3GPP(LTE)course

3GPP(LTE)course
Presented By:
Presented By:
Eng.karim Banawan.
Eng.karim Banawan.
Eng.Yasser Youssry.
Eng.Yasser Youssry.
Mobile Communication
Mobile Communication
part (4) : 4G mobiles
part (4) : 4G mobiles
Eng. Karim Banawan
Eng. Karim Banawan
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Electronics an communication
Electronics an communication
epartment
epartment
OF! "# OF!"
OF! "# OF!"
TE$%#OLOG&E'
TE$%#OLOG&E'
O
O
!"#$%E
!"#$%E

N EED FOR M - ULTI CARRIER

OFDM E NTERS INTO T HE PICTURE

/ FFT IFFT

G UARD T IME INSERTION

OFDM DRAWBACKS

C HANNEL ESTIMATION

OFDM B LOCK DIAGRAM

S IMULATION RESULTS
#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)
!#"$)
C*(($E(
C*(($E(
Time Domain Analysis
#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)
!#"$)
C*(($E(
C*(($E(
cont.
cont.
Pulse comle!ely
. "is!o#!e" ISI is
. si$ni%ican! in !&is case
Pulse e'!en"e" (u! !&e e'!ension
a#e muc& smalle# !&an T !&e
ou!u! (e&a)es li*e !&e
. !#ansmi!!e" #ec!an$ula# ulse
#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)
!#"$)
C*(($E(
C*(($E(
cont.
cont.
F#e+uency Domain Analysis
#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)
!#"$)
C*(($E(
C*(($E(
cont.
cont.

Conclusion

+ie pulses is neee for simple

e,uali-ation.

But

%arrow pulses is neee for /ig/ ata

rate

0olution

Multiple1ing

#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)
!#"$)
C*(($E(
C*(($E(
cont.
cont.
#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)
!#"$)
C*(($E(
C*(($E(
cont.
cont.
P#o(lem
Solu!ion
O#!&o$onali!y
#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)C*(($E(
!#"$)C*(($E(
cont.
cont.
#
#
EE& F'(
EE& F'(
!
!
!#"$)C*(($E(
!#"$)C*(($E(
cont.
cont.
OF!
OF!
E
E
%"E(0 $%"'
%"E(0 $%"'
T
T
2E
2E
P
P
$C"!(E
$C"!(E
In!e#%e#ence O#!&o$onali!y
. B W e%%iciency Min Sea#a!ion
OF!
OF!
E
E
%"E(0 $%"'
%"E(0 $%"'
T
T
2E
2E
P
P
$C"!(E cont.
$C"!(E cont.

Min 0eparation

3roblem

&ifficult $mplementation wit/

traitional oscillators

0olution

&F"

But

&F" nees /ig/ processing

0olution

Easy implementation using FF"4$FF"

FFT
FFT
4
4
&FFT
&FFT
FF"4$FF"
FF"4$FF"
G
G
!*(&
!*(&
T
T
$ME
$ME
&
&
%0E("$'%
%0E("$'%
C&annel
Fil!e#in$
G
G
!*(&
!*(&
T
T
$ME
$ME
&
&
%0E("$'%
%0E("$'%
cont.
cont.
.
P#o(lem
ISI occu#s
G
G
!*(&
!*(&
T
T
$ME
$ME
&
&
%0E("$'%
%0E("$'%
cont.
cont.
.
Solu!ion Cyclic
P#e%i'
, No ISI
. Ci#cula# Con)olu!ion ac&ie)e"
Cyclic prefi1
Cyclic prefi1

"/e C3 allows t/e recei5er to absorb muc/

more efficiently t/e elay sprea ue to t/e
multipat/ an to maintain fre,uency
'rt/ogonality.

"/e C3 t/at occupies a uration calle t/e

Guar "ime (G"). often enote T
G
. is a
temporal reunancy t/at must be ta6en
into account in ata rate computations.

OF!
OF!
(*+B*CK0
(*+B*CK0
cont.
cont.

Peak to "(erage Power )atio

(P"P))

OF!
OF!
(*+B*CK0
(*+B*CK0
cont.
cont.

0ensiti5ity to fre,uency offset

$
$
2*%%E#
2*%%E#
E
E
0"$M*"$'%
0"$M*"$'%

3ilot Base C/annel Estimation

Recei)e"
Si$nal a%!e#
FFT
Es!im a!e"
C &annel
Resonse
K no- n Pilo!s
$
$
2*%%E#
2*%%E#
E
E
0"$M*"$'%
0"$M*"$'%
cont.
cont.

(


F
#
e
+
u
e
n
c
y
s
u
(
)
c
a
#
#
i
e
#
s
Da!a sym(ols
Pilo!
sym(ols
( ) Time OFDM Sym(ols ( ) Time OFDM Sym(ols
(


F
#
e
+
u
e
n
c
y
s
u
(
)
c
a
#
#
i
e
#
s
Pilo! A##an$emen! Tyes
Bloc* Pilo! Pa!!e#ns Com( Pilo! Pa!!e#ns

Hi$& c&annel %#e+uency

selec!i)i!y
#ai" c&an$in$ c&annels
OF!"
OF!"

OFDMA is a multiple access method based on

OFDM

signaling that allows simultaneous

transmissions to and from several users along
with the other advantages of OFDM.

OF! (ersus OF!"

OF! (ersus OF!"

IEEE8!."#d IEEE8!."#e

Fi$ed %iMA&'!(#)OFDM Mobile %iMA&

&*E)'&TY "# !&!O
&*E)'&TY "# !&!O
P)&#$&PLE'
P)&#$&PLE'
+/at is i5ersity7
+/at is i5ersity7

&s a tec+ni,ue t+at com-ats t+e

.ading -y ensuring t+at t+ere
wi// -e many co0ies o. t+e
transmitted signa/ e..ected wit+
di..erent .ading o(er time1
.re,uency or s0ace.

8)"ime i5ersity:
8)"ime i5ersity:

2e a(eraging t+e .ading o. t+e

c+anne/ o(er time -y using :

34T+e c+anne/ coding and

inter/ea(ing.

54Or sending t+e data at

di..erent times.

to e60/ain t+is we wi// see an

e6am0/e:

8)time i5ersity:
8)time i5ersity:

%o interlea5ing 18 1: 1; 14 y8 y: y; y4 -8 -: -; -4 /8
/: /; /4

interlea5ing 18 y8 -8 /8 1: y: -:/: 1; y; -;/; 14 y4

-4 /4

0o we can see t/at only t/e ;

r
symbol from eac/ coewor lost
an we can reco5er t/em from t/e rest symbols in eac/
coewor.

( ) .H ! .
!
:) fre,uency i5ersity:
:) fre,uency i5ersity:

"/is type of i5ersity use for t/e

fre,uency selecti5e c/annels as
we will a5eraging t/e faing o5er
t/e fre,uency by using:

8)Multi)carrier tec/ni,ue li6e 'F&M.

:)F200 (fre,uency /ope sprea

spectrum).

;)&000 (irect se,uence sprea

spectrum).

:) fre,uency i5ersity:
:) fre,uency i5ersity:

+e can see t/at eac/ sub)ban will

effecting wit/ ifferent faing o5er
t/e fre,uency.
;)spatial i5ersity:
;)spatial i5ersity:

we wi// +a(e many co0ies o. t+e transmitted signa/

e..ects wit+ di..erent .ading o(er t+e s0ace .

we use mu/ti4antenna systems at t+e transmitter

or t+e recei(er or at -ot+ o. t+em.

(ecei5e i5ersity:
(ecei5e i5ersity:

34T+e recei(er wi// +as many antennas .

54Eac+ one +as signa/ e..ecting wit+

di..erent .ading.

34num-er o. di..erent 0at+s 7!r.

= Di)e#si!y o#"e# M#
M$M':
M$M':

&n t+is ty0e we use mu/ti antennas at

-ot+ t+e transmitter and recei(er as
s+own.
= Di)e#si!y o#"e# M! ' M#
%otes:
%otes:

T+e +ig+er di(ersity order we +a(e

t+e -etter we com-at t+e .ading
%otes:
%otes:

34T+e di(ersity
reduces t+e
BE) o. t+e
communication
system.

54i(ersity order

BE) .
%otes:
%otes:

T+e distance -etween t+e

antennas must -e /arger t+an
t+e co+erent distance to ensure
t+at data streams are not
corre/ated .
<uestion7
<uestion7

%ow t+e recei(er get t+e signa/

.rom t+e many co0ies
reac+ed 8
&i5ersity combining
&i5ersity combining
tec/ni,ue
tec/ni,ue

8)Combines t/e inepenent faing

pat/s signals to obtain a signal t/at
passe t/roug/ a stanar
emoulator.

:)"/e tec/ni,ues can be applie to

any type of i5ersity.

;)combining tec/ni,ues are linear as

t/e output of is a weig/te sum of
t/e ifferent faing signals of
branc/es.

4)$t nees co)p/asing.

&i5ersity combining
&i5ersity combining
tec/ni,ue
tec/ni,ue

T+e signa/ out0ut

.rom t+e com-iner
is t+e transmitted
signa/ s(t)
mu/ti0/ied -y a
random com0/e6
am0/itude term

R an"om SN R %#om !&e

com (ine#
Fa"in$ o% !&e
a!&
Tye o% !ec&ni+ue
Di)e#si!y o#"e#
&i5ersity combining
&i5ersity combining
tec/ni,ue
tec/ni,ue
selection combining
selection combining
tec/ni,ue
tec/ni,ue

34t+e com-iner
out0uts t+e
signa/ on t+e
-ranc+ wit+ t+e
+ig+est '#)
.

