Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens - John Travlos

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A8HN
BIOI\IOOHK
PXAIO:.Or. ::Yf :iTOVAAJ:nt I
ApIO. HIp)". mcray. L _1...
'--'''1
XpovOAoy.! I
YLOS
BY JOHN
q
New York 1980
HACKER ART BOOKS
I
First PublJshed 1971, New York.

ReIssued 1980 by Hacker An Books, New York
ubrary of Congress Caralogue Card Number 79-91823
Inrernarional Srandard Book Number 0-87817-267-X
PnntedIn the UnitedStates ofAmenca.
T\BII': OF CO Th
520
. 523
5T
534
299
323
. . 332
335
. 340
34{

352

35:: )
361
. 365
r8
. 387
392
. . 402
412
. . . . . 41-
422
. . . 429
432
439
444
. 45
462
466
4--
. 4 2
494
49
505

.
. . . . . . . " ....
KLEPSYDRA

l\.LLL SAD BASILe. .
KRONO A 0 RliEA

KYNOSARGl:. ....
LATRlt E
. . " ....
LYKEIO
" . .
LY IKRATES ;\'IONU.\IEl\:T .
IN THE AGORA . " ...
NIKIAS 110N ;\[ENT . . .. .. (
Y;\IPHE
. . . . " .
ODEION OF AGRIPPA " .. .
ODEION OF HERODES ATTlCUS
ODEIO OF PERIKLES
OIKIA . . . .
OLY;\IPIEION. .
PALLADION .
PAN . . . . .
P NATHENAIC \VIAY ... .. ...
PAl'\HELLENION ..
LIBRARY OF
. . . . . .. ..
PARTHE):ON . . . . .., .
PERIBOLOS OF THE T\,\'El\'E GODS
PHILOPAPPO .
P_ '\'X . .. . . . .
' .
PROPYLAIA ..,
:\. '0 ACGeSTlJS
. . . .. ....
STO:\ OF ATTALOS ., .,
STO:\ OF ATT:\LOS,
E:\RLIER .
STO:\ OF .
STOA OF ZEU ELEUTHERIOS .,.
STOA \,\'ITH DINI
THEATRE OF DIONYSOS . ., ..,
THOLOS . . . . . . . . . .., ., 553
THRASYLLOS ;\101 .., 56_
TRIPODS, TREET OF .., 566
ZEUS HYPSlSTOS. .., 569
. . . . .
. . 3
ZEUS PHRATRIOS. ..,
S E T . .' . . 577
JNDEX. . . . . . . . ., . .., 5 1
JNSCR ..... , .. ..... 5
72
76
12
91
96
100
104
112
121
124
IT
13
143
14
15
1 0
191
196
198
204
210
213
228
233
242
244
253
258
261
274
278
281
289

\'11
IX
. . l
. . . X lJl
1
28
37
\5
52

. . .' . '. . . . in to include Ch.lpt {h adin in Gircd,
As th. hook IS puhltshcd simultancously In t.... o )an!\ua!\cs .t was nccCSS,lr}
to secure the alphabetical order. These titles appear In it,llks.
FORI \\ 0 R() . . .
( .
\BHRI YJ \ rIO,:- .
PJCTORI \1 S )1 RCi' .
$;OR \ . . . . . . . . .

\ ,OR \ OF C \I S.\R AL'CI S1TS ...
\ ;OR .
'" II h.lIl !
'" ROPOLH
I A.-ROPOLlJ:
-$; SPRJ):G HOeSE
A. \[Y=,EIO); . . . . . . . . . .
_WHRODITE
-\='D :\PHRODITE
:\POLLO DELPHINIOS . .
.WOLLO HYPOAKRAlO
.WOllO PATROOS
-\POlLO PYTHIOS . .
_-\RES .... . . . . . .
.-\RTE\1I .-\GROTER.-\. .
.-\RTDll ARI TOBOliLE .
.-\RTE\!I BRAliRO='IA
.\ KLEPIEIO=' . . . . . .
.-\ KLEPIEIO): PRI=,G HOC E .
.\THE='.-\, .-\RCHAIOS );AOS .
.-\THE='A :-':IKE
.-\THE=' . . . .
BALA.YEIA
BOCLECTERI00:
CHALKOTHEQUE . . . .
ElEC L'IO:-': ...
E):='EAKROUl'\OSKALLIRRHOE ....
EPO. 'Y"IOC HEROES. . .
ERECHTHEI00: . . . . . .
EROS AND APHRODITE . . . .
- GY.\INA OF PTOlEi\IY . . . . . . .
HADRJAN, AQUEDUCT OF
HADRJAi':, LIBRARY OF
fIADRIAi':', ARCH .
HEKATO.\IPLDO, .
HLPHAJ TOS . .. .
HERAKLE AI.EXIKAKOS .
HLRAKlLS PANKRATES "
HOROLOGION OF A DRONIKOS
lLISSO ARLA .
H ) 1\ \\ () R \)
Th'ik,ll)fflll1t)\\ingLlpthL'I)!'IOIU\I \)ICIIO \ltYOF \N('\I; rR')\II;1 I: , "\ '\1' I I
' , ,,) .rntSI ,IS1WIl, u,tlnV(lunJtS
nn IhL' gr "It cities of the allcit'lll \\ orld Ius Iwen \Vel ollle'\ 011 III ,,'Itl"s 'llltl '11111 '( II, \ '/. II' k'
, , "", . 'lVL't)\ t le .elll 1'.1 t Irt' llOll
of th' (; 'mUll \rcluenlogicll InstilLl!l', ,\n L1nderl'lkin \\ hich \1'10, '\11'''110, 'I' I'L' tl I I
' '.'. ,.. " 0, wmt: SCIITt \ llett 0,
justilicltioll, for \thells sLlIlds in the foremost rank with her m:ln) spkndid huildings and monuments, \\ Ilnt:sse
of imp rishable glon. The mod 'rn clpiLtI cit \, continuousl) growing upward and out w:ll'(l, impall" 10 som"
of th . ,In ient Il1nnuments perpetually ch,lnging criteria and new fram's of ret'tn;nce, whil ' others m;linlain
their pride of pLtce e\'l'n in their present surroLlndings and form well ni,'h unalterable focal points.
Fortun'lteh it has prO\ed possible to win John '1'1':1\ los over to the project of the PIC'roIlT\!. \)ICI10NAltY 01'
\'lllE, ", an advantage which cannOI he ovelTSlimated, hcc;luse Mr. 'J'rav!os has :In incompar;,bk
kno\\'kdge of the ancient remains, both those which still stand abm C ground and those which h:lvL' Ix'cn un
, '
e;lrthed; and it is eXCiI\-ated remains in particular, thal must bc represent 'd in:1 pictori;11 dictionar), one aim or
\\ htcb is to documellt the topography of thens. This monumental work by John 'l'ravlos, shaped b) conditions
"asth difTcring from those obtaining in Rome, sen-es, I think, the caLIse of scholarly research as well as melling
the demand made upon a standard reference work. thanks gO to 1\11'. 'l'r:lvlos for accomplishing a
great and difficult task. \Ve also gratefulh ;\ckno\Vkdge support from the SOCieL) 0 Friends of the Cnm'ln
.\rchaeological [nstitute (Theodor- \Viegand Ce, ellschaft) \\ hich has made puhl i ation of this t!ocumental'\
work possible.
Berlin, June 21 st 1970
I'IILT 1\lllt t.
[ TRODUCTION
\"ith the establishmcnt of thc independcnt d G
\ I
m() ern reek state and rani I I . h h
. rc ue logicll Socicl\' in I hrge scal .' ' " . cu ar y Wit t e foundation of the
. , '. . e eXC:1yatlons began in Athens .
had be '11 1 uric I for ccnturies, not ani)' on th \ I' ,touncover anCient monuments that
, _ . e 1 croJ 0 IS, blll also In the 10' 'rh .
w '1" put hsh':I trom time to time in variOl I I' ,. wer town. e results of thiS work
IS arc laeo oglcal periodicals and I' bl b
gLlphs doling \\ ith both the topo<>r'lphy and th L a so In nota e oaks and mono-
L' b' .' e monuments of Athens Among th d' W I
book. hrst publish'd in 1905 and re-published' 1931 . I ".. ese stu les ather Judeich's
. In Wit 1 additions and co ' , I d .
know[ t f the ancient cin. This book is a I . d 'II . rrectlons, IS a an mark In our
. . , c asslc an WI always remall1 a v I bi 'd
th' 'I eurac\' of its obs n'ations and the rich bib!' h': a ua e al to study because of
, IOgrap y It contall1s Recent large scale ex r' h
whos b ginning coincides exacth' with the appearanc f] d . I' . '. . cava IOns, owever,
. _ " e 0 u ell' 1 s second edition have mad d' I .
SlOn ot the whole work necessan'. ' e a ra lea revl-
Th most important ofth se excavations for our knowledge of the t h f h '
\1
' " " _. opograp yo t e city was that of the Agora.
. so Import.1I1t \\ ere the eXCayatlOns at the keramelkos in th " f h P
. '. ,eregIOn 0 t e nyx, along the whole north and
outh slopes of the AcropolIs, In the regIOn of the Olnnpieion a d r:T I H" C
, . ," ,n near "-0 onos IpplOS lor the dIscovery of
Plato s Academy. Interestll1g smaller excavations took place on the Acro ]. . h R A ..
. _. . , po IS, In t e oman gora and In the
Llbran' of Hadnan. In addltlon to these regular planned excavations we must al t h 'h hI'
, '. . .' .' so no e t e tiC arc aeo oglcal
made by chan.ce .In the course of bUlldll1g operations, particularly during the last ten years. Thanks
to thIS unprecedented bUlldll1g boom, new information has been gathered which allows us to understand the
la\'-out of almost the whole of the ancient cit\,.
In 1960 I published a general study on the deYelopment of the city-plan of Athens in which the lay-out of
the city was given in various key periods of its history, from the establishment of the first settlers down to
our own times. I haye always had in mind, ho\\'ever, the preparation of a special study referring principally
to the area and the monuments of the ancient city from an architectural point of view and based on the results
of the latest excavations and my own observations o\-er the last forty years. In the present book, Pictorial
Dictiol/ary of AI/cimt Athms, I present all the new disco\'eries and the yarious theories that have been expressed
about them as well as my own conclusions. I should like to thank most warmly the President of the German
.\rchaeological Institute, Professor Kurt Bittel, and also my friend, Professor Emil Kunze, formerly Director
of the German Archaeological Institute in Athens, for the honor which they did me in asking me to write
this book as one of the series of Institute publications. The publication has been undertaken by the well known
publishing house Ernst \\'7
a
smuth, Tubingen, and its director, :-fr. Gi.inther \'i'asmuth, a friend of arts and letters,
has taken the greatest pains over the appearance of the book.
I began collecting photographs, preparing plans and writing the text in 1965, but the time at my disposal wa
limited because of other obligations. I was able to bring the work to completion, howeYer, through the strong
support of my friend Professor Homer A. Thompson who obtained lea\'e of absence for me from my work at
the American School of Classical Studies in Athens and at the same time an jl1\-itation to the Institute for
Advanced Study at Princeton for the academic year 1967-1968 where I finally finished the job. I should like to
offer my warmest thanks to Professor Thompson and also to Professor Carl Kaysen, Director of the Institute
at Princeton, for their support. .' .
Greek text in its final form was handed over to an American archaeologist fot translatIOn Into Enghsh. On
her personal request she wants to remain anonymous. The architecht]\[r. \\'. Hoepfner, took care of th German
version. To both lowe many thanks for their trulj' accurate rendering of my Their success is not onh'
to their knowledge of Greek but mainly to their knowledge of the topograph) and monuments ot .\thens .lI1d
the related problems.
thanks are also due to the present Director of the German l\rchaeolog
ieaL
Institute in ,,\th'.ns, Profe.
U. Jantzen, and most especially to the Editor of the .. lfbel/iscbe .I/illfilflllgm, !lLr. ). hmldt, tor hiS r ad}
assistance. I am also obliged to the former members of the Institutc, 1111'. \'\'. Fuchs and ;\lr.G.l 'cumann.
I IRODU( flO
But if low thanks to the German Institute for reali/ing the puhlication of this work, lowe a more special
d bt of gratitude- to th Gre k \rchacological .lOd to the \rchaeological Society of Athens which
n rou h prm id d not onh the permission but also the means for conducting excavations and imestigatiom
t "ariou arch.1 ologic.ll sites in \thcn.. Ther also allowed me to usc in m\ stud) the results of excavations
conduct d b\' ,.uious colleagu s as ,\ ell a, the right to republish photographs of archaeological discoveries.
:\mong th se colkagu', .lr' included successi\'e Directors of the .\cropolis, Messrs. 1. .t". Platon and
G. Dontas, th Dir ctor of the '\;ational \rchaeological i\1u eum, Mr. B. Kallipolitis, the Director of the Epigra.
phicll "Ius urn, \lrs. K. Pepp.lDelmousou, and the Ephors of the Third "\rchaeological District of Athens,
"lr.Ph.:tanopoullos and the .:\llsses B.Philippaki, .\.Andriomenou, and O.Alexandri. To all of these I give
mv mo t especial thanks.
For providing photograph for publication I am further grateful to the Trustees of the Briti h .:\Iuseum, to the
Berlin .:\Iu. urn, to the .\merican School of Classical Studies, to the former Director of the Agora Excavations,
"fr. H,"\. Thompson and to :\1iss \lison hantz.
In the List of Illustrations the source of each photograph is noted, and the names of the archaeologists and
photographers who were so kind a to giYC me prints from their personal files arc recorded. A great man) of
the photograph come from the im aluable collection of the German Archaeological Institute, and a certain
number have been prodded by the Director of the Kc.rameikos Excavations, \Ir. F. Willemsen, and his colleagues
the architects :\Iessrs. G. Gruben and W. Hoepfn r, \\hom I would speciall) thank.
The text of the Dictional:.> consists of eighty chapten in which are included monuments, temples, sanctuaries and
yarious other buildings of anciem Athens that haye been disco\ ered and can be certainh' identified, or which I
.
think can be identified. Other topic, of which there is a large number, are simply memioned or noticed briefly
with bibliographical references in the chapters dealing \\ ith the topography of.\thens in general..-\ a result the
reader will ha\'e to look up these topics in the general index at the end of the volume which is the work of
:\fis E. Brandt and A. Kokkou.
In each chapter and for each special topic bibliographical references arc gi\en. These refer mainl) to recem
studies, but an exception has been made for certain old books that comain Yaluable information as well as for
those that hare extensi\'e earlier bibliographies.-\s a basic principle we haye tried to include those pll blications
which describe and identify the monument immediately after their disco\ery.
In the difficult task of compiling the bibliograph) I haye receiyed im aluable assistance from :\[iss .-\. Kokkou.
he has also willingly assi ted me in the whole process of publication of the pres or book.
Athens, April 1970 J. TR \\ LQ,
J\BIIREVI/\TIO
.\A
\gor., Guide
, \ V::(),OX7"X
\nn.,11 d ,ll'lnSlltUIO
\nnu.ulo
\nrD nk.
Anz\\ i n
Atti
.\Z
B '\I.\
BAC"EISTLR, Denkmaler
BCH
BdI
BEAZLEY, AB\'
BECLE, Acropole
BOilS, Propylaen
BOTTICIIER, Cnter-
suchungen
BRCCKSER, Friedhof
BSA
BSR
Bull. Lund
BUSCIIOR, Tondiicher
CASSO,"" Acropolis
,'vfuseum
CAVVAD'A')-KAWI RAl')
Akropolis
\ It)gischl't' \
The \ t helll.t n \ g:or;t, .t\ G II ide to I he
1"C.l\.\1 ion ,\ltd \Iuseum, .Athens 1962
\llInic.lll .Iourn"l of \rchaeology
\ llIertc.1l1 .I ourn.d of Ph iInlogy
:\tilleilungen des Deulschen ,\rchao-
logischen InSlituls .\thenische Ablei-
lung
'\-) "\') '"
PZ:X!.O \OYLXC( V:X ,S:X7{X e:;
'_\01jVW\)
\nnali dell']nslitulo di Corrispon-
denza \rcbeologica
\nnuario della cuoia i\ rcheologica di
\lene
,\nrike Denkmaler, berausgegeben
yom Kaiserlieh Demseben Arehaolo-
gischen Institut, Berl in 1891-1931
Anzeiger der Akademie der \\issen-
schaften, \\ien, Phil.-hist. Klasse
Atti del settimo congresso inrernazio-
nalc di Archeologia Classiea, I 1ll,
Roma 1961
Arehaologisehe Zeitung
Bulletin of the Archaeological Insti-
tute of America
A. BAI"'EISTER, Denkmaler des Klas-
sischen l\ltertums, I-III, l\Iunehen-
Leipzig 1885-1888
Bulletin de Correspondance llelle-
OIque
Bu!letino de!l'lnstitutO di Corrispon-
denza Areheologica
]. D. BEAZLEY, Attic Black-Figure
Vase-Painters, Oxford 1956
E. BEULE, L' Acropole d'i\thenes,
I-II Paris 1853 -1854
,
R. BOil"', Die Propylaen der Akropo-
lis zu Athen, Berlin-Stuttgart 1882
C. BOTTlCIIER, Bericht ubet die Cn-
tetsuchungen auf der Akropolis ,'on
Athen im Fnihjahre 1862, Berlin 1863
A. BRccK"'ER, Der Friedhof am
Eridanos bci der Jlagia Triada zu
Athen,Berlin 1909
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Bulletin de la Societe Royale des Let-
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Akropolis, I IT, Berlin Leipzig 1929
bis 1933
S. CASSO'"', Catalogue of tbe Acropo-
lis Museum II Cambridge 1921
, , .
P. - G. hAWI RAU, Die
Ausgrabung der Akropolis yom Jahre
1885 bis zum Jahre 1890, Athen 1906
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Diom'sos-Theater
,
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GO,,"E, Thucydides
GRAINOOH. j\ug-ustc
GRAINDOJ{,lladricn
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Atticus
GH.AtSDOIt, Tih\.'rc-
Traj.lI1
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gen,] II, Berlin 1894
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'\ ) 'A-'
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G, DICKI"S, Catalogue of the i\Cro-
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Dumbarton Oaks Papers
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l\ttic Comedy, I-II!, Leiden 1957 bis
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Stuttgart 1935, Hefr 6, R.I1ERBIG, II.
Die Skulpturen ,'om Buhnenhaus,
Stuttgart 1935, Hefr 7, E. FIECHTER,
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IV. Nachtrage, StuTtgart-Koln
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- , \0 - , , - -
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,
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1929
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'\.CXpICJ,1)PLOV \. K. 'Op),2VSOV,
1 4, 'AO'ijVCXI 1965 1968
It ZlIlLH .llll P,\tl-
, :-.
.nben'\Ischen Sudion, 13 tim 18-0
Ztll J II, Sl,ldion
RI3Phl1.
RE
\X'YC' I II IU I Y, Tcstinloni,l
RF.A
Re\ Phil.
\'fREDE, J\fauern
Rhl\l
Rour'RT, Thymelc
Ross. \ufsatze
\\ILGAND, Poros-
\rchitektur
\\ ALTER, J\kropolis
SBJ Ieidelherg
STUART-RE\ETT
S131\1unchen
Stud. Capps
Dedications
SEG
STE\'ENS-PATON. The
Erechtheum
University of California
Stud. Robinson
\\ ACIIS\lUTII, Arhen
StudKunstOst
STYRENWS, Sub-
mycenaean Studies
Tp.\
IIOAOSO[J.IX'1j
RB'
H 1\1 0: "
H\\\
BEBF RDH. Pon"-
s ulptur
Hu L, \thens
IG
J \cOBY, F. G.H.
JH
JIAN
Journal RIBA
JRS
JUDEICH, Topographie
LEAKE, Topography
PASA
IIpcxx-:. 'Ax?:/).
RA
RALBI rSCIlEK,
PE.... ROSE, Athenian
Architecture
;\Lo\RTI"', L'agora
grecque
::\IcDo".uo, Meeting
Places
Greek. Roman and Bynntine Studies
J.E.II. RRISO 1. DL G. \ I RRAII.
:\fythology .lnd 1\[onuments of \n-
cient \thens, I.ondon 1890
Il.1ndbuch der k1.,ssischcn l\llertul11s-
\\ issensch,1ft
R.l h lILRnry. \Itattische Porosskulp-
tur, \\ ien 1919
I. T. [lILt. The \ncient City of
Athens, London 1953
I I.\Kllll [j 'II 11 [UKr,VCXLX1}
TWV '\O"l)vwv, '.\O'ijvCXI
1962
Inscriptiones Graeeae
F. JACOBY, Die Fragmente der Grie-
chischen Historiker
Jahrbuch des Deutschen ArchilOlogi-
schen Instituts
The Journal of lIelien ic Studies
Journal International d'>\rcheologie

umlsl11atlque
Journal of the Royal Institute of Bri-
tish \rchitects
The Journal of Roman StudIes
\\ . J L'OEICII, Topographie von
,-\-then, J\lunchen 1931"
\\ . 1\1. LEAKE, The Topography of
Athens, London 1841
R. 1\IARTIK, Recherches sur l'agora
grecque, Paris 1951
\'f. A. ::\lcDoNALD, The Political
leeting Places of the Greeks, Balti-
more 1943
1\litteilungen des Deutschen Archao-
logischen Instituts
l\femorie. Istituto Veneto di scienze,
lettere ed arti
Le Musee BeIge
G. MYLONAS, Mycenae and the Myce-
naean Age, Princeton 1966
A.N. The Two Ago-
ras in Ancient Athens, Chicago 1964
Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen Ar-
chaologischen Instituts in \X'ien
Shifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet
j Rom. Opuscula Archaeologica
Excavations of the Athenian >\gora.
Picture Books. Princeton
A. IIAIIAl'IANNOnOY1\Ol:-
, ApzaLe<t 'E),A'r,VLwzt
'EmypCl?:zl, ,AO'ijV,)(1 1939
Papers of the American chool of
Classical Studies at Athens
F. C. PCNRose, An Investigation of
the Principles of Athenian Architec-
ture, London 1888"
II
,-, '\0' , A
PCJ.X-rIXOC V PZ'OWJ-
) - 'J' ,
,OyLX"fj!; ../:(l.LPSLClC;
IIp'ZxTLXOc ' Ax'Z/) 'AOr,v<7,v
Revue Archcologique
A. E. RA Bll SGIII K. Dedications
Op:\rch.
OIKO. 'O'UOES, The
Two Agoras
OJh.
;\lusB
:\1YLo"As,l\lycenae
:\lemIstVen.
:\ldI
Phot. I.. Bcn:tkill
DraWing hy J. Travlo'i
DraWing by J.
Agura I.. xcavalions LXXIX 32
DraWing by JTravlos
Agora Excavations XXXVII 62
Photo 1. Vcrnardos. J. Travlos Archive
PhOto M. Vcrnardos. J. Travlf)S Archive
Fplgraphical Museum
1:.pigraphlcal.Museum
Epigraphical Museum
Agora Excavations 83 167
Agora Excavations LVII 82
Agora Excavations 4-269
Dtawlng by ].Travlos
Drawing by J. Travlos
Drawing by]. Travlos
Third ArchaeologIcal DIstrict of Athens
Photo Alison Frantz AT-272 a
Phor. J\lison Frantz AT-272b
Epigraphical Museum
OM, Atb. Bau. 651
Photo .M. Vernardos, J. Travlos Archive
Pbot. j\L Vemardos, J. Travlos Archive
Agora Excavations XLVII-26
Agora Excavations XLVIlI-64
Redtawing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 57
Redra" ing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 61
Agora Excavations LIII-51
Agora Excavarions LlII-48
Agora Excavations L-93
Agora Excavations LIX-47
i\gora E..'Xcavadons XLVnI-63
Agora Excavations I-51
Agora Excavations I-52
Agora 83-343
Agora Exca\cadons 82-599
Photo f\l. Vcrnardos, J.Travlo
s
Archi\'c
Drawing by ]. Travlos
J. Travlos Archive
J. Travlos Archive
Stuart-Revert, T, Chapt. II, PI. I
Phot. l\r. Vcrnardos, ]. Tra\'los ,\n.:hivc
Musccn Berlin
Musccn I3crlin
I, Ch,'pt. 11, PI. 111
Dra\\ iug by J, 10$
J. ThrcpsiaJcs Coli ctlon
I. ThrcpsiJdcs COIICCrillO
I. 'I hrcp:-i.lJC'" Collectiun
Il<,peri . 5, 1936, p. 468
I)r.l\\ ing, by J. Tnn'lu
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
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148
149
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154
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159
160
161
162
163
164
16S
16(.
167
16M
169
I) \1 !)culschcs Arcluologl\chcs In"tltulll1 Athen
Third Arclucological District or Alhen...
\gor" ... tions P 10507
Dr.l\\ Ing by J.Travlos
P. \ri ... tophron Collection
P. AristOphron Collection
Dr. wing by ]. Travlos
Ph. Swvropoullos Colleclion
Ph. Sta\' ropDUliDs Collection
L. Dupre, Voyage :l Alhencs ct :\
Constantinople, Paris 1825, PI. XXIII
01\1, Akr. 54
Drawing: by J.Travlos
ASCS, AK 884
:i\limstry of Public \'forks,
Topographic:tl and Estate Dcp:trtmcm,
September 29,1937
Photo Alison Frantz AT-5
Bu>chor, Tondacher, 11, PI. 1
Buschor, Tondacher
J
II, p. 34
Buschor, Tondacher, 11, PI. 2
Buschor, Tondacher, II, p. 37
Photo Alison Frantz f\T-133
Photo 5. Meletzis
Photo Vcrnardos
J
]. Travlos Archive
Photo Vcrnardos. J. Travlos Archive
PhD. 1\1. Vernardos, ]. Travlos Archive
Photo J. Travlos Archive
Photo S. lelctzis
Photo S.
Photo . Meletzis
Photo S.
Hesperia 5, 1936, p.
Photo Ch. j\[ammcliS
Photo Alison Frantz AT 71
Ilespena 8, 1939, p. 339
ASCS, AK 1092
ASCS, AK 1266
ASC5, AK 1271
Drawing by J.Travlos
Agora Excavations 311
Drawing by ].Travlos
OA1, Ath. Bau. 99
DA1, Alh. Var. 47
OAI, Alh. Var. 45
Drawing by ].Travlos .
Phot. M. Vcrnardos, J.Trnvlo
s
i\rchlvc
Phot. f\l. Vcrnanlos. J.Travlo
s
Archive
Agora Exc:tvations 8 174
J. Archive
Drawing by J.Travlos .
Phot. ]\1. VcrnarJos, J.'J'ravlos Archl\c
Pho. 1. Vcrnllrdos. J. Tr,lVIQs Archive
Phot. f\I. J. Archive
Photo L. BenakIS
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
9?
93
94
95
96
97
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99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
10')
I 10
III
PI C'I'O HI i\ L SOURCI':S
66
67
6M
69
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63
64
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Phot:o \If lorcc

