Basics of Lubricant and Additives

11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina
2006 Chevron Corporation

Global Lubricants
Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.
The Basics of Lubricant Additives
or
Its Not Just Oil!
March 2009
Global Lubricants
G010075
Viscosity
Index
Improvers
Dispersants
Rust and
Corrosion
Inhibitor
Foam
Inhibitors
Antiwear
Agents
Anti-
Oxidants
Detergents
Pour Point
Depressants
Friction
Modifiers
G
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I
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B
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S
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Its Not
Just Oil!
Global Lubricants
Base Oil
70-95%
Pour Point Depressant
0-2%
Viscosity
Modifier
0-15%
DI
Package
2-30%
Typical Lubricant Composition
Global Lubricants
Formulating a Superior Lubricant Requires Optimizing
Additive Combinations to Meet Performance Targets
Viscosity
Engine Cleanliness
Wear Control
Fuel Economy
Drain Interval
Cost
Global Lubricants
Graphic Representation of an
Additive Molecule
Sticky End
Consists of a Surface
Active Group Containing
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
or Phosphorus
Sticky End Slippery Tail
G010077
Slippery Tail
Consists of a Hydrocarbon
Chain
Global Lubricants
Ashless Dispersants
Global Lubricants
Ashless Dispersants
Function Control Sludge and Varnish Formation at
Lower Operating Temperatures
Control Thickening Caused by Soot
Structure High Molecular Weight Tail With Surface
Active Head
Mechanism Keep Sludge, Soot, and Deposit
Precursors Suspended in Oil

Global Lubricants
G010078
(Dispersant)
(Solid Particles)
Rate of
Aggregation Slowed
Dispersants Impede Particle Aggregation
Global Lubricants
Dispersant Selection
Must Balance Performance Attributes
Need to Control Soot Thickening, Sludge
Too Much May Hurt Seal Performance
(More is Not Always Better!)
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Metallic Detergents
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Function Provide High Temperature Cleanliness
Control Corrosive Wear
Types Metallic Soaps; Normally Na, Ca, or Mg
Soap Substrates
- Sulfonates
- Salicylates
- Phenates

Mechanism Neutralize Acids From Engine Blow-By

Metallic Detergents
Global Lubricants
G010079
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
Soap
Molecule
Basic
Core
Overbased Detergent
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Detergency in Oils
Gum Being Polar, Sticks on Polar Surfaces
The Polar Ends of Detergents Also Stick to Polar Surface
An Effective Detergent Displaces Gum (Deposits)
G010080
Global Lubricants
Detergent Selection
Balance Cost and Performance Requirements
Too Much May Hurt Wear Performance
May Use Multiple Types of Detergent
Phenates for Higher Temperatures
Sulfonates for Lower Temperatures
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Sulfated Ash, %
T
o
t
a
l

B
a
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e

N
u
m
b
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r

(
T
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A
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M

D

2
8
9
6

m
g

K
O
H
/
g
Marine Oil
Marine Oil
Railroad
Oil
HDMO
PCMO
Relationship of TBN and Ash
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Antioxidants
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Function Control Oxidative Decomposition of Oil
Minimize Oil Thickening
Decrease Sludge and Varnish Formation
Decrease Formation of Corrosive
Compounds (Acids)

Types Organic Phenols, Amines
Metal-Containing Zinc Dithiophosphates
(ZDP), Molybdenum Compounds

Mechanism Decrease Rates of Chemical Reactions
With Oxygen

Antioxidant Formulation
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Factors Affecting Oxidation
Temperature
Catalysts (Metal Ions)
Aeration Rate
Additive System
Base Stock
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Antioxidant Selection
Most Performance Comes From the Antiwear Additive
(ZDP)
Supplement to Meet Sequence IIIE
Compatibility With Seals
Cost
May Use Multiple Antioxidants
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Antiwear Agents
Global Lubricants
Function Reduce Wear of Rubbing Metal Surfaces
Types Amine or Metal Phosphites, Phosphates,
or Thiophosphates (ZDP)
Boron Compounds
Sulfurized Olefins

Mechanism Adhere to Metal Surfaces, Forming a
Protective Film Which Shears
Preferentially Under Wear Conditions

Antiwear Agent
Global Lubricants
G010081
ZDP
ZDP
ZDP
ZDP
ZDP
ZDP ZDP
ZDP
Metal Surface
Adsorbed ZDP Layer
Metal Surface
Bulk Oil
Metal Surface
Phosphorous Containing
Antiwear Film
H
E
A
T
Formation of a Zinc Dithiophosphate (ZDP)
Antiwear Film
H
E
A
T
Global Lubricants
Friction Modifiers
Global Lubricants
Friction Modifiers
Function Reduce Friction of Rubbing Metal
Surfaces
Types Fatty Compounds With Polar Ends
Graphite
Molybdenum Compounds
Mechanism Forms an Easily Shearable Film on
Metal Surface

Global Lubricants
Metal
Oxide/Metal Zone
Oxide Rich Layer
Adsorbed Film of F.M.
(Three Stories High)
Oil Film
Metal
Oxide Rich Layer
Oxide/Metal Zone
Adsorbed Film of F.M.
(Five Stories High)
G010082
Lubricated Metal Surfaces With Friction
Modifier Present
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Friction Modifier Film
(Five Levels
Remaining)
Oxide Layer
Moving Asperity
G010083
Asperity Riding on
Friction Modifier Layer
Global Lubricants
Function Prevent Oil Loss or Oil Starvation
Caused by Foaming
Reduce Oil Aeration
Types Polydimethyl Siloxanes
Polyacrylates
Mechanism Reduce Surface Tension of Oil
Causing Bubbles to Collapse