54no need +ere

.or t+e co4
0+asing.
/ / / 0
"/res/ol combining
"/res/ol combining
tec/ni,ue
tec/ni,ue

*s in 0C since only one branc/ output is

use at a time an outputting t/e first
signal wit/ 0%( abo5e a gi5en t/res/ol
so t/at co)p/asing is not re,uire.
= ( ) Secial case a! "i)e#si!y o#"e# 1 SSC
. Does no! !a*e !&e la#$es! SNR so !&a! i!s e#%o#mance less !&an !&e SC !ec&ni+ue
Ma1imal ratio combining
Ma1imal ratio combining

$n ma1imal ratio
combining
(M(C) t/e
output is a
weig/te sum
of all branc/es
ue to its 0%(
* &0 * &1 * &2 * &i
E,ual gain combining
E,ual gain combining
tec/ni,ue
tec/ni,ue

* simpler tec/ni,ue is e,ual)gain

combining. w/ic/ co)p/ases t/e
signals on eac/ branc/ an t/en
combines t/em wit/ e,ual weig/ting
4=
M$M'
M$M'

"raitional i5ersity is base on multiple

recei5er antennas

Multiple)$n Multiple)'ut (M$M') is base on

bot/ transmit an recei5e i5ersity

*lso 6nown as 0pace "ime Coing (0"C)

+it/ M
t
transmission antennas an M
r

recei5er antennas we /a5e M
t
M
r
branc/es

"1 an (1 processing is performe o5er

space (antennas) an time (successi5e
symbols)
4>
M$M' or 0"C
M$M' or 0"C

$n Mobile communication systems it may be

ifficult to put many antennas in t/e mobile
unit

&i5ersity in t/e ownlin6 (from base station

to mobile station) can be ac/ie5e by
Multiple)$n 0ingle)'ut (M$0') (i.e.. M
r
?8)

$n t/e uplin6 (from mobile station to base

station) i5ersity is ac/ie5e my
con5entional i5ersity (0$M')

2ence. all i5ersity cost is mo5e to t/e base

station

*ll ;G an 4G mobile communication system

employ M$M' in t/eir stanar
4@
"ype of M$M'
"ype of M$M'

"wo maAor types of space time

coing

0pace time bloc6 coing (0"BC)

0pace time trellis coing (0""C)

0"BC is simpler by 0""C can

pro5ie better performance

0"BC is use in mobile

communications. 0""C is not
use in any systems yet

+e will tal6 only about 0"BC

BC
0pace "ime Bloc6 Coes
0pace "ime Bloc6 Coes

"/ere are few maAor types

"ransmit i5ersity: main goal is

i5ersity gain

0patial multiple1ing: main goal is

increase ata rate

Eigen steering: main goal is bot/.

(e,uires 6nowlege of t/e c/annel at
t/e transmitter sie

Mi1 of t/e abo5e: #ots of researc/

"ransmit i5ersity. spatial

multiple1ing an simplifie 5ersion
of Eigen steering are use in ;G
an 4G stanars

+/ile in ;G stanars M$M' was an

en/ancement. in 4G M$M' is a
main part
B8
"ransmit &i5ersity
"ransmit &i5ersity
"a6e M
t
?: an M
r
?8
"wo symbols s
o
an s
8
are transmitte
o5er two transmission perios

%o c/ange in ata rate (enote as

rate 8 0"BC)

C/annel is 6nown at recei5er only

B:
"ransmit &i5ersity
"ransmit &i5ersity

"ransmission matri1:

"ransmission matri1 columns are ort/ogonal

to guarantee simple linear processing at
t/e recei5er

't/er transmission matrices are efine in

literature

(ecei5e signal is:

3erformance is same as M(C wit/ M?:

2owe5er. if "1 3ower is t/e same. t/en

transmit i5ersity (:18) is ; B worse t/an
(81:)
1
* *
1 1 1 1
o o o o
o
s s r g n
R
s s r g n

= = +

1
1
* *
1 1
o
Ant Ant
o o
o
s s Time
S
s s Time

=



D4= 4>
B;
"ransmit &i5ersity
"ransmit &i5ersity
"a6e M
t
?: an M
r
?:

3erformance is t/e same as M(C wit/ M?4

2owe5er. if "1 3ower is t/e same. t/en

transmit i5ersity (:1:) is ; B worse t/an
(814)

B4
3erformance
3erformance

M((C?Ma1imal (atio (ecei5er Combining

%ote ; B ifference in fa5or of (1 M(C

i5ersity

(eference: 0. *lamouti. a simple transmit

i5ersity tec/ni,ue for wireless
communications.

$EEE E0*C. 'ctober @>

O#"e#
1
O#"e
# 3
No
"i)e#si!y
BB
0patial Multiple1ing
0patial Multiple1ing

3urpose is to increase ata rate (:1: gi5es

twice ata rate)

"/e 4 gains must be 6nown at recei5er

0implest way -ero forcing algorit/m:

1 1 o o o
r s g s g = +
1 2 1 3 o
r s g s g = +
1
2 3 1 1
o o o
G
g g r s
g g r s

=


84: 4;
1
1 1

o o H H
s r
G G G
s r

=



BD
0patial Multiple1ing
0patial Multiple1ing

'ptimum met/o: Ma1imum #i6eli/oo

"ry all combinations of s

1
an s
2

Fin t/e combination t/at minimi-es t/e s,uare
error:

Comple1ity increases wit/ /ig/ orer moulation

2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 3

o o o o o
e e r s g s g r s g s g + = +
1 1 o o o
r s g s g = +
1 2 1 3 o
r s g s g = +
B=
3erformance
3erformance

E,ual rate
comparison

(eference: &a5i
Gesbert,
Mansoor Shafi,
Da-shan Shiu,
3eter E. 0mit/,
and Ayman
Naguib, From
t/eory to
practice: an
o5er5iew of
M$M' spaceF
time coe
wireless
systems. $EEE
E0*C. *pril
:CC;

4 e#o
%o#cin$
M L
A lam ou!
i
B>
Eigen5alue 0teering
Eigen5alue 0teering

*ssume a M$M' system

B@
Eigen5alue 0teering
Eigen5alue 0teering
E1ample wit/ M
t
? : an M
r
?4

*ny matri1 2 can be represente

using 0ingular Galue
&ecomposition as

! is M
r
by M
r
an V is M
t
by M
t

unitary matrices
is M
r
by M
t
iagonal matri1.
elements 5
i
[ ] [ ] [ ]
y H x n = + 1 11 12 1
2 21 22 1 2
3 31 32 2 3
4 41 42 4
H
y h h n
y h h x n
y h h x n
y h h n




= +





84: 4;
H
H U V =
DC
Eigen5alue 0teering
Eigen5alue 0teering

!sing transmit pre)coing an recei5er

s/aping
( )
( )
( )
H
H H
H H
H H H
y U H x n
U U V x n
U U V V x n
U U V V x U n
x n
= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
H
H
H
H H
D8
Eigen5alue 0teering
Eigen5alue 0teering

"/is way we create r pat/s between t/e "1

an specific (1 wit/out any cross
interference

"/e c/annel (i.e.. C/annel 0tate $nformation)

must be 6nown to bot/ transmitter an
recei5er
"/e 5alue of r? ran6 of matri1 2. r min(M
t
,
M
r
)

%ot all r pat/s /a5e goo 0%(

&ata rate can increase by factor r

0ee *ppeni1 C for 0ingular Galue

&ecomposition

0ee Matlab function I!.0.GJ ? s5(K)

D:
E1ample
E1ample

(eference: Sanjiv Nanda, Rod Walton, John Ketchum, Mar

Wallace, and Steven !o"ard, # hi$h%&er'ormance M(M) )*+M
"irele,, -#N, (... /ommunication Ma$a0ine, *e1ruar2 2334

&#T)O9$T&O# TO LTE "# &T'

&#T)O9$T&O# TO LTE "# &T'
9#&:9E TE$%#OLOG&E'.
9#&:9E TE$%#OLOG&E'.
+/at is #"E77
+/at is #"E77

T&e
2GPP LTE is ac#onym
2GPP LTE is ac#onym %o#
. lon$ !e#m e)olu!ion o% UMTS

In o#"e# !o ensu#e !&e

come!i!i)eness o% UMTS %o# !&e
, ne'! 0/ yea#s an" (eyon"
conce!s %o# UMTS Lon$ Te#m
( ) E)olu!ion LTE &a)e (een
in!#o"uce" in
2GPP #elease 6
2GPP #elease 6.