Dr.l\\ hy I. Tr.nhh

Dr.,,\ ing ll\' J. 'l'r-.tv!o"
I '\c.\\".uion$ '" I L\ 63
),c.n.uion::. X\ Il 89
}' 'C.l \".uions X Y II 95

\gor.\ 1 :\C.1\ onions 81 31-
fle,peri. r, 1968, PI. 18
\gora Excavations 85 229
:\gonl Exca.... ations 85 222
\gorJ r xc\\' ,trions 85 306
\gora EXCJvations 5 113
Hesperi", Suppi. 2,1939, p, 78
.\gor. Exeav"tions 5 107
Phot:o Epigraphical Drawing
after Raubitschek, Dedications, p. 356
Epigraphieal Jl[useum
.\go," Excavations 85-323
:\gora Excavations LVIII-48
.\gora Exc.vatlons L \'III-47
]HS 80, 1960, PI. I
Phot, Alison Frantz AT-?65
Agora Exca""tlons 82-619
PhOto .
DraWing by]. Travlos
Dra'xing by]. Travlos
Drawing by ].Travlos
,I.gora Excavations 80-400
Agora Excavations XLl V-98
Drawing by ]. Travlos
Photo Greek Air Force
PhO[, :M. Vcrnardos, J. Travlos Archive
Phot. !\.t. Vcrnardos, J. Travlos Archive
Photo M. Vcrnardos, ].Travlos Archive
DAI, Ath. Ihu. 597
DAI, Ath. Bau. 591
Drawing hI' ].Travlos
Drawing by J.Travlos
Photo M. VClnardos, J.l'ravlos Archive
Photo M. Vcrnardos, J.1 ravlos Archive
Phoc. M. VcrnarJos. J.Travlos Archive
Ph. Collection
M. Barbie du Bocagc. Rccucil de c:lrtcs
gcographiqucs c.lc l'ancicnnc (,fecc, 17')0
54 P. Collection
S5 P. Arisrophron Collection
56 Third Archaeological District uf Athens
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
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4
5
6
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30
31
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I D \1, \th. BIll. 662
lsI D.\I, \th. jllll. 656
[) \1. \rh. B.ll. 642
1 3 [) \1, '\at. \Iu,. 6251
184 \lu"ul1l
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I 6 0.\1, "at. \lu,. 642
1 - D.\I, .\th. H.u. 654
I Drawing by J.'1 rado,
189 first Archaeologlc.l D"trtct of ,\thens
190 0.\1, \th.H.llI. 664
191 I irS! .\rchacologlcal Dlstricr of A,hcm
192 DAI, "-ar.l\Ius. 6233
193
194 Draw Ing by J. Travlos
195 Bu,chor, Tond.cher, 1. p. 10
196 Drawing by]. Trados
197 Photo l\I. Yemardos, J. Travlos ArchIVe
198 Phor. Alison Frantz AT-36
199 DAI, Akr. 2437
200 Drawing by J. Trado
201 ,\\ 1940, p.150
202 DraWing by J. Travlo,
203 OM, Hege 1472
204 Pho!. \lison rrantz AT 64
205 Dra\\lng by J. Tra\'Ios
2U6 Pharo S. :'leletzls
20'-210 Bmish :'luseum
21 I DA1, Akr. 964
212 Pharo Alison rramz \T-136
213 DraWing by J. Travlos
214 Phor. D. HarissiadlS
21' Pho!. . MelerzlS
216 0.\1, Akr 409
218 DAI, Akr.615
219 Dra"'lng hy J.Travlo,
220 Dr-Wing hy J.Travlo,
221 DraWing hy J. Travlo,
222 J r ravlos ArchIve
223 01\1, Ker. 6006 (I)
224 DAI, Ker. 2457
225 Third Archacolol!it.1 Dl\tflct of Athen,
226 Third Archac"loglcal I)l\tflet of Athens
227 lie pena 12, 1943, p. 339
228 Drawln!'; by}. fravl<"
229 DAI, Ker. 7166
230 J. Threp..adc Collection
231 Third DI\triet of Athcns
232 Hesperia 12, 1943. p. 332
233 Dra....lng by J '1 ravl'"
23<4 OAI. Alh. fl.u. 166
215
2}6
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211
242
243
241
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247
248
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257
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260
261
262
263
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265
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269
270
271
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273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
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Photo \1. \ trn.lh,lo'\, 1.1 ravlo, Arlhlve
1)\1. ,,"cr. 371J9
fhlrd \Idl.lc.:ologic"ll I)j"ltrio of Atllll1
1)1.1\\ ing bv J. J r.lvll)
J- I 1.\\ 11}'i .\ rdll vc
J. IIJ.\lu'i \rdllvc
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J.lr.l\lo" \rchlye
J. rr,\vlo... \lchl\'C
J '1"r.1\lo"l \rchlve
Rl"llr,l\\ iog: frolll IJiJ".XXT. IH8lJ
Photo Il.l.I1l1lh,d, J," r;1\'lo\ \rchlve
Dr.l\\Jng b} J. 1
l'hlrd \rchacologlc.t1 DI\trrct of
I hird Dhtrict of \tht:n\
Dr.l\\ log by , 1" r.1\" 10"1
Dr,\\\-lIlg h\' J. I'ravJo...
Dr.l\\ 109 b) J Tr:lvlo...
()l.l\\ ing by J. fr.lV los
DI.n\ Ing- hy J. Tr;\vlo"l
J xc.av:ulons \., l 64
'gOf.l I xc,lV,uion... 4 273
'\gor,t I XC.l va nons 6 316
Rcdr,l\\-lng- from llc'ipcna, 3,
1940, p. IS
Phot. .\1..\ cmardos, J. Travlos \rchlve
Dr,l\\-ing- by J.
\gor.1 xc.\.rions 8 172
\gor,l I xC.l\ ations 8 46
\gor.1 I xca\oltion, 82205
\gor. I-xcavarion, 82 203
\gOl a r.xca \ a[tOO':lo 82 20U
Agora ,",xcanfton, 81 649
British I\fuscum
D \1, \ .r. I
Drawing by]. Travlo,
\gora Lxcavaftons L.\ I 19
\gora Ixc.v.nions LI\ 27
\gora l.xcavation, L\: X.\ I 90
\gora T:xcavarions 1 "\:I\: 34
\gora Excavations LX" \'j 29
DraWing b) J. Travlo,
\gora l,xcaV,ltlon, \:1. VI! 24
l\gora Excavations XL\ J[ 13
Drawing by]. Travlos ,lfter ..... tc\-cn...
Paton, The Lrcchtheum, PI. '" II ,,\
Drawing by J.Travlo,
DraWing by J. Travl",
Drawing by J.Travlo,
PhoL Alison I'rantz \ I. 49
Photo Alison I J"ntz ,\T 41
Photo AIi,on Frantz A J 121
Photo 1\1t,on 1 ran" AT 16
Paton, 'I he I rcchthLulll,
1'1. XVIII
I he "rcchdlclIlIl,
1'1 X X II
PhOl. AIt\Cln I r.lnlZ \ I 72
Ph"l AIt,,,n I r.In" \ I' 7.1
Phot AIt\on I r.lntl' \ I I 12
DAI, I lege 1853
J.ucJO.d
2'j}
2'lt
2')5
2%
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
3U4
305
306
307
30R
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
310
311
312
313
3 11
31S
116
147
318
11 'J
1511
3<;[
1,2
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I)rawin/l hy }. Travl,,!
ReUril\lolng fnJl11 I feopena 2,1933, p. 348
Ih:Jra\\.lllg (rom Ilc pellA 1,1932, p. 43
Reurawlnf( from I Iesperi. 1, 1932, p. 44
,\K 785
\Js. 8MO
\ "" 1034
1\]." H71
\gun. J xcavatloo... LX 7
l'xcav3t10n\ 84 3')5
DrJ.wiog- by J. rravlos
\Kora LxcJ.vatlon\ 85 531
Dra.\lng by J. rravlo,
,\gor,l l:.xcavatlons 84 3B9
\gor.l ['xcavatioos LX 18
\gora r XCOlVatiOOS 82- 635
\gora Lxca varions 82 636
\gora excavations 82 641
'\gora I xcavatloos 3 242
I.e Roy, Les des plus heaux
monuments de la Grcce,lI, 1770
III, Chapt. IV, PI. I!
Photo Ali,on rrantz 1\T-123
J. I ravlos ArchIve
DraWing by J. Travlos
11,1929, PI. XXIV
Photo \ltson trantz 62 2 1 37
Photo AII\on 1rantz Al 127
I, Chapr. \ ,I'I II I
J Trado, \rchnc
J. I r,1\los \rchlve
DraWing by J. Travlos
IIc'pena I, 1932, p. 186
0\1, \th. Bau. 607
mart-Re\crt, Ill, Chapt. Ill, PI. IV
0\1. _\th. Bau. 622
D \1, \rh. B.u. 609
DraWing by J. Travlo,
\ntDcnk. I, 1891, PI. 50
Photo \1. \ emarJo,. J. 1 r.\\ 10, ,\rchlve
Photo :'1. \ emardos, J. I ravlos \rchn e
Phot. :\ldefZl,
Photo \ltson 1r,mtz \1' 135
Dr.\\lng by J. frn los
Dr.\\\Ing by J. Tra.los
DJ.1\\lne; by J 1'r,1\ Ill'
Dr.1\\ mg by J. fr.n!u'J
D \1. Thcs 2511
D\I, rhes.25lO
\gor.l I '-C,1\',1tIOO') '\l\. 4
Phot. I Bell'k"
D \1,1 h S. 2,1I5
\gol.\ I x(",n ,ltIon l) 31
\gor.l I 'l.J\".ltlon \. \. l).l
\gor.l 1 'Cl\- ,ltIlln 6
\ltol.\ I 't.I\,H!tm \. \. \. \ I -2
1)1.\\\ 109 h) , 1r,n 10'"
I , ... l\ ,HIOlh
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1) \1, '\.1t. \Ill
I) \1, \th B.IlI.82
PI C'I'O R I A L SOU RC E S
xv
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112
IB
\11
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-136
437
438
439
440
411
490 Agora Excavations XXXII-58
4'JI Drawing hy J.'I ravlo<;
4CJ2 J)r,lwing hy J.Trav(o\
493 PhtJl. A(ison I rant:t. AT 4"
494 Ph, It. e.,. Mdet:t.ls
IlAI, 1')3"
496 Mcletzis
497 J. Miliac.lis Archive
498 l. Mlliac.lis Archive
499 First ArchaeologICal District (jr Athen
500 Drawing by' J.Travlos
501 PhOto M. Vcrnarc.los, J Tra..,lQs Archive
502 Drawing by J.Travlos
-fJ3 I'h oJ Ot. M. Vcrnardos, J.Travlos Archive
504 Phot.:-"I. Vernardos. J. Travlos Archive
505 Drawing by J. Travlos
506 Agora Excavations 80 266
507 J. Threpsiades Collection
-0" 0 oJ'" rawing by j.Travlos
510 K. KourouniOtis Collcction
512-513 Third Archaeological District
514 Agora Excavations 83-598
519 OAI, Ath. Bau. 108
521 ].Travlos Archive
522-523 Greek Archaeological SeC\'ice
524 Drawing by]. Travlos
525 PhOto D. Harissiadis
526 Photo S. l\lelerzis
527 Photo '-:. Tombazis
528 Photo S. Meletzis
529 j. Trados Archive
531 Phor. K Tombazis
532 J. Travlos Archive
534 J. Travlos Archivc
535 J. Travlos Archive
536 Orawll1g by]. Travlos
537 Photo fl.!. Vernardos, J. Trados Archive
538 OAt, Akr. 606
539 PhOL l\f. Vcrnardos, J TrJvlos \rchi\tC
541 '\ational1\fuscum
542 ....... ;uiunall\luscum
543 ,\gora Excav3tiuns 81 134
544 ,\gora 7 382
Sl5 J. "l'rados .\rchi\c
[
0" 50<'
,46 \gor;l .XCil.\".ltIons 0' ... "'J
5.17 Photo \1. YcrniHdos, .1. Tradlls
548 h\ j.
549 \gom 1 ,Cot \.ttions I ,'\. 1\. 5
liliO Dr.lwing hy J. frJ.do"i.
SSI Dr.\\\ In J. I'IJ.\ los
SC;l \gur.l 1 ,,,".\\ .HHlllS '\. '\. \"11 '>
Sc;] \gC.,H.1 1 X(.\\.UiOll"i. I.XX 89
\gur.1 I.XLI\ .Ullin') 7 1S2
\gCll.1 I ".L:,lv.llion.. 7 22
1
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1)1.1\\ ing hy j.'1 r,wlll"
DI\\ Illg hy J. Tr.lVlo'l
\gol.\ I \ca\',Hion" 7-466
\gor.l I xc.H".ltion') 8 69
,\gor.l I xC;l,,;uions 7 462
Dr,\\\"ing by J.
1l1iru \rch.\cologlcal Di'\lric( or \(hens
Phol M. Vcrnardns. J. Tra\'los Archive
Dr3\\"ll1g by J Tra\los
Pho(. 1\1. Vcrnardos, J.Tra\'los
Dn1\\'lng by J. Travlos
I.:.. Dod\\"cll, Vicws In Greece from
dra.wings, London, 1821
442 I ptgraphical 1\luscum
443 J) \1, \th. Bau. 599
444 Dra\\'ing by J. Travlos
445 Phot..i\1. Vcrnaroos, J. Travlos l\rchivc
446 ).;ational f\luseum
447-448 ' 1!'1 'ilL 1953/5413, p. 128, fig. 2
449 Phot. Ilanl1lbal, J. Travlos Archive
450 1),\1, Ath. Bau. 583A
451 Photo f\1. Vcrnardos, J. Travlos Archive
452 StuartRevert, r, Chapt. IV, PI. VI
454 l\gora Excavations 5-316
458 .\gara Excavations 5-145
459 Redrawing from .\JA 14, 1910, p. 479
460 DraWing by J. Trados
461 Phot.:\1. Yernardos, J. Travlos ,\rchive
462 J.Travlos c\rch,,-e
463 Photo l\l. \'ernardos, J. Trados .\rchive
464 1. l\liliadls .\rchive
465 1. f\IIliadis \rchi"e
466 1. ,\IIhadis \rchive
467 I. :\Iiliadis Archive
468 1. liliadis Archive
469 f\gora Excavations XLH 7
471 Agora Excavations LXVII-55
472 Drawing by J.Trados
474 /\gora Excavations 00 184
475 by J. Travlos
476 J\gora Excavations X X XI X 6
477 Agora Excavations XXXVIII 50
478 Agora Excavations XXXIII -95
479 by J.Travlos
1
- . X VI 85
480 Agora '
481 Agora Excavations 5 252
482 Agora l.xcavallons 5 307
483 Drawing by J.Travlo
s
484 Agora (1) 152
485 Agor;t LxcavatiollS 5 230
L1H6 Agora FxC,lVatiollS 5 229
. I \rchivc
.IM7 Photo I VcrnilrUOS, J.I COl'" ll!'o
4MH AW>fa l.xGt\.tllOns 01) llil
"HC) .\gnra I.xcav"tion<; X I' 71
1Sot .uiOl1.\1 \lust.'ulll
J55 Third 1) ..,(1 il'l of \tlll..''''
3S6 SlJ I. Mih.1Ji ... \ rdll \\..'
360 361 1. \ltll.ldi, \rd",c
62 Dt,\\\ IIlg I" .I. 1'1,1\ It)..,
3621 ..... tu.lIt Ihn.'t1. 1, (Iu('t. III
3b) De.1\\ ing 1'1\ J 1'r.\\ Iu,
3()(> Phot. \1t'1}l) I 1,llltZ \ I 2-8
36- Ph",t. \ll ... lll\ 1 LUlU \ I' 2-9
3bS r;; R1..,\",tt, I, (h pt III
J.... (, PIlOt \I,-.on I rMHZ \'1 2H9
3-- Phot \11:-00 I r.lntz \"1 .2 '8
.. rs Phl)t. \hst>n 1 r.lOtZ \'1 12S
Dca\\ iog J. Tr.1\"1o..
3$0 Dr.Hung by J. Tra\"kh
.,$1 Photo Creek .\ir force
3::-.2 Berlin
3X) .\gor.l Excavation:) I 435
,
384
38- "\;:ltional )'lusculll
386 D \1, \th. \.1r. 310
3 - 0.\1, \th. \ .1r. 312
38 0 \1, '-.1t. :'-Iu,. 3918
389 by J.TrO\los
390 Thlru \rchacologlcal District of
391 Drawm,g by J. Tra\'los after
of kcramcikos J.xC;l\,,\tions
3')2 D.\!, "cr. 9 03, b
393 0.\1, Ker. 5954
394 D.\!, "er. 6166
395 D.\l, Ker. 217
396 Photo j lanmb,l
Phor. Ilanmbal
39 0.\1, Ker. 6063
399 DAI, Ker. 8052
400 Phor. ,\Iison Frantz AT-103
401 Photo .\hson F ranrz AT-84
402 Photo .\hson Frantz AT-85
403 Photo Alison Franrz AT-86
404 0.\1, Ker. 6310
405 0.\1, Ker. 6308
406 Ph"r. Ahson Frantz AT-253
40
7
DAI, Ker 8516
408 DAI, Ker. 6178
409 0.\1, Ker. 5956
410 Ph"t. \Iison Frantz AT-98
411 Ph"" Alison \ranrz AT 37
4\2 413 I l\1 useum
414 DAI, Ker, 5811
415 Di\1, Ker, 472
416 Photo Ilannihal, j.Travlos /\rchlvc
417 hy J.Travlos
41 fS P.)\ ri"ltophron Collection
419 by J.Travlos
420 Collection
421 ali(Jnal Museum
422 'ati(JOal Museum
423 IlCiI 51, 1927, PI. VIII
424 'ational Mu,",cum
425 Agora I :xc<1vations 7 246
426 Agora I 7 250
427 Drawin!! hy j.Travlo'j
54 D01\\IO"'- h\ J. lr.l\lo!.
5 goca l' , ,.tl<>OS 82 160
5 6 Dca\\ inlor 0' J."1 r." I",
S'" Ilrst \reh DI"rnct ot \then...
Dr \\ inJ,t 0' J. / r.n I",
'<;9 J. Tr ,los \rehl\ e
560 rlrsc \rehA ologlcal Di .... tnct of \then...
hr,t \reha. Ol'tllct of \then,
) Dl,trict of \thcn...
563 I \rchaeologlcJ.1 Di"trict of Athc..:n"
Dra\\ing by J.Trados
'6<; Agora bxel\ .,tlons
'66 Photo \Iison Funtl \ I 2
56- D.\!, \kr. 112
56 Phor. S. :--lcleCZIs
569 A1-.. 397
5-0 ASCS, AK 305
5'1 D.\I, Hege 2366
5-2 Photo .\lIson Funtz \ T

573 Photo Ahson Frantz AT 185
Photo S. iIlcietzis
5-5 Photo HannIbal
5-6 Dra\\lOg by J. Tuy!os
Drawing by J. Tra\ los
5-8 Agora Excavations LX;"I \' 13
5-9-580 Museum
5 1 .\gora ExcaYations LIY-100
582 Agora Exca....tions XLYII -58
583 Drawing by J. Trav!os
5 4 Drawing by J. Travlos
5 5 Drawing by J. Trav!os
5 6 DAI, Ath. Bau. 586
5 7 DAI, Ath. Bau. 612
588 Epigraphical Museum
5 9 Photo Alison Frantz AT-220
591 Hesperia 1, 1932, p. 99
594 Hesperia I, 1932, p. 114
596 DraWIng by J. Travlos
597 Hesperia 5,1936, p. 152
598 Hesperia I, 1932, p. 147
600 Hesperia 12, 1943, p. 278
601 DAI, "at. Mus. 5136
602 Drawing by J. Travlos after drawings of
Keramclk<x I-=.xcavations
603 0\1, Ker 6173
604 DAl, Ker. 6175
605 0.\1, Ker. 1977
606 DrawlOg bv 1./ ravlos after drawings of
Kerotmeiko l.xcavations
607 DrawlOg by J. Travlos .fter drawings of
f .xcavations
(,1)8 ASCS, AK 817
6(:FJ ASC, AK 818
610 DAJ, Akr. 386
611
612
613

