Chpt 11 Vocab

Industrial Revolution- The social and economic changes in agriculture,

commerce, and manufactoring that resulted from technological innovations

Location theory- predicting where businesses will or should be located

Variable costs- Costs that change directly with the amount of production
(e.g., energy supply and labor costs)

Friction of distance- the increase in time and cost that usually comes with
increasing distance

Least cost theory- Model developed by Alfred Weber - according to which
the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the
minimization of three critical expenses; labor, transportation, and
agglomeration

Agglomeration- When a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same
area, as happens in a large industrial city, they can provide assistance to each
other through shared talents, services, and facilities

Deglomeration- Industries leave the crowded urban areas of the U.S. eastern
megalopolis and move to other locations

Locational interdependence- Theory developed by Harold Hotelling that
suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each
other's territory as much as possible

Primary industrial regions- Western and Central Europe, Eastern North
America, Russia and Ukraine, and Eastern Asia
Break-of-bulk point- cargo is transported from one mode of transportation (a
ship) to another mode (truck or train)

Fordist- A highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial
production and labor (assembly lines)

Post-Fordist- A more flexible set of production practices in which goods are
not mass produced; instead production has been accelerated by multinational
companies that shift production



Just-in-time- Rather than keeping a large inventory of components or
products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and
new parts are shippd quickly when needed

Global division of labor- Phenomenon whereby corporations and others ca
draw from labor markets around the wrld, made possible by the compression
of time and space thrugh innovation in communication and transportation
systems

Intermodal connections- Places where two or moremodes of transportation
meet in order to ease the flow of goods and reduce the costs of transportation

Deindustrialization- Process by which companies move industrial jobs to
other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region
to swich to a service economy and to work through a period of high
unemployment


Outsourced- With reference to production, to turn over in part of in total to a
third party

Offshore- With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located
outside of the country

Sunbelt- Southern region of the United States, stretching through the
Southeast to the Southwest

Technopole- An area plannd for high tenchology where agglomeration built
on a synergy among technological companies occurs

Distance decay- The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater
the distance the less interaction