MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

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MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
RRM Introduction
Power Control
Handover
3G Parameters
HSDPA Parameters

Agenda
Radio Resource
Management
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Radio Resource Management
RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio
resources:
Transmission power and interference
Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done
all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and
nothing more)
Maximum number of users
Service Quality
Coverage
Capacity
Optimization
and Tailoring

The radio resources are
continuously monitored and
optimised by several RRM
functionalities

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control
AC Admission Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
HC HO Control
PC
HC
For each connection/user
LC
AC
For each cell
PS
RM
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Load Control (LC)
LC performs the function of load control in association with
AC & PS
LC updates load status using measurements & estimations
provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;

Interference levels (UL)
BTS power level (DL)

LC
AC
PS
NRT load
Load change info
Load status
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Overload
threshold x
Load Target
threshold y
P
o
w
e
r

Time
Load Margin
Overload
Normal load
Measured load Free capacity
Load Control Load Status
Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Admission Control (AC)
Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned
coverage or quality of existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks
1) Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC)
and load increase by the new connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time
In overload conditions new connections may be
rejected
2) Connection QoS definition
Bit rate, BER target etc.
3) Connection specific power allocation:
Initial, maximum and minimum power
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Admission Control

Decides whether new Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted or not.
Real-Time traffic admission to the network is decided.
Non-Real-Time traffic after RAB has been admitted the
optimum scheduling is determined.

Used when the bearer is
Set up.
Modified
During the handover.

Estimates the load and fills the system up to the limit.

Used to guarantee the stability of the network and to achieve high
network capacity.
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Packet Scheduler (PS)
PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT)
connections to non-real time (NRT) connections
Each cell separately
Based on QoS priority level of the connection
In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections
decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or
HSPA)

PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort
approach
RT higher priority

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Load
time
Free capacity, which can be
allowed for controllable load
on best effort basis
Non controllable load
Planned Target Load
11
The Packet Scheduling controls the UMTS packet access and is
located in the RNC.

The functions of the PS are:
To determine the available radio interface resources for Non Real Time
radio bearers.
To share the available radio interface resources between Non Real Time
radio bearers.
To monitor the allocation for Non Real Time.
To monitor the system loading.
To perform LC actions for Non Real
Time radio bearers when necessary.
Packet Scheduler (PS)
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Resource Manager (RM)
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the
RNC in co-operation with AC and PS

On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT),
RM allocates:
DL Spreading code
UL Scrambling code
Code Type
Uplink Downlink
Scrambling codes
Spreading codes
User separation Cell separation
Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell
Features
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Power Control (PC)
Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance
particularly in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always
interference between users
Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced
capacity
Every UE accessing network increases interference
PC target to minimise the interference Minimize
transmit power of each link while still maintaining the
link quality (BER)
Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in
propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Power Control (PC)
Minimise required UL received power
minimised UL transmit power and interference
UE1 UE2
P
tx1
P
tx1
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Power Control Types
Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control
Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/ Pathloss
measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control
Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and
comparison to QoS target
RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop
PC based on connection quality
Fast closed loop power control
Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison
to RF quality target (SIR target)
Power control command transmission based on RF
quality evaluation

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Outer Loop
Power Control
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
Closed Loop Power Control
RNC
BS
MS
DL Outer Loop
Power Control
BLER Target
Power Control Types
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Power control in HSPA
In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept
constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted
according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz

In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both
Fast closed loop power control
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the R99
power control
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Handover Control (HC)
HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE
moves around the network coverage area
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by
strongest cell
Soft Handover
MS handover between different base stations
Softer Handover
MS handover within one base station but between different
sectors
Hard Handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between
WCDMA and GSM
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft
handover
Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power
measurements and handover thresholds set by radio
network planning parameters
BS1
BS2
BS3