61,
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623

625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
PIeTOR IAL SOURCES
lIesperi" 11, 1946, p. 81
Ile'peri,1 5, 1936, p, 442
Drawing by J, Travlos
Dr.l\\ing by J. Travlos
Photo .\Iison I'rantz .\ r 11
Photo S, Melet]1S
Ora" ing by J. Travlos
Photo S. lclews
Photo Ailson Irantz \T 63
.\gora Excavations 11 89
DraWing by J. Trav!",
lIesperia 15, 1946, p. 1
]) \1, \kr. 685
D \1, l\kr. 1090
\ntDenk. I, 1891, PI. 26
Photo ".. TombaLls
ZIller, radion, PI. II
Drawing by J. Trav!os
Ziller, . radion, PI. IV
Ztller, Stadion, PI. I
Photo S. :--leletzis
Sruart-Revete, III, Chapt. \'Il, PI. I
DAI, Ath. Bau. 411
Dra,,;ng by]. Trav!os
Agora Exc.vations 80-59
OM, Ath. Bau. 164
\gora Excavations XLI\'-48
Agora Excavations L\'I-48
\gora Excavations 83389
Drawing by J. Trav!os
Agora Excayations LV-63
,\gora Exc.vations L\' II 66
Agora Excavations LV-56
Agora I::xcavations 81-112
Agora Excavations LXIV 68
Agora I::xcavations
E. Dod\\ ell, Views and of
Cyclopian or Pclasgic Remain" in Greece
and Italy, London 1834,
PI. LXX]
Agora excavations LXIV 34
Agora Excavations LX 83
Photo M.Vemardos, J.Trav!os \rchive
Drawing by ],Travlos
DAI, Ath. Bau. 629
Agora I 'xc,, vallons X" \'1 II 8S
DraWing by ].Travlos
DraWing by J,Travlos
667 Agora hxcavation. 5 2')5
668 Agar. Excavation. 5 296
669 Drawing by J.Travlo,
670 Agora Ioxcavations 85 528
671 Agora I.xcav.cions I V 16
672 Agora Lxcavations XXX 18
673 Drawing by J. Tr.vlos
674 Hesperi. 23, 1954, p. 44
675 Agora Excavations LVIII 64
676 DAI, lIege 1906
678 DraWing by ].Tr.v!os
679 1'hot. M. Vernardos, J Travlos Archi,e
680 Photo M. Vernardos, J.Tra,los Archive
681 DAT, Ath. Bau. 613
682 DAI, Ath. Bau. 614
683 Photo Hanniba!
684 Pbot. Alison Frantz AT-292
686 DrawlOg by J. Trav!os
687-688 E. Fiechter, Das Dionysos-The.ter,
Heft 5, p. 43
689 Phor. Alison crantz AT-293
690 Phot, M.Vernardos, J.Travlos ArchIve
691 l\gora Excavations 7-511
693 DraWing by J.Travlos
700 Agora Excavations XXXIX-50
701 Agora Exc...rions XXXIX--48
702 .\gora Excavations XXYJI-89
703 DraWIng hy J. Travlos
704 Photo S. Meletzis
705 ,\.\ 1938, p. 66
-0" Sruart-Re,ete, II, Chapt. 1\-,1'1. I
708 Stuart-ReYCte, II, Chapt. IV, PI. III
709 Le Roy, Les fUlnes des plus beaux
monuments de la Grecc, I, Paris 17-0.
PI. X
710 Drav"ng by J.Traslos
71 J J. Travlos Arch"'e
712 ).,ationa! ;'.[useum
713 J. Tras los Archiye
715 Hesperia 1, 1932, p. 1
716 ...\ncicnt l\l.lrblcs in the Hnti,h \(u... cum.
IX, London 1842,1'1. >:11
717 llespena I, 19'>2, p. 1%
718 lIespen., I, 1932, p. 198
719 ,\gor.. .nions "'\ r t3
720 lIesperia 7, 19 B, p. 616
721 Draw I11g \" J Tr,n 10'
722 Dra" 109 by 1, Tr." los
1
1 Butldins- of the west side of the .-\gora in the 2nd cemury after Christ. Restored drawing.
. The part of .-\thens where the whole life of the city was concentrated, the focus of political, commer-
CIal, SOCIal and administrati\-e activity, was called the Agora. 1Iuch written information about the Agora has
down to us, both in the ",-orks of ancient authors and in inscriptions; the verr best description is that
ot Pau anias, written around the middle of the 2nd century after Christ, which furnishes a guide for recogni-
zing and identifying the buildings which have been brought to light.
The location of the .-\gora north of the Acropolis and the Areopagus was established in the last century b
J
various small-scale exca\-ations undertaken by the Greek Archaeological Society (1859-1912) and by the German
.-\rchaeological Institute (1896-189-). Chance finds also contributed information and the most important of
these came from a trench opened up for the Athens-Piraeus railroad in 1891. The American School of Classical
rudies has uncovered the whole _Agora, carrying our systematic excavations from 1931 until the present with
an interruption of six !-ears during the war, at first under the direction of Theodore Leslie Shear (1931-1940),
later directed by Homer A. Thompson (1946-1967), and by Theodore Leslie Shear, Jr. since 196 .
Although the excavated buildings are in a most ruinous state, it has been possible not only' to reconstruct the
plans and to identify them with certainty but also to establish the history and the topography of the whole
area. Recent excavation have produced e,'idence to show that the Ite was chosen for the Agora at the begin-
ning of the 6th century B.C. in the time of Solon and that it continued to exist in the same spot for about eight
hundred and fifty years until the Herulian destruction in 26
7
after Christ. The earlier Agora, founded by Theseus
after the S)'nolktsIJlOS, was a much simpler affair without a definite plan and was probably located below the
Acropolis and the Peripatos on the northwest ide of the hill. This is the Old .\gora about which .\pollodoros
(Harpokration, ITriVO'1/10; ',!rFQOOITTj) states: "The Athenians called the Aphrodite established in the neighbour-
hood of the Old c\gora Pandemos, because there in olden times the whole people (the Demos) met ior their
assemblies which they called agorai." According to Pausanias (1, 22, 3) the shrine of \phrodite Pand mos wa
founded by Theseus and, in my opinion, it was located in front of the entrance to the .\cropolis, fig. 5..\ - for
the Prytaneion, which according to tradition was founded by Theseus (Thucydidc
s
II, 15, 1 3; Plutarch, Tbmlls
24), Pausanias fixes its site with sufficient precision, referring to it twice in his rour through \then:. first he
sa\'s that it is near to the shrine of Aglauros and to the "\nakeion (1, 18, 1 3); sccondh he s;l\ that it is at the
of the Street of Tripods (r, 20,1). This means that the Old l\gora_e:-.tmdcd th shtine
dite Pandemos as far as the I::.leusinion (p. 198) on the lower north slope ot the \cropohs and the street which
has been dic,covered there; this street branching ofT from the Panathcnaic \\ a\ rna) be identified, in m! opinion.
with the Street of the Tripods.
AGORA
Th gora of Th sem, where building ",ent on continuously until the end of the 7th century B.C., comprised
th follo\\ ing shrino and public buildings. To the west of the\cropolis, between the Lnneapylon and the
r opagus: the shrine of .\phrodlte Pandemos and its precinct where the Assembly of the People met, the
hrin . of Bl.lllt , of Den1Lter Chloe, of Ge Kourotrophos, the Kyloneion and probably the Bouzygion; the
f mous court of the _\r opagus was on the hill of the same name. To the north of the Acropolis and in the
area around the Elcusinion, belo,I' the age-old revered shrines of Apollo, of Zeus, of Aglauros and the Anakeion,
w r th mor important ci, ic buildings such as the Prytaneion where the perpetual fire was kept and where
ambassadors and those rendering the state great services dined at public expense. 'X'e learn from Aristotle
(A/h. Pol. 3, 5) and Suidas (iiex('il') that the buildings in which the nine archons were housed were close to
the Prnaneion. Thus the Archon Basileus had his headquarters in the so-called Boukoleion which was near
,
the Prytandon; the Archon was in the Prytaneion, the Polemarch in the Epilykeion, and the remaining six
archons, the The mothetae, in the Thesmotheteion which was also used as a state dining-hall. In the Panathenaic
procession the Panathenaic Ship followed a route which shows, in my opinion, that there were important
public buildings n ar the Elcusinion; the entire procession went right around the Elcusinion, according to
ancient tradition, in order to pass in front of the most important public buildings of the Old Agora, fig. 540.
W'ith the continuous deyclopment of the city, especially after the union with Eleusis around the end of the 7th
century B.C., the power of the Athenian tate was definitely established. The needs of the capital city multiplied
and its boundaries were expanding continuously. Because of this increase in the power of the city and because
of the new needs of the administrative bodies the Agora ,,'as moved or, to put it more precisely, was extended
to the north by alan; later on Peisistratos and his successors contributed to it, constructing new buildings. The
most important administrative buildings were put up in the time of Kleisthenes to\vard the end of the 6th
century B.C. The new Agora occupied the spacious level area east of the Kolonos Agoraios, between the
Areopagus and the Eridanos river, that is to say the area where the oldest cemeteries of the city lay, those of
Submycenaean and Geometric times, figs. 5-17. From prehistoric times on this ,,'as the place where
the _\thenians came together to celebrate fe tivals and to hold contest in honour of their heroes and ancestors.
.\t the beginning of the 6th century B.C. the Athenians in talled their official ci\"ic centre in this area which
\\'as free of other buildings. Here for centuries the Athenians continued to hold athletic, dramatic, musical and
equestrian contests in honour of the dead and of the gods.
By far the most important festival celebrated in the Agora ,,-as the Panathenaia, probably founded in the time
of Theseus in honour of the patron goddess of the city, Athena Polias. Pherecydes reports (Marcellinus, T'da
Thucydidis 3 in Jacoby, F. G. H. I, pp. 59-60) that Hippokleides, who served as archon in 566 565 B.C., founded
the Panathenaia. He is referring, doubtless, to the Greater Panathenaia which Peisistratos and his sons made
famous, elevating it into one of the greatest religious festi,'als; on this account one tradition attributed the
founding of the Greater Panathenaia to Peisistratos himself (Schol. Aristeides, PallalbenaiCIIs, \"01. III, p. 323).
During the celebration of that great festival the procession crossed through the Agora by its principal thorough-
fare which started at the Dipylon and ended up in front of the Propy laia. The section of the road inside the Agora
ser\"ed as the dromos where various races and equestrian events were held, and for this reason the Panath l1aic
\'Vay is often simply referred to under the name of Dramos. Himerios refers to the Dromos (Oralio, III. 12) and
I believe that three inscriptions found on the Acropolis refer to the construction and repair of th' Dromoo
(Raubitschek, Dedications, pp. 350-358, nos. 326-328). The first inscription, fig. 18, is dated to 566 565 B.C.,
i.e. in the archonship of Hippokleides when the Greater Panathenaia were celebrated for the tim' .1I1d th
athletic contest was introduced (Emebius, Jherol!)lllli CbrOlll(OIl, cd. Ilelm, p. 102; S, ncellm, ld. Dindorf, p. 454,
line 8). The prizes for the victors in the Panathlnaic were Panathenaic amphorae fill d"l\ ith ad. and the
earliest Panathcnaic amphorae have beln indepenckntlr dated to the decade 570 560 B.C., _3 (Be.lll I. Il'r,
p. 89, no. 1). The Dromos of the Agora have begun a little to the north of the Peril oi the '1'"1\ ch
Gods, 5, in front of the JIerms and it ended Jlear the Eleusinion. at an, ratc, arc the limits 'n In
Xenophon (Illp/Jarc!JlClIJ III, 2) in describing the anthippasia held in the .\gOL1. Various mOJlUIll comm '-
3

!l10rallng \Ietolle Jlllilt hOI l e\lllt ,tlll :tJlIhippa ia and tit apllb:ttt Jnle I t'J'Jd at dthlr end (Jf the Dro-
!l10 , fl .24 27. '1 hl ()Jthl tra, '" hilll ",a appr"ximalth ill tllt rniddll of tLl \WJr:t '",a' u'ed f'Jr dramatic
and mu ietlllJntc t ; ",,,,,dlll 'rand talld Wtre 'll Ill' arl,und il ('Jr tl e pu l:t ',r . 'J f l (Jrehe tra con-
Idend to h on 01 the mo t COli picu(JU and the fir t tatue trl ad'irn tLe AWJra "'ue , up ncar it
III 510 13.< ,the talUl III llarrnodlo and \ri \(Jgeiton wh(J were h(IO(Jund a the liblrattJr ,,(tid: dn.
'I h pnnup I buJldlllg lJ1 the 1 l. \ 'ora until the time (Jf the h:r Ian de'lructi(Jn 'here a f'J II 'J ' ': 'In the
no th Ide, thl: 'tar o! the Twch e (Jod5 and an(Jther <mailer altar dedie:ttcd to l\iakrJ ,In tha rCi!:i'Jn
lal the 1 cokorion which ma}, puh:tp', be identi lCd ",nh thl. rcJund building, 18 m. in dlametcr, f'Jund a
tnnlll lor II \tnCll Piraeu railroad wa (Jpened up. On the ide:, in 'Jrder fr(Jm n'Jftf. \(J (JU h, wcre
th hrlne 01 /..( l.!euthello, the: tempIL of Apollo the temple (Jf the. IrJthcr (Jf the ()(J( ,tf,e B(Jli
.eutUJOll... I ( f c Pry tanikon on the site later occupied hy the Tholos. 1 inally, (10 the '(Juth 'here the hrine
01 '1 hl. eu and thl. famous l.nncakrouno'. The boundaries (J( the AgcJra S'luare were marked bl' in'cribed
marble tllal dattd cIrca 500 13'<-' (Agora 1 5510, 5675, 3226, 7(39). (.If theee, the first and he
in cnptteJn I lilll ri: WI>}'!";, fig'. 20 22, were found in situ in the area in front (Jf the Th(JI(JS and arc the
be t e\ idence for the location (A the Agora at that period, if not earlier.
\tter he withdrawal of he PersIans the destroyed buildings of the Agora were repaired and in the time (J
I Imon new buildings '.\ ere constructed according lCJ a well thought out plan, the first stage of which
a omplued around the end of the 5th century B.C., fig. 29. In the second half of the 4th century B.C.,
par a the time whtn L} k(Jurgos the orauJr was in charge of the state finances (338-326 B.C.) architec-
tural acti. CCJn inue:d and ne\\- buildings and temples went up, fig. 30. The transfer of the .\sse:mbly of the
Pcople lIJ the Pn:_ x and, in Pcrikles' time, the construction of the The:atre and the Odeion on the south side of
he \cwp(Jli for the dramatic and mu,ical contests bear ';"Jtness to the: fact that as early as the end of the 6th
H.C. lack of space had begun to be a probkm in the l\gcJra due to the cOntJl1UOUS growth of the city
and the corre: ponding increa'e in admini tra ive departments. The process of freeing the Agora frelm con-
ge tion continued in he time (Jf kourgos ;"hen the athlctic conte's were transferred to the ncw)y b- ilt
Panathenaic tadium erected f(Jr the purpo'e. at the 'arne timc the e'luestrian contests were transferred
(J pc old Hippodrome which was I(JCated, accordmg teJ ancient authors, in the district called Halipedon in
- hat i nrJw called. cw PhalcrcJn,
In lIc1kni tic time' arcJund the middle (Jf the 2nd ccntJr B.C., tpe Athenian l\gora assumed is final form
Hh the of new building and great stoa . 'I he plan (A' the. \gora became much more c1ead:.
dellned, fig. 31. The various buildings were arranged awund a grta open pace forming an irregular 'luare.
t thi p'Jint it should be noted that the north side of the .\gora, including the LOa of the Herms and the LOa
P(Jlkile, ha n(Jt ct been excavated, Jf(JVle\'er, it is certain that the neJnh ide lies just ro the nonh of the railroad
line bel" he ent-da} h,JU e ; it< p(lsition can be fixed the line of an extrcmcly ancient wad which. runs
ea -we tin fremt of the stoas' a cctiCJn CJf this road ha oeen found on the north side of the 'luare Perl
(I" ::;20) In R'Jman times the of the l\gCJra remained e entiall, unch:tnged. The damage done by in
8iJ B C. did lI(J af ect the Agora and the building :tnd temples put up h: the Roman cmperor were
placed in th" tree 'pace m the J\gora cluare. In Roman times the J\gora lor all it appearance, hg.
had IIJ t It (lfiginal character:t the cit, ic centre. \\ ith its magnificent huilding , heaulltul garden and a multl-
lude (Jt ta ue , the .\gcJla om tituted a ru" mu cum (Jf the ancient glor CJ! the cit).
In 2(J7 \./) the JIcrulian imader l.t fire (CJ the Agora and de twyed the monumcnt ; a hule later th th nian
u cd th" architectural b!'JCk of the destr(J\e:d building as building material for a ne..... utI wall, tht' Late Roman
I (JltillcatICm \\ all r'J the: north IJf rhe: \c;(Jpolis (p. J(,)). The area la} de olatc or about a hundr d lear and
,rc,und4()(J .J) the(J,mna ium(J! If' (,Iant wasoui!lInthcmiddlcofth gora 'luare,ft .3-.lnm diae\-al
lime rhe ultlre area a covere:d pri arc h(Ju e: . I,irc w III on Hhl/UIIO rrul tlOn 10 rhllt part {) the city
and betore (he beginning of the cxca\ation in rhe arc ",a oecupl d b mor than thre hundred and
It t h(Ju c which had betn built in the cClllld half of the C IllUr\.
,
\GOR \
THEOI D (,ORo\.
JVDEl H, To gra hi . pp. 62 63,2 - 2 6,296 299;
. BR 'HR, H. ria. uppl. " 1949, pp.53 54;
'-:-"r T" ")")' ")?'. T, ,
'-. HE LJ::\, . nmoma. pp. __'f- ' __J, I \1.\(1-,
11 p . 24. 2 '-29, 34; l\RH., L'agora
:recqu, . 256-261; Or 0 0 l!Dh, The T,\ 0 .\go-
II ,p . \'II-XIX, 1-'0; H. ,\. THO ,\rchaeo
log\' I', 196", p. 30"-'06; R. E. \\ YCHERLEY,
:\rchaia Pho nix 2 , 1966, pp. 2 --293.
\PHRODITL P.-\.. DL\IO.
\\". DORPFELD, \. I 20, 1 9:l, P 511; \. KEP,\ Ill-
'}" IT . .' 1 . I' I ")
ntlT. Ta !!O.I"I.UIU Tl,= .I.T. .... ..
1929 . -3-<.6; JCDErCH, Topo.2:raphie, pp. 62, 2 5;
w T" ?")' ?")- l' \
"YCHERLEY, e-nmoma. pp. __-t-__:>; .
IT'!axT. 1960, pp. 4-9; Or1'O.'O '!DE , The Two .-\go'
ras, pp. 1-14; R. E. W'YCHERLEY, Pho nix 20, 1966,
P . 2 '6, 2 9-290' L. BE'CHI, Annuano, 29 30,
96
- 6 -1- -J
1 , pp. - _ .
ElO.
D. LEn, I1 Pritaneo e la Tholo di .-\tene, .:\nnuario
6 -, 1923 2+, pp. 1-1 ; J. CH.-\RBOXXE.-\L. Tholos et
Pryrao'e, BCH +9,1925, pp. rl-1-2; JCOElCH,
Topo raphie, pp, 296-29 ; E. \'.-\XDERPOOL. Tholo
and Prytanikon, Hesperia 4, 1935, pp..r0-4-2;
\\YCHERLEY, Testimonia pp. 166-r4;
Iloi.Ooo,uV!ll, pp. 24, 2 , 36.
AGORA
JCDEICR, Topographic; DORPFELD, .:\It-,-\then; H..-\.
THo, IP'OX, Buildin s on the \\-est ide of the Agora,
Hesperia 6, 19T, pp. 1-226; R. :\L-\RTlX, Les edince
de la bordure occidentale de l' .-\.gora d' .:\thenes, BCH
66 6-, 1942 43, pp. 348-359; E. Y.-\.XDERPOOL, The
Route of Pausanias in the :\thenian Agora, He peria
18,1949, pp. 128-13""; J. TRWLQ , The \\'e t ide of
the Athenian Agora Restored, Hesperia uppl. ,19+9,
pp. 382-393; R. . YOL'XG, An Industrial Di trict of
Ancient Athens, He peria 20, 1951, pp. 135-2 ;
. lARD.', L'agora grecque; HILL, .-\then ; R. E.
WYCHERLEY, The of Athens, GaR 3, 1956,
pp.2-23; \\YCHERLEY, Testimonia; . P.-\.Rxrcld -
PVDELKO, Agora, \\'arszawa 195"7; H.\.. THO.IP ox,
The Athenian Agora, Acta Congre sus \laddgiani, I,
Copenhagen 1958, pp. 341-352; id., :\thcOlan Twi-
light: . D. 26--600, JR 49, t 959, pp. 61 -2; R. E.
\lYCHERLEY, Pau anias in the Agora at \then,
GRB 2, 1959, pp. 23-44; I!oi.F-",)olw<lj;
.\gora G lItlc; OIKO '0. I IDE , The Two .\gora, pp.
51 111; \. \.,,1- R fRO I, .\god..\thenama torg och
de utgra"ning, \nnale \cademiae Regiae cien.
tiarum Lp alien i 12, 196 , pp.65 101; R. L \'\ y,
LHERLI Y, The \gora of Pencle . Joumal of Hi tori cal
tudie I, 196 , pp. 6.
T., . l/hullon ..'1 ora: I. L B. H RRl n.', Portrait
.culpture (19'3); II. L THO.IP 0.', Coin from the
Roman through the \'enetian Period 1954); III.
R. E. \\ YCHERLEY. Literan and Te. ti
monia 19:>- ; 1\'. R. H. Ho\ UXD. Greek Lamp.; and
their :'urYi"al (J 95 j; \-. H.:'. ROB!. "0', Potten of
the Roman Pcnod, Chronolog\ (1959); \"1. C. GR. XD.
JOl'\X, Terracottas and Plastic Lamp of the Roman
Period (1961); \"11. J. PERLZWEIG, Lamp of the
Roman Period. First to eyenth Centun' after Christ
(1961); \'Ill. E. T. H. BR.-\XX, Late Geometric and
Protoattic Pottery, :\Iid Eighth to Late eventh Cen,
tury B. C. (1962); IX. G. C. .IILE>, Islamic Coins
(1962); X. :\1. L -\XG - :\L CRO>BY, \\ eights, . leasure
and Token (1964); XI. E.B.H,-\RRbOX, Archaic and
.-\rchaistic (196-).
Picture BOIl": 1. B. P.-\.R1'E>-L. T.-\LCOIT. POt- and
Pan. of Clas.ical Athens (19'1 ; 2. H. A. THO. tP>O.',
The toa of .-\ttalo II in .-\thens 19-9); 3. D.Bl'RR
THO.IP';ox.. Iiniature from the .-\thenian
.-\gora 19'9: +. :\1. L.-\.'G, The Athenian Citizen
-
(1960; 5. E.B.H.-\RRbOX, _:\ncient Portraits from the
:\.theruan .:\gora (1960' ; 6. \'. R. GR,-I.CE, .:\mphoras
and the .-\ncient \'\ine Trade fl961
j
; - \.FR. 'TZ.
The :\Iiddle Ages in the .\th nian .\;ora (1961 : '-'.
R. E. GRISWOLD-D. Bl'RRTHO.IP,OX, Gard n Lor of
Ancient .-\thens 196 ; 9. J. PERLZ \ EI(,. Lamps from
the .-\thenian .:\gora (196+ ; 10. B. D. :\IERIIT. In>cri '
tion from the .-\thenian .-\gora 1966); II. :\L L -\XG.
\\'aterwork in the .:\thenian .:\gora (196 ,
Hupma 1, 1932 - 3" 1969.
Hfspma .5'l/ppl. 1. 19T - 11, 196-.
PRLHI TORle GR.-\.\ rs
T.L. HEAR, Heperia 4,19'-. pp. 'lu 320::. 1l)3l'.
pp.21-23; 9,1940, pp.r-1-2()1; fL\.THO.IN"-.
Hespena 1-, 19+ , pp. 154-158. lb.' I()b; _I. ,t):_,
pp. 104-10 ; 22, 19';3, pp. 3' '9,41 42, r -4 , - '-
195+, pp. 5- 58: LD. Towx'L';D, II 'r n,124. 19"-,
.-
pp.1 --219; 1.\ER\IFlLI:. j.TR\\Llh.ll' r.l '''.
1966, pp. '5-- ; _lYRL,ll , '-.ubn1\ cel1.l .1n _III h '.
t\CORt\
5
(; F I'R Ie (; R '\VI'.S
D.13VRR. llcsperi'l _, 1933, pp, .. _ .5,1; T. L. SIIEAR,
Hesperi'I .. 1936. pp, 23 31; 6,1937, pp. 364368; R.
S. Ym'NI;. l.atc Geometric and a Seventh
C'ntur\ \\'cll in the \gora, \lesperLI Suppl. 2, 1939;
II. \. '1'110\11"0:-1, II'speri'l 16, 19-17, pp. 196 197; R.
S. YIWNI., \n \;ad!' Geometric Gra\c ncar the l\the-
nian \gom, I lcsperia 18, 19-1-9, pp. 275 297; C. \".
Bllt;1 '. Two .\thenian G ra\ c Groups of abom 900
B.C.. lI'speria 21,1952,pp. 2
7
9 29-1-; E. BRA N, Late
C 'om 'tric Grayc Groups from the ,\thenian gara,
Hesperia _9, 1960, pp. -1-02--1-16.
...\ RCllA lC G R\ \' I,::'
R. S. Ym'Nc, H speria Suppl. 2, 1939, pp. 11,21-33;
id., Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 67-134.
COL TESTS
;\1. COLLIGNON, Course d'apobate sur un bas-relief
attique, BCH 7, 1883, pp.458-462; TIL. IlmloLLE,
BCH 15,1891, pp. 369-373; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 4,
1935, pp. 379-381; A. W. The
Theatre of Diom'sus in Athens, Oxford 1946, pp. 10-
,
15; B, D. i-IERITT, Hesperia IS, 1946, p. 176, 10.24;
RACBITSCHE[.., Dedications, pp.350-358; l\IARTIN,
L'agora grecque, pp. 202-223; II. A.
Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 49-51; \,'YCIlERLEY, Testi-
monia, pp. 80-81; J. J\. DAVISO ,l'\otes on the Pan-
athenaea, JH 78, 1958, pp. 23-41; P. E. CORBETT,
Burgon and Blacas Tombs, JII 80, 1960, pp. 52-60;
'1'1' \ f/oi.wl)OII/%,}, pp. 36-40; I I. A. "
The Panathenaic Fesrival, AA 1961, pp. 224-231; id.,
Elq'f':ULflt TU'E"; Til:; I.UT'..!fiu::, nTJlI tj'.!(:)(t)I' T(i.; (l!!x,da::,
TOll }[W'f:Tl-
aT/II"o" ',IO'/l'wV 1963/64, pp, 276 284; R, R IIOLLO-
WAY, Music at the Panathenaic Festival, Archaeology
19, 1966, pp. 112-119.
KOS BOUN DARY S1'ON F.
T. L. SHEAR, llesperia, 9, 1940, p. 267; WYCllERLEY,
Testimonia, pp. 221-224.
ACORA BOUNDARY STO "S
'f. L.SIIEAR, Hesperia 8,1939, pp.205 206; \X!YCIII'.R-
LI,Y, Te5timonia, p. 218; J I. A. THOMPSON, Ilesperia
37, 1968, pp. 61 63.
I'liRIRRIIA T"RIA
\X!YUJERLEY, Te5timonia, 1'.218; 11. A. 'l'1I0!'oII'SO ,
Ilespcria 22, 1953, pp. 46 47; TI'A l'AOl,;, IIII)., ",11I1l/x",
p. 100; J. 'f'1I111'.I'SIADES E. VANDERPOOL, IC},T. 18,
1963, p. I 11,
IS\lA
J. CARCOI'INO, I :ostracisme Paris 1935
2
;
IARIIN, I:agora grcCtluc, pro 325 327; R. E.
\' YCIIEIILEY, JI IS 75, 1955,pp. 117 lli!; \X1ye IIJRLEY,
Te5tirnonia, pp. 163 165.
51'OA POI KILl.
J DEICII, Topographic, pp. 336 -338; T. 1.. SIII.AR,
A Spartan Shield from Pylos, '1:''fI1i1. 1937, pp. 140 143;
J. TR>\VLQs, Hesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; H. \.
pso , Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 327 329; R. L.
\\!YClIERLEY, The Painted SlOa, Phoenix 7, 1953, pp.
20-35; \\!YClIERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 31 45; Agora
Guide, p. 64; L. II. JEI'FERY, The Battle of Oinoe in
the Stoa Poi kile: A Problem in G reek Art and lliston
. ,
BSA 60, 1965, pp. 41-57.
STOA OF TILE lJ ER illS
J UDEtCII, Topographie, pp. 336, 369-370; J. F.CR01'oIE,
'!;r:TdUXflOl 'h'IJIWi, Al'vl 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 308-309;
J. TRAVLOS, lIesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; \\''Y HER-
LEY, Testim Ilia, pp. 102-108; Agora uide, p. 65;
J. TIIREpSIADES-E. VA 'DERpOOL,
IdT. 18, 1963, pp. 99-114;
II'Ult%O:T./UUl' HI :T(!omV:Ta, ,.. lIhJ"Ol 1966.
L :.OKOR lOI
J l'DEICII, Topographic, pp. 338-339; \\'Y IIERLEY,
Testimonia, pp. 108 113; llo}.O<)0I',x,J, p.
41; O. 13RO EER, otes on Three j\thenian Cult
Places, '1:''1'111. 1960, pp. 62-67; C. N. The
Leokoreion in Athens, J\lnemosyne 17, 1964, pp.
375 378; R. E. \\1) CIIERLEY, The Leokorion and
Dyskolos 173, Mnemosyne 18, 1965, pp. 282284.
T'I'RA IT-S LAY" RS

