Bombay and Madras subordinate to Calcutta Chief as GG of Bengal (Warren Hasting) and councilors (Philip Francis, John Clavering, George Monson and Richard Barewell) Supreme Court at Calcutta (1 chief justice + 3 other) 24 Director selected every 4 yrs and retiring 1/4 th /year. Submit copies of all correspondence to British Monopoly over trade with east India extended for 20 yrs Servants forbidden from bribe and private trade.
2. Amending Act of 1781 SC no jurisdiction over the official acts of GG & council & jamindars SC- respect religious views.
3. Pitts India Act 1784 Board of Control of 6 to control civil, military & revenue aff. BOD to comply with directions of Board of Control Proprietors lost power to change resolutions of BOD GG Council reduced to 3. Control over Bombay & Madras diplomacy, revenue & war. Officers to disclose property within 2 months of joining.
4. Act of 1786 GG can override council in extraordinary cases
5. Charter Act of 1793 Companys Charter renewed for 20 years
6. Charter Act of 1813 Companys monopoly to trade abolished except in tea and with China. Charter 20 yrs renew. Englishmen could trade in India with license Rules for use of Indian revenue Set apart for literature and education Rs. 1,00,000/- 7. Charter Act of 1833 Renewed Charter. Abolished all monopolies and company to close all commercial work. All laws to be called Acts. GG of Bengal is GG of India with civil & military powers. Madras & Bombay lost legislative powers. Englishmen can come & settle Improve slavery condition 1 st Law Commission under Macaulay Indians allowed to take administrative posts.
8. Charter Act of 1853 Charter for unlimited period. Separated executive and legislative functions Directors reduced from 24 to 18 Law Comm. appointed in England to examine report of Indian Law Commission Local representation in Central Legislative Council. ICS officers to be appointed through competitive exams
9. Government of India Act 1858 Act of Good Governance Ended dual control of Pitts act Crown took all property of company Secretary of State, member of British Cabinet, to control Indian affairs along with Council of India (15 members). He is to present report of moral & material progress in India. 1 st
Sos was Lord Stanley. GG now called Viceroy ICS open exams in London
10. Indian Councils Act 1861 Viceroys Council to be of 5 & portfolio system introduced. Viceroy to nominate Indian as non members. New LC in Bengal, NWFP & Punjab. Legislative Council advisory Legislative powers of Bombay & Madras restored. 11. Indian Councils Act 1892 Increased no. of non official members. Beginning of Parliamentary System in India. Right to ask question on budget or public interest matters. Principle off Introduction. Provincial legislatures could alter the central acts if effecting
12. Morley-Minto 1909 Morley: Secretary of State Minto: Viceroy Central Legislature of 69 members (37 official & 32 non) Officials:- GG+7 ordinary +1 extra + 28 nominated by GG Non Officials:- 5 nominated by GG+ 27 elected Of the 27 elected, 8 muslims under separate electorates ,6 British capitalist, 2 landlords and 13 general electorate. Elected members were elected by local body members they by members of provincial and they by members of central. Muslim voters low income qualification. Legislatures could ask question and supplementaries and pass resolutions. Satyendra Prasad Sinha appointed to Viceroys Executive Council as Law member. Communal representation to Muslims
13. Montagu Chelmsford 1919 (Government of India Act) a. Provincial Government 1 st time Bicameralism and direct elections Diarchy between Executive councilors & Popular ministers Subjects divided into reserved (law, finance, land revenue)and transferred (education, health, local govt, industry) Reserved= Exe. Council Transferred = ministers Ministers responsible to legislature and resign in case of no confidence. If constitutional machinery failed governer can take transferred subjects 70% members elected Women given right to vote Can initiate legislation Could reject budget Freedom of speech.
b. Central Government GG was chief executive authority. 2 lists for administration : Central and provincial Executive council=8 (3 Indians) GG could restore cut in grants, certify bills rejected. Bicameralism introduced:- Central LA Lower house 144 (41 nominated+103 elected) 52=General, 30= Muslim 2=Sikh,20=Special
Council of States Upper House 60 (26 nominated+34 elected) 20=General,10=muslims 3=European,1=Sikh Council of States tenure of 5 years renewed yearly, only male members while central LA tenure of 3 years. 75% budget non votable For Franchise taxable income >10,000/- or land revenue 750/- Distribution of seats on the basis of importance. Establishment of Public Service Commission. Separated provincial budget from central budget.
14. Government of India Act 1935 Was to comprise of all British provinces, chief commissioners provinces and Indian States. Central Legislative Council of states and Federal Assembly Council of States 260 member house directly elected by British Indian Provinces & 40% nominated by princes. Permanent body 1/3 rd retire every 3 rd year and duration 5 years Direct Elections
Federal Assembly 375 members indirectly elected from British Indian Provinces and and 1/3 rd princes nominated Indirect elections No Confidence motion allowed 80% budget non votable
Provincial Autonomy Replace diarchy. Provinces granted separate legal autonomy and derived authority from Crown and could borrow money on their own security. Governor could take over and indefinitely run administration
Legislature Separate electorates based on communal award operational Women got right to vote 40 % budget un votable Governor couls refuse to assent bill, promulgate ordinances.
Extended Communal Representation to SC, women & labour. Extended Franchise to vote Provided for RBI to control currency & credit
15. Indian Independence act 1947 India as sovereign & independent state. Partition with right to secede from Commonwealth Abolished viceroy and a GG was to be appointed by British King. Constituent Assembly can frame any constitution & act or accept or repeal any act. Office of Secretary of State transferred to Secretary of State for commonwealth affairs. Freedom to princely states to join India/ Pakistan or be free. Discontinued appointment in civil services by Secretary of States.
Acts 2014 1. Printout should be taken only of page 1 on A3 page. 2. References:- a) Polity by Laxmikant b) Our Pasts III (8 th Std NCERT) c) Arihant General Knowledge 2013 d) Google
New Mexico Citizens For Clean Air and Water Pueblo of San Juan v. Espanola Mercantile Company, Inc., Doing Business As Espanola Transit Mix Co., 72 F.3d 830, 10th Cir. (1996)
Martin Cristin AKA Danny Stanton v. Edward Brennan, Superintendent The Attorney General of The State of Pennsylvania The District Attorney For Philadelphia County, 281 F.3d 404, 3rd Cir. (2002)