly recommended to help control microbial populations in air- handling systems. Filters should have a minimum 20% efficiency when tested with test dust No. 1 and a minimum 85% arrestance when tested with test dust No. 4. Tests should be in accordance with AS 1324.2. 2 Mould or other microbial growth is encouraged when filters become wet. 2.5 HUMIDIFIERS 2.5.1 Location Humidifiers shall be located so as to (a) prevent accumulation of airborne debris; and (b) optimize the mixing of water vapour with air being humidified. 2.5.2 Integration of controls Arrangement of the control system shall be such that the humidifier cannot operate when the air-handling system is switched off. 2.5.3 Precipitation of moisture Over-humidification shall be avoided in order to prevent precipitation of moisture within the ducting. NOTE: The use of steam is preferred to direct water injection. 2.5.4 Disposal of moisture Moisture from sprays, atomizers or sparge pipes shall be collected and discharged in accordance with Clauses 2.8 and 2.9. Water stagnation in the humidifier shall be prevented. Ductwork containing humidifiers shall be graded where precipitation of moisture can occur and drained in accordance with Clauses 2.8 and 2.9. 2.6 EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLING EQUIPMENT 2.6.1 Materials and construction Evaporative air cooling equipment shall comply with AS 2913 and be fabricated from corrosion-resistant materials. All internal corners and edges of sumps shall be constructed to facilitate cleaning. All water supply and drainage systems shall comply with AS/NZS 3500.1.2. and AS/NZS 3500.2.2 and associated products shall be authorized in terms of MP 52. 2.6.2 Location Fixed evaporative air cooling equipment shall be located in accordance with the requirements of Clause 2.2 for air intakes. 2.6.3 Drains Drainage from evaporative air cooling equipment shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 2.8 and 2.9. NOTE: Automatic draining of water in sumps is an effective method for preventing or reducing microbial population multiplication. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 13 2.7 COILS 2.7.1 General Heat exchange coils shall be constructed from corrosion-resistant materials suitable for the environment. Cooling coil design shall also ensure effective removal of airborne condensate. Heat exchange coils shall be constructed to permit removal during routine maintenance of any airborne deposits that may lodge on the coil. Provision shall be made for the inspection and cleaning of coil faces. Spray cooling coils shall be fitted with effective spray collectors to help prevent carry-over of any water in the airstream. The spray collection system shall extend across the airstream, and air by-pass shall be prevented. NOTE: Spray systems require periodic cleaning. 2.7.2 Disposal of condensate Condensate from cooling coils shall be collected and discharged in accordance with Clauses 2.8 and 2.9. 2.8 TRAYS AND SUMPS 2.8.1 General Trays or sumps shall be provided for the collection and discharge of condensate and spray water from cooling coils and of condensate from humidifiers and other components. Trays and sumps shall be accessible for inspection and cleaning, and shall be graded to the outlet to prevent pondage. 2.8.2 Materials and construction Trays and sumps shall be constructed from corrosion-resistant materials. All internal corners and edges shall be constructed to facilitate cleaning. NOTE: External surfaces of the trays should be treated if condensation is likely to occur. 2.8.3 Collection of condensate and water In cooling coil and humidifier applications, trays and sumps shall extend beyond all sides and corners of the coil or humidifier (e.g., extend under flanges and control valves) to enable collection of condensate or water under all operating and maintenance conditions. 2.9 CONDENSATE AND EQUIPMENT DRAINAGE 2.9.1 General Drain lines shall be uniformly and continuously graded downwards to prevent collection of water. The drain lines shall be trapped to seal against airflow. Drain discharges shall be located close to the equipment being served. Plant rooms that are air-plenums shall be weather-tight or graded and drained to outside the plenum to discharge, via an effective air break, to a tundish drain connected to the building drain. NOTES: 1 Water-seal traps of transparent material enable easy inspection of the seal and assist in the detection of visible contaminants. The depth of the water seal should exceed the static pressure differential of the air-handling plant by at least 1.5 times the static pressure differential. 2 Any drain not in continuous use should be either connected to a source of regular discharge or connected to a secondary trap that is combined with a drain having regular discharge. 3 Attention is drawn to the requirements of the relevant authority for water supply and drainage. