2391 - Earthing Calculations

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2005 Last Updated August 2006
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Ze Ze
R
1
R
2
3
Z
Z
e
R
1
R
2
Z
s
Total Impedance Zs = Ze + (R Total Impedance Zs = Ze + (R
1 1
+R +R
2 2
) )
4
Where: Where:
Ze is the external earth fault Ze is the external earth fault
loop impedance in ohms
loop impedance in ohms
(
(
)
)
Typical values based on a Typical values based on a
100A service are:
100A service are:
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TN-S system
0.8
0.8

TN-C-S system
0.35
0.35

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The resistance of the final
circuit phase conductor circuit phase conductor
circuit protective conductor circuit protective conductor
Unit of measurement, the
Unit of measurement, the
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Indirect shock calculations Indirect shock calculations
A circuit is wired in pvc multicore 70C sheath
(thermoplastic) with copper conductors having phase
and cpc sizes of 2.5/1.0mm
2
respectively.
The length of circuit is 30 metres and protection
is by a 20A BS 88 cartridge fuse.
If the value of Ze = 0.7 and disconnection is to occur
within 0.4 seconds check for indirect shock protection.
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Length of final circuit 30 metres
2.5/1.0mm 2.5/1.0mm
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70 70 C sheath C sheath
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Cross-sectional area
(mm
2)
Resistance/metre
or (R1+R2)/metre m/m))
Phase
conductor
Protective
conductor
Copper Aluminium
1
1
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
4
-
1
-
1.5
-
1
1.5
2.5
-
18.10
36.20
12.10
24.2
7.41
25.51
19.51
14.82
4.61
TABLE 9A TABLE 9A (Page 158 OSG) (Page 158 OSG)
Values of resistance for copper and aluminium Values of resistance for copper and aluminium
conductors and of R1 + R2 at 20C in m conductors and of R1 + R2 at 20C in m /metre /metre
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30 metres 30 metres
25.51m 25.51m
per metre per metre
Total R1 + R2 = 25.51 m x 30 metres = 765.3 m
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Ambient temperature Ambient temperature Heat generated by Heat generated by
current flow current flow
Heat produced by Heat produced by
other circuit conductors other circuit conductors
Electrical resistance increases
Electrical resistance increases
with temperature rise
with temperature rise
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20 20 C C
70 70 C C
R1 + R2 @ 20C
Multiplied by 1.2 gives
R1 + R2 @ 70C
Increase of resistance with temperature Increase of resistance with temperature
Remember! Resistance
increases with
temperature rise
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Conductor installation Conductor installation Conductor insulation Conductor insulation
70 70 C C
pvc pvc
85 85 C C
rubber rubber
90 90 C C
thermosetting thermosetting
Not incorporated in a Not incorporated in a
cable and not bunched cable and not bunched
-- notes 1,3 notes 1,3
1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04
1.04 1.04
Incorporated in a cable Incorporated in a cable
or bunched or bunched - - note 2, 3 note 2, 3
1.2 1.2 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.28
Table 9C Table 9C (Page 160 OSG) (Page 160 OSG)
Conductor temperature factors Conductor temperature factors
Twin & c.p.c Twin & c.p.c Trunking Trunking Conduit Conduit
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Value of R1 + R2 calculated at 20
Value of R1 + R2 calculated at 20
C
C
To allow for temperature rise multiply To allow for temperature rise multiply
by by
1.2
1.2
Therefore 765.3 m
Therefore 765.3 m
x 1.2 = 918.36 m
x 1.2 = 918.36 m
Convert to ohms (
Convert to ohms (
) = 918.36 m
) = 918.36 m
/1000
/1000
0.918
0.918
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Calculating Zs Calculating Zs
Corrected value of R1+R2 =
0.918
0.918
Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2) = 0.7 + 0.918 =

Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2) = 0.7 + 0.918 =
1.618
1.618
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Comparing Results
Comparing Results
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The calculated value of total The calculated value of total
impedance Zs must not be impedance Zs must not be
greater than tabulated values in greater than tabulated values in
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Maximum permitted values of Zs Maximum permitted values of Zs
41B1 41B1 - - maximum values of Z maximum values of Z
s s
for fuses for fuses
where disconnection is to be within 0.4 seconds where disconnection is to be within 0.4 seconds
41B2 41B2 - - maximum values of Z maximum values of Z
s s
for circuit breakers for circuit breakers
41D 41D - - maximum values of Z maximum values of Z
s s
for fuses for fuses
where disconnection is to be within 5.0 seconds where disconnection is to be within 5.0 seconds
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Where to find maximum values of Zs Where to find maximum values of Zs
Tables 41B1 Tables 41B1 - - page 45 page 45
Tables 41B2 Tables 41B2 - - page 46 page 46
Tables 41D Tables 41D - - page 48 page 48
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Table 41 B1 Table 41 B1
(a) General purpose (gG) fuses to BS 88 Parts 2 and 6 (a) General purpose (gG) fuses to BS 88 Parts 2 and 6
Rating 6 Rating 6 10 10 16 16 20 20 25 25 32 32
(amperes (amperes) )
Zs (ohms) 8.89 5.33 2.82 1.85 1.50 1.09 Zs (ohms) 8.89 5.33 2.82 1.85 1.50 1.09
Extract only
Extract only
-
-
Not full table
Not full table
Values of Zs for 0.4 seconds disconnection Values of Zs for 0.4 seconds disconnection
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Comparing Results Comparing Results
0.918
0.918
Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2) = 0.7 + 0.918 =

Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2) = 0.7 + 0.918 =
1.618
1.618
To allow disconnection to be achieved To allow disconnection to be achieved

within 0.4 seconds the calculated value
within 0.4 seconds the calculated value
must be within the tabulated value must be within the tabulated value
Tabulated value
Tabulated value
1.85
1.85
Therefore circuit complies Therefore circuit complies

Greater Than Greater Than
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Disconnection
Disconnection
Times
Times
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Fixed equipment within the main equipotential zone Fixed equipment within the main equipotential zone
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Fixed equipment outside the main equipotential zone Fixed equipment outside the main equipotential zone
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Socket outlet circuits feeding equipment
located within the main earthed
equipotential zone
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Socket outlet circuits feeding portable
equipment intended to be used outside
of the main earthed equipotential zone

2391 - Earthing Calculations

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Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2) = 0.7 + 0.918 =

Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2) = 0.7 + 0.918 =

To allow disconnection to be achieved To allow disconnection to be achieved

Therefore circuit complies Therefore circuit complies

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