13. D. 1\11,1\1'1 T, I lesperia 5, 1936, p, 355, O. 1; E.
BUSCIlOR, Die T} rannen-Morder, SBMi.incheo 1940,
lleft 5; G. 13,,"AL""IS, ZU der Tyraooenmorder-
gruppe des Krilios und NesiOles, OJh 33, 1941, PI'
25 28; Ii. VANDERPOOL, Hesperia 18, 1949, p. 133;
Ii. LANI;1.0rz, lkrncrkungell :ru der '\ufstelluog der
T} rannelll11(jrdergruppe, 58, 1951, .1'1"
20 26; O. \"V\I.TI II, ZurT,ranncnm6rd 'rgruppe,OJh
40,1953,pp. 126 143; \\\'1 m.RI.FY, Testimonia, pp.
93 98; K. S( IllJN( ", Die .\lIfstcllung der b id 0
Tyranllenrniirdcrgruppen, [),IS .\ltcrtum 5, 1959, pp.
142 152; .\. , Zu den 'l\ mnncnmijrdern, F t-
schrift Ii, \'. !t'rcklin, \\ 1964, pp. 131-151.
J\GORA
LI:. '.\ 10
T.... llohOt)oJuX1i, p. 40; R. E. \\ YLIIFRLEY,
L n lon, Hesp ria 34, 1965, pr. 76; \. Pre Ki\RD-
C:\ IBRInGI-, The Dramatic Festi\ .lIs of \thens, Ox-
ford 19 )8
2
, pp. 25 42.
.\L I.\R 01 /f l:, \(,OR \10:'
R. ,'nLLwHL, Hesperia 2, 1933, pp. 140-148;
H..-\. THO\lPSO', Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 91-93;
\\"YCHFRLEY, Testimonia, pp. 122 124.
G RL.\ T D Rr\ I
H..-\. Hesperia 6, 193
7
, pp. 3 4; R. S.
YOUNG, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 253-267; H. A.
THmWO:<i, Hesperia Supp!. -1-, 1940, pp. 111-114;
id., Hesperia 37, 1968, p. 6""'.
SOUTH\\ bST TL \IPLL
H.-\. 0 ,Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 90-91.
CInc OFFICES
H. _\. THmIP;,oN, Hesperia 17, 1948, pp. 151-153;
G. P. STEVE1\S, A Tile tandard in the \gora of
Ancient Athens, Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 174-188;
H.-\. 01\, Hesperia 21,1952, pp. 90-91.
TRATEGEfO.'-J
H. A. Hesperia Supp!. 4, 1940, pp. 114-
121; R.. Hesperia 20, 1951, pp.
\\. B. DIK-1100R, Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 294-296;
H. A. THmlP ON, Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 54-55;
\\'YCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 174-177.
2 View of the Agora area before excavations began in 1931.
TRIANGULAR SIlRJ1'.L
G. LILO/'-;J)J., '\ hfth Century IJieron Southwest of
the Athenian \gora, Hesperia 37, 1968, pp. 123-133.
SO TJlWLST POLNTAJ1'. JlOUSL
11. A. Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 52 54; 25,
1956, pp. 5253.
HLLIAJA
H. ,\. I[}.r. 16, 1960, Xfjov. pp. 17-19;
id., Hesperia 35, 1966, pp. 40-48.
;-'flNT
H.\. THmrp,ON, Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 45-48; 24,
1955, p. 59; \'V'YCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 160-161;
H. A. TUOMPSON, Hesperia 29, 1960, pp. 343-344.
NYlIPHAIO
H. A THOMPSON, Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 57-59.
BE.\IA
T. L. SHE-\R, Hesperia 7, 1938, p. 324; \'('YCHERLEY,
Testimonia p. 46.
ROUI D FOUJs:TAIJs: HOUSE
T. L. HEAR, Hesperia 6, 193 , pp. 354-356; H. _-\.
THOX1P;,O , Hesperia 21,1952, pp. 102-104; \\'. BI1\-
DER, Der Roma-Augustus ilfonopteros auf der Akro-
poli in Athen und sein typologischer Orr, tuttgarr
1969, pp. 107-110.
Js:ORTHEAST 'TO.-\.
T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 8, 1939, p. 213; H.-\, THmJP-
,>01\, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 53-56.
\ (.c)l( \
-
,
, 1he -\2;( 1".1 .lftcr the e'00\ ltllH1' 'll1d the rccnmtructlnl1 of the :'W.l of -\rtalos 111 1956. \'le\\ from the Hill of the mphs
"(,ORA
-
01 y[TEPOEI\I\AAIKOI T.1I01
e 2 VnOMYKHNAIKOI TAIIOI
.3 rEOMETPIKOI TA.OI
4 nEPIBOl\ot TAGlON
BI\AYTH
8 ACDP061TH n",NAHMQ!
7 rH KO YPOTPOG>Or
e .6.HMHTHP XI\OH
g KYf\nNEION
10 BOyzyrlON
11 ArPAYI\O[
12 ANAKEION
13 GEIMOlDO?ION
14 EI\EYIINION
15 npYTANEION
10 BOYKOI\EION
17 Enll\YKEION
18 9EIMOGETE10N
19 HAlAlA
20 nEPIBOI\Ot eOUnXAIONOt
2 I B 0 M 0 r 12 e EON
22 I\EQKOPEION 0)
23 IEPQN 610t
24 NAO! AnOl\l\nNOr
25 N AD r M H T POI e EON
2t!t BOYl\EVTHP10N
27 npVTANIKON
26 0 POI A r 0 P A I
29 I E P 0 N
30 I H rEI 0 N
31 ENNEAKPOYNOr:
32.6.POMOI
33 0 P X H [ T P A
)4 T Y PAN N 0 K TON 0 I
0'
/
/
<f'
,
,
-
,
,
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-
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,
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, 33
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5 Thc AKora and the 111 thl: 6th CClitUIV ll.(, l. J .llC IldJ.ldll' gt.I\C, 2. gt.I\C" >. t, lImetriC
graves 4. (,ravc 5. II InuIl: 6. Aphrodltl: 1'.llldcIllO' 7. (;c J-...oul<lIrllpho, ll, [kmC'ILI (hillc I) J-...\
!onelon 10. Bouzyglon 11. 12. An,1h.C10Il I\. I'hC'lllllphlll""l I .... I kU\lIlIOt\ IS. 1'1 \ t.lll< 11111
16. Boukl,!clon 17.I,pllykelOll lH.l'he,rnolhuclol1 19,IIdl,U,I O. (III \\.111 of!l1l' (>lh Cl'llIUII 1\'(, 21. \II,ll
of the T\Ioclvc 22. LenkorJoll o( 4. I'cl1lpk 01 '\1'0110 S, I\'lllpk 01 !Ill' \llIthcl 1,1 thc
(,od 26, Old Bt,u!cutcrJoll 27. Prytal1lkoll 2H. Bound,II I 'lPm' of the Agot.1 lJ. I'rl.1I11'uI.ll ,hlltll' ,0. I'hl"C ""1
31. Lnncakrount, OIL he'lI,1 1') I,lilt ,1.11'['1".
\COIl i\
9
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- -
6 Rock-cut :\Iycenaean chamber tomb found on the north slope of the Areopagus. Section and plan.
7 ,\Iodcl of the chamber lOrn b, fig, 6. Agora 1\1,,,,
$,O/tA
\(,()!t,\ 11
l) \,,, ((I 1'''111 till' Ch.l111hll l"mh. Ii". 6. ICpl.ICld In "I' "Hul P''''t1lHl "iter mending. \gclt'a \Iu'.
101\" P I It)lll rh lhlll1h I IPIl,h, tI. h. $I.lI1H.l\.",ll,12111 \,"tttl \Iu' HI -11
,
\GORA
12 \mph",a, 0.71S m. hi ",, ('>llI,lIl1lng Iht "f Ihl !>Ulll'li 1'''''>11 ,lIhl oth" 1'\lll'" 11"111 ill< !>1111t1. II". II.
g' ,fa \Ill
11 Geometric cremation burial of a II 'altlw \\ oman found on the \\' of the \lOul1d 850 B.e.
1
\gora \1 liS.
11.
, (, U It ,
II g.
, found ,n the amphora from the gLl\ e,
14 ( L,y chc", 0.445 lll. IOllg. I 'v, model gJ ,lI1.1IICS 1111 ,he hd. 'gilL' i\lllS. I' 27<>4<>" .,"d b.
13
14
$,OH \

15 17 (,c()mctnc gravc of a woman. 'J he graVl:, 1.81 0.64 111., In :l IJl111h bUrI.1! ground ,,>lith ot thl'
I,nd of 8th c. H.c' Agora 1\1
A C. 0 i{ 1\
15
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1 Inscription recording the construction of the Dramos in the Agora, 566 B.C. Width above: 0.45 m.
W'idth below: 0.475 m. Thickne s 0.24 m. I-Icight: 1.33 m. Reconstructed by A. Raubitschek. Epi-
graphical ,\rus. 6214,6215,6224,6226.
19 Inscription recon.llng the repaIr "I' the IJromos in the Agora; 0.675 0.365 m. l.ptgt".plllcal :\Ius. 6212.
1(.
20 '\gota J 7039. \\ idth 0.326 Ill.
\(. () II \
21 \gom I 5510. \\ ,dth 0.318 m.
:l2 Hflllnd "V tll/Il ot Ihe gor.1 ('\(':0',1 J ~ ~ I I'I/IIHII/I II/Ill',", "I Ihl' (h"I", (hl h"lIlll!.l1l 'l"lll ,h\'\\ll 11111,.2$
,I 11 II rlllllld 1// fI/lI, 21.JO III to Ihl ,oUlh "I Ih" Olll. BUlh .lIl d,lIed '" .01"'111 on 1\.( .
\(,()I\ \
'\ P.lILllIH lule 1IIlpIHH,I, t III I ,(,(. 1\.( 11(.1 \ Ill. hlph I tllllltlill IKI \ 11I1I-..llk IIH \, h,1I1l1.1I1 (",tl.
1\1111 II \111 .... ( l h l l ~ C 1 1 1 .1IIlplllll.l")
I
I
J ( ,)
I I
I I
J J
" m '" J I 11
rlf 'rrr fr
flr
r r
I
\GOR \
26 Relld of apobatcs contest on an Inscribed base, 4th c. B.C., 0.95 ><.0.50111.,0.39111. hIgh. Found In 1933
In the Late ROl11an FortificatIon \'( all, south of the Stoa of Attalos. Agora :-'Ius. S 399.
27 Rellef of apobates COllleSt on a base, 0.K4 111. 0.-(,111.,0.40111. hIgh. I nd olthL .Jlh Co H.C . I ound in 1880
west of the Acropolis. Acropolls "Ius. 1326.
19
GOR
28 The western part of the anCI nt uty with the 1. Delman ("lie 11. P,II,lIe (;atl' Ill, (.,lIl' I\' I 11'\ 1,,1\
Gate V. Eriai Gate XIV, Olpylor1 above the XV, (;atl',
21
AGORA
40. Strategeinn
41. Fount.un House
42. StO.1 \\ith Dining-rooms
,
4.>. \Iint
44. LI\\courts
4S. StoOl I'nikilc
46. StoOl of the Herms
I
-
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,
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,r ....
I .....,. ..... '
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,.... <46 _ ..
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30
34. Statues of thc Tyrant-slayers
35. Panathcnaic \'V'ay
36. Tcmple of Ilcphaistos
37. Stoa of Zcus E1cuthcrius
38. ew Boukutcrion
39. Tholos
37
,
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21. Altar of the Twelve Cods
26. Old Boulcuterion
29. Triangular shnne
30. Precinct of Theseus
31. lonneakrounos
33. Orchestra
29 The Agora around the end of the 5th c. B.C.

AGORA
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30 The Agora Circa the end of the 4th c. B.C.
21. Altar of the Twelvc (,od,
26. Old Bouleutcrion
29.1 riangular shrine
30. Thescion
31. Lnneakrounos
35. Panathenaic Way
36, Temple of Hephaistl>s
37. Stoa of Zcw, J..:.lcuthcllns
38. e\l Boulcutcl'ion
39. Tholos
40.
41. South\lcst hwl1t.1tn lint'"
42. 5toa with Dimng.room,
43. \llnt
45. Poikllc
46. Sma \,r th
r". rcmpl' of ZCll'
and .\ thcn.l Phr.ltll.l
4H. Temple or -\1'0110 Patn><"
4\). 1 pon< mOt" IletOC'
50. Boulcutcnon prop\ It'n
53. SqU.lI'C I'l'll t\ I .
23
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31 Agora circa the mid-2nd c. B.C.

'..ry---
-
21. Altar of the Twelve Cods
29. Triangular shrine
30.
31.
35. Panathenaic \'\Ia)
36. Temple of IkphaislOs
37. Stoa of Zcus Joleutherios
3R. '\,cw Bouleuterion
39. '1holos
40. Stratcgeion
41. Southwcst Fountain I (nusc
43.1\linr
45. Stoa Poikile
46. Stoa of thc Ikrms
47. Tcmple of Zcus Phratrios and
Athcna Phralria
4H. Tcmple of polio I':n moS
19. I"P0l1V010US Jkrocs
50. Bouleutcrion propv1nn
51. \liddle Sm"
52. East Budding
54. Tcmplc of .\phrodttc Ourani.
55. Ilcllcnistic Building
56. \ kln)on
5-. Snut h Sto., 11
58. of Att.""s ,.nd Donor'
\lP11UlllCllt
. 'J. Hem.
,
\t,OR \
\gOrl \lIh
p
of If, \ '''I l'II"l 'lId "llllll\ .1I1l! (\1111
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61. Swa of the Roman period
62. Keramei kos boundan swne
63. "-.orrheast roa
64. Round FountaIn House
65. OdeIOn of :\gtippa
66. :\Irar of Zeus \l!oralos
6-. Temple and :l1",r of .\res
6 . "outh" cst I', mpll
69. \\ cst T mple
-0. I ." 1 empk
-I "'"uthe 1 t r mpl
- 2. \ n'lph.l.Ion
-3. I .Urlne
-4. I ,bran of P.Ult3InO
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4-. Temple of Zeus Phratrlos and

Athena Phtarria
48. Temple of Apollo Patroos
49. Eponymous Heroes
50. Bouleuterion propylon
51. \Iiddle Sma
52. Last
54. Temple of Aphrod", Oural1l.l
55. Ilcllenistic Building
56. \I etroon
S-. South Stna II
58. "'toa of \tlalll 'lj. B<lll.l
60. I IJppomachla (.all
-! ,

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29. Triangular shrin,
30. Theseion
31. I nneakrounfJs
35. Panathenalc \\ ay
36. Temple of Ilcphaisws
37. of Zeus L1eutherios
38.. ew BOU!cUtlrlon
39. ThoIos
40.
41. "uthwest I ountain II"u e
45. 5toa Poikile
46. Srna of the l!crms
The Agora Cltca the end of the 2nd centuty after ChriSt.
,/
34
\ C ()!\ \

3- of , on \-"olono, -\golllO,.
,n IIf
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37 The Agora area in the beginning of the 5rh century afrer Christ.
30. Tholos
36. Temple of 1kphaisros
37. Swa of Zcus Eleuthcrios
56. ,\lctroon
5R. Stoa of Analos
67. Temple of Arcs
72. ymphaion
:4. of the 1 ibr.u\ {If P.ultainos
,ind rO,lll to the Rnnl.l.n
-(,. I..lle Rom.lll Fllrtilicatioll \'\ all
77. (;\"l1uusiuI11 of the (iiants
,\GORi\ OF CAESAR AND AUGUSTUS
Of C l' . R. L) At'Gt"H" is usually called the Roman Agora to distinguish it from the Agora
f th Gr k p riod xca\'at d b\ .\mcrican archaeologists, Since, however, its special purpose was to serve
c ntre, it should be called the commercial Agora or, more precisely, the commercial section of the
gora. That to the commercial district has ,not b:en found anywhere in the American Excavations
of the _ gora, w th r fore con. ide r that the ca. tern ot the Agora IS not defined by the Stoa of Attalos
.
but that th .\gora xtended farth r to the cast, as far as the Horologion of Andronikos, Only on this assump-
tion is it possihle to account for the fact that there was so much free. pace available for the construction of the
Roman .\gora and other public bUlldlI1gs such as the Horologion of Andronikos, the Agoranomion, the public
latrin, and th of Hadrian, fig. 39.