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 14 2.9.2 Discharge Condensate drain outlets shall discharge outside the air-handling plant via an effective air-break in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.2.2 to a tundish drain to enable the flow of condensate to be assessed during inspection. The drainage system shall be trapped and provided with inspection ports for cleaning and checking of the condensate flow. 2.10 FAN ASSEMBLIES Where moisture is likely to enter the fan assembly, drainage in accordance with Clauses 2.8 and 2.9 shall be provided. 2.11 DUCTWORK AND COMPONENTS 2.11.1 Design and installation Ductwork and components shall be designed to avoid the ingress and accumulation of moisture. Ductwork, components and insulation, shall be manufactured and installed in accordance with AS 4254. Ductwork to be installed in the vicinity of moisture-producing equipment shall be constructed from corrosion-resistant material and shall not be internally insulated. Plant rooms that are used as air-plenums shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 2.2 and 2.9.1. 2.11.2 Drainage Where moisture is likely to accumulate (e.g. around cooling coils, air intakes or humidifiers), the ductwork shall be graded and drained in accordance with Clauses 2.8 and 2.9. 2.11.3 Access for inspection and cleaning Access shall be provided in ductwork, air-handling plant, plenums, fan chambers, air distribution devices and in building finishes, to facilitate inspection and cleaning of those items in the vicinity of moisture-producing equipment, such as sprayed cooling coils, humidifiers, evaporative airconditioning equipment and to any other items installed within the air-handling system requiring inspection and maintenance. Where applicable, access shall be provided for inspection and cleaning as required by AS 1851.6 and NFPA 90A. 2.12 TERMINAL UNITS Where water vapour condenses within the terminal unit and is not re-evaporated by the airflow through the unit, a condensate tray in accordance with Clause 2.8 and drainage facilities in accordance with Clause 2.9 shall be provided. All components shall have access for inspection and cleaning. 2.13 COMMISSIONING Before being brought into service, all new or modified air-handling systems shall be thoroughly cleaned internally, sealed and balanced by competent personnel. All systems shall be provided with operating and maintenance manuals in accordance with AS/NZS 3666.2. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 15 S E C T I O N 3 D E S I G N , I N S T A L L A T I O N A N D C O M M I S S I O N I N G O F H E A T E D W A T E R S Y S T E M S 3.1 GENERAL 3.1.1 Access for maintenance Easy and safe access for cleaning, inspection and maintenance shall be available to and about all plant, equipment and components covered in this Section. Relevant requirements of AS 1470, AS 1657, AS/NZS 1892.1 and AS/NZS 2865 shall be complied with. 3.1.2 Provision for maintenance Provision shall be made within the system to facilitate regular maintenance. 3.1.3 Materials Materials used for components in contact with water intended for ablution purposes shall comply with AS/NZS 4020. Materials shall not foster microbiological growth or react adversely with treatment or decontamination chemicals. Materials used shall be corrosion resistant. 3.1.4 Pumps The pump seal sump and the pump casing shall be fitted with drain outlets and be separately drained to discharge in accordance with Clauses 2.8 and 2.9. 3.1.5 Water treatment units Where water treatment units are installed, they shall be located in a convenient position for inspection, maintenance and operation. 3.1.6 Water storage tanks Water storage tanks shall comply with AS 3500.1.2 and have provision for inspection, cleaning, rapid drainage, and rapid refilling. To prevent the ingress of foreign matter, tanks shall be provided with close-fitting covers or lids and the overflow and vent lines shall be fitted with insect-proof covers. Provision shall be made to avoid heat gain to water in cold-water feed and storage tanks. NOTE: Combined storage tanks for potable water and fire services should be avoided due to cross-contamination possibilities. 3.1.7 Layout The water reticulation system shall have a minimum of dead-legs. Dead-legs shall be capable of being flushed during maintenance. Drain valves shall be full way types, to facilitate effective flushing and drainage of system. 3.2 HOT WATER SYSTEMS Hot water systems shall comply with AS/NZS 3500.4.2. Storage calorifiers, tanks and cylinders shall be designed and installed so as to prevent stratification of temperature. NOTE: Consideration should be given to the use of a recirculation system. 3.3 WARM WATER ABLUTION SYSTEMS Warm water systems shall comply with AS/NZS 3500.4.2. NOTE: Mechanical ventilation should be provided to minimize the accumulation of aerosol in ablution facilities. For ventilation requirements, see AS 1668.2 or NZS 4303, as applicable. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 16 3.4 COMMISSIONING Before being brought into service, all new or modified heated water systems shall be cleaned, treated and commissioned by competent personnel in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.1.2 and AS/NZS 3500.4.2, as appropriate. All systems shall be provided with operating and maintenance manuals in accordance with AS/NZS 3666.2. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 17 S E C T I O N 4 D E S I G N , I N S T A L L A T I O N A N D C O M M I S S I O N I N G O F C O O L I N G W A T E R S Y S T E M S 4.1 GENERAL 4.1.1 Access for maintenance Easy and safe access for cleaning, inspection and maintenance shall be available to and about all plant, equipment and components covered in this Section. Relevant requirements of AS 1470, AS 1657, AS/NZS 1892.1 and AS/NZS 2865 shall be complied with. 4.1.2 Provision for maintenance Provision shall be made within the cooling water system to facilitate regular maintenance. Hosing down facilities complying with AS/NZS 3500.1.2 shall be provided to aid cleaning. 4.1.3 Water treatment systems Cooling water systems shall be provided with suitable, automatically controlled, water treatment systems for effective management of corrosion, scaling, fouling and microbial growth, including water treatment when water is first introduced into the system during the construction stage. The cooling water system shall be designed for effective circulation to facilitate water treatment. There shall be no dead-legs. NOTE: Balance/equalizing lines between cooling towers may act as dead legs. 4.1.4 Materials Materials used for system components in contact with the cooling water, including O-rings, gland packings, gaskets, washers and lubricants shall be compatible with each other, shall not foster microbiological growth nor react adversely with treatment, cleaning, disinfection and decontamination chemicals. Copper and copper alloys shall comply with AS 2345. 4.1.5 Cooling towers Cooling towers shall be fabricated from corrosion-resistant materials, and shall be designed for ease of maintenance, particularly for cleaning of fill, water distribution system, basin and sumps. Tower fill shall be designed for effective in situ cleaning or capable of being withdrawn without damage for cleaning; withdrawable sections shall be of a practical size for handling. All internal surfaces including corners and edges of basins and sumps shall be constructed to facilitate cleaning. Internal tower surfaces shall be smooth-faced. Provision shall be made for quick draining and refilling. Isolating valves in drain lines shall be of the full way type and be located at the start of the drain line. Basins and sumps shall be watertight and graded to drain outlets, which shall be of 50 mm minimum internal diameter. Drains shall be continuously graded downward to prevent the collection of water. Drain discharges shall be located close to the equipment being serviced. All water supply and drainage facilities shall comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 3500.2.1, AS/NZS 3500.2.2 and MP 52. Drift eliminators shall be provided and installed so as to facilitate ease of inspection, cleaning and maintenance. They shall be designed for in situ cleaning or capable of being withdrawn, without damage, for cleaning. The drift eliminators shall extend across the air stream and air bypass shall be prevented. Provision shall be made to prevent splash-out from the cooling tower. Cooling towers that undergo retrofit of components such as fill, basins or eliminators or any upgrade for performance shall be required to meet all requirements associated with cooling towers, of this Standard. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 18 NOTE: Cooling water systems can provide an environment that is favourable to the growth of microorganisms. Such organisms can be transported outside the cooling tower within drift aerosol. There is evidence that the inhalation of such drift containing Legionella is a means of infection. 4.2 PUMPS The pump seal sump and pump casing shall be fitted with drain outlets and be separately drained to discharge in accordance with Clauses 2.8 and 2.9. Where stand-by pumps are used, the start sequence shall be automatically alternated. NOTE: It is recommended that pumps be alternated twice weekly in order to effect water circulation. 4.3 LOCATION Cooling towers shall be located so as to (a) discharge exhaust away from occupied areas, pedestrian thoroughfares, air intakes, (including lift vents), building openings and trafficable areas; and (b) avoid contamination from the exhaust discharges from food processing areas and systems (such as kitchen exhaust effluent) or other cooling towers. Cooling tower enclosures shall not interfere with the required airflow through the tower nor result in the recirculation of discharged air. NOTES: 1 The effluent of kitchen exhaust systems may hinder the control of microbial growth in cooling towers. Kitchen exhaust should be discharged at a distance of not less than 8 m from any cooling tower intake or discharge opening. 2 See AS 1668.2. 3 It has been found that, when cooling tower fans are idle, direction of airflow can be reversed under some climatic conditions. 