LTE is also #e%e##e" !o as

EUTRA
EUTRA
( E)ol)e" UMTS Te##es!#ial Ra"io
) Access o#
- E UTRAN
- E UTRAN ( E)ol)e" UMTS
) Te##es!#ial Ra"io Access Ne!-o#*
+/at is #"E(cont.)7
+/at is #"E(cont.)7

T&e
a#c&i!ec!u#e
a#c&i!ec!u#e !&a! -ill
#esul! %#om !&is -o#* is calle"
EPS
EPS ( ) E)ol)e" Pac*e! Sys!em an"
com#e&en"s
- E UTRAN
- E UTRAN ( E)ol)e"
UTRAN) on !&e access si"e an"
EPC
EPC
( E)ol)e" Pac*e! Co#e) on !&e co#e
. si"e

Can (e consi"e#e" !&e

. #eal 2 7G
. #eal 2 7G
& . in)i!e" !o 8oin !&e 3G %amily

Also consi"e#e" a
come!i!i)e
come!i!i)e
sys!em !o
mo(ile WiMA9
mo(ile WiMA9 as -e
-ill s&o-
+/at is #"E (cont.)7
+/at is #"E (cont.)7
LTE E'&G# T")GET'
LTE E'&G# T")GET'

0calable B+: 0calable B+: . , . , . , . . . 0 1: 1 : : / 0/ / an" 1/ / MH;

3ea6 ata rate: 3ea6 ata rate:

( ) Do-nlin* 1 C& MIMO ea* #a!e o% 0// M(s in
1/ MH; c&annel
( ) Ulin* sin$le C& T' ea* #a!e o% :/ M(s in
1/ MH; c&annel

0upporte antenna configurations: 0upporte antenna configurations:

: , , , , Do-nlin* 3'3 3'1 1'1 0'1 0'0
: , Ulin* 0'1 0'0

&uple1ing moes: &uple1ing moes: F&& an "&&

%umber of acti5e mobile terminals: %umber of acti5e mobile terminals:

#"E s/oul support at least :CC mobile terminals

in t/e acti5e state w/en operating in B M2-.

$n wier allocations t/an B M2-. at least 4CC

terminals s/oul be supporte

0pectrum efficiency
0pectrum efficiency

: . / / D o- nlin* 2 !o 3 ' H SD PA Rel < :(i!s s H ;

: . . / / U lin* 1 !o 2 ' H SU PA Rel < 1 :(i!s s &;

#atency
#atency

- : < - C lane :/ 0// m sec !o es!a(lis& U

lane
- : < U lane 0/ m sec %#om U E !o se#)e#

Mobility
Mobility

(< / ) O !im i;e" %o# lo- see"s 0: *m &#

H i$& e#%o#m ance a! see"s u !o 01/

/ *m &#

/ M ain!ain lin* a! see"s u !o 2:/ *m &#

Co5erage
Co5erage
Fulle#%o#m ance u !o : *m

Sli$&! "e$#a"a!ion : *m 2/ *m

O e#a!ion u !o 0// *m s&oul" no! (e

#eclu"e" (y s!an"a#"
&#T)O9$T&O# TO
&#T)O9$T&O# TO
LTE ;EY
LTE ;EY
TE$%#OLOG&E'
TE$%#OLOG&E'
( ) :- 0 OFDM an" OFDMA
( ) :- 0 OFDM an" OFDMA

'ne of t/e 6ey tec/nologies use in #"E an

+iM*K systems.

T+e 0ro-/em 888 T+e 0ro-/em 888

&ue to t/e multipat/ t/e signal is recei5e from many
pat/s wit/ ifferent p/ases t/at will result in

EL"Y 'P)E" : EL"Y 'P)E" :symbol recei5e along a elaye

pat/ to LbleeM into a subse,uent symbol ($0$)

F)E:9E#$Y 'ELE$T&*E F"&#G: F)E:9E#$Y 'ELE$T&*E F"&#G: : some

fre,uencies wit/in t/e signal passban unergo
constructi5e interference w/ile ot/ers encounter
estructi5e interference."/e composite recei5e
signal is istorte

O/d so/utions O/d so/utions of multipat/ faing inclue irect

c/annel e,uali-ation or sprea spectrum
tec/ni,ues(comple1 recei5er is neee).

OF!:
OF!:
'F&M systems brea6 t/e a5ailable banwit/
into many narrower su-4carriers narrower su-4carriers an
transmit t/e ata in 0ara//e/ streams 0ara//e/ streams
eac/ 'F&M symbol is precee by a cyc/ic cyc/ic
0re.i6 ($P 0re.i6 ($P). w/ic/ is use to effecti5ely
eliminate $0$.

$n practice. t/e 'F&M signal can be generate using &FFT &FFT

wit/ a $P o. su..icient duration $P o. su..icient duration. preceing symbols do do
not s0i// not s0i// o5er into t/e FF" perio an also t/is satisfy t/at
t/e output con5olution wit/ c/annel is com0/e6 gain com0/e6 gain
mu/ti0/ication mu/ti0/ication.
*lso. 'nce t/e c/annel impulse response is etermine (by
perioic transmission of 6nown reference signals).
distortion can -e corrected distortion can -e corrected by applying an amplitue
an p/ase s/ift on a subcarrier)by)subcarrier basis.

Pro-/ems o. OF! Pro-/ems o. OF! are: susceptibility to carrier fre,uency

errors (ue eit/er to local oscillator offset or &oppler s/ifts)
an a large signal pea6)to)a5erage power ratio (3*3().

OF!"
OF!"

OFDMA is a multiple access method based on OFDM

signaling that allows simultaneous transmissions to

and from several users along with the other advantages
of OFDM.

OF! (ersus OF!"

OF! (ersus OF!"

IEEE8!."#d IEEE8!."#e

Fi$ed %iMA&'!(#)OFDM Mobile %iMA&

#"E an +iM*K targets e1treme

performance in terms of
Capacity
Co5erage
3ea6 ata rates

*5ance multi)antenna
solutions is t/e 6ey tool to ac/ie5e
t/is

Multi antenna systems are integral

part of t/ose systems

&ifferent antenna solutions neee

for ifferent scenarios4targets
2ig/ pea6 ata rates spatial
multiple1ing
Goo co5erage Beam)forming ,
2ig/ performance &i5ersity ,
(
(

use in #"E an +iM*K to allow t/e terminal to rapily

re,uest retransmissions of erroneously recei5e
transport bloc6s.

"/e unerlying protocol multiple parallel stop)an)wait

/ybri *(< processes

$ncremental reunancy is use as t/e soft combining

strategy an t/e recei5er buffers t/e soft bits to be
able to o soft combining between transmission
attempts.

( ) : 0 Sec!#um %le'i(ili!y
( ) : 0 Sec!#um %le'i(ili!y

*
+ig+ degree
+ig+ degree of spectrum
fle1ibility is one of t/e main
c/aracteristics of t/e #"E raio
access.

"/e aim of t/is spectrum

fle1ibility is to
a//ow .or t+e
a//ow .or t+e
de0/oyment o. t+e LTE radio
de0/oyment o. t+e LTE radio
access in di(erse
access in di(erse spectrum.

"/e fle1ibility inclues:

&ifferent uple1 arrangements.

&ifferent fre,uency)bans)of)
operation.

&ifferent si-es of t/e a5ailable

spectrum.
( ) a 2G LTE Dule' a##an$emen!
( ) a 2G LTE Dule' a##an$emen!
( ) ( 2G LTE Ban"-i"!& %le'i(ili!y
( ) ( 2G LTE Ban"-i"!& %le'i(ili!y
LTE &ysical laye# suo#!s any (an"-i"!& %#om
. 0 1: MH; !o -ell (eyon" 1/ MH; in s!es o% 1//
( ) *H; one Resou#ce Bloc*
( ) - 1 C&annel "een"en! sc&e"ulin$ an" #a!e
( ) - 1 C&annel "een"en! sc&e"ulin$ an" #a!e
a"a!a!ion
a"a!a!ion

#"E use of shared-channel

transmission, in w/ic/ t/e time)
fre,uency resource is ynamically
s/are between users.

( ) ( 2 In!e#%e#ence coo#"ina!ion so%!

( ) ( 2 In!e#%e#ence coo#"ina!ion so%!
) #euse
) #euse

*apti5e reuse

Cell)center users: (euse ? 8

Cell)ege users: (euse N 8

(elies on access to fre,uency

omain

*pplicable for bot/ ownlin6 'F&M an

uplin6 0C)F&M*
LTE ulin* #e+ui#emen!s "i%%e# %#om "o-nlin* "i%%e# %#om "o-nlin*
. #e+ui#emen!s
o-e# consum!ion is a *ey consi"e#a!ion %o# UE
. !e#minals
T&e &i$& PAPR an" #ela!e" loss o% e%%iciency
associa!e" -i!& OFDM si$nalin$ a#e ma8o#
. conce#ns
, As a #esul! an al!e#na!i)e !o OFDM an al!e#na!i)e !o OFDM -as sou$&!
. %o# use in !&e LTE ulin*
Sin$le Ca##ie# F#e+uency Domain Mul!ile
( - ) Access SC FDMA is -ell sui!e" !o !&e LTE ulin*
. #e+ui#emen!s
T&e (asic !#ansmi!!e# an" #ecei)e# a#c&i!ec!u#e is
( ) , )e#y simila# nea#ly i"en!ical !o OFDMA
an" i! o%%e#s !&e same "e$#ee o% mul!ia!&
. #o!ec!ion
(ecause !&e un"e#lyin$ -a)e%o#m is essen!ially
- , . sin$le ca##ie# !&e PAPR is lo-e#

Basic block diagram:

Basic block diagram:

transmitter
transmitter :a <*M moulator couple wit/
t/e aition of t/e cyclic prefi1. "/is will
eliminate $0$ as 'F&M*

)ecie(er:
)ecie(er:

by using FF" O C3 simple e,uali-er
are use (as 'F&M).

!u/ti0at+ distortion !u/ti0at+ distortion is /anle in t/e same

manner as in 'F&M(remo5al of C3. con5ersion
to t/e fre,uency omain. t/en apply t/e
c/annel correction on a subcarrier)by subcarrier
basis).