The ar a ,,-her the Roman Agora was built is without doubt e"tremely important. It is situated near the Old
.'\gora founded by Theseus (pp. I 2); the \, hole region comprising the Old Agora and the Agora founded by
olon and the area later occupied by the Roman Agora must have been a single indivisible unit, fig, 28, until
at least a late as the 2nd centur! B,C. when the Stoa of Attalos was built. From the earliest times, in fact, there
was probably a pecial section, to the north of the Old gara and near to it, to serve the commercial needs of
the city and there too were other public buildings and lawcourts, Here too, in this area around the
Roman Agora, were probably the shrines mentioned by Pausanias (1, 18, 4-5) such as the shrine of Sarapis,
the temple of Eileithyia, and the place where Theseus and Peirithoos were supposed to have made their cove-
nant, This entire region was also called the Agora, as we learn from a great many passages in ancient authors
mentioning the special sections where different kinds of victuals were sold, Howe\-er, it may be that ju t as
the western part of the A.gora was customarily called the Kerameikos so the eastern part also had its own name.
\\e identify the eastern part of the Agora as Eretria, the namc handed down by Strabo (X, 447).
Before the excavations of the Roman Agora only the monumental Doric propylon, the Gate of Athena Arche-
getis, was vi ible, figs. 40-41. \-ery early on, howe\'er, the discovery was made that this ,,-as the entrance to a
large rectangular colonnade, the columns of which appeared in the cellars of the houses \\'hich covered the
whole area. C. Botticher conducted a mall-scale excavation in the southwest corner of the building in 1862. In
1 90 the Greek Archaeological ociety began sy tematic exca\'ations and found the southeast corner and the
eastern propylon. The excavations were continued in 1931, 1942, and 1955, and finally in 1965 and 1966 the
excavations were resumed and the clearing of the southern half of the building "'as completed. The building is
111 m. long; the width was originally estimated at 87 m. on the assumption that the Gate of Athena :\rchegetis
was on the axis of the peristyle. After the most recent excavations the width \\'as found to be 98 m. and conse-
quently the Doric propylon is not on the axis of the peristyle.
The plan of the Roman Agora was simple, a great open-air rectangular court, surrounded by a colonnade
behind which were stoas or rooms used for shops. In the centre of the south side of the colonnade a small
fountain house is preserved and also a stair connecting the Roman Agora with the higher stre t level in back.
The foundations and the walls are made of rectangular blocks of Piraeus poros; the steps, st) lobate, column
drums of the peristyle and the antae are of grey-blue H ymettos marble, and the remaining architectural m mbers
0: white Pentelic marble. The careful workmanship and the total absence of mortar in the joints date the
bUlldlIlg times. This date is confirmed by the imcription on the architra'T of the Doric propdon.
From the lIlSCrIptlon (1. C. 112 3175) we learn that the donors were (aefar and, after 27 B.C., . \ugustus, <lnd that
the People of Athens dedicated it to Athena Archegetis in the archonship of Tikias dating to 11 10 or 10 9 H.C.
Another inscription is even mor j t . ." . . d lb' -' . ,
e ns ructlve, It IS InCise on t le a,e ot a statue ot LuclLIs Cac,<lr,
grandson, who was adopted by Augustus and held the title of Caesar from 12 B.C. to hi< dC<lth in 2 \.D.
(I. C. 112 3251). Although the base wi th t h . . .. d h - I . ( .
e In>cnptlOn an t e statuc 01 .UCIUS aesar hay e both \ Inng
since we know from 17th century cl' d' h hI' . .'.
, rawlIlgs an notices t at t IS was t le acrotenOl1 cro\\ nl11g thc I Cdlll\Ult ot
the propylon.
During the reign of Hadrian varIOUS repal' .... d I I I I I' . "
. rs ",etc one anl pro)a) \ at t 1" time thc entire coult\,lrd ot th'
pen tyle was paved in marble In 1966 'r d' d I :. . .
. I was I covere t lat two 01 the I a\ I11g slab, bore I1lSCnpliOns 01 the
\GOR \ OF C \E .\R \r-;O \LGlJ TLS

29
2nd century after Christ on their lower surface.. Contemporan' with the repairs of 126 127 .-\.D., the Emperor
Hadrian decree regulating the ale of oil (I. G. IP 1100) was in. cribed on the northern door jamb of the central
entrance of the Doric propylon.It i. not kno,\'n exactly when the began to fall into ruin. After the
destruction of the main .-\gora b\ the Herulians in ?6- .-\.D, and the con. truction of the Late Roman Forti-
fication \\ all the life of the wa. re triered to the area '\'ithin the new circuit wall. ["rom that time on the
ciyic centre and adminitrati\'e building: ,'ere eddentl\' transferred to the ar a of the Roman .\gora and the
LibrarY of Hadrian, It j a 'act that from that nme until the middle of the 19th centun, the market.

place of .-\them wa. located in precisel, rhe same place and the life of rhe city continued to be concentrated
rhere.
.1l.\RI Rl'En, I, Chapt. I; '/:'1'''''
I 3-, p. 13; BOTrlCHER, L mer uchun_cn, pp. 222
226;":. 1;:0\\\\ I 90, pp.ll-1 , I 'II,
pp. --II; .\. '!>LUE,\'I'EI_, .. t%T. 1910, pp. 112-126;
.\. (JP.\.'. .. .:,o_, lti.T. 5, 1919, Il'J'.!'J'.!T. P 16; P. GR\L"
DOR, Etude ur .-\thenes ,ou' .-\u_u tc. III. I.e lar
che romain d'.-\thenes et la Tour de' Yem , .lu B 2 .
1924, pp. 109-121; .\ugu Ie, pp. 1
19-; (1). \11 " 1\ _ I i.t 13,193031, I/,,'.!,,'.!r.
pp. 1 14; JU)J I< II, 'f opo 'raphie, pr rl r4; BCH
1931, p.+66; \ \ 19n, pp. 300 302; 1I. . ROBI -
. The '1'0\\ er ot Ihe \'i ind and the Roman. lar-
o..
ket-Placc, \J \ r, 19n, pp. 291 0); I111.L. [hen,
pp. 20:; 206; \J \ 19:;:;, p. 223; BCH 9,19,55,
pp. 21 220; \. 111'\ ':'0_. 'f,'PiI" 1964, 1/Uf!lJf!r.
pp.9 20; . II \ \111 , lei.t.20, 1965, X!.Ior. pp. 34-37.
\e()R \ 01 ( \ f,:" \ R \ D \ LJe LJSTU,>

Llnrar (,f Hadrl'ln and the Romdn Agora. Lower kl, qUdd, ,1m.
gor.. with the'[ ('\Hr (,f the \X Ind" Aerial photograph, 1963.
'll1l,lIIl, "I,hl I Ibl,'I\;
I" the" 'Ill
\ (, () It \ () I' ( A J '. ~ AI( AN I) A LJ ( ; l J~ 'I' IJ S

31
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su rn,ll n(ll ng:s.
79. Roman Ago,.,
- .
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7H. LIbrary of Iladrian
m"'" H2. I.atrines.
o
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\(,OR \ OJ ( \1 ~ \H \ l) \[Jel ~ I l ~
Ie tern propvlon o( the Roman \gOJ,I, \ tl\\ 1'0m till' ~ \ \
( 0
Of ( I
/) l (,
3
I ('d' ,,/ ht.:r ,t \rc hq! (I he.: l tcrfl' prtJp\lflll fit till I{nr1l1n \ 'on, \ I \ tr rn th I .
\t,OR \ 01'( \FS \H \ I) \l (,t S l'llS
\ ( ,(l)( \ (l' ( \ I,'" \ H \ N I) .\ I) ( , I h I I J...
,
, \ C, 0 R \ 0 f' ( \ r '> \ R \ '" D \ l C, '> '] l S
H The east rn propylon of the Roman Agora,
4- I a t "Ie "t the oll'lnn,HI "I the Rom.in gou, VIL\\ 110111 the not th
_\C,OR the plOpl Ion (II' the Roman arc the ruins of a building which is custom-
arill' called the "\goranomion 'yen there is no positive proof whatsoever for such an identification.
The building stands 4.71 m. higher than the lel'el of the propylon and a broad stairway leads up to it, fig 47.
The "'alls of this huildi ng arc or poras ashlar masonry; the main fa<;ade, on the west side, has three doorways
\\'ith monolithic s 'micircular lintels, 46. The step on which the doors tand, the antae and the semicircular
arch s arc or]" m rtian marble; the anta capitals and the entablature for the whole building arc of white Pen-
tdic nurblc.
Th ground plan of the has not yet been ascertained, since both the cast and south sides lie concealed
in une,cayated terri ron. Exca\'ation carried deep down inside the building has failed to reveal any traces of
foundations, a di\'iding \\"all, or column bases. It is, however, possible to calculate the width of the fa<;ade,
since the central doon\'ay must lie on the axis of the building. It is also known that there was an adjoining room
on the north side of the building, but because of the great difference in floor levels there was no direct communi-
cation betw en the two.
OnII' one inscribed block of the entablature, no. 3, has remained in its original place. Three similar blocks,
approximately twice as \\'ide, arc known, figs. 4
7
-48. Of these, nos. 2 and 4 were found near the building and
no. 7, fig. 50, is on the .\cropolis \\'est of the Parthenon. Since blocks nos. 2, 3, and 4 yield a continuous
,
text, their places on the building can be determined. The position of no. 7 may also be exactly determined, for
this block preseryes the end of the inscription. Furthermore, the order of the pryholes on the upper surfaces
of the emicircuJar arches makes it possible to recover the order of the entablature blocks.
The beginning of the inscription, now missing, would have contained the name of this building which was
dedicated to Athena Archegetis and to the dil/i A'(r,tlsti as was the western propylon of the Roman Agora; it
appears to ha\'e been an important public building of the mid-1st century after Christ. The identification with
the .\goranomion, first proposed by P. Graindor in 1927, is based on another inscription which refers to the
Agoranomion. The Agoranomion inscription is on a semicircular arch, fig. 51, which at first glance bears a
close resemblance to the arches of the building under discussion. 1\e\'ertheless, a closer comparison of the
profile and dimensions conclusively demonstrates that the Agoranomion inscription comes from another
building. The semicircular arch with the Agoranomion inscription, 1. G. IF 3391 dated to 140-145 A.D., was
found near the western propylon of the Roman Agora. Since the other two imcriptions (1. G. IF 3238 and 360?)
associated with the Agoranomion "\\'ere also found at this spot, one should look for the Agoranomion there, in
front of the Gate of Athena Archegetis along the road connecting the Roman Agora ,,'ith the main Agora.
i\COJ(,\NOM 10
37
pp. 754 756; )t'DFH II, Topographic, p. 3"'4: H. .
ROBtNSON, A),\ 47, 1941, PI" 303 305; H. A.
Ilesperia 29, 1960, p.
H. DESSALJ, Die rnschrift der Arkadenreihe am "Thurm
der Winde", AM 7,1882, pp. 398 400; II. G. I.OLLlNG,
lei,T. 1888, pp. 188 190; P. GRAt DOR, Antonin Ie
Pieux et I'agoranomion d'Athcnes, RBPhil. 6, 1927,
\ ,OR \NOJ\110
4(, 'lar )Ie arche (,f the fac;adc of the Agor,lnOnllon. \lld-hl c. arll'l ( hi "l.
AGORA NOM ION

39
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r Agoranomion fa<;ade restOred. A. Horologion of Andronikos (Tower of the Winds) - B. Agoranomion - C. nex.
plored buIlding.
I
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2 3
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f- OILLEBALTOI AGI-INAIAPX[-Ir E TiLi lKAIG
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48 Inscribed epistylc blocks of the Agoranomion fa<;aue. Hestoreu of remait1lng blocks.
\ G 0 R \ 0:\1 J 0
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4
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:;0 In'cn ,cu CPI't\ Ie bl"ck o( the \goranomi"n, no. - in lig. 48. On the ""cropol,,.
41
51 J,,,cnj,(;d marbl, >cmllllnd,tr arelt; 1.74(, I.O('() 111. I. (,. II' 11'11.
AKADI:.I/1 1
: B\ the nd of th 18th cmtun' scholars had located the sitt: of the :\cadem\, fig. 53, to th we t of
th cit in th Out r K ncar Kalona. Hippios on the basis of informatIon prcscn'ed in anCient author.
In tud ing th topograph\ of the .:\cadcm\ toda1" we ha,-c not onh- the anCIent texts but also concrete evidence,
thank to the -cav,Hion, carried out b\ the private donor P, .\ristophron from 1929 to 1940; these excaution
r dir t d b\ K. Kourouniotl and spon.ored by the Academy of \then -, \fter a long inten al the c ca,a
rion w r r. umed in and continued until the present, directed b\ Ph. _tavropoullos and financed the
Gr k Archa ological :: ocien',
The .\cad m\ ,,-ith all ofits various establishments occupied a large quadrilateral area, 450 300 metres, tig. 41-.
.\t the nd of th 6th B.C. thi. area wa. apparently enclosed bv a wall which has been attributed to
Hipparchos (_uidas, TO 'IrTOf!/.Ol TEIXIOl'). 'othing of this early wall has been found, but the remain ofa 'en'
much later pr cinct wall yield valuable information as to the extent of the Academy, even though it holds good
onlv for later times. The remains of the ea. tern and. outhern line of thi later precinct "'all 'were dl covered
n ar the church of St. Tryphon and a section of the ,,-e tern line of the wall, strengthened by buttre ses, has
been found at the present-day Telephanou. t. 0:0 traces of the northern line of the wall have been found up
until now; it hould follo,,- the south ide of an old rural lane, now called Aimonos St. Here we have a fixed
point, for in December of 1966 a boundary stone was found In situ near the southeast corner of Aimonos and
Tripoleos treet; the inscription on it dated circa 500 B,C. reads Ti; hE><ar5E,LlEla:, fig. 57. Thi boun-
dary stone is of the greatest importance, because it is the first pi ce of incontroyertible evidence for the site
of the .\cademy, it fixe the northea t corner of the site, and not only that, this inscription formally confirms
the ancient name handed down by Diogenes Laertius (lII, -): Hekademeia from Hekademos the first settler
who was worshipped there as a hero.
The cult of Hekademo in this district does, indeed, seem to go back a long way in time. A .figure on a sherd
of the econd quarter of the 6th century B.C., fig. 5 ,found in the Athenian .\gora, is identified by a dipinto
which has been restored to read H EKrl.[ JH.lIOE
J
' by Beazle\" (ABr -, p. T, no. 36); ".-irh rhe disco...-ery of the
boundary tone this reading is all the more com,-incing. Furthermore, the wor hip of Hekademo i to be
as ociated with the age-old shrines to which .\pollodoros refer (chol. ophocles, Oedipus CO/Of/ellS, 56, -0-+)
and which, in my opinion, stood within a special good-sized sanctuary by the entrance to the .\cademy, The
statue and altar of Eros dedicated by Charmos, the friend of Hippias, must ha,-e stood here and al 0 the altar
of Prometheus and Hephaistos which was the starting point for the torch race. Other shrines and altars men-
tioned by ancient authors may have been in this area, uch as the altar of the ::\fuses, the shrine and altar of
Athena specially venerated as the patron godde s of the Academy, and the tweh-e mOT/oi or sacred oli,-e tr es.
and probably the altars of Zeus Morios or Kataibates, and of Hermes, and of Herakles.
The excavations have shown that the area of the Academy was first settled in 0:eolithic times, a ,\-a. th cin of
.-\thens. 0:eolithic, Early Helladic and Middle Helladic pottery has been found west of the precinct ,,-all of th >
Academy, where excavations reached a depth of 6 to 6.50 m. The richest finds were in the Early Helladic lenl
where in 1955 the remains of a small apsidal house were found, fig. 52. Ph. Stanopoullos identified it the
house of Hekademos; near it was a building of the Geometric period constructed of sun-dried brick ,\'hich
he called the" acred House" assuming that it had been built to inaugurate the cult in honour of the founders
and heroes, fig. 62. Prehistoric remains have also been found in the region of the church of 'to Tn phon" h r
there wa a considerable settlement in Middle Helladic and Late Helladic period..
\\ ithin the precinct wall of the Academy, the large gnnnasium comple" and a part of th . qu,ue penst\ I to th >
north have been excavated. The central section of the gymnasium compl x, fig.. 59-61, consi,ts of .1
rectangular court, with a rectangular area in the middle for the palaestra and an oblong 'r\ oir to the north
for the athletes' baths. Oblong closed halls adjoined the court on the cast. south and ,,'cst sides; on th
tudinal axis of each of these halls a row of foundations for sguare sct at rcgular intcr\ .ds h.ls been f()un l.
The e 1 e supported tables for the students, according- to a brilliant suggc,tion b\ I I. \. Thompson.
room on the north side, with walls constructed entirel\ of poros, ale c'pccl,dh The g\ I11t1.ls111111 is
IK IIJJ;AlI.1
43
dated to thc cnd of Ih period or Ih' hl'l!;inning or Roman limes; many poros architectural blocks
from classical buildings wen: used in ils consl ruCI ion.
The large square perist \' It is dated to Ihe second half of Ihe 41 h cUltury B.C. ; only the conglomerate foundations
for th columns h,\\'e been found up until now. During the on Ihe northwe,t side (if the peristyle,
fLlgments of tcrracOl!a metol es wilh paimed dccoration daung to the beginning of the second half
of the 6th C'ntllr) B.C. \\'cre found, ligs. 54-55. Seventy small fragments of honorary decrees dating from
the -tth cemur)- B.C. to Roman times wcre found scattered throughout the whole area of this building.
R cent linds made by Ph. Stanopoullos include the writing tablets of the students, found ncar the section of
the pr 'cinct \\'all with the buttresses. Among hundreds of slate tablets only twenty have letters by a
pointed instrum nt, J-ig. 64. nother important discovery in this area is a relief which has on one side Athena
wearing a helmet and holding a spear, and on the other jV[arsyas with a youth. From time to time various
strucrur s, wells, graves, and a great quantity of sculpture, fig. 63, have been found to the west of the Academy
and on either side of the preselll-day road which leads to the Kephisos river. The region of Athens called the
;\cademy was at no time limited to the area \\'ithin the precinct wall. It was surrounded by gardens and gro\'es
and in 3 8 B.C. Plato established his famous school in the district between the Academy and Hippios Kolonos
and other schools and institutions were installed around about the gymnasium.
The Academy enjO\'ed great fame throughout antiquity and was still flourishing in the time of the Emperor
julian and during the whole period of the eo-Platonic philosophers until 529 A.D. when by decree of rhe
Emperor justinian all the educational institutions in Athens were closed. The destruction of the Yarious build-
ings of the Academy began then and in the course of time the ruins were buried to a depth of 2-2.50 In. under
the silt from the f.::ephisos.
FRAZER, Pausanias II, 1'1'.387-396; I I.
'/I %r.01J/lEW, 'E'P'I!l. 1922, PI'. 89-100; L. WEBER,
Kerameikos-Kulte, AM 50, 1925, 1'1'.139-156; AjA
34,1930, p. 390; K. Ufja%T. '.I%a,). 5,
1930, Pl'. 420--424; jUDElCIJ, Topographie, PI'. 412-
414; II. A1'11:'1' O<li1'1lN, {jfj"%T. ',1%",1.8,1933, PI" 70-
71,243246; 1\. KI;I'A)IOIIOl'AAOl.;, IIfj"'<T. '.1"",1.8,
1933, pp. 246 248; CII. PICA RD, L'I1ermcs de Leo-
crates et les jardins de l'Academie, REA 37, 1935,
pp. 9 14; 1\. IIAIIAI'IA'INOIIOl'AOl.;-IIAAAJ01:, 'II
r""e,/hi, f}ial, Tij, 'Il"rp)i/lldar;, '/If},jl'w 1937; II.CIIEll-
NISS, The Riddle of the Early .\cadem), Berkele),
Los Angeles 1945; 11. HERTER, Platons i\kademic,
Bonner 1\T, Bonn 1946; .\. 1I.\-
11.\1'1 \ NOIIUr,\Ol.; LI \.\ '.I"",lllpEl"", JlOUpWI' 5,
1952/53, PI" 74-80; Gymnasion, pp. 37-
42, 51-54; \]>. LI' \ n'OlIl))'\ \Ol.;, ')")'''l',,;,o:ra/()da,
S. \'. ' I"",llllda; R. E. \\'YCHERLEY,
PeripaLOs: The Athenian Philosophical :ccne--II,
GaR 9,1962, PI" 2 10; II-K.\p,ll'zor,
'. I )'}'t'lU To[i III(J)' l'!..JOii,lTO":, '.1l.hjl'UI pp. 104-105.
44
U.:..-lj)LIII I
PRI lIn....
.\ \ 1
9
Y, p. I-I; 19.36, r 11'i; 19r, p. 11-; <\l.
"':1 19::;::;, PI'. 'i-; 19%, PI"
4 r ,::;3 ::;4
(, R -\ \ I
-\\ 19'1, Fl'. 21- 219; p. 209; 1934, p. 139;
$. \1'I'11l111l \ 1l'!(l%T. 1956. PI" 4- 52; 1958,
Fr. 9 10; 1959, p. 9; 1961, pp. ::; -.
L\RLY HELL\DIC HOl SI
<1>. r \ l'P01101' 1l'lrJ.%T. 1956, PI'. ')3 54.
S CRED HOl 1
<1>. ll'lu%T. 195" PI" :; 9; 1961,
pp. 10; 1962, PI" 5- ; H. DRERl'P, GrrcChl'ichc
Baukunst in geometri'icher ZeIt, Archac.ologla Ho-
merica II 0, Gottingen 1969.
\\',-\LL OF HIPPARCHO::,
, 209 '" '<' //',J(l%.T. 19:;8, ."L" J, p. ; 'l'. J
1'1'.11-12; 19:>9, Pl" -10.
\( -\1)1.\1, BOL'-DAR,
(I. \ \1.::: \ .ll'If, 1,J.T. 22, 1967, X,!"". PI'. 46 49; cad.,
, ""iil %TIL 1, 1968, PI'. 101 102; Bell 92, 1968, p. 733.
TI'-DS
\ \. 1931, PI'. 217 219; 1937, p. 11-; <\.I. \!I',,_
IIOJ \ II,! f1 %T. 1958, 1'1'.12 13; 1963, PI'. '"7 9,1-,
20 22, 26 28.
G\ IL \1
\J\ 35,1931, PI' 340-341;:\:\ 1932,1'.124; 1933,
PI' 209 210; 1934, PI'. 136-139; 19r, p. 11-;
<1>. \l'1'OIlOl'\ 'E,,,,,,'%i,o:twIJE{a, 1:,,!':ti:"'l"J!lU,
.. Y. ' I%W)/JI,{(l; U.\.\E:::.\'\.lPH, IEi.To 22, 196'"7, X,!","
PI" 5965.
SQLJARL PERI T\ LL
AA 1933, p. 210; 1934, PI'. 139-140.
I::.XCA\'A .
\\ L T OF THE ACADL \1\
<1>. LT IEi.To 16,1960, -",!o". 1'1',33-35;
id., [J'!f1%T. 1963, PI'. 7-28.
'2 I ')und" "m 'If Ihe I.arl" I Jclla,!Jc .Ip ,d.ll and "I 'lIn,d'led b.lCk \\ 11" ot thl hOll'l,
en 'I! the preCinct all
45
-
..
)
I
"
11,.,., .1'./, I
c
.'
1'111/'/1
III
!.In f
, IIIf f
.\tUI'. L

J)
l'l u"l..... r
-
Ja
Iltolltl.
{I' '.J.l. r
" /J I'1l
..
-
,It' Ti/1lltfl
Ir I1J.Jtmlluopr-
,
..
.q.ol
..
..
l. '-
l1.
"- , ,
-

t.
c
PI.. IX
O/-;
\ <,'. \ 1) E
IA 1/)/.'\// I
I
POlll' Ie \'0\
, -
dtl .J l'tllll' \IlMhar'i\s
1-1 IJf .\f:S E:'\Y1HO':-';S
")
-
t--r-J
./'",,/,,, Oft.
'
I1/"'III<','
I
i
I .,
I-
14""'.r ,It I '1I11, "
I i j i
,
I
I
I
J''''
.L11(1 ./("( .
f-""
\
-
RII.U Ii IIIIHI IJ(' jj()( ,1(,/..
I
I
53 The Academy, Hes,ored plan by M. Barbie <Ill !3(1cagc,
I
I
I
54 Terracona am fix s of the beginning of the second half of the 6th c. B.C., found west of the quare Pcnstyle
of the .
:;:; I r.Il.:mcnt "t I rt'"Jlt.l p lint d

l11UOp , I"und tl>g thu \1I1t
,lntell c h.) \ n III II' :;4. \c I
dun, t.: (.1\.10011 (0110on1
IA IO/!IIl/A 47
58 Fragment of a vase in rhe Agora.