R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

s
i
g
n
a
l

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

BS3
Distance from BS1
Threshold
Soft handover
BS2
BS1
Handover Control (HC)
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Types of 3G Handovers
Softer Handover
A MS is in the overlapping coverage of
2 sectors of a NodeB.
Concurrent communication via 2 air
interface channels
2 channels are maximally combined
with rake receiver
Soft Handover
A MS is in the overlapping coverage of 2
different NodeB.
Concurrent communication via 2 air
interface channels
Downlink: Maximal combining with rake
receiver
Uplink: Routed to RNC for selection
combining
21
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Hard Handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA
frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
f
1
f
2
f
1
f
2
f
2
f
2
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
Parameters
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Eb/No
In order to meet the defined quality requirements (BLER) a certain
average bit-energy divided by total noise + interference spectral
density (Eb/No) is needed

Eb/No is defined at bit detection in the receiver baseband
Eb/No depends on
Service and bearer
Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding
Radio channel
Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)
Multipath, delay spread

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Eb/No
Receiver/connection configuration
Handover situation
Diversity configuration
Fast power control usage
Typically given Eb/N0 includes also overhead due to
physical layer control signalling
Higher bit rates Less overhead Lower Eb/N0

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Required Eb/No
PG
I
C
R
W
I
C
N
E
b

0
N oth own DL
P I I I ) 1 (
N oth own UL
P I I I
Where:
C = received power
R = bit rate (typically service bit rate)
W = bandwidth
PG = processing gain
I
own
= total power received from the serving cell (excluding own signal)
I
oth
= total power received from other cells
P
N
= noise power
= orthogonality factor

Energy per chip
Total power spectral
density
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Required Ec/Io is the required RF C/I needed in order to meet
the baseband Eb/No criteria
Ec/No used often instead of Ec/Io in same context
NOTE: Pilot Ec/No different measure
Ec/Io depends on the bit rate and Eb/No

I
C
W
R
N
E
I
E
b c

0 0
Energy per chip
Total power spectral
density
Ec/Io
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Parameters Understanding
CPICH RSCP:- Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) is the received
power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH.

RSSI:- UTRA carrier RSSI is the received wide band power, including
thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver, within the
downlink bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter.

Ec/Io :- This measurement is the received energy per chip of the
primary CPICH divided by the power spectral density in the band.
Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI
BLER:- This measurement is the estimation of the transport channel
block error rate (BLER).
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
SIR:- Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is defined as,
SIR = (RSCP/ISCP) * SF
Where,
RSCP = Received Signal Code Power, the unbiased measurement
of the received power on one code;
ISCP = Interference Signal Code Power, the interference on the
received signal;
SF = The spreading factor used on the DPCCH.
Parameters Understanding
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
WCDMA Sensitivity
Base station sensitivity depends on base station reception RF and
base band performance

Base station reception RF performance is measured by receiver
chain noise figure (NF)

Base station NF is typically measured at the base station
input
NF describes how much the signal quality (C/I) is degraded in
the receiver chain
NF is affected by all noise figures, gains and losses in the
receiver chain

Base station reception base band performance in measured by
required signal quality (Eb/No) for a given connection quality (BER,
BLER)

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
WCDMA Sensitivity
The required received signal power can be calculated when the
external noise and interference power IEXT is known
NF I
PG N
E
I
I
C
P
EXT
b
TOT RX

1
0
min
) (
0
min
dB NF I PG I P
EXT
N
E
TOT
I
C
RX
b

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
HSDPA
SINR is used instead of Eb/No in HSDPA performance evaluation
Modulation and coding Bit rate can be changed every 10
ms
Definition of HS-DSCH SINR:
Narrowband signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio after
despreading of the HS-PDSCH
SINR includes the SF16 processing gain for the HS-PDSCH
and the effect of using orthogonal codes
Average HS-DSCH SINR:
This is the experienced HS-DSCH SINR by a user average over
fast fading.
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Required SINR
PDSCH HS
SF
I
C
SINR