Antifoam Agent
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Viscosity Modifiers
Global Lubricants
V
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s
c
o
s
i
t
y
Temperature
Viscosity Modifier (VMs) Viscosity Index Improvers (VIIs)
Base Oil + Viscosity Modifier
(High VI)
Viscosity Modifiers Are Materials (Usually Polymers)
Which Improve (i.e., Increase) the VI of a Base Oil
Viscosity Modifiers on Temperature
Dependence of Viscosity
SAE 10W Max
SAE 10W Max
SAE 30 Min
SAE 30 Min
SN 250
SN 250
SN 100
SN 100
Global Lubricants
G010075
Polymer
Molecule
Oil
Associated
With Polymer
Increasing Temperature
Increasing Viscosity Contribution
(Increasing Effective Size of Polymer)
Viscosity Modifier Mechanism
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Pour Point Depressants
Global Lubricants
Function Reduce Viscosity Increase at Low
Temperatures Resulting From Wax
Crystallization
Improve Low Temperature Pumpability
Structure Organic Polymer
Mechanism Promote Formation of Smaller, Rounded
Particles Which Are Less Likely to Form
Interlocking Crystals

Global Lubricants
Wax Crystal Morphology
Without PPD With PPD
G010084
Global Lubricants
Other Additives
( See Supplemental Materials)
Corrosion Inhibitors
Demulsifiers
Emulsifiers
EP (Extreme Pressure) Agents
Metal Deactivators
Rust Inhibitors
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Some Key Points to Remember
Additives Are Carefully Balanced to Enable Base Oils to
Meet Defined Performance Criteria
More is Not Necessarily Better
Additive Interactions Are Strong
Developing a Successful Formulation Requires
Extensive Testing and Verification
Chevron Experience and Commitment to Technical
Excellence is Key
Global Lubricants
Supplemental Information
The Basics of Lubricant Additives
Global Lubricants
Questions
Global Lubricants

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Engine Oils Crankcase Engine Oil
Automatic Transmission Fluid
Rear Axle Lubricants
Manual Transmission Lubricants
Power Steering Fluid
Body/Chassis Greases
Shock Absorber Fluid
Pre-Lubricants
Industrial Oils Turbine and Other R&O Fluids

Antiwear Hydraulic Fluids

Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids

Metalworking Lubricants

Industrial Gear Oils

Plant Machinery Greases

Paper Machine Oils

Soluble Oils

Often Used
Occasionally Used
Where Additives Are Used
Global Lubricants
Additive What It Does How It Works
Antiwear
Agent
Minimizes wear caused by metal-to-
metal contact during conditions of
mild boundary lubrication.
Additive reacts chemically and
forms a film on metal surfaces
under normal operating conditions.
Antioxidant or
Oxidation
Inhibitor
Inhibits varnish and sludge formation.
Reduces viscosity increase resulting
from oil oxidation.
Reduces formation of corrosive acids.
Slows the rate of reaction with
oxygen by interruption of chain
reactions or by decomposing
reactive peroxides.
Demulsifier Loosens and breaks stable emulsions. Lowers emulsion stability.
Corrosion
Inhibitor
Prevents corrosive attack on
nonferrous metallic surfaces.
Forms a film on nonferrous metallic
parts thus protecting them from
attack by contaminants in the oil.
Detergent Prevents oxidation products (gums)
which have formed in the oil from
sticking to metal parts.
Neutralizes acidic contaminants.
Chemically react with oxidation
products (gums) so that they
remain soluble in the oil and do not
stick to metal surfaces.
Metallic Base Reacts With Acid
Dispersant Keeps oxidation products separated
and suspended in the oil, retards
formation of sludge and reduces soot
related viscosity increase.
Additive adsorbs on surface of gum
particles or soot and inhibits
agglomeration.

Additives Commonly Found
in Lubricants
Global Lubricants
Additive What It Does How It Works
Extreme Pressure
(EP) Agents
Prevents welding and subsequent wear
or seizure of contacting metal parts
under extreme or shock load
conditions.
Additive combines chemically with surface to
form a surface film.
Reaction usually occurs at high temperatures,
which result when asperities collide.
Emulsifier Promotes rapid mixing of oil and water
promoting formation of a stable
emulsion.
Reduces interfacial tension and permits
intimate mixing of oil and water.
Foam Inhibitor Prevents formation of stable foam. Promotes combination of small bubbles into
large bubbles, which in turn collapse more
easily.
Friction Modifier Alters coefficient of friction. Forms an easily shearable film on metal
surfaces.
Metal Deactivator Reduces the catalytic effect of metals
on oxidation rate.
Forms an inactive film on metal surfaces by
combining with metallic ions.
Rust Inhibitor Prevent rusting of ferrous (iron or
steel) machine parts.
Forms a film on ferrous parts thus protecting
them from water or other destructive
materials.
Pour Point
Depressant
Lowers the pour point and enables the
lubricant to flow at low temperature.
Changes the size and shape wax crystals.
Viscosity Modifier
(VM) or Viscosity
Index Improver
(VII)
Reduces rate of change of viscosity
with temperature and makes possible
the formulation of multigrade oils.
Polymers uncoil as temperature rises, thus
increasing their effective size and viscosity.

Additives Commonly Found in Lubricants
( Continued)

Basics of Lubricant and Additives

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11/06 JobbersChevronPhaseI LubAdd RFarina

2006 Chevron Corporation

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