Agora P 10507.
57 Boundary stOne of the Academy
found ill situ near the SE corner of
the intersection of Aimonos and
Tripoleos Sts. Circa 500 B.C.
Width 0.29 m.; height 0.84 m.
StOreroom, Third Archaeological
District of Athens.
/
"
...
'<
DOD 0
TPAY'"
1867
r I
~ 1
0 ,.
o
o ~
0,
L
[
[
r
]
II\. A f)/; MIA
r
~ Th (, rnna (urn (If tht ACHkrny. Ik ton:" rl.u1, \\ Ith Il'I11,III1\ found \() 1.11 IndIC,llul III I>l.ll k.
1/\ I/l/i,11I I
49
60 RemaIns of the Gymna lUm, \ le\\ from the south.
,
-
\
-
-
-
-
,
-
,
--
61 Remains of the north side of the (;yrnnnsllInl, VitO" from thl \\ cst,
fl..' [O!;M! I
63 Archaist;c relicf of llcrmcs and thc Nymphs, found circa 600 m. wcst of thc
Acadcmy.
64 A student's writing tahh.:t with the 11:1.111L'S of Athlllii, \n. .....llld Dcrnosthctles
Inscribed on iL 0.555 Ill. >< 0.23 Ill.
51
IKH.Ol'OJ./J
R POLl: Th \\ork ofuncoH'ring and displa)ing the of the Acropolb by all of the
I constructions and rem()\jng the medial" al and later accumulations of earth began in 1834. During
r '-sc 1 t: a,ations of 1885 1891, the .\cropolis was cle<lred down to bedrock and prehbtoric remains
m to for th first time. The circuit wall of the cropo!ts, built of large pieces of Acropolis lime-
,
ton in th C\ clop .In manner, \\ found at that time and it was correctly identified with the Pelargikon or
PI. -ikon m ntioned b\ the ancient authors. The scientific of the e cavations were, however, minimal,
for at that tim no ckar chronological distinctions were made. It is onl) during the past fift} year that Greek,
Italian, American .wd German scholars ha, e produced scientific observations on the prehistoric Acropolis
ba. d on SY. t(matic exca, ations and exploration all over the entire area.
The (vidence from these e).cavations shows that the first inhabitants settled on and around the Acropolis in the
! ' olithi period circa 5000 B..\t the northwest angle of the hill ncar the KlLps) dra twenty-two hallow well
containing gr at quantitie. of colithIc pott t) hav been found. On the south side of the Acropolis,
ncar the Asklepieion, the ruins of a little house of the same period have been found, and much Neolithic pot-
t n ha. b en found oyer the \\'hole ar a on and around the Acropolis, either in the hollows of the rock or
mixed in with lat r fillings. The unbroken. eries of Early Helladic, Miodle I Ielladic and Late Helladic pottery
shows that th city \Va. continuousl} inhabited in prehistoric times, fig. 67.
Just a other prehistoric towns, Athens reached a zenith in the Late Helladic period. In Athens the beginning
of thi p riod may be dated appro),imatcly to the late 15th- ad} 14th century B.C. A palace complex ,vas
built on the Acropolis, occupying the summit of the hill between the sites later belonging to the Parthenon
and the Erechtheion; this group of buildings contained the Ii, ing quarters for the king and the first adminis-
trati,- building and shrines. At that time th re \\ as no fortification wall as such, but the outer retaining wall
for the terraces of the palace building \\ ould ha\-e served as a J...ind of surrounding wall en uring the safety
of the palace. R main of these terrace walls ha" e been preserved all along the north and west ides of the pa-
lace. C ing the e boundarie in reo toring the plan of the whole palace complex, fig. 67, we havoc also defined
the boundarie to the east and south on the principle that the whole ar a mu t hayc contained the sites of the
mo. t important hrine and temple of later timcs. The main entrance to the palac must ha\ e been at the
we. t where the g nde slope afforded an cas, ascent and encouraged thc construction of a road. It was the onh
road leading dO\\'Jl from the cropolis and e),acdy the same route cominued in use throughout ancient tim's
and thc Middlc ges, and even during thc years of the Turkish occupation when the \\-hole hill \\'a. coyer d
with hou e . In prehi toric timcs therc wa. al. 0 a ste p path leading up to thc Acropolis on the north slop
through a ravinc, fig. 68, and apparently it I d to a back entrance to the palace on its east sid.
Threatened b} the dang r of the Dorian inyasion, the theni.ms \\ ere dri\-en to fortif\ the Acropolis in th
second half of thc 13th centur) B.C. At that time thC) built the Pelargil.on or Pelasgikon \\-all \\'ith a rhicJ...-
ne s of as much as 5 mctrc at some poillls. The narrow old bac!' entrance on the north sid w'nt out of us',
but it was r placed by a po tern gate also on the north side a little farthcr LO the \\-cst, leading- do\\-n ro th'
caves bc.:low. The main entranc continued to be at thc wcst, now guarded b) a high bastion. For gre,lter se urit\.
this bastion and the whole western part of the era! oli. where the slope is less precipitous \\"ere protected b\
a second \\all which the ancient author. also called Pelargihon or Pelasgil.on. This second \\-all '\"as at th' foot
of the hill, enclosiJlg thc west side and a lillie of the adjoining of the north a.nd south sIt pes. This out-
work was also called EnneaI' Jon; in addition to securing th .\ ropolis it enclos d t\\ 0 somces of drinJ...ing
water, the Askkpieion spring (I'. J3H) and the kleps) ora (p.. 23). In the course ot fortit\ IIlg the \nopolis
the Athenian discovered yet .lnOlhlr spring on the north slope helow the Frechtheion d"p \\ ilhin th' Col\ '
of J\glauro and the} built an interior st.lirway so that the spring' could b' Il'.lched trom the \cropolis .lbo' e
for upphc of fresh water (I'. 72).
Ther arc very few remains of the (,comctri IX riod on the \ero!'o!ls. \t that lime the tcmlle of \tlt 'n.l ( f
which Homer peaks must have heln on the site \\ here the !Iccn,le.1ll p.I1,1 e h,ld form'rh stood, ,1ft 'r\\.lrds
the ite 0 the Old T mple of Athena. Round ahout the .\C1opolis man) g't,!\CS ,ll1d much pottet\ of th
,IA'UOI'Ol.lf
53
metric period ha\'e been found, fl/-:. 67. Today it difficult and otten 'ven impossible to follow the early archi-
tectural d on the, \cropolis, lor on the one hand the great temples constructed in the 6th and 5th
centuri 'S 13.C. h,tYe concealed the remains of earlier buildings, fig. 71, and on the other hand the excavations
of the last centut\ went down to bedrock and eliminated any traces which may have been present, Jfowever,
it to picture the appearance of the temples of the 6th century B.C., aided by the finds from the
' ... terraCOlla roof tiles, figs. 72-77, and many fragmel1ls of paras and marble architecture, sculpture
and inscriptions, 78-87, which the . had reveremly collected and buried when they decided to
rebuild their in the 5th cemury B.C. Terracolla anrefixes and simas dated to the end of the 7th century
H.C. show that the .\cropolis had importam buildings in the early archaic period. Much of the poras
ture and pediment seems to belong 10 a class of monuments called oikcma/a in the inscriptions, Al-
though their foundations haye not been found, it is probable that Building Cand Building E were to the west
of the Parthenon and thal Building B was on the site where the Pinakotheke of the Propylaia afterwards stood
(p. 482).There ,,'ere certainly at least two great temples dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of the city,
the old peril tetal temple of .t\thena (529-520 B.C.), the foundations of which arc preserved to the south of the
Etechtheion (p. 143), and the IIekatompedon (570-566 B.C.) probably on the site where the Parthenon was
built (p. 258).
The Mycenaean wall continued to c;ncircle the Acropolis bur in the course of time it ceased to be important
as a fottification wall. In 566 B.C. the upper part of the Mycenaean bastion at the west entrance was demolished
and on the occasion of the founding of the Panathenaic festival an altar to Athena Nike was set on the bastion.
\\ hen the upper part of the Mycenaean bastion was demolished the Mycenaean fortified gate must haye gone
our of u e and in its place the Athenians built a monumental entrance through which the Panathcnaic ptocession
passed (p, 482).
The Peisistratids used the Acropolis as theit headquarters and place of refuge; at the end of the 6th century B.C.,
after they had been driven out, the Acropolis ceased to be used as a fott and belonged solely to the gods. Ftom
that time on great new buildings were designed within the framework of a single new atchitectural scheme
fot the whole Acropolis; the plan ,\'as set in motion after the notable victory of the Athenians at l\farathon in
490 B.C. The building of the first marble Patthenon must haye begun at this great moment in history and at
this time magnificent Prapylaia replaced the old I ycenaean entrance. \,'hen the Persian invadets returned in
480 B.C., the walls of the Acropolis were no longer capable of sustaining an attack, fot the Athenians had partly
removed them in order to show off the temple to better advantage and, at some places, had totally demolished
the wall, as on the south side because of the work on the fOU11dations of the Older Parthenon. It was precisely
on this account, as O. Walter observed, that the Delphic oracle recommended the "wooden walls" i. e. boats to
the Athenians. onetheless, many of the inhabitants interpreted the oracle differently and fortified the Acro-
polis with wooden barricades which the invaders easilv felled; they became masters of the Acropolis, plU11der-
ing, destroying, and setting lire to the shrines.

After the victory at Salamis and the expulsion of the Persians in 480/479 B.C. the Athenians, \\-ho busy
with the fortification of the city and the harbours in the face of danger from an invasion by the
showed little intetest in rebuilding their destroyed shrines. Tradition records that they had sworn to leav.e theIr
burned shrines in ruins in ordet to keep the memory of the enemy alive. An extensive programme tor the
erection of new temples and other buildings began to take shape only after Kallias had signed a peace
with the Persians at Susa in 448 B.C. and after a thirty years' peace with the Spartans had been secured.
was the leading spirit in rebuilding the monuments of the Acropolis and working with him wer.e the
nent architects, sculptors and artists, whose inspired compositions were carried out with envJabl p rt ctlon
by anonymous craftsmen.
Very solid retaining walls were among the first works to be carried out on the _\cropolis; they w're built to
hold in the heavy earth fillings which were brought in to 1c\-e1 out Ihe Ul1t'\cn SUr!;ICC and, mor impottant,
to enlarge the area of the Acropolis. The fact that age-old shrines anti altars \\-ere cO\'cred oyer in th process
IK ROPOII.l
Entrance Court of the "-\cropolis of .-\thens, Hesperia
5, 1936, pp. 4-1-3-520; \\'. };:OLBE, Die raltung
der .-\kropolis nach den Per erkriegen, ]dI 51, 1936,
pp. 1-64; G. W. tudie in Earh' Athe-
nian Cult, tud. Capps, pp. 106-123; K. DOXI.\Dh,
Raumordnung im griechischen riidtebau, Heidel-
berg T. B n Le de I' -\cro,
pole, Paris 1938; D. S. ROBERT,>o:\" Greek and Ro-
man A.rchitecture, Jew York 1945
2
; DI:-.."roOR,
Architecture; \\'. HEGE- G. RODEl"W.\LDT. Griechi-
sche Tempel, Berlin 19512; . \\'. L \\\ RFKCF, The
Acropolis and Persepolis, ]HS 71, 1951, pp. III 119;
IIILL, \thens; C J. HERI 'GTO:-', .\th'na Parth no,
and \rhena Polias, Manchester 1955; \. \\. I \ \\-
RE 'eE, Greek .\rchilecture, London H. T.
\'\' \OI,-GFRY B. D. MERITT, \theni'l\1 Rc,ourcc,> in
449 and 431 B. C, Hesperia 26, 19 "', Pl" 163 1<)-;
G. P. J L\ J '>, Rc. toration. of Lissie.ll
Princcton 195R2; '1'1' llo).Hl<)O/lIXII; I. \Ill \1 Ull:",
'.I"!,,;,,,"AII, ' I/},jl'(((; 11.131 R\J G. lRt UI , C;ucchi
sche Tcmpel lind lIeiligtlll11cr, .\llInchcll 1'l1l\. Pl"
63 72,168 \1l\\\Idl."X!!O"!tl
in th . urfac I vel and that n w approaches 'were constructed shows us that we are in the pre nee of
in I n warchit ctural design tor the whole area, based on a carcfull) drawn plan.
Th n . t m I built for Ath na, the Parth non, dominates the "\cropolis and is ... isible from all m:er the city.
Th Old T mple of Athcna was d moli'hed and in its place the J .rechtheion was built with the ite and
i n cho. n 0 a: not to vie with the P.lfthenon. " ew Propvlaia were erected on the site of the older building,
but with th axis align d differenth. The new orientation 'wa designed so that the vL itor passin?; through
the Propy laia would imm diat h have a striking impression of the colossal statue of the -\thena Promacho
flanked bv h r two t mple.. fig. 612. The Chalkotheke, the shrine of Artemis Brauronia, other shrines, altar
and a ho.'t of d dications and statues adorned the space around the D,\'O great temples. The temple of Athena
_'ike 'was built on the :'fycenaean bastion in front of the Prop\laia. The r nneapylon di appeared and a new
approach \\<1. constructed, a ramp 12 m. \dde and 80 m. long, beginning on the Panathenaic \\"ay and ending
in front of th
In H 11 nistic and Roman times little \\'as added on the "-\cropolis, fig. 89. But around about the .-\cropolis
and along the entire length of the Peripatos, \\ hich in a waY' formed the boundary of the sacred area, the ancient
shrines were repaired and tempi s and other buildings \"ere erected, fig. 91.
The danger of an inYasion by the Herulian. cau cd the Emperor \Talerian (253-260 A.D.) to take precautions
in fortifying not only the lower city (p. 161) but also the Acropolis which for nearly eight hundred years had
had no importance as a forr. At that time the \\'alls were repaired and the so-called Beule Gate was built in front
of the Propylaia. Right through the Middle Ages the monuments of the cropolis remained \'irtually intact;
the temples were com'erted into Christian churches with only minor changes. Destruction and decay et in at
the middle of the 17th century and continued until the Greek \\'ar of Independence; directly after the liberation
the Acropoli ceased to be a fort by royal decree on the 10th of February 1834, and the work of excayating
and reconstructing the monuments began.
BECLE, Acropole; BOTTICHER, Untersuchungen;
C. v. \'\ILHlO\",TZ, Burg und tadt \'on Kekrops bis
Perikles, Aus Kydathen, Berlin 1880, pp. 2;
PEXROSE, Athenian Architecture; :\. BOTTICHER, Die
.-\kropoli von Athen, Berlin 1888; HARRISO',
W. ;\frLLER, A History of the Akropolis
of Athens, A]A 8,1893, pp. 473-554;]. H. frDDLE-
TO.', Plans and Drawings of Athenian Buildings, ]HS
Supp!. Paper 3, 1900; O. ] AHN- A. l\frCIIAELl, rx
Athenarum a Pausania descripta Bonn 1901
3
. CAv-
, ,
VADIAS -KAWERAU, Akropolis; M. L. D'OoGE, The
Acropolis of Athens, I ew York 1908; G. W. ELDER-
KL', Problems in Periclean Buildings Princeton 1912'
, ,
CASSON, Acropolis ;\fuseum; M. SCHEDI" Die Burg
von Athen, Berlin 1922; A. H. rH, The Building
Inscriptions of the Acropolis of Athens, Journal
RIBA 34, 1926/27, pp. 127-137; WALT] R, kropolis;
JUDEICH, Topographic; Cn. PI( ARD, L'AcropoJe,
Pari; WREDE, B. GRALl ['.. LANGLO IZ, Die
antiken Vasen von der Akropolis /u Athen, Berlin J
1925,111933; W. HLGJ,- G. ROf)J-"NWALDJ', Die .\kro-
poll , Berlin 1935
2
; ( .. P. LVI. '>, The Periclean
[I\./W ('OUS
55
)".: "",' .I1ol'a';{l", '. Wlj,", 10(,7; J\.I1\ 7 , !96R, pp.
_66 _67.
I'R F III STO RIC '\ C R() PO LI S
\
", I ,./.: Ii - -, . ,) ,
-.-no. \_. ll' ":TO TIl" .IX!!().7ro},t1',
'!"ql/,II. 1002, pp. L3-130; Eo IIE.\Eld.... JhP,/I'(L
Ii;';''';" ',I"(lO:H').).:, IdT. 1, 1915,//u(I<i(lT, pp. 35-37;
B. T \\1 \RO. Culto miceneo sull' r\cropo!i, l\nnuario
-15, Inl 22, pp. 1 11; D. LEVI, ,\bitazioni preisto-
riche sul1e p ndici meridionali dell'r\cropoli, Annua-
rio 13 1-1, 193031, pp. 411-498; O. BRONEER, Exca-
\"ltions on the North lope of the Acropolis in
.-\thens, Hesperia 2, 1933, pp. 329-417; 4, 1935, pp.
109-188; O. BRONEER - i\f. Z. PEASE, The Cave on the
East Slope of the Acropolis, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp.
2-1
7
-2
7
2; H. D. HANsE , The Prehistoric Pottery on
the North Slope of the Acropolis, 1937, Hesperia 6,
1937, pp. 539-570; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 7, 1938,
pp. 335-338; 8, 1939, p. 221; O. BRONEER, A Myce-
naean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis, Hesperia
, 1939, pp. 317-429; W. KOLBE, AA 1939, pp. 227-
236; id., FuF 15, 1939, pp. 393-394,427-429; T. L.
SHBR, Hesperia 9, 1940, pp. 297-298; r.
Oi {Jaali.l%oi nJ.rpol nv,' Jlv%I/"wv %ai 'I dfh/"ai'%I/
cra(lui)oal:, 'EcrtTlJ,t{JIOI' Xg. Taot;''Ta, '" J&ijl'at 1941,
pp. 415-422; O. BRONEER, The Dorian Invasion:
\\-hat Happened at Athens, AJ A 52, 1948, pp. 111-
114; id., Plato's Description of Early Athens and the
Origin of }'fetageitnia, Hesperia Supp!. 8, 1949, pp.
47-59; id., Athens in the Late Bronze Age, Anti-
quity 30, 1956, pp. 9-18; lAKOBT.... IIE, 'A%!!o:7oi.l;; n.
le).T. 18, 1963, Xgo,'. p. 16; l\. II.\xl'!l:\,
lei.T. 19, 1964, X(lo,. pp. 24-32; 20, 1965, X(lOI'. pp.
28-32;21,1966, X(lov. pp.42-43;MYLONAS, Iycenae,
pp. 35-43.
PELARGIKON
C. ROBERT, Der Aufgang zur Akropolis, Philologi-
sche Untersuchungen I, Berlin 1880, pp. 173-194;
J. W. WHITE, To 17ei.a(lYl%OII bri JIeIJl"i,eovc;, 'Erplili.
1894, pp. 25-62; A. KosTER, Das PeJargikon, Strass-
burg 1909; R. IIEBERDEY, Das Westtor der Pelasger-
burg von Athen, (jJh 13, 1910, pp. J 4; S. WIDE,
II Pomerium e il Pelargicon, Ausonia 7, 1912, pp.
177 197; W. DORPIELD, Die altesten Stadtmauern
Athens, Festschrift Judeich, pp. 1 12; A. KEI'\'IO-
1l0rAAOl;, Trl /hi.rlr!),,%,JV, 1l1.!""T. '.I><I1r). 7, 1932, pp.
110 124; id., To 11d,u!!y""'J>, TIl ',1 a"J,I/",,,.;riJ', ,,1 or)o;
, ,
(1/ (J./'fLJ'(JIlf1'lI -rorj-;, 7ft l1fj()'lllJ).rUfl, 'Et/JlIl. 1934/35,
pp.85 116; Di)fII'II.I.D, Alt-Athen I, pp. 22 29; W.
KOLBE, AA 1939, pp. 227 236; id., Fur, 1939, pp.
393 394,427 429; G. WEL'JJ.R, AA 1939, pp. 1-9;
I. TPA l'A()}';, If ::Tfl}.r1l0%!!t.flTlfJ.111%" {JrlfTti.lXf' T(Jij 'A-
axi.le",/OlJ Tr;iJ' ',lfJll"w,', 'Erf'lIl. 193941, pp. 59 62;
G. P. Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 72 77; J. Bf,-
RARD, Le mur Pelasgique de l'AcropoJe et la date de
la Descente Dorienne, Stud. Robinson I, pp. 135
159; T I' A noi.eoboltl%r" pp. 21-22, 25 26;
r."'K01JI..HIE, 'A%(?OnoJ.l<;; L. BESCHI, Annuario, .'. S.
29/30, 1967/68, pp. 389-397.
ARCHAIC ACROPOLIS
WIEGAND, Poros-Architektur; DIcKINs, Acropolis
Museum; I-IEBERDEY, Porosskulptur; BUSCHOR, Ton-
dacher; W. Peisistratos und die
Akropolis, Klio 27, 1934, pp. 209-217; H. SCHRADER,
Die archaischen Marmorbildwerke der Akropolis,
Frankfurt 1939; E. LANGLOTZ -W.-H. SCHliCHHARDT,
Archaische Plastik auf der Akropolis, Frankfurt 1943
2
;
XV. B. The Hekatompedon on the Athe-
nian Acropolis, AJA 51, 1947, pp. 109-151; RAl:BI-
TSCHEK, Dedications; H. PAY1'.l - G.},!. YOl: 'G, Ar-
chaic ;\farble culpture from the Acropolis, London
1950
2
; W. H. The Archaic Acropolis:
Some Problems, JHS 80, 1960, pp. 127-159; \'\.-H.
SCHl:CHHARDT, Ai\. 1963, Pl'. 797-824; E.
Une Gorgone en bronze de I' Acrop01e, BCH 93,
1969, pp. 862-884.
.
\\'. B. DIl'mIOOR, AJA 25, 1921, pp. 118-129;
E. PFUHL, Die grof3e eherne Athena des Phidias,
A r 57,1932, pp. 151-157; G. P. STEVENS, Hesperia
5, 1936, pp. 491-499; A. E. RAUBITSCHEK - G. P.
STEVENS, The Pedestal of the Athena Promachos,
Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 107-114; HILL, Athens, p. 180;
H. G. Promachos, \'Ilaidsassen 1960, pp.
76-86; N. VAL\IlN, Spuren eines "Saulenkultes" auf
der Akropolis von Athen, A,\ 1964, pp. 143 145;
H. A. TIlO\II'SON, A Colossal }'Ioulding in "\th ns,
Xa!!,aTI/1.!1UI' I, 1965, pp. 314-323; \\". B. DIl';S\IOOR,
Two Monuments on the ,\thcnian Acropolis
XUl.!laTl/l.!rO" 4, J967, pp. 145 155; r. 1).T.23,
1968, X(lo,. p. 19. F. i\1 \1HI0I'OII os, Zur Typologie
def GblIin\thcna im \' . .Ih. yor Chr. PhiL Di.s, Bonn
1968, pro 7 47.
lk/()/'O//I
I
-
65 The :\cropolis of :\thens from the \\ ~ )Ll't before the GreLk \\ ar of Independence. Painted In 1819 b\ L Dupre.
=et_---=::::I.. !!!
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57
10 I. Pclarglkoll \\ all
102. Acropolis Ctltr;lnCe
103. Postc rn g,lle
104. Stalr\\ a\ to thc \t\cclla ',In
105. Proh;lhlc IInc of till' Outer
106. (;col1lctnc gr.l\'es
I
/;
J
(1
( I
'05
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, ,
'00
I K NO PO US

.. /,
"'",
,
95. ,\Iiddle J lelladic gravcs
96. Late J fellacllc wclls
97. Latc lfelladic gra\cs
98. Pcripaws
99. \Iycenacan ascent
100. \Ivccnacall palacc
rf
I
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.,
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I
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100 -
,.
67 The Acropolis in prehistoric times.
S9. Caves
90. Sprinl!s
91. l\:eolithic wells
92. eolirhlc housc
93. Caves with Carll' IlcJladic pottcr"
94. Middle J felladic wells
'7
111. ROl'O] 1\
na n.l c nt to the \ewpoh on the north ~ o r ot the hilI.
I 1
& 'f
-
lA !lO!'O!! \
6() Jh<...:A<J"{tpollsand<;;Ulrr,UIHIII1H)1I1.tl1 Illl.llpholll!-'1,lph, 1()'7.