- :- LTE #ac!ical SC FDMA - :- LTE #ac!ical SC FDMA

"/e practical transmitter is li6ely to take ad(antage o. take ad(antage o.

FFT<&FFT FFT<&FFT bloc6s as well to place t/e transmission in t/e
correct 0osition o. t+e transmit s0ectrum correct 0osition o. t+e transmit s0ectrum in case of
5ariable transmission banwit/.

0C)F&M* recei5er
0C)F&M* recei5er
( ) F#e+uency "omain e+uali;a!ion FDE usin$
/ . DFT IDFT is mo#e #ac!ical %o# suc& c&annels
"/e fact of transmitting on/y a sing/e sym-o/ transmitting on/y a sing/e sym-o/ at a
time ensures a low transmitter wa5eform. compare
wit/ t/e 'F&M* case.
"/e resu/ting P")<$! resu/ting P")<$! impact on t/e amplifier is t/us
irectly epenent on t/e moulation. w/ereas wit/
t/e 'F&M* case it is t/e amount of subcarriers.
0C)F&M* subcarriers can be ma00ed ma00ed in one of two
ways: locali-e or istribute
2owe5er. t/e current wor6ing assumption is t/at LTE LTE
will use /oca/i=ed su-carrier ma00ing /oca/i=ed su-carrier ma00ing.
"/is ecision was moti5ate by t/e fact t/at wit/
locali-e mapping. it is possible to e1ploit
.re,uency se/ecti(e gain .re,uency se/ecti(e gain 5ia c/annel epenent
sc/euling (assigning uplin6 fre,uencies to !E base
on fa5orable propagation conitions).

(B) #"E Multicast4Broacast

(B) #"E Multicast4Broacast

MBM0 F Multimeia Broacast4Multicast

0er5ice

'F&M allows for /ig/)efficient MB0F%

operation
Multicast4Broacast 0ingle)Fre,uency %etwor6ing
$entical transmissions from set of tig/tly
sync/roni-e cells
$ncrease recei5e power an reuce
interference

0ubstantial boost of MBM0 system t/roug/put

#"E allows for multicast4broacast an unicast

on t/e same carrier as well as eicate
multicast4broacast carrier
LTE )"&O &#TE)F"$E
LTE )"&O &#TE)F"$E
")$%&TE$T9)E
")$%&TE$T9)E
$ntrouction
$ntrouction

/ , Simila# !o WCDMA HSPA as -ell as !o

mos! o!&e# mo"e#n communica!ion
, sys!ems !&e #ocessin$ #ocessin$ seci%ie"
%o# LTE is s!#uc!u#e" in!o "i%%e#en! "i%%e#en!
#o!ocol laye#s #o!ocol laye#s.

- no!e !&a! !&e LTE #a"io access

a#c&i!ec!u#e consis!s o% a sin$le
no"e !&e . eNo"eB. eNo"eB T&e eNo"eB
communica!es -i!& one o# se)e#al
, mo(ile !e#minals also *no-n as UEs
3ac6et &ata Con5ergence
3ac6et &ata Con5ergence
3rotocol (3&C3)
3rotocol (3&C3)

e#%o#ms IP &ea"e# com#ession e#%o#ms IP &ea"e# com#ession

!o #e"uce !&e num(e# o% (i!s !o

. !#ansmi! o)e# !&e #a"io in!e#%ace

T&e &ea"e# com#ession mec&anism mec&anism is

(ase" on Ro(us! Hea"e# Com#ession
(ROHC ROHC) - a s!an"a#"i;e" &ea"e#
com#ession al$o#i!&m also use" in
WCDMA

PDCP is also #esonsi(le %o# ci&e#in$ ci&e#in$

an" in!e$#i!y an" in!e$#i!y #o!ec!ion o% !&e
. !#ansmi!!e" "a!a A! !&e #ecei)e#
, si"e !&e PDCP #o!ocol e#%o#ms !&e
co##eson"in$ "eci&e#in$ an"
. "ecom#ession oe#a!ions

T&e#e is one PDCP one PDCP en!i!y e# SAE

(ea#e# con%i$u#e" %o# a mo(ile
!e#minal
(aio #in6 Control ((#C)
(aio #in6 Control ((#C)

is #esonsi(le %o#
se$men!a!ion se$men!a!ion/conca!ena!ion conca!ena!ion,
#e!#ansmission #e!#ansmission , &an"lin$ an" - in- in
se+uence "eli)e#y se+uence "eli)e#y . !o &i$&e# laye#s

, Unli*e WCDMA !&e RLC #o!ocol is

loca!e" loca!e" in !&e eNo"eB eNo"eB since !&e#e is
only a sin$le !ye o% no"e in !&e LTE
- - . #a"io access ne!-o#* a#c&i!ec!u#e

T&e RLC o%%e#s se#)ices o%%e#s se#)ices !o !&e PDCP in

. !&e %o#m o% #a"io (ea#e#s

T&e#e is one RLC en!i!y e# #a"io (ea#e#

. con%i$u#e" %o# a !e#minal
Meium *ccess Control
Meium *ccess Control
(M*C)
(M*C)

&an"les
- &y(#i" AR=
- &y(#i" AR=
#e!#ansmissions an" ulin* an"
"o-nlin*
sc&e"ulin$
sc&e"ulin$.

T&e sc&e"ulin$
T&e sc&e"ulin$ %unc!ionali!y is
, loca!e" in !&e eNo"eB -&ic& &as
, one MAC en!i!y e# cell %o# (o!&
. ulin* an" "o-nlin*

T&e
- &y(#i" AR=
- &y(#i" AR= #o!ocol a#! is
#esen! in (o!& !&e !#ansmi!!in$
an" #ecei)in$ en" o% !&e MAC
. #o!ocol

T&e MAC o%%e#s

se#)ices
se#)ices !o !&e
RLC in !&e %o#m o% lo$ical
. c&annels
M*C sc/euling
M*C sc/euling
- T&e (asic oe#a!ion o% !&e sc&e"ule# is so calle"
"ynamic sc&e"ulin$ "ynamic sc&e"ulin$, -&e#e !&e eNo"eB in eac& 0 ms eac& 0 ms
TTI TTI ma*es a sc&e"ulin$ "ecision sc&e"ulin$ "ecision an" sen"s
sc&e"ulin$ in%o#ma!ion !o !&e selec!e" se! o%
!e#minal.

own/ink
own/ink
sc+edu/ing
sc+edu/ing

9L sc+edu/ing
9L sc+edu/ing

ynamically
controlling t/e
terminal(s) to
transmit to

t/e set of resource

bloc6s upon w/ic/
t/e terminalPs &#)
0C2 s/oul be
transmitte.

"ransport)format
selection(selection of
transport)bloc6 si-e.
moulation sc/eme.
an antenna
mapping)

*n logical)c/annel
multiple1ing for
ownlin6
transmissions

ynamically control
w/ic/ mobile
terminals are to
transmit on t/eir !#)
0C2

an on w/ic/ uplin6
time4fre,uency
resources

uplin6 sc/euling
ecision is ta6en per
mobile terminal an
not per raio bearer.
3/ysical #ayer (32Q)
3/ysical #ayer (32Q)

/ , &an"les co"in$ "eco"in$

/ , - mo"ula!ion "emo"ula!ion mul!i
, an!enna main$ an" o!&e#
. !yical &ysical laye# %unc!ions

T&e &ysical laye# o%%e#s se#)ices

!o !&e MAC laye# in !&e %o#m o%
!#anso#! c&annels
O2#L&#; P%Y
O2#L&#; P%Y
L"YE) OF (LTE)
L"YE) OF (LTE)
T&e $ene#ic %#ame s!#uc!u#e is use" -i!&
.( FDD TDD is also suo#!e" (u! no! !&e
). !#en"
LTE %#ames %#ames . a#e 0/ msec in "u#a!ion
T&ey a#e "i)i"e" in!o 0/ su(%#ames su(%#ames,
. . eac& su(%#ame (ein$ 0 / msec lon$
Eac& su(%#ame is %u#!&e# "i)i"e" in!o
!-o slo!s slo!s, . . eac& o% / : msec "u#a!ion

Slo!s Slo!s consis! o% ei!&e# < o# > ODFM

, sym(ols "een"in$ on -&e!&e# !&e no#mal
. o# e'!en"e" cyclic #e%i' is emloye"

Di%%e#en! !ime in!e#)als -i!&in

- !&e LTE #a"io access
seci%ica!ion a#e "e%ine" as
mul!iles o% a (asic !ime uni!
= / Ts 0 2/
. >1/ ///

T&e !ime in!e#)als can !&us also

= (e e'#esse" as T%#ame 2/> 1//
= Ts an" Tsu(%#ame 2/ >1/ Ts
OFDMA is an e'cellen! c&oice o%
mul!ile'in$ sc&eme %o# !&e 2GPP LTE
"o-nlin*
allo-s !&e access o% mul!ile use#s access o% mul!ile use#s
. on !&e a)aila(le (an"-i"!&
Eac& use# is assi$ne" a seci%ic - !ime- !ime
%#e+uency #esou#ce %#e+uency #esou#ce.
Alloca!ion o% PRBs is &an"le" (y a
sc&e"ulin$ %unc!ion sc&e"ulin$ %unc!ion a! !&e 2GPP (ase
( ). s!a!ion eNo"eB
T&e !o!al num(e# o% a)aila(le su(ca##ie#s
"een"s on !&e o)e#all !#ansmission
. (an"-i"!& o% !&e sys!em T&e LTE
seci%ica!ions "e%ine a#ame!e#s %o#
. sys!em (an"-i"!&s %#om 0 1: MH; !o 1/
. MH; as s&o-n in Ta(le