4.4 DRIFT CONTROL The manufacturers tested value of maximum drift loss shall not exceed 0.002% at the maximum design water circulation rate through the tower, as determined under laboratory conditions. NOTE: Drift loss may be determined under laboratory conditions in accordance with AS 4180.1. 4.5 CONTROL OF SOLIDS Automatic bleed-off of a sufficient proportion of the circulating cooling water shall be provided to limit the build-up of dissolved and non-dissolved solids so as to minimize scaling and fouling in the cooling water system. Chemicals shall be added, as appropriate, to assist in limiting the build-up of non-dissolved solids and to minimize scaling, corrosion and fouling. The water shall be discharged in accordance with the regulations applying to the installation site. NOTES: 1 Automatic systems provide more precise control by sensing the change in total dissolved solids concentration with variation in evaporation load. 2 Automatic systems will usually operate by maintaining the water conductance at a preset value. 3 Filtration and separation systems can assist in the removal of non-dissolved solids. 4 A lock out should be provided to prevent the bleed drain from operating while biocide is being added to the system. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 COPYRIGHT 19 4.6 SUNLIGHT Design, orientation and placement of cooling towers shall be such that direct sunlight is minimized from the wetted areas of the cooling tower. NOTES: 1 Algae growth in towers is dependent on the light available. Legionella and other bacteria feed on algae. 2 Louvres may be necessary on inlets as well as outlets to exclude direct light. 3 Light falling on the thin film of water on the outer surfaces of eliminator blades does not appear to significantly contribute to algae growth in the circulating water. 4.7 COMMISSIONING New cooling water systems shall be flushed, chemically cleaned and pretreated for corrosion and microbial control purposes by competent personnel before being brought into service. New components installed within an existing installation shall be flushed, chemically cleaned and pretreated for corrosion and microbial control purposes prior to connection within the installation. Adequate facilities shall be provided for flushing and draining the complete system. This requirement shall also apply to stand-by units. All systems shall be provided with operating and maintenance manuals in accordance with AS/NZS 3666.2. NOTES: 1 A number of outbreaks of legionnaires disease have been due to new cooling water systems having been commissioned without prior chemical treatment or cleaning. 2 Progressive flushing may be necessary for large systems. 3 Information on facilities and relevant requirements may be obtained from environmental protection authorities. A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 AS/NZS 3666.1:2002 20 NOTES A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 Standards Australia Standards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishes most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government, Standards Australia is recognized as Australias peak national standards body. Standards New Zealand The first national Standards organization was created in New Zealand in 1932. The Standards Council of New Zealand is the national authority responsible for the production of Standards. Standards New Zealand is the trading arm of the Standards Council established under the Standards Act 1988. Australian/New Zealand Standards Under an Active Co-operation Agreement between Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand, Australian/New Zealand Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers and other sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received from other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian/New Zealand Standards are kept under continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changing technology. International Involvement Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand are responsible for ensuring that the Australian and New Zealand viewpoints are considered in the formulation of international Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in national and Joint Standards. This role is vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets. Both organizations are the national members of ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission). Visit our Web sites www.standards.com.au www.standards.co.nz A c c e s s e d
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2 0 0 4 GPO Box 5420 Sydney NSW 2001 Administration Phone (02) 8206 6000 Fax (02) 8206 6001 Email mail@standards.com.au Customer Service Phone 1300 65 46 46 Fax 1300 65 49 49 Email sales@standards.com.au Internet www.standards.com.au Level 10 Radio New Zealand House 155 The Terrace Wellington 6001 (Private Bag 2439 Wellington 6020) Phone (04) 498 5990 Fax (04) 498 5994 Customer Services (04) 498 5991 Information Service (04) 498 5992 Email snz@standards.co.nz Internet www.standards.co.nz ISBN 0 7337 4452 2 Printed in Australia A c c e s s e d