N oth own DL
P I I I ) 1 (
Where:
C = received power
I
own
= total power received from the serving cell
(excluding own signal)
I
oth
= total power received from other cells
P
N
= noise power
= orthogonality factor
SF
HS-PDSCH
= Spreading factor on HSDPA (= 16)
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Cell Search Scenario
(P-SCH)
Primary
SCH
(S-SCH)
Secondary
SCH
CPICH
P-CCPCH P-CCPCH
Slot
synchronisation
10 ms
The Primary CCPCH is
detected using the identified
primary scrambling code
After the cell search, system
and cell specific BCH
information can be read.
Frame synchronisation and
identification of the cell code
group
Determination of the exact
primary scrambling code
used by the found cell
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Cell Search Scenario
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
C
p
= Primary Synchronisation Code
C
s
= Secondary Synchronisation Code
10 ms Frame
C
P
C
P

2560 Chips
256 Chips
C
s1
C
s2
C
s15

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 14
C
P
C
P
C
P

C
s1

Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH)
Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH)
Slot 0
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
15
15
Scrambling
code group
Group 00
Group 01
Group 02
Group 03
Group 05
Group 04
Group 62
Group 63











1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 12
1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
1 2 16 6 6 11 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
1 3 4 7 4 1 5 5 3 6 2 8 7 6 8
9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
Slot number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
11
11 11
11 11
11 11
11 11
15
15
15
15 15
15
15
15 15
15 15
5
5










SSC Allocation for S-SCH
I monitor
the S-SCH
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
With the help of the SCH, the UE was capable to perform chip, TS, and
frame synchronisation.
Even the cells scrambling code group is known to the UE.

But in the initial cell selection process, it does not yet know the cells
primary scrambling code.

There is one primary scrambling code in use over the entire cell, and in
neighbouring cells, different scrambling codes are in use.
There exists a total of 512 primary scrambling codes.

The CPICH is used to transmit in every TS a pre-defined bit sequence
with a spreading factor 256.
The CPICH divides up into a mandatory Primary Common Pilot
Channel (P-CPICH) and optional Secondary CPICHs (S-CPICH).
Understanding
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
The P-CPICH is in use over the entire cell and it is the first physical
channel, where a spreading code is in use.

A spreading code is the product of the cells scrambling
code and the channelization code.
The channelization code is fixed: Cch,256,0. i.e., the UE
knows the P-CPICHs channelization code, and it uses the P-
CPICH to determine the cells primary scrambling code by
trial and error.

The P-CPICH is not only used to determine the primary scrambling
code. It also acts as:-

phase reference for most of the physical channels,
measurement reference in the FDD mode
Understanding
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
C
P

2560 Chips
256 Chips
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
P-CPICH
10 ms Frame
applied speading code =
cells primary scrambling code
C
ch,256,0

Phase reference
Measurement reference
P-CPICH
Cell scrambling
code? I get it with
trial & error!
Primary Common Pilot Channel
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
The UE has to perform a set of L1 measurements, some of them refer to the
CPICH channel:
CPICH RSCP
RSCP stands for Received Signal Code Power.
The UE measures the RSCP on the Primary-CPICH.
The reference point for the measurement is the antenna connector
of the UE.
The CPICH RSCP is a power measurement of the CPICH.
The received code power may be high, but it does not yet indicate
the quality of the received signal, which depends on the overall
noise level.
UTRA carrier RSSI.
RSSI stands for Received Signal Strength Indicator.
The UE measures the received wide band power, which includes
thermal noise and receiver generated noise.
The reference point for the measurements is the antenna connector
of the UE. .
CPICH as Measurement Reference
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
CPICH Ec/No

The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the quality of the
received signal.
It gives the received energy per received chip divided by the
bands power density.
The quality is the primary CPICHs signal strength in relation
to the cell noise.

(Please note, that channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. )

If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make
measurements in the GSM bands, too.
CPICH as Measurement Reference
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Sample Report
Cluster Report:
Sample Report:
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Summary
RRM Introduction
Power Control
Handover
3G Parameters
HSDPA Parameters

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
HAPPY LEARNING

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
www.mcpsinc.com
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