A PRB is "e%ine" A PRB is "e%ine"

as as consis!in$ o%
01 consecu!i)e
su(ca##ie#s %o#
( . one slo! / :
) . msec in "u#a!ion
A PRB is !&e
smalles! smalles!
elemen! o% elemen! o%
#esou#ce #esou#ce
alloca!ion
assi$ne" (y !&e
(ase s!a!ion
sc&e"ule#.
LTE "oes no! emloy no! emloy
a PH? #eam(le #eam(le !o
%acili!a!e ca##ie#
, o%%se! es!ima!e
, c&annel es!ima!ion
!imin$
. sync&#oni;a!ion e!c
, Ins!ea" secial
#e%e#ence si$nals
a#e em(e""e" in !&e
PRBs

&ownlin6 resource bloc6

&ownlin6 resource bloc6

!&e OFDM su(ca##ie# sacin$ su(ca##ie# sacin$ &as (een

c&osen !o @ = . % 0: *H;
Samlin$ #a!e Samlin$ #a!e = %s 0: ///N
FFT
, -&e#e
N
FFT
is !&e FFT si;e
!&e samlin$ #a!e @ % N
FFT
-ill (e a
mul!ile o# su(mul!ile o% !&e
/ WCDMA HSPA ( . ) c&i #a!e 2 63 Mcs

in !&e %#e+uency "omain !&e "o-nlin*

su(ca##ie#s a#e $#oue" in!o #esou#ce #esou#ce
(loc*s (loc*s

-&e#e eac& #esou#ce (loc* consis!s o% 01 01

consecu!i)e consecu!i)e su(ca##ie#s su(ca##ie#s. In
, a""i!ion !&e#e is an unuse" unuse" - DC- DC
su(ca##ie# su(ca##ie# in !&e cen!e# o% !&e
. - "o-nlin* (an" i! may (e su(8ec! !o un
, #oo#!ionally &i$& in!e#%e#ence %o#
, - e'amle "ue !o local oscilla!o#
. lea*a$e
&ownlin6 reference signal
&ownlin6 reference signal

To ca##y ou! co&e#en! "emo"ula!ion

o% "i%%e#en! "o-nlin* &ysical
, c&annels

a mo(ile !e#minal nee"s es!ima!es

o% !&e "o-nlin* c&annel

C - ell seci%ic "o-nlin* #e%e#ence

. si$nals

- . UE seci%ic #e%e#ence si$nal

MBSFN #e%e#ence si$nals

Cell)specific ownlin6
Cell)specific ownlin6
reference signals
reference signals

consis!s o% *no-n #e%e#ence sym(ol s

inse#!e" -i!&in !&e %i#s! an" !&i#" %i#s! an" !&i#"
las! OFDM sym(ol o% eac& slo! an" -i!&
- a %#e+uency "omain sacin$ o% si'
su(ca##ie#s

!&e mo(ile !e#minal s&oul" ca##y ou!

in!e#ola!ion in!e#ola!ion/ a)e#a$in$ o)e# mul!ile
#e%e#ence sym(ols

T&e#e a#e - :/3 "i%%e#en! #e%e#ence - :/3 "i%%e#en! #e%e#ence

si$nal se+uences si$nal se+uences , "e%ine" %o# LTE
-&e#e eac&se+uence co##eson"s !o one
ou! o% :/3 "i%%e#en! - &ysical laye#
cell i"en!i!ies

In case o% "o-nlin*
- mul!i an!enna
- mul!i an!enna
!#ansmission
!#ansmission !&e mo(ile !e#minal
s&oul" (e a(le !o es!ima!e !&e
"o-nlin* c&annel co##eson"in$ !o
eac& !#ansmi! an!enna

- #e%e#ence si$nal s!#uc!u#e %o# eac&

an!enna o#! in case o% mul!ile
: an!enna o#!s -i!&in a cell

In case o% !-o an!enna !&e

#e%e#ence sym(ols o% !&e secon"
an!enna o#! a#e %#e+uency
mul!ile'e" -i!& !&e #e%e#ence
, sym(ols o% !&e %i#s! an!enna o#!
- -i!& a %#e+uency "omain o%%se! o%
. !&#ee su(ca##ie#s

In case o% %ou# an!enna o#!s , !&e

#e%e#ence sym(ols %o# !&e !&i#" an"
%ou#!& an!enna o#!s a#e %#e+uency
mul!ile'e" -i!&in !&e secon" OFDM
. sym(ol o% eac& slo! No!e !&a! !&e
#e%e#ence sym(ols %o# an!enna o#!
!&#ee an" %ou# a#e only !#ansmi!!e"
-i!&in one OFDM sym(ol
!E)specific reference
!E)specific reference
signals
signals

LTE also allo-s %o# mo#e $ene#al

- . (eam %o#min$ In o#"e# !o allo-
%o# c&annel es!ima!ion also %o#
, suc& !#ansmissions a""i!ional
. #e%e#ence si$nals a#e nee"e"

As suc& a #e%e#ence si$nal can

only (e use" (y !&e seci%ic
- !e#minal !o -&ic& !&e (eam %o#me"
, !#ansmission is in!en"e" i! is
#e%e##e" !o as a - UE seci%ic
. #e%e#ence si$nal
#"E bloc6 iagram (&#
#"E bloc6 iagram (&#
transport c/annel processing)
transport c/annel processing)
(8)C(C insertion:
(8)C(C insertion:

In !&e %i#s! s!e o% !&e

- , !#anso#! c&annel #ocessin$
a
a
- 13 (i! CRC
- 13 (i! CRC is calcula!e" %o#
an" aen"e" !o eac& !#anso#!
. (loc*

T&e CRC allo-s %o# #ecei)e# si"e

"e!ec!ion
"e!ec!ion o% e##o#s in !&e
. "eco"e" !#anso#! (loc*

T&e co##eson"in$ e##o# in"ica!ion

, , is !&en %o# e'amle use" (y !&e
- "o-nlin* &y(#i" AR= #o!ocol as a
!#i$$e# %o#
#e+ues!in$
#e+ues!in$
. #e!#ansmissions
. #e!#ansmissions

(:)Coe)bloc6 segmentation
(:)Coe)bloc6 segmentation
an per)coe)bloc6 C(C
an per)coe)bloc6 C(C
insertion:
insertion:

T&e LTE
Tu#(o
Tu#(o- co"e# in!e#nal
in!e#lea)e#
in!e#lea)e# is only "e%ine" %o# a
- limi!e" num(e# o% co"e (loc* si;es
-i!& a
ma'imum
ma'imum (loc* si;e o%
<033
<033
(i!s
(i!s.

, In case !&e !#anso#! (loc* inclu"in$

- , !&e !#anso#! (loc* CRC
e'cee"s
e'cee"s
!&is ma'imum
!&is ma'imum - , co"e (loc* si;e - co"e
(loc* se$men!a!ion is alie" (e%o#e
. Tu#(o co"in$

- Co"e (loc* se$men!a!ion

- Co"e (loc* se$men!a!ion imlies
!&a! !&e !#anso#! (loc* is
se$men!e" in!o smalle# co"e (loc*s
- !&a! ma!c& !&e se! o% co"e (loc*
. si;es "e%ine" %o# !&e Tu#(o co"e#

In o#"e# !o ensu#e
!&a! !&e si;e si;e o%
eac& co"e (loc* is
ma!c&e" ma!c&e" !o !&e se!
- o% a)aila(le co"e
, (loc* si;es
%ille# (i!s %ille# (i!s may
&a)e !o (e inse#!e"
a! !&e &ea" o% !&e
%i#s! co"e

An a""i!ional a""i!ional ( 13
) (i!s CRC CRC is
calcula!e" %o# an"
aen"e" !o eac&
. co"e (loc*

Ha)in$ a CRC e# co"e

(loc* allo-s %o#
ea#ly "e!ec!ion o%
co##ec!ly "eco"e"
. co"e (loc*s T&is
can (e use" !o
#e"uce !&e !e#minal
#ocessin$ e%%o#!
an" o-e#
. consum!ion

(;) FEC(forwar error

(;) FEC(forwar error
correction):)
correction):)

- T&e UL SCH uses !&e same #a!e / 0 2 !u#(o / 0 2 !u#(o

enco"in$ enco"in$ ( - sc&eme !-o 6 s!a!e cons!i!uen!
) enco"e#s an" one in!e#nal in!e#lea)e# as
- . !&e DL SCH

T&e ol"e# in!e#lea)e# use" in HSPA (een
#elace" (y . =PP (ase" in!e#lea)in$ . =PP (ase" in!e#lea)in$
!&e =PP in!e#lea)e# #o)i"es a main$ main$
( - ) %#om !&e inu! non in!e#lea)e" (i!s !o
( ) !&e ou!u! in!e#lea)e" (i!s acco#"in$ !o
!&e %unc!ion:
(4) (ate)matc/ing an p/ysical)
(4) (ate)matc/ing an p/ysical)
layer /ybri)*(< functionality
layer /ybri)*(< functionality

- - T&e !as* o% !&e #a!e ma!c&in$ an" &ysical

- laye# &y(#i" AR= %unc!ionali!y is !o
, e'!#ac!, e'!#ac! %#om !&e (loc*s o% co"e (i!s
, "eli)e#e" (y !&e c&annel enco"e# !&e e'ac! !&e e'ac!
se! o% (i!s se! o% (i!s !o (e !#ansmi!!e" -i!&in a
. $i)en TTI

( T&e ou!u!s o% !&e Tu#(o enco"e# sys!ema!ic

, , (i!s %i#s! a#i!y (i!s an" secon" a#i!y
) (i!s a#e %i#s! sea#a!ely in!e#lea)e" sea#a!ely in!e#lea)e".