The Acrnp',hs on thc eve of rhe Pl.Tslan In\ aSlOn In 480 B. C.
l1It''IO\ .... (h
\ Illrhl
1l'I.Hlmr
II-l. \skkplll<'1l Illg
Iioll'l
(l'
11(,. nt
lAROPOU\
from rhe west.
IOH. Old Temple of i\lhul.l
109. Old Propyl on
110. BuddIng I3
III. of \then,1 '\,Ike
112. ArclUIC alt.ll
')g. Pert paws
101. Pelargik'Jn Wall
lOS. Pr',bable line of the
PclarglkfJn
I Old r Parthenon
-0 The Pelargikon \X all and the Parthcnon, "IC\\
61
9'
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-277 IcrracfJtta antcflxC from the Acropoil\, 111 chronologl(:,ll ",dll ItOIll thl lnd lit the -th l. B,t. tl' th, h,gl(lllll1l.!
(, he (flO! half "f thl 6th c. B,C. Acropnil\ \ton:room\.
I ANI JI'() 1/ \
63
I !<Ol'Ol/1
-9 P,dJnl,nt with Heta"k' .Hu6'11l2; I
th p.:dlm'nt 1< : .32 m. h 12;hI
I 'r"'11eall IhJta, ,)11' of the I about, ot Hcnkk,. :;-0 B.. Ih bl
) "0 w. \cn poll' \Iu'. I.
o
flO ",CCll('ll (If the entablature "f A, mid-6th Co H.C . \\ IUlh oj ph n. I<) Ill., "I 111e {PI" OAo!' III \(1<'1",11,
4510.
1 Budding :\, anta capi al anti corner of cnt.lbbturc. :\nornh \11I. l ~ O
lK/iOf'O f f \
x3 D, a 01 the elllablature, earh 5th (. II (. \\ ,Lith of the tllgh ph
m., of the metopl 0.454 m. ,\/ us. 4404.
of the entablature. 550-540 B.C. \\idth of trlgh ph 0.444 m., of merope 0.-06 m. Acropolis
2 Budding C, a section
:\[us. 4402.
lJ.:.f1(J/'()//1
,_ T _ -Ct _d O'",-:rcc PeG 1"1e[", 'Ccond q u ~ r 0:' 6,h c. B.C. Rcsrorcd section is 1.60 m. lone! and 0.'0 m.
.: -\cr 'p ... ID.'_ 5',
I I m I h ',etl< ,. I I I n (r I
--.). :;,0 B c.. R
tlt,r., \1' " U I 01 Ifcrakl
I 9.
... - Pt:duT. nt
:\c.r poll
be
6
86- ..,
AKROPOIIS
ta uc (Jf a kore, (rom and back "I . Height 1. 1 m. CIrca 520 B.C. .-\cropoh .Iu. 6
IAIWf'()//1
69

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~ The 'fatue of "'thena Promachos and thc \ Otl\'C offcrlngs ncarby. Rcstorcd by G. P. Stcvens.
- I r Ch I !'''t()ltlt()t\!J\ {, P.:"'I,'{C\nl' 1.1'L1\1"'5.1.\\.11
H9 Pla<;ter model 0' the A wp"l" In the mid-2m celltury ,I ler [IS. ,e, .
Lnlv. \Iu<;cum. Canada.
lKRO!'OI II
91 The Acropohs and the surrounding hnnes and bUilding, In the 2nd c mun aftLr Chnst.
13 . Pe.;npato, In,cnpt on
139. OdLlon ('1 Per ' Ie
140 TLmple of Oll)!'\
14 I. Th atrc (,f D om,
142 Thas lio \luI umcl
14") KI,,' \[01 ument
144.:-t J )1' I Ullle'le
4 ~ \,\..lcpILI"'l
146. I >nIL '!Ol
14- Od "n ( Her Je ttl I
14 .... hrInc' \'1 h
127. -\rremls Brauronia
12 . ProP\ lala
129. I emplc of Athena Ike.;
130. -\gnppa \[onumcm
131. Be.; u c lJ:lte
132. Panathlnalc \\ a\
133. Klep \dra
134. \pollo II poaKlllO
135. LaH (,f P.ln
136. ( IH 01 -\gl.1uro
13-. hrIne of I ro and \phrodlte
\\ .
1r o-cal e.;d Lrgastcrion
11 . hnne of I:<.U Policus
119. Tcmpl r.f Roma and
\u.!u t
120. Par-b nnn
121. ar ot h na
122. f r ch hewn
123. Pal'drr _I II'
124. Hou ,)f h \rrcph,mn
12-. ena Pr'lmach,)
126J hal (-h kc
90 Yie \' of the Acropolis from the
71
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I,
IKROPOJ.I,\: MYCbNAEAN SPRING HOUSE
PRI 'G HOUSE: In the course of excayating on the north slope of the Acropolis, O. Broneer found
,
&mon oth r important discoHrics, a hitherto unkno\"n spring in the cave of Aglauros, very far down, which
h d be n u d for a yery short space of time in the l\f)cenaean period. The excavation of the cave was begun
in peil 1937 and at that time a study 'was made of the stairway; there are cuttings in the rock for the suppOrt
of wood n steps on ither side of the cleft. In antiquity this tairway was used throughout the centuries as a
ret pa ,age and it was associated with a rite in which the Arrephoroi descended from the Acropolis and went
to th n ighbouring ,hrine of Aphrodite in the Gardens (p. 228).
Th ca,-c i really a natural, nearly Hrtical fissure, 1-2.50 m. wide, 18 m. high, and about 35 m. long. At the
top of the fissure there is an entrance from the Acropolis just west of the House of the Arrephoroi and at the
bottom there is an exit on to the north slope of the Acropolis, fig. 93. The recent excavations have revealed that
the cleft goes much deeper down and that in it was a stairway by which people descended into the depths to
draw water from a spring at the bottom, figs. 94-96. The newly discovered section of the stairway is made of
large schist slabs resting on a rubble construction held in place by wooden beams. It comes to a stop at the
juncture of the upper layer of Acropolis llme. tone with the underlying layer of marl. A well was opened up in
this lov:er layer containing an underground yein of water; it is 9 metres deep with a diameter of 2 m. at the
top and 4 m. near the bottom.

The finds of Mycenaean pottery are most .-aluable for determining the date not only of the construction of the
lower part of the stairway but also of the time ,,-hen the spring and the lower stairway went out of use. The
pottery is dated in the second half of the 13th century B.C. and shows that the spring had a limited period of
use of thirty to forty years, that it probably was destroyed by an earthquake and was abandoned after being
coyered over with earth. The construction is contemporary with the programme for fortifying the Acropolis;
it is one of the most ambitious works of the Mycenaean period in Athens and it is the first work officially under-
taken to provide for the city water supply. Tradition evident!) presen-ed the memory of the spring for a long
time and Plato was undoubtedly referring to this spring, as Broneer conjectures, in his description of the
earliest city in the Critias (lllc). Then too, the worship of the nymph Aglauros within the cave indicates a dim
memory of the vanished spring.
IT. 'ErpI'JI.l. 1897, pp. 26-32; O. BRoNEER,
A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis,
Hesperia 8, 1939, pp. 317-429; '.I%()6-
:rai.I;, pp. 128-131; 1IYLo:-iAs, Mycenae, pp. 40-43.

<)2 Model of the stairway to the J\lyecnaean

IA/WI'()//\ \1\ (I
\ I A
~ I H I (,1101 SI
lA NO/'OI/I' ~ t ~ (I' \1 \N "1'llIN(, IIOll"t:
,. I
I
9-1- Cuttings In thc rock to bracc thc \\ oodcn steps of the stalr\\ a, to till \1I'Cenaean ~ l l l l ~
'j'i cctl',n (,f t h ~ tl'll t,'IT ",.IV tIl (lit \lynl1,'t,1I1 '>pllng.
"11\. 1I0 [>()/ /.\': 1\lyep.NAII.AN Sl'llINC, IIOllS!:
75
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_ AUG. 20 1938
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................... ...... M
'967
96 Cross-section and north side of the clefl wilh the ,\flcen3ean Spring. A B."( he wOl1lkn 11Ight, of thl" B C.
"l he stone nights of the stairway D. The 'prong.

A IYNEJON
: Th pr cinct of th h hero Amynos, 98, was found on the south slope of the Arco-
in t 92 during excantion directed by W. DiJrpfeld for the German Archaeological Institute. This
shrin dat to th 6th centun B.C., is not mentioned by ancient authors. It was securely identified on
t i of mam "\ oti.... e reliefs and inscriptions of the 4th centun B.C. found in the excavations; the inscrip-
ti n r f r to Am\nos.\.klepios and Dc'don (1. C. IP 1252, 1253,4365,4385,4422,4424,4435); an inscrip-
tion of th Roman p riod abo refers to Hygieia (1. C. IJ2 4457). The Ltyl1loloJ!.icul1I Magnum records
that Dexion is the name which the tragic poet Sophocles was given by the Athenians when he was made a hero
after hi d ath for ha....ing \\-clcomed the god Asklepios, receiving him in his house and establishing an altar in
hi honour. ophocl ' association "\, ith the Amyneion, in which he evidently set up the altar to Asklepios, is
made dear b\" in.criptions (1. C. IP 1252. 1253).
The pr cinct wall of the shrine, built of large limestone blocks in the poly gonal style, is at the corner of one of
the densely inhabit d city blocks of this district. The entrance to the precinct gives on the road for wheeled
traffic in the dirEction of the.\cropolis; in the beginning it was a simple gate but later, in Roman times when
the le....el of the road ,,'as raised, the old gate was adorned with a marble fas:ade with two columns.
The most acred spot in the shrine ,,'as the well, 4.10 m. in depth, with water thought to have healing proper-
ties. The poros is presen'ed and also terracotta pipes which apparently supplied the sacred well with
water at a later date. The base of a marble offering table was found near the well. Around the offering table are
scant remains of retaining walls which held in place the earth filling brought in to produce a le,'el terrace on
the slope. It seems that there was no building or small temple and that it was an open-air shrine. Probably the
only roofed area \,'as a simple toa with ,,'ooden columns tanding on stone base two of which have sur.... iyed.
Elsewhere within the hrine were bases on which the \'arious .... oti\"e offering ,,'ere placed. ome of these bases
ha,'e now disappeared ,,"hue others ha,-e been mo.... ed away from their original locations.
, KORH., Be/irk cines Heilgoltes \:Y[ 18 189'1
, ,
pp, 231 256; W. D0RPJ-ELD, \\1 19, 1894, p. ')08;
E. BOlRc,lf.r, Decret des orgcons d'Amynos, BCH
1 , 1894, pp. 491492; \. KORJf, 2l, 1896, pp.
287 332; E. ell IIDr, Halon, \.\1 38, 19l3, pp. 73-
Jl Dll( II. Topogr.lphll, PI" 2,'K 2
ll
l: () \\ \I-
II R. D,ls Pricstertull1 des I 4hl)
4
7
9; I. BI (III. \nnuario, . 29 ,no Il)h- (l',
pp. ')11
\ \1 I 10
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CJH The AmVllclon with the bac;cs, found within the precinct. for Hltin: OfrtrlllgS.
\ \[) I 10
IIf! ring "t the 4th c B ( . found III (hl shlllK 01 \111\ Il'''.
100 I. G. II' 43 '-. )..anonal ::\Ius. 3526. \\ Idrh 0.34 m
auoll,t1 \lus.
IJ') 10] \ "tl
101 c c f ~ In the storeroom, of the.:
99 I. G. II' 436-. \'\ Idrh ar rap: 0.32 m.
\1'11R()I)I'I'E AND APIIH()DI'J'I', OURANIA
79
SHRI EOI' .\I'IIROOI1'E I \ \) OF AI'IIHO\)I I'E ()UIIAN1A: [n 1892 a large inscribed altar of
Hymettian marble. dedicaled in 197/1% H.c. to phrodite Ilegemone, the Demos and the Graces (I. C.IP
2798) mercd ill .fifl/ at the 1'001 of Ihe north of Kolonos Agoraios when a trench for the Athens-
PiLleus railroad line \\ opened up, Other finds at the same place in lude various statue bases and the curved
1 of the fOllnd il/ .rtfl/ (I. G. IP 3864) and inscriptions referring to the shrine of Demos and the
GLI (I. (,. IP 8H, 908, 909, 987).
In the Jrd centun H.C. this the site of an open-air shrine where Aphrodite Hegemone, the Demos and the
G \\ ere \\'orshippcd; at a later date the cult of Roma was added, as we learn from an inscription can'ed
on on' of the 'eats in the Themre of Dionysos (I. C. IP 5047). There is nothing left of the shrine today, for
direcrll after the altar and the bases \\"ere found e\'erything was removed in order to make way for the railroad
track. Ho\\"e\T(, the plans drawn up in 1892 ha\'e preserved a record of the lindspots and investigations carried
our in 19 6 and 1938 on either side of the railroad track by the Agora excavators have further defined the limits
of the shrine, fig. 102. An ancient road leading from the Agora to the acred Gate forms the northern boundar)'
of the precinct and the southern boundary is defined by the vertical scarp in the dill" which had been quarried
out to a considerable depth in order to create a level area in which to install the shrine.
\bo\e the scarp there is a rectangular bedding for a building of which some of the conglomerate foundations
are presened; '\\'e belieye that it was the temple of Aphrodite Ourania. The temple of carll' Roman times is
located at this spot on the basis of Pausanias' description (1, 14, 7). Architectural blocks, found while the rail-
road trench was being dug out, undoubtedly come from this temple and show that it was built of poros in the
Doric order. The cult statue of Aphtodite Ourania, a work of Pheidias according to Pausanias, must haye
srood in an earlier temple, a predecessor of the early Roman temple. An extraordinarily interestillg find came
from a ,,'ell near the temple, a small marble herm, 0.32 m. high, representing Aphrodite Ourania, fig. 105.
This little statue, dated to the mid-3rd centue) B.C., not only supports the identification of the extant remains
as the temple of Aphrodite Ourania but also gives us an exact idea of the appearance of the cult statue (Pau-
anias I, 19, 2).
l\I'IIROl)lTE OLR \'.1 \
JUO!'IC II, Topographic, pp. '168 369; '1', I .. Slll.\R,
j lesperia 8, 1939, pp. 238 239; J. TR\\ 10';, ria
Suppl. 8,1949, pp. 391 '192; \\n,ltl.R1IY,
nia, pp. 49 50.
\\ YCHI.RLEY, Testt-
Suppl. 8, 19-+9, p. 392;
59 61.
Hesperia
monl:l, pp.
APIJRODITE HEGEMONE
K. 11ITTAh.m:, 'I':'('II'. 1858, p. 1747, o. 3328; H.
LOLLI"C" l,i.T. 1891, pp. 25 27, 40 63, 126-129;
Tn. Ilo\loLI.E, [nscriptions d' Athi:nes, provenant uu
temenos e1u Demos et des Charites, Bell 15, 1891,
pp. 344 369; JtJDEIClI, Topographic, p. 363; T. L.
SIIEAR, lIesperia 6, 1937, pp. 338339; G. WLLTER,
Daticrtc Altare in Athen, AA 1939, pp. 35 36;
DbRI'I'ELO, Alt-Athen II, pp. 188 192; J. 'fRAVLOS,
PIIRODIT" lIEGEMONE AND AI'll ROD ITII OU RAN I A
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\I'IIRODIII' 11I'(,}',\10NI' \NI) \I'JIRODII'I OlJIl
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103 104 In\u,bed allar "f ,\phr"dlle Dun'" ,'nd the (,r.Kc,. I hIllClll,'" 1ll,lIhlc 1<)- I<)(,IU I. ( . lit 2-')8.
D'lllensiol1\ "f lo\\e\, \lep lJl3 I.S3 Ill. '-.won.Ii \llIs. 1495
s'
, -
\I'IlR()[)1 ~ 11I.CI,I\IONI \ND \PIIROI)I'I'I. OURANIA
105 larb! hum (,I Aphrr,dnc OuraoJ.l, o32m high. gora S 1086.
J\1'01.1.0 nnl.l'lllNIOS
83
Tl::\\ I'Ll:: OF \ POL Lt.> DI I 1'1 \11'-1 OS \ 1'-1> I, \ \\ ( 011 itT : i\ Ihe hu lid i exca vated to the south of the Olympieion
In the \\ 'IS a brge classical temple of which ollly the foundations have been preserved in
.fllll, hg.s. 106 JOtI. 1 hiS \\as a pe:1I tend Doric temple amphidiSl} Ie in antis, built in the mid-5th century B.C.,
,t date IIldlcttetl b\ th' pottery lrom the fOLUldations, by the excellent workmanship of the architecture and
1)\' th ' usc of 1arian marble for the simas and the celllral acraleria on the pediments, figs. 109 110. '
The' t 'mI'l ' api cars to have stood until the middle of the 3rd century after Christ when it was demolished and
its bloeb re-used as building material f I' the Valerian \,'all (p. 161). Four of the paras architectural members
wer' found in and near the temple: a fragment of the eurhynteria, one stylobate block, the lowest drum of a
column, and an anta capital. "\ great many tiny poros fragments of various architectural members, found at the
sam' around the foundations of the temple, show that the entire temple was of a hard compact paras,
exc'pt tor the metapes \\-hlch probably were of marble as were the simas and roof tiles. Since, remarkably
enough, no colour at all \\'as presen-ed on any of the architectural elements, the temple may have had no
painted d coration.
l..:p until the present the excavations have yielded no conclusive evidence as to the identification of the tempi
e.
But the first letters of Apollo's name are on four potsherds, permitting an identification with the
temple of _\1'0110 Delphinios mentioned by Pausanias (I, 19, 1) as being near the Olympieion; Artemis Del-
phinia and Apollo Delphinios were jointly worshipped there. The construction of the first temple of Apollo
D lphinios should be dated, according to Pausanias, to the year when Theseus first came to Athens. Any
remains of the earlier temple would have been destroyed when the foundations of the classical temple were
laid down on the same site, but Mycenaean and Geometric pottery has been found to the east, and also the
remains of various \\-alls of the Geometric period, the most important of which must have belonged to the
precinct wall of the older temple.
To the we t of the temple is an archaic building which may contribute to the identification. The type of con-
struction shows that it must have been an important civic building, probably the La\vcourt at the Delphinion.
The ruins of the building were excavated in 1939 when, for the first time, the rocky spur of a little hill at ilie
sourh\\-est comer of the 01rmpieion was cleared. According to ancient tradition, Aigeus established the Del-
phinion on the site \\-here he was living. During the construction of the archaic building the hill was quarried
a\\'aY to a considerable extent, not only to provide room for the building, but also to isolate it from the sur-
rounding area by means of the high steep sides of the cliff. On the other sides it was apparently enclosed br a
wall. This was probably the fenced enclosure, the periphrakloll, as Plutarch calls it (Theseus 12) \\'hich enclosed
the Delphinion. The Gate of Aigeus, mentioned by Plutarch as being to the cast of the shrine, should perhaps
be identified with the Diomeian Gate, X, which is, in {act, in that district (1" 160).
The archaic building has polygonal masonry mainly of Acropolis limestone but \\ith some I..::ara limestone,
u ed contemporaneously. There is a large square hall and two small ones on either side, figs. 113-114; the
exterior dimensions for the whole building arc 21.50 X 11.20 m. The construction resembles that of the Old
Bouleuterion in the Agora (1" 191) and must have been built at about the same time, circa 500 B.C. The parti-
tion walls of the two smaller rooms and the seashore-pebble mosaics in the eastern room and in the court in
front of the building apparently belong to repairs executed in the 4th or 3rd century B.C. The various small
rooms to the cast of the building must be contemporary with it. They may ha\ e been destroyed \\-hen the large
Roman peristyle was built (p. 429) and a new precinct ran on top of them. The \\'all, still presern:d to its full
length at the time when it was excavated in 1939, was the eastern boundary of the Lawcourt.
JIJDL\CII, Topographic, p. 387; 1\1. ;"11 I"OS, lIesperia
16,1947, pp. 262264; 1. I.
,lth. 17, 1961{62, pp. 9 14; AJ 66, 1962,
p. 389, R. Ii. "YeW RIIY, 4,19<>\ 1'1'.166
168; :'rnu Nit s, Subm\ecll.tc.tn p. 22.
POI) OJ)I I I'll!. Ie)
106 G nerdl 'lew of the founda IOn of the t mple of poLo Ddphl'110
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6
\POLLO DELPIlINTOS
10') Fragmcnt "f the p',n, architecture of the templc of polio Ddphlll10 .
\1'01 10 [)f'I.PIII lOS
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\I'OIIODJ'Ll'llINIO<,
111 ec I'm "f the p,,! "mal wall of the I.awcoun at the DLlphJnlon .lnd h.llt-lll1J,hLd ,lrclUtLLtlIlll I11Ll11hLl' "t thL
temple 'Jf ApulJ" DclphlnJo , used In the n:talnlng wall at thL south 'ldL of thl tll11ple.
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POl.1.0llYPOAKRAIOS
91
CAVE 01' I!YPOAh.HAIOS: \'irtu,dl\ Ihe enlire surrncl' 1,1 Ill" "'"Ils ()I' ('" J' th th I f h
", ." - w". _" ve ) on enol' s ope 0 t e
.\cropohs, fig. 116, IS o\Tred \\ ith ni hes lor inscribed \otive plnclues dedicated to Apollo under the Long
Rocks or to :pollo I, ,low the TIeights. P.Ka\ "adias found ten such plnclues in front of the cave the
e).cayatlOl\S 01 1897; sundar ones had prey iousl) been found ncar the cave, and rcccntl)' they have bctn found in
the \gOLI F,cwatiol\s.\11 the placTues h;1\ e a crown in relief and an inscription with a dedication to Apollo by
the nin' 'trchollS, rigs. 120 122. .
\pOllll under t he Long Rocks was al. 0 \\orshippcd as Pythios, as may he inferred from a passage in I:uripides
(lOll 283 285); and the conne,ion between the nine archons and Pythian Apollo is understandable since Demos-
th n's (X\'III, 141) explicitly states that .\pollo Pythios also receives honours as Apollo Patroos in the cit\'.
Furrh rmore, Philostratos seems to I' to the cave sanctuary of Apollo as the Pythion in the passage
where the Panathenatc ship was moored (I /I/ne Sopbis/nn/lll II, 1, 5).
\". Dllrpfeld and. \. I"::eramopoullos maintained that the Pytbion mentioned by Thucydides (II, 15) and trabo
(I X, 404) should be located in the cave on the north slope of the Acropolis. Keramopoullos, indeed, came to
th more definite conclusion that the ca\'e cast of Apollo's shrine, Cave C, was the shrine of Zeus Olympios,
and that the rectangular bedding in from of the cave was the escbnra of Zeus Astrapaios.
There are severnl instances where a cult in .Athens is known to have had two separate shrines, and the apparent
conflict in our sources is resol\-ed if we assume that Thucydides refers to the Ol)'mpion (p. 402) and P)'thion
(p. 100) ncar the Ilissos, wbile Strabo refers to sanctuaries of the same name on the north slope of the Acro-
polis.
c\ccording to Strabo, the e.frbarn of Zeus Astrapaios is inside the wall between the Pythion and Olympion. In
this case the wall is surel\' the Pelargikon E-E, because both Lucian (Bis ACClIsa/IIS 9) and Kratinos (Edmonds,
C.-l.F. I, no. 321) state that the shrine of Pan is inside this wall. Furthermore, it appears that Philostratos
is also thinking of the Pelargikon (Vi/ae Sopbis/nmlll II, 1,5). This wall of which not a trace is presen'ed should
not be confused with the Outer Pelargikon, fig. 67. In our opinion, it is simply an extension of the fortifica-
tion on the top of rhe hill, enclosing the terrace with the cans high up on the slope. In Mycenaean times this
,,'all secured the part of the i\cropolis which was particularly liable to be attacked and it "'ould have been the
onl\' section of the Pelargikon which remained standing and visible at lea,t until Late Roman times, continu-
c
ing in use as a retaining wall for the terrace in front of the caves.
From the height of the terrace there is an unimpeded view of ;'1r. Parnes; from there the according
to trabo, ",atched for lightning to trike on Harma, the sign for the start of the procession to Delphi. An
extremely important find from the Agora Excavations near the Panathenaic \'i'a) is an inscribed stele reading:
iega.; 000 t,,' Ii; 1/ 17vOai, i. le},r'Je;, fig. 117. This stele originalh- stood some\\here near
the place where it was found and certainl)' was a boundary stone for the road traversed by the procession on
its way to Delphi.
II. ',,"'plll'- 1897, pp. 1-23, 87-92; A,
"V;rfj rd. I/fJO;T1/)JlIfl Tt7r; '.tI;,!!o:rd}.F(o;)
-1F/.T. 12, 1929, pp. 86 92; ]UDJ'ICII, Topographic,
pp. 301 302; Di)RPI'ELD, Alt-Athen I, pp. II 18,
106 107; ]. II. OUVliR, Hesperia 10, 1941, pp. 252
253; A. W. PARSO 'S, Klcpsydra and the Paved Court
of the Pythion, Ilesperia 12, 1943, pp. 233 238;
Thucydides 1[, pp. 5458; R. \\ \ClltR
LEY, Two .\th nian Shrines, \.1 \ 6,\ 195<), PI'. (,8
72; '1'1' \ 1/,,/.,,,/I"I"xlj, PI'. 106 n. BRO'd FR,
otes on Three \theni,ln Cult 'rqII,I/. 1<)60,
pp. 54 62; I pp. 1-9 1<)<);
E. j\IFYI R, RE, S.Y. p\ [hion; I. 1\(11 'Q11 I, Delrhes 't
les .\g1.1lI rides d' \lhclle'S, I\Cll 8,,19<>4, PI'. 655 b