T&e in!e#lea)e" (i!s a#e !&en inse#!e" in!o

-&a! can (e "esc#i(e" as a ci#cula# (u%%e# ci#cula# (u%%e#
, -i!& !&e sys!ema!ic (i!s inse#!e" %i#s!
%ollo-e" (y al!e#na!in$ inse#!ion o% !&e
. %i#s! an" secon" a#i!y (i!s

T&e (i! selec!ion !&en e'!#ac!s consecu!i)e

(i!s %#om !&e ci#cula# (u%%e#
(B) Bit)le5el scrambling
(B) Bit)le5el scrambling

LTE "o-nlin* sc#am(lin$ imlies !&a!

!&e (loc* o% co"e (i!s "eli)e#e" (y
- !&e &y(#i" AR= %unc!ionali!y
is
is
mul!ilie"
mul!ilie" (
- e'clusi)e o#
- e'clusi)e o#
) - oe#a!ion (y a (i! le)el sc#am(lin$
( ) se+uence usually a $ol" co"e .

, In $ene#al sc#am(lin$ o% !&e co"e"

"a!a &els !o ensu#e !&a! !&e
- #ecei)e# si"e "eco"in$ can
%ully
%ully
u!ili;e !&e #ocessin$ $ain
u!ili;e !&e #ocessin$ $ain
#o)i"e" (y !&e c&annel co"e

(D) Moulation
(D) Moulation
T&e se! o% mo"ula!ion se! o% mo"ula!ion sc&emes suo#!e" %o#
, , !&e LTE "o-nlin* inclu"es =PSK 0<=AM an"
. <3=AM
All !&ese mo"ula!ion sc&emes a#e alica(le !o
- , , . !&e DL SCH PCH an" MCH !#anso#! c&annels
only =PSK =PSK mo"ula!ion can (e alie" !o !&e
BCH BCH . !#anso#! c&annel

(=) Multi antenna

(=) Multi antenna
transmission
transmission

- LTE suo#!s !&e %ollo-in$ mul!i

an!enna !#ansmission sc&emes o#
!#ansmission mo"es , in a""i!ion
- : !o sin$le an!enna !#ansmission

T#ansmi! "i)e#si!y

- Close" loo sa!ial mul!ile'in$

- - inclu"in$ co"e(oo* (ase" (eam
%o#min$

- Oen loo sa!ial mul!ile'in$

"ransmit i5ersity
"ransmit i5ersity

LTE !#ansmi! "i)e#si!y is (ase" on

Sace F#e+uency Bloc* Co"in$
( ) SFBC

SFBC imlies !&a! consecu!i)e

mo"ula!ion sym(ols S
i
an" S
+ i 0
a#e
mae" "i#ec!ly on a"8acen!
su(ca##ie#s on !&e %i#s! an!enna
. o#!

, On !&e secon" an!enna o#! !&e

s-ae" an" !#ans%o#me" sym(ols
- S
*
+ i 0
an" Si
*
a#e !#ansmi!!e" on
!&e co##eson"in$ su(ca##ie#s
0FBC4F0"&(combine 0FBC
0FBC4F0"&(combine 0FBC
an
an
(
(
re!uency Shift Transmit
re!uency Shift Transmit
Di"ersity
Di"ersity
Close loop 0patial
Close loop 0patial
multiple1ing
multiple1ing

sa!ial mul!ile'in$ imlies !&a!

mul!ile s!#eams o# laye#s a#e
, !#ansmi!!e" in a#allel !&e#e(y
allo-in$ %o# &i$&e# "a!a #a!es

T&e LTE sa!ial mul!ile'in$ may

: oe#a!e in !-o "i%%e#en! mo"es
- close" loo sa!ial mul!ile'in$ an"
- oen loo sa!ial mul!ile'in$

- -&e#e close" loo sa!ial mul!ile'in$

#elies on mo#e e'!ensi)e %ee"(ac*
. %#om !&e mo(ile !e#minal

General beam)forming
General beam)forming

- close" loo sa!ial mul!ile'in$

- inclu"es (eam %o#min$ as a secial
case -&en !&e num(e# o% laye#s
. e+uals one

T&is *in" o% (eam%o#min$ can (e

#e%e##e" !o as - - co"e(oo* (ase" (eam
, %o#min$ in"ica!in$ !&a!

- !&e ne!-o#* selec!s one #e co"in$

( - ) )ec!o# !&e (eam %o#min$ )ec!o# %#om
- - a se! o% #e "e%ine" #e co"in$
( ) )ec!o#s !&e co"e(oo* -i!& !&e
, , selec!ion %o# e'amle (ase" on !&e
- !e#minal #eo#!in$ a #ecommen"e" #e
. co"in$ )ec!o#

i% no! %ollo-in$ !&e !e#minal

, #ecommen"a!ion !&e ne!-o#* mus!
e'lici!ly in%o#m !&e !e#minal a(ou!
- , -&a! #e co"in$ )ec!o# %#om !&e se!
, o% #e"e%ine" )ec!o#s is ac!ually
use" %o# !#ansmission !o !&e
. !e#minal
9PL&#; P%Y L"YE) OF
9PL&#; P%Y L"YE) OF
(LTE)
(LTE)
!plin6 transmission
!plin6 transmission
sc/eme
sc/eme

LTE ulin* !#ansmission is (ase"

- on so calle"
- DFTS OFDM
- DFTS OFDM
!#ansmission

- W&ic& is a sin$le ca##ie#

!#ansmission sc&eme !&a!
allo-s
allo-s
%o#
%o#

%le'i(le (an"-i"!& assi$nmen!

o#!&o$onal mul!ile access no! only

in !&e !ime "omain (u! also in !&e
. %#e+uency "omain

!&e use o% a cyclic #e%i' allo-s

- - lo- comle'i!y %#e+uency "omain
. e+uali;a!ion a! !&e #ecei)e# si"e
"ransmission met/o
"ransmission met/o
M "e!e#mines !&e BW
. Acco#"in$ !o OFDM mo" osi!ion o% si$nal is "e!e#mine"
Main$ is
alie" !o
consecu!i)e
ca##ie#s
locali;e"
&F" implementation
&F" implementation

T&e DFT si;e T&e DFT si;e s&oul" #e%e#a(ly (e

. cons!#aine" !o a o-e# o% !-o

, Ho-e)e# suc& a cons!#ain! is in "i#ec!

con%lic! con%lic! -i!& a "esi#e !o &a)e a &i$&
"e$#ee o% %le'i(ili!y o% %le'i(ili!y o% !&e !&e
(an"-i"!& (an"-i"!& !&a! can (e "ynamically
assi$ne" !o a mo(ile !e#minal %o#
ulin* !#ansmission all ossi(le DFT
. si;es s&oul" #a!&e# (e allo-e"

Fo# LTE LTE, a mi""le -ay mi""le -ay &as (een a"o!e"
-&e#e !&e DFT si;e is limi!e" !o
, #o"uc!s o% !&e in!e$e#s !-o , #o"uc!s o% !&e in!e$e#s !-o
, . !&#ee an" %i)e , . !&#ee an" %i)e

, , , Fo# e'amle DFT si;es o% </ >1 an" 7<

a#e allo-e" (u! a DFT si;e o% 63 is no!
. allo-e"

, In !&is -ay !&e DFT can (e imlemen!e"

- as a com(ina!ion o% #ela!i)ely lo-
- , - , - comle' #a"i' 1 #a"i' 2 an" #a"i' : FFT
#ocessin$
!plin6 p/ysical resource
!plin6 p/ysical resource
parameters
parameters

C&osen !o (e
ali$ne"
ali$ne", as muc& as
, ossi(le -i!& !&e co##eson"in$
a#ame!e#s
a#ame!e#s - o% !&e OFDM (ase"
LTE
"o-nlin*
"o-nlin*

sacin$ e+uals 0: *H;

, #esou#ce (loc*s consis!in$ o% 01

su(ca##ie#s

Any num(e# o% ulin* #esou#ce (loc*s

- #an$in$ %#om a minimum o% < 00/
. #esou#ce (loc*s

- , !ime "omain s!#uc!u#e !&e LTE ulin*

is )e#y simila# !o !&e "o-nlin*

, Ho-e)e# in con!#as! !o !&e

, "o-nlin*
- no unuse" DC
- no unuse" DC
su(ca##ie#
su(ca##ie# is "e%ine" %o# !&e
LTE ulin*
!plin6 reference signals
!plin6 reference signals

Demo"ula!ion #e%e#ence si$nals

( ) DRS
( ) DRS

#e%e#ence si$nals %o# c&annel

es!ima!ion a#e also nee"e" %o# !&e
LTE ulin* !o ena(le co&e#en!
"emo"ula!ion "emo"ula!ion o% "i%%e#en! ulin*
&ysical c&annels

Soun"in$ #e%e#ence si$nals

( ) SRS
( ) SRS

a#e !#ansmi!!e" on !&e ulin* !o

allo- %o# !&e ne!-o#* !o es!ima!e
!&e ulin* c&annel +uali!y a! ulin* c&annel +uali!y a!
. "i%%e#en! %#e+uencies. "i%%e#en! %#e+uencies
Basic principles of uplin6 &(0
Basic principles of uplin6 &(0
transmission
transmission

Due !o !&e imo#!ance o%

lo-
lo-
o-e# )a#ia!ions
o-e# )a#ia!ions %o# ulin*
!#ansmissions

T&e #inciles %o#

ulin*
ulin*
- #e%e#ence si$nal
- #e%e#ence si$nal !#ansmission
a#e
"i%%e#en!
"i%%e#en! %#om !&ose o% !&e
"o-nlin*
"o-nlin*

- ce#!ain DFTS OFDM sym(ols a#e

- e'clusi)ely use" %o# #e%e#ence
, si$nal !#ansmission

a #e%e#ence si$nal is !#ansmi!!e"

-i!&in !&e
%ou#!& sym(ol
%ou#!& sym(ol o%
eac& ulin* slo!
!plin6 se,uences
!plin6 se,uences

Limi!e" o-e# )a#ia!ions in !&e

%#e+uency
%#e+uency "omain !o allo- %o#
- simila# c&annel
es!ima!ion
es!ima!ion
. +uali!y %o# all %#e+uencies

Limi!e" o-e# )a#ia!ions in !&e

!ime
!ime "omain !o allo- %o# &i$&
- o-e# amli%ie#
- o-e# amli%ie# . e%%iciency

, Fu#!&e#mo#e
su%%icien!ly many
su%%icien!ly many
- #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences
- #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences o%
, !&e same len$!& s&oul" (e
a)aila(le !o easily assi$nin$
- #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences !o
cells
RaoffFC/u se,uences
RaoffFC/u se,uences

&a)e !&e #oe#!y o%

cons!an!
cons!an!
o-e#
o-e# in (o!& !&e
%#e+uency
%#e+uency an"
!&e !ime
!&e !ime . "omain

4a"o%% C&u se+uences a#e

no!
no!
sui!a(le
sui!a(le %o# "i#ec! usa$e as
: ulin*

!o ma'imi;e !&e num(e# o% 4a"o%% C&u

se+uences an" !o ma'imi;e !&e num(e#
o% a)aila(le ulin* #e%e#ence
, si$nals - #ime len$!& 4a"o%% - #ime len$!& 4a"o%% C&u
. se+uences -oul" (e #e%e##e" A! !&e
, same !ime !&e len$!& o% !&e ulin*
- #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences s&oul" (e
a mul!ile o% 01 mul!ile o% 01

Fo# s&o#! se+uence s&o#! se+uence , len$!&s

co##eson"in$ !o na##o- ulin*
, !#ansmission (an"-i"!&s #ela!i)ely #ela!i)ely
- %e- #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences - %e- #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences
-oul" (e a)aila(le -oul" (e a)aila(le

3/ase)rotate reference)
3/ase)rotate reference)
signal se,uences
signal se,uences

(y cyclically e'!en"in$ "i%%e#en!

- . #ime len$!& 4a"o%% C&u se+uences

- A""i!ional #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences

can (e "e#i)e" (y alyin$ "i%%e#en!
linea# &ase #o!a!ions !o !&e same
- (asic #e%e#ence si$nal se+uences
souning reference signals
souning reference signals
(0(0)
(0(0)

es!ima!e !&e ulin* c&annel +uali!y c&annel +uali!y

a! "i%%e#en! %#e+uencies a! "i%%e#en! %#e+uencies

A !e#minal can (e con%i$u#e" !o !#ansmi!

SRS a! #e$ula# in!e#)als #e$ula# in!e#)als #an$in$
%#om as o%!en as once in e)e#y 1 ms
( ) e)e#y secon" su(%#ame !o as
in%#e+uen!ly as once in e)e#y 0</ ms
( e)e#y 0<!& %#ame

- : !&e %#e+uency "omain sc&e"ulin$

en!i#e %#e+uency (an" o% in!e#es! -i!& a

sin$le SRS OR

na##o-(an" SRS !&a! is &oin$ in !&e

%#e+uency "omain in suc& a -ay !&a! a
se+uence o% SRS !#ansmissions 8oin!ly
. co)e#s !&e %#e+uency (an" o% in!e#es!
90/ink trans0ort4c+anne/
90/ink trans0ort4c+anne/
0rocessing
0rocessing

- ulin* !#anso#!
c&annel #ocessin$
a#e simila# simila# !o !&e
co##eson"in$ s!es
o% !&e "o-nlin* "o-nlin*
- !#anso#! c&annel
#ocessin$

no sa!ial no sa!ial
mul!ile'in$ o# mul!ile'in$ o#
!#ansmi! !#ansmi!
"i)e#si!y "i)e#si!y
cu##en!ly "e%ine"
%o# !&e LTE ulin*

, As a conse+uence
!&e#e is also only a
sin$le !#anso#! sin$le !#anso#!
(loc* (loc*, o% "ynamic
, si;e !#ansmi!!e"
. %o# eac& TTI

LTE "$$E''
LTE "$$E''
P)O$E9)E
P)O$E9)E
#"E cell searc/
#"E cell searc/

Aim

Ac+ui#e %#e+uency an" sym(ol

. sync&#oni;a!ion !o a cell

, Ac+ui#e %#ame !imin$ o% !&e cell

, !&a! is "e!e#mine !&e s!a#! o% !&e
. "o-nlin* %#ame

- De!e#mine !&e &ysical laye# cell

. i"en!i!y o% !&e cell

!-o secial si$nals a#e

, !#ansmi!!e" on !&e LTE "o-nlin*

!&e P#ima#y Sync&#oni;a!ion Si$nal

( ) PSS

Secon"a#y Sync&#oni;a!ion Si$nal

( ) SSS

'ystem in.ormation
'ystem in.ormation

, In LTE sys!em in%o#ma!ion is

"eli)e#e" (y !-o "i%%e#en!
mec&anisms #elyin$ on !-o
"i%%e#en! !#anso#! c&annels

A limi!e" amoun! o% sys!em

, in%o#ma!ion co##eson"in$ !o !&e
- so calle" Mas!e# In%o#ma!ion Bloc*
( ), . MIB is !#ansmi!!e" usin$ !&e BCH

T&e main a#! o% !&e sys!em

, in%o#ma!ion co##eson"in$ !o
- "i%%e#en! so calle" Sys!em
( ), In%o#ma!ion Bloc*s SIBs is
!#ansmi!!e" usin$ !&e "o-nlin*
s&a#e" ( - ). c&annel DL SCH
(anom access
(anom access

A %un"amen!al #e+ui#emen! %o# any

cellula# sys!em is !&e ossi(ili!y
%o# !&e !e#minal !o #e+ues! a
, connec!ion se!u commonly #e%e##e"
!o as
#an"om access
#an"om access .

In , LTE #an"om access is use" %o#

se)e#al u#oses
se)e#al u#oses, : inclu"in$

%o# ini!ial access -&en es!a(lis&in$ a

( #a"io lin* mo)in$ %#om RRCAIDLE !o
; RRCACONNECTED

- !o #e es!a(lis& a #a"io lin* a%!e#

; #a"io lin* %ailu#e

%o# &an"o)e# -&en ulin*

sync&#oni;a!ion nee"s !o (e
; es!a(lis&e" !o !&e ne- cell

!o es!a(lis& ulin* sync&#oni;a!ion i%

ulin* o# "o-nlin* "a!a a##i)es -&en
!&e !e#minal is in RRCACONNECTED an"
; !&e ulin* is no! sync&#oni;e"

as a sc&e"ulin$ #e+ues! i% no
- "e"ica!e" sc&e"ulin$ #e+ues!
#esou#ces &a)e (een con%i$u#e" on
. PUCCH
paging
paging

- Pa$in$ is use" %o# ne!-o#*

. ini!ia!e" connec!ion se!u

An e%%icien! a$in$ #oce"u#e

s&oul"
allo-
allo- !&e !e#minal !o
slee
slee -i!& no #ecei)e#
#ocessin$ mos! o% !&e !ime an"
!o (#ie%ly
-a*e u
-a*e u a!
#e"e%ine"
!ime in!e#)als
!ime in!e#)als !o
moni!o# a$in$ in%o#ma!ion %#om
. !&e ne!-o#*

, In LTE
no sea#a!e
no sea#a!e - a$in$
in"ica!o# c&annel is use"
LTE ")$%&TE$T9)E
LTE ")$%&TE$T9)E
"# '"E
"# '"E
LTE 'ystem "rc+itecture
LTE 'ystem "rc+itecture
LTE 'ystem "rc+itecture
LTE 'ystem "rc+itecture
cont.
cont.

E(o/(ed )adio "ccess #etwork ()"#)

!E: !ser E,uipment
e%B: en/ance %oe B

)Contains 32Q. M*C. (#C ((aio #in6 Control)
. 3&C3 (3ac6et &ata Control 3rotocol).

e%Bs are connecte toget/er t/roug/ t/e 0G+.

#"E 0ystem *rc/itecture

#"E 0ystem *rc/itecture
cont.
cont.

Functions o. e#odeB:

(aio (esources management.

*mission control.

Enforcement of negotiate !#
<o0.

Cell information broacast.

Cip/ering4ecip/ering of user an
control plane ata

Compression4ecompression of
&#4!# user plane pac6et
/eaers.
#"E 0ystem *rc/itecture
#"E 0ystem *rc/itecture
cont.
cont.

'er(ing Gateway ('G2)

)(outes an forwars user &ata 3ac6ets.
)Mobility anc/or for e%B /ano5ers an #"E to
ot/er ;G33 systems.

(relaying t/e traffic between :G4;G systems an

3&% G+).

Packet ata #etwork Gateway (P#

G2)
)Connects !E to e1ternal pac6et ata networ6s
(ser5e $3 functions)
)*nc/or for mobility between ;G33 an non)
;G33 tec/nologies suc/ as +iM*K an ;G33:
(C&M* 8K an

E5&').

) 3erforms policy enforcement . c/arging

support.

#"E 0ystem *rc/itecture

#"E 0ystem *rc/itecture
cont.
cont.

!o-i/ity !anagement Entity

(!!E)

)Manage t/e !EPs mobility.

)$le)moe !E trac6ing an reac/ability .

)3aging proceure.

)*ut/entication an aut/ori-ation.

) c/oosing t/e 0G+ for a !E at

t/e initial attac/

)0ecurity negotiations.

O*E)*&E2 OF LTE
O*E)*&E2 OF LTE
"*"#$E
"*"#$E
Funamental re,uirements
Funamental re,uirements
for #"E)*5ance
for #"E)*5ance

comle!e %ul%illmen! o% all !&e

#e+ui#emen!s
#e+ui#emen!s %o#
- IMT A")ance"
- IMT A")ance"
"e%ine" (y ITU

- LTE A")ance" &as !o %ul%ill a se!

o% (asic
(ac*-a#"
(ac*-a#"
coma!i(ili!y
coma!i(ili!y #e+ui#emen!s

Sec!#um
Sec!#um , coe'is!ence imlyin$
!&a! i! s&oul" (e ossi(le !o
- "eloy LTE A")ance" in sec!#um
al#ea"y occuie" (y LTE -i!& no
imac! on e'is!in$ LTE !e#minals

in%#as!#uc!u#e
in%#as!#uc!u#e, in #ac!ice
imlyin$ !&a! i! s&oul" (e
ossi(le !o u$#a"e al#ea"y
ins!alle" LTE in%#as!#uc!u#e
- e+uimen! !o LTE A")ance"
caa(ili!y

!e#minal
!e#minal imlemen!a!ion
E1tene re,uirements
E1tene re,uirements
beyon $"! re,uirements
beyon $"! re,uirements

Suo#! %o#
- ea* "a!a
- ea* "a!a u !o 0 G(s
in !&e "o-nlin* an" :// M(s in !&e
. ulin*

Su(s!an!ial im#o)emen!s in
sys!em
sys!em
e#%o#mance
e#%o#mance suc& as cell an" use#
!&#ou$&u! -i!& !a#$e! )alues
si$ni%ican!ly e'cee"in$ !&ose o%
- . IMT A")ance"

Possi(ili!y %o#
- lo- cos!
- lo- cos!
in%#as!#uc!u#e
in%#as!#uc!u#e "eloymen! an"
. !e#minals

Hi$&
o-e# e%%iciency
o-e# e%%iciency, , !&a! is lo-
o-e# consum!ion %o# (o!&
. !e#minals an" in%#as!#uc!u#e

E%%icien!
sec!#um u!ili;a!ion
sec!#um u!ili;a!ion,
inclu"in$ e%%icien! u!ili;a!ion o%
%#a$men!e" sec!#um
Tec+nica/ com0onents o.
Tec+nica/ com0onents o.
LTE4"d(anced
LTE4"d(anced

Wi"e# (an"-i"!& an" ca##ie#

a$$#e$a!ion

- E'!en"e" mul!i an!enna solu!ions

A")ance" #eea!e#s an" #elayin$

%unc!ionali!y

- Coo#"ina!e" mul!i oin!

!#ansmission

- LTE A")ance" -ill (e an inc#ease o% !&e

ma'imum !#ansmission (an"-i"!& !#ansmission (an"-i"!& (eyon" 1/
, MH; e#&as u !o as &i$& as 0// MH; 0// MH; o#
e)en (eyon"

In case o% ca##ie# a$$#e$a!ion ca##ie# a$$#e$a!ion, !&e

e'!ension !o -i"e# (an"-i"!& is accomlis&e"
(y !&e a$$#e$a!ion o% (asic comonen!
ca##ie#s o% a mo#e na##o- (an"-i"!&
- E'!en"e" mul!i an!enna
- E'!en"e" mul!i an!enna
solu!ions
solu!ions

suo#! %o#
sa!ial
sa!ial
mul!ile'in$
mul!ile'in$ on !&e ulin* is
- an!icia!e" !o (e a#! o% LTE
A")ance"

e'!ension o% "o-nlin* sa!ial

mul!ile'in$ !o
mo#e %ou#
mo#e %ou#
laye#s

- (ene%i!s o% ei$&! laye# sa!ial

mul!ile'in$ a#e only #esen! in
secial scena#ios -&e#e
&i$&
&i$&
SINR
SINR can (e ac&ie)e"
- Coo#"ina!e" mul!i oin!
- Coo#"ina!e" mul!i oin!
!#ansmission
!#ansmission

Coo#"ina!in$ !&e !#ansmission %#om !&e mul!ile

an!ennas can (e use" !o - inc#ease !&e si$nal - inc#ease !&e si$nal
- !o noise - !o noise #a!io %o# use#s %a# %#om !&e an!enna

%o# e'amle (y !#ansmi!!in$ !&e same si$nal %#om

mul!ile si!es mul!ile si!es.

Suc& s!#a!e$ies can also im#o)e !&e - o-e#- o-e#

amli%ie# u!ili;a!ion amli%ie# u!ili;a!ion , in !&e ne!-o#*
esecially in a li$&!ly loa"e" ne!-o#* -&e#e
o!&e#-ise some o-e# amli%ie#s -oul" (e i"le
A")ance" #eea!e#s an"
A")ance" #eea!e#s an"
#elayin$ %unc!ionali!y
#elayin$ %unc!ionali!y

Reea!e#s simly amli%y an" %o#-a#" amli%y an" %o#-a#" !&e

#ecei)e" analo$ si$nals an" a#e use" al#ea"y
. !o"ay %o# &an"lin$ co)e#a$e &oles

L0 #elays L0 #elays sc&emes -&e#e !&e ne!-o#* can con!#ol

, !&e !#ansmission o-e# o% !&e #eea!e# an" %o#
, e'amle ac!i)a!e !&e #eea!e# only -&en use#s
a#e #esen! in !&e a#ea &an"le" (y !&e #eea!e#

- in!e#me"ia!e no"e may also "eco"e an" #e enco"e

any #ecei)e" "a!a #io# !o %o#-a#"in$ i! !o !&e
. se#)e" use#s T&is is o%!en #e%e##e" !o as
- - "eco"e an" %o#-a#" - - "eco"e an" %o#-a#" #elayin$
T&e #oosals coul" #ou$&ly (e
T&e #oosals coul" #ou$&ly (e
ca!e$o#i;e" in!o
ca!e$o#i;e" in!o
: :

Ba#ious conce!s %o# Relay No"es

- UE Dual T9 an!enna solu!ions %o# SU MIMO an"

"i)e#si!y MIMO

, Scala(le sys!em (an"-i"!& e'cee"in$ 1/ MH;

Po!en!ially u !o 0//MH;

Local a#ea o!imi;a!ion o% ai# in!e#%ace

/ Noma"ic Local A#ea ne!-o#* an" mo(ili!y solu!ions

Fle'i(le Sec!#um Usa$e

Co$ni!i)e Ra"io

Au!oma!ic an" au!onomous ne!-o#* con%i$u#a!ion an"

oe#a!ion

En&ance" #eco"in$ an" %o#-a#" e##o# co##ec!ion

In!e#%e#ence mana$emen! an" su#ession

Asymme!#ic (an"-i"!& assi$nmen! %o# FDD

Hy(#i" OFDMA - an" SC FDMA in ulin*

/ UL DL in!e# eNo"eB coo#"ina!e" MIMO

Time.rame
Time.rame

S!an"a#"i;a!ion is e'ec!e" !o (e
inclu"e" in 2GPP
Release 0/
Release 0/
. !ime%#ame

T&e imo#!ance an" !ime%#ame o%

LTE A")ance" -ill o% cou#se
la#$ely "een" on !&e
success
success
. o% LTE i!sel%
. o% LTE i!sel%

- I% ossi(le LTE A")ance" -ill (e a

so%!-a#e u$#a"e
so%!-a#e u$#a"e %o# LTE
. ne!-o#*s
Tec+no/ogy
Tec+no/ogy
emonstrations
emonstrations

In Fe(#ua#y
1//> NTT DoCoMo
1//> NTT DoCoMo
announce" !&e comle!ion o% a 3G
!#ial

-&e#e !&ey ac&ie)e" a ma'imum

ac*e! !#ansmission #a!e o%
a#o'ima!ely
/ : G(i! s
/ : G(i! s in !&e
"o-nlin* usin$
0//MH;
0//MH; %#e+uency
(an"-i"!& !o a mo(ile s!a!ion
mo)in$ a!
/ 0/ *m &
/ 0/ *m &