7
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116 The nonhwest slope of the Acropolis.
:\. Cave with rock-cut seats - B. Shtine of Apollo IIypoakraios - C. Shrine of Zeus Olympios - D, D" D,. Shrine
of Pan - E. Peiargikon - F. Stairway up to the Acropolis - G. Klepsydra - H. Paved Coun - 1. Peripatos -]. Pana-
thenalc \\'ay - K. Panathenaic \'('ay inscription.
117 Boundary stone of the Sacred Way to Delphi, 4th c. D.C. \\ Id. h 0.34 m. Ag0l'3 I 5476.
\ 1'01 10 III PO \I R \ 10"
11 Ca\c of :\pollo poakralOs, B In tig. 116.
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1''''1'111<'.1 \11l K124.
(
,\ 1'01 1.0
01 \['tHllll I.-ROO': This tlmpk II a' l' cavated in IH<J5 IH()() hy the.: (;rrman Archal'ologkallnslitute'
,
in 1907 II h 11 lh (;tlek \rd1.leologi,.11 tl l\.te.:l1dcd the, lin.lliol1 10 lhc ,mnh, thc ()v,rlilc size Slatul
I 1'0110 \1.1' tound. It r 'plocnts .\pollo .1' eitharode and has heen It!Ll1lilled as the cult stalue of "polio P:tl-
roos h\ th' sculrtor 1 uphr.lllot tnt ntionnl h) Pausanla, (1,3,4), Ilgs. 123 124.
lh comrkt c.l\.ltion of the rUllls of thc temple and the idenllftclliol1 with the temple 01 \pollo P.ltn)()
\\ r don in 19)1 19.15 in the ,OlllSC of lhe .\mcrican J\gora cX(alations \\hen the whole area "'as cleared
and th mighhouring buildings secure!) identdied, figs. 125 129. \t lhat lime the traces of an earlier apsidal
temple \\ lC discol cr d bdo\\ thc floor of the cella. .t\ broni'e casling pit dircctl} to the sOUlh contained fragments
of .1 mould for a bWIli'e \rollo, 1.10 m. high, '" hich prohabl) had swod in the carlier lemplt., perhaps on the
,mall row' b.1S found III the middle of the apse. This earlier temple, dOlt d to the mid-6th CelllUr} B.C., was
cll'trm d \" the Persians 111 480/479 B.c., and tor a long time the arca between the Old Boulcuterion and the
to.l of Zem remain d fr,l' of buildlllg', as mal he inf, ned from the presence of poros benche placed at the
foot of the hill 01 kolonos \goralOs; prl'sumabh lhel had an unimpeded" iew across the 1\gora. Probabh at
th.lt time there \\ as onh an .lltar oj \pollo Patroos. From the 5th ccntur} B.C. onwards, however, the limits of
the shrine were appar ntl) h\.l'd b, boundary stones, one of \\ hich has been found with the inscription: iiljo:;
, '.l:r vi. [). owo:; lIaTI}{OIO (\gora I 5569).\fter the middle of the 4th century B.C., the temple of Apollo
Patroos and the smaller temple of Zeus Phratrios and Athena Phratria were built. They are a unit, architecturalh
speaking, but the smaller temple came hrst and the larger temple of Apollo was put up when L\ kourgos
was in power (338-326 B.C.).
Th temple of Zeu Phratrios and \thena Phrat ria is simp!} a cella with foundations of conglomerate and the
uperstructure of poros. In the 2nd centur) B.C., a kl1ld ot porch was added and at the same time a floor of
white marble chips, still preserved, was laid do\\. n. \t the back of the cella stands an oblong base which could
have accommodated the two cult tames, and in front of the temple is a poros base on \\'hich a little altar found
in front of the toOl of A.ttalos probably stood; the in,cription on the altar reads: III;:; ({JgIlT'.!IOl' ,wi '.10,/1";:;
$eaTg1a; p.gora I 3706).
The temple of Apollo Patroos ha a deep pronaos and a rectangular cella. The stames of .\1'0110 b\ Lcochares
and Kalami (Pau anias I, 3, 4) ma), conjecturall), have stood in the pronaos on either side of the door, for
here the foundations of the front wall have been made widcr as if to sen e as statue bases. The cult statue of
.-\pollo, the work of Euphranor, stood at the back of the cella. j\ room at the north with a connecting door to
the cella was evidently used as the adyton. The foundations of the temple, resting eyer) where on soft b drock,
arc a stone packing macle of large pieces of unworked limestone. Then comes a kind of tolchobau.:, a singl
la)er of conglomerate blocks supporting the limestone walls \\hich have been worked \\ ith the gr"ltcst of
care. Hard poros was used for the euth}nteria and the bases of lhe statues.
fragments of thc architecture found in the excavation, includc steps or the pronaos of gre, hlue I II m,ttl,ln
marble, a rectangular Ionic base for one of the pilasters, and a gl'ison 01 ,,hite marble. IT. \. Thomp,on \\ ho h.1'
studied and published the temple in detail, has suggested Apollo and the 1\luses as the prob'lbk thcmc oj lhl'
pediment sculpture. An inscribed slab from the front of an altar (1. G. 112 4984) \\ ith the inscriplll1l1 . 17111.i,(OI'O:;
lfaTQ,f,IOl!, dating to the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 3rcl cl'ntury B.C., e\ idl'nth comes fll1tl1 lhl' ,llLlr
which would have been set Lip in front of the temple.
W. DO""1 fLJ), \\121, IH9G, pr. 107 lOt); 22, I HlJ7,
p. 225; II'!(J%T. 1907, PI'. 54 57; JI I>I'.I( 11, Topo
graphic, pp. '331, '34'); T. L. AR I Jcsperia" 19'3')
, "
pp. 352 354; ]f. \. TIIOII'SON, Ilcspcri,l 6, 19'37,
pp.77 115; 21, pp. IO<J 110; Id., The Apollo
P,llIOOS or I\lll hranor, 'I',/I/p. 19 ') I, pp, ,!l 44;
\'\In 111'.1\11), Teslil1lol1l.1, I p. O,; \gOl.1 (;ll1dc,
pr. 59 ()o; \1l 1\1, The Teehlll<ll1l' 01 (;'l'cl- :-ntlp
I III e, \ 3, 19(i6, pp. I) q""
\ I' () 1 1 () I' \'1 1\ () ()..,
123 124 I rOtH and side VIC\\S or ,Ul o\l:r1lfc-sl/l; Sl.lIUL or \pollo P,lllOOS,.l \\ork 01 I Upht.lllor. thud 4u.utcr of 4th
c. B.C. r L ~ c r v c d hClgh, 2.54 In. Ago", ,\I,,, . .., 2154.
\1'011.0 I',\'J'ROOS
125 ::\"orrhea t corner of the temple of Apollo and part of the temple of Zeus and Athena.
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re t!,rcd plan.
I:cus Ph"llJ 10' .Intl \thlll.l Pht.ltll.t \, tll.t! 'l.It,' pi.ln Iud
\1'01 10 I' \ I I l O ~
99
I , ~ Lurh\ ntcna of the E corner of the temple of Apollo Patroos.
129 J he tlmpk of Apollo Patroo.... and the tempk of /'l.:U\ Phl,1I110'" ,ll1<.1 ,\thell . Phl.ltrl.l. (;cI1Ll.1.1 \11.:\\ tHllll thl wc"t.
I
\POLLO P'I THIO.
, H F PO W Pl rHlO : Th P, thion m nlloned b\ ThuC\ did , (II, 15) hould be located on the outh
i ot th 01\ mpl ton her from lim to tim the in crJbld ba e \'hlch had been et up in the p\ thion
h \ n t undo B cau l th findmg-place ot the e base are parllcularh important In identifying the ite
f th P'thl n, ho\\ \\ h r each one \\ found on the plan, I1g. 130.
. In 1 --, th 'n Crib d cro 'llillg mouldIng of the altar of P thian .\pollo (I. C. P -61) mentioned b, Thuc\-
did (' I, -4, 6) wa. found on the W "t bank of the Iii. 'os two hundred pace outhwest of the \napaf eo
tr t brid . \X learn from the in cription that Pei.i traw'. th 'on of Hipplas. dedIcated the altar In the
precinct ofP\lhian Apollo when he wa archon (522 5
1
1 B.C.;, fig.. 132-134.
B. In 1 -2, the followin find were made in rhe .ame area: three large round in_cribed base for choregic
monum nt" (I. C. IP 3065, 3066, 306 found in the house of Chr. J(.arditsis, and also a di k, the crowning
m m r of another monument, \\"!th cutting. for a tripod, hg.. 135-136.
C. In the. arne year an inscribed quare tatue base (I. G. IF T 9) was found a linle farther to the we t in the
hou of D. Agapios.
D. In 1 -3, the in.cribed round ba e, which we identih ,\'ith 1. G. IF 30-0, wa found nearby on the of
P. Dimitrio .
E. In 1965, a round ba e, imilar to the ones from the harditsi house, wa found in 10 iph ton Rogon _[ ,
built into the '-alerian '\all in front of Gate XI.
F. Two fragments of di ks, fig. 13 , preserying curting for tripods on their upper surface, were also found
in the "alerian \\-all.
G. In 196-, a small building with four in cribed round base bUIlt into it, fig. 131, wa found on a lot on 10 iph
ton Rogon t. which, according to our calculations, i ,'ery neat to the place where the altar had been found.
ince the time of the hr t discoyerie of the altar, .-\, and the base for the choreo-ic monument, B, the ite of
the Pythion has been thought to be in thi area. Because the choreglc in criptions record one choregu. for two
tribes, they mu t be referring to the fe tinl of the Thargelia (.-\ristOtle, A/h. Pol. -6. 3; _-\miphon 6, 11) and.
furthermore, Suidas (ll{1hov) state that the yictor in the Thargeha d dicated their tripod in the Pythion. The
statue of .-\pollo Pythios mentioned by Pausaruas and the altar ,nre :n th shrine. The le,"cographer Phorios
and uidas reporr that the sanctuary wa founded by PeisisrratOs; Hesychios tate liJ'lll'iJup lwat: to excrete
in the Pythion) that the construction of the temple in the thion ,,'a begun by PelsisrratO.; appar mly it ,...-as
ne,-er finished becau e the Athenians react d again tit. Thi unu ual demon tration of the .-\thenians w pr \"Cut
the construction of the temple, a reporred by Hesychios, lend supporr w the yiew that the shrine ,ya- outsld
the city walls. In regard to trabo's information (IX, 404) that the altar of Leus .-\strapaios wa, insIde the ,\all
between the Pythion and the mpion, we belieye that he is refemng to another p\ thion on the north slop
of the Acropolis (p. 91).
G. CoLI.', I.e culre d' Apollon p} thien it Athenes,
Paris 190:;; F. rCO:-<IczKA, Die auf den Kitharoden-
reliefs dargestellten Heiligtiimer, ] dI 21, 1906, pp.
7-89; JL:OEICH, Topographie, p. 386; O. BRO:-':EER,
He peria uppl. 8, 1949, pp. 47 59; R. L. \\'YC,HER-
LEY, Two thenian Shtine , AJ;\ 63, 1959, pp. 68
72; O. ERr) E.F.R, ote on Three _\thcnian Cult
Places, '1::((1//1. 1960, pp. 54-62; R. L. \\ it Hl RU)
The PHhion at \thens, _\],\ 6-, 1%', Pl" -:; -();
id., GR13, 4-,1963, pp. 166-16-; L. I R, \
p,thion; B. <Ill \I!1ll \hll, Iri.T. 2l, 1966, r .
65 68; (l. \ \L=: "-"PII, lri.T. 23: 190,', !!
61 63; 24-, 1969, .\!!()I', r. :0.
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103
13- I B In fig. 130, no\\ of the Theatre of Dlom"".
] ,f) (ro nJflg rlllnlbu of b,l'tL B, t(I(.I.I) .... "lIlh of till: JhL.IlI'L (II
.
I"'" 111l'111l'l\t ... II nt b.l..........
J 111 II!, 110. no\\ 111 Ih OJ, III I'" "'II.
104
ARES
Tl' IPU OJ \Rb: In 19.13, 1937 and 1950 the foundations of a building were excavated in the northwest part
of th' Agor.l Squ.lre near the Odeion of Agrippa; the building has been identified with the temple of Arcs,
figs. 138-139, noted b, Pausanias (1, 8, 4). The remains consist of a great rectangular bedding for the founda-
tions and a fe,,' of the foundation blocks which had been laid on a packing of broken stone in five Courses
co'- ring th' ntirt area of the temple, thus forming a massive compact foundation. Fragments of the marble
. up r. tructur' w 're found scattered far and wide; they show that it was a large Doric temple, architecturally the
twin of the t mplc of H phaistos, fig.. 140-141. Furthermore, a considerable number of reliefs, found nearby,
ha,-e been as. igned to the cella frieze, and the central acroterion of the east pediment of the temple has been
identified, figs. 142-144.
The temple itself dates to 440-436 B.C. but it has Roman foundations. The masons' marks, written in the Greek
alphabet on the architectural blocks and dated by the letter forms to the Augustan period, show that this temple
had originally stood on another site, ,,-as carefully dismantled with each block numbered to give its position
in the temple, and rea sembled in the .\gora on new foundations. The moving of the temple is dated not onl\
-
b,' the masons' marks and the type of foundation construction, but also by pottery of the late 1st century B.C.
from the foundations. To the cast of the temple are foundations for an altar which seems to have been mo-
ved at the same time.
From this time omnrds, from the end of the 1st century B.C. until the 2nd century after Christ the Agora
quare and other open spaces ill the neighbourhood were filled up with various buildings, fig. 34. First the
Odeion of Agrippa went up, follo'nd by the temple of Ares. 'ext came the building of the l';orthea t Stoa in
the Ioruc style, the Ci,-ic Offices, the outh,,-est Temple, two other temples in the court of the Gymnasium of
Ptolemy, the Southeast Temple, the ymphaion, and the Round Fountain House in front of the Stoa of
:\ttalos.
Among all these buildings the temples ha,-e a particular interest since, as H. A. Thompson has discovered,
they ,vere built ,,'ith architectural material taken from famous old temples of Attica which apparently had been
abandoned after the de truction by ulla in 86 B.C. Thus, the temple of Ares ,,-ith its altar ,,-as moved from
.-1.charnai where there was a pecial cult of Ares; the outheast Temple was built with material taken from the
temple of Demeter at Thorikos and the Southwest Temple incorporated material from the temple of Athena
at Sounion. Even though much of thi architecture was re-used for a second time in the Late Roman Fortification
Wall south of the Stoa of Attalos, it wa possible to determine that 5th century B.C. temples had been mond
to the Agora and set up there in Roman times, as pro,-en by the letter forms of the masons' mark identif"ing
the blocks. Among this material are columns with beautiful Ionic capitals, figs. 151-153; ,,-here they came from
and in which Agora building they were set up is not known. Finally, it should be noted here that the altar of
Zeus Agoraios, dated to the 4th century B.C., which probably had originally stood on the Pnyx, ,,-as trans-
ferred to the Agora and set up in front of the 1\l(troon around the end of the 1st centur:' B.C. or the beginning
of the 1st century after Christ.
T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 7, 1938, pp. 320-322; W. B.
OJ. '5.100R, The Temple of Ares at I\thens, Hesperia
9, 1940, pp. 1-52; H. A. THmlPso , Hesperia 20,
1951, pp. 56-58; 21, 1952, pp. 93-96; P. ELLS
BOULTER, An Akroterion from the Temple of Arcs
in the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 22,1953, pp. 141-
147; WYCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 54-55; C. GOT r-
LlEB, The Pediment Sculpture and kroteria from
the Hephaisteion and the Temple of Ares in the \go-
ra of thens, AJ'\ GI, 1957, pr. 161 165; ;\1. 110L'
LAND 1\1 .-1.LLI TER, The Temple of _\r s .It _\them.
Ill' peria 28,1959, pp. 1-64; L I'!\RRlSO', Th R liLf
Sculpture of the Temple of \r s in \th'llS, .\] \ ().3,
1959, pp. 188-189; ead., lIesperia 29, 1960, p. T4:
II. A. TIl01IPSO T, Hesperia 29. 1960, pp. 350 .351;
id., ltinerant Temple o[ \ttiC.l, .\].\ 66, 1961, p.
206; B. PR.l!.YER, Zum Kulthild und zum
,chmuck des .\restempels .wf der \g-or.l in \th'l1.
. d
Jdl77, 1962,1'1'.211 226; (,ut l', pp.) ).
\ It I ~
to"
11 I (llJlld.llllllh (If d1L IlTllplt {II \Il .... In thl \J!OII. lilt.! III ~ t 1\ (
ARES
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140 Temple of Ares, restored section through the east porch.
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141 The temple and altar of Ares, 440-436 B. C. Restored plan.
\ f{ I S
107
142 141 "t;lIUL' of "I lebe", central acrotcrtnn of the temple of \ILS (trca 425 B.C. Presen'cd hctght 1.10 m. '(atlon.]
\I",. 1712.
-
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. -
1-15 I nghrh Irol1l thL tLl1lrlc 01 \n" \\ Id(h 0 'iV; t11 .lIld hll"ht
O.H36 111. \gOl".\ \ T ~
\HI"
147 ~ C n J \ \ n l l ~ ,lnd h.l... L lllCllllllIng... oj till .tll \I of /lU'" \gol,IlH'\ I ntl 01 lth l. H.(
1Il)
\Itl'::'
1-+9 _\nu capiral of the ourh'a t Temple. Abacus length 1.1-4 m. Agora A 2989.
I
( pit'll from tl- c t mplc; a I h"nk" end "f 5th c. 13,( " re-mlt! In the .... "uth I t Illllpi I n .th ,,! ba
m. 2'lH7.
, \ I I ~
151 lomc capital from the temple of Athena at Sounion, CIrca 450 B.C. Greatest lcngth 0.875 m.
\gora ?-lus. A 1595.
111
152 IOnic capItal of the third quartcr of the 5th c. B.C. Greatest length 1.24 m. Agora A 2972.
153 Jemlc capital similar to that of fig. 152. I3mh preserve Ir,tceS or colour. gOLI i\ 973.
11
ARTI'.MIS .\GROn.. RA
Tm It \IPll 01 \RI} lI' \l,Ron R \ is identified here with the totally destf()}ed Ionic temple on the Ilis 0
lit 11 'on,id r d tl> be the \!ltmon in \grai. There is incontrovertihle evidence for locating the temple at
11 )rth a t corn 'r of th int of the new \rdittou Boulevard and D. Koutoula St., fig. 154. Here A. kias
n 1 ")7 found the r mains ot found.HioDS 14.60 7.80 m, consisting of various beddings in the rock and a few
"f<) block.. In 1962, during the construction of the Ardittou Boulevard, a wall 1.10 m. thick, built of great
oro blocL, \\'a:- found at the foot of the rocky knoll where the temple had stood. This wall, running parallel
\\ (th th north rn lin ot' the temple at a distance of 8 m., is a retaining wall which held in the earth fillings
brought in to make a t rrace around the temple, figs. 156 157. The earth filling contained a great quamlt\ of
c
and marbl chips, produced ,vhen the stonemasons were working on the poros foundations and the
marbl sup rstrucmr .\ number of ,ase fragments were found and al 0 a quantit) of mall \0 otive vessels,
ju:-t lik found in fig. 158.
-\ft r th uncoyering of the foundation. in 1897, \\ . Dorpfeld was the first to identify them With the temple of
.-\rt mi .-\grotera, In 1923, C. Robert supported this view, rel)ing mainl) on the interpretation oEthe sculptured
frieze. Th district .-\grai or -\gr.1 i. gen ralh located at this part of the l!Jssos. And here the temple of Artemis
.\grotera ought ro be, as well as the ,\ a acros the ri"er mentioned by ancient authors in connexion with the
temple. Cnquestionably, the site b) the church of St. Photini and above Kallirrhoe, where the river bed is
fairly even with a hard limestone surface, presents the most suitable spor for the construction of a cro sing. In
this connexion the rrench in the river-bed of the Ilissos should be considered, figs. 154-155. This trench
,
cut into the rocky river-bed, is about 34 m. long, 4 m. wide, and about 2 m. deep, forming an artificial
passage in which the water would have flowed at a greater depth thus requiring less widrh, so that it would
han been yery easy to construct a light bridge. Sokrates mentions this cros ing while explaining to
Phaidros exactly where the altar of Boreas is and at the same time he gives the distance between the cro sing
and rhe pot on the 1lis os bank ""here he and Phaidros are talking (p. 2 9), "two or three stades farther
on where we cross over to the anctuary in the region of .\gra. And there is an altar of Boreas there,"
(Plato, Phaedms 229c). Pausanias (I, 19, 6) seems to haye u ed the ame crossing and immediately after
cros ing the riyer he mentions the temple of The ite of the crossing i further confirmed by the
existence of a nearby gate, Gate X, in the city wall. okrate comes our of this gate, which we idemif,
with the Diomeian Gate, heading in the direction of Kyno arges (Plato, Axiochus 364a). Before cros-ing
the riyer, ho'\\-eyer, he sees Kleinias going toward the Kallirrhoe spring near the pot where we locate
the cros ing.
The temple on the 1lissos i usually identified with the 1Ietroon in .\grai, where the Les er :\1\ the so-
called mysteries in Agrai were celebrated. But the site of the temple, situated awa, from the IIi so, on a rise,
does not agree at all with the site of the i\Ietroon given bl ancient writers who describe it as being near th
]jis os '\\ here the mysteries were celebrated with purification rites "b\ the mystic bank" of the riy r. For thi,
reason we believe that the 1fetroon must have been nearer to the I1issos and that a foundation re,ting on
beddings in the rock, found in the mediaeval river-bed in 1962, might give the site of the :-'Ietroon. The b dding.
0.95 m. wide, fixes the northeast corner of an important building; only a single row of eight poros blocks I'
preserved, the top surface being only 0.10 m. below the ri, er-bed, fig. 154. that the t)y r has b'en drain d
of water, a systematic excavation carried out,in this area would pt.rhaps turn up nl:\\ ,id nn. to d t'rrnll1
the plan and the function of the building.
The plan of the temple of Artemis Agrotera and its general appearance arc kno'\\"n from th man 1I0us dra'\1nr;:-
of tuart and Re'\oCtt (1751 1753). In 1834, directly after the di coven of the ruin, and .1rchn ctural block,
belonging to the temple of _ ike on the Acropolis, a close cannexlon bu'\\ eLn th ['\\'0 templ , '\\ a, not d.
Becau e the are indeed strikingly similar to each other, it is generalh thought toda\ that th archltlct },.,11I kr.lt .
bUIlt them both, the temple on the Jlisso preceding the tLmpk on the \cropohs bl a f '\\ dLcad s. 1'h l,'I1
ruction of the temple of .. ike is thought tQ have begun in 427 426 B.. judging b\ the stile ot th 'culptur J
rieu and the u C of Parian marble, the construction of the tempI ot .\rtemis must h,\\ rrece I d lh huddlIll!:
113
of the Parthenon and it is to have been built in 448 H.C. This date agrees with the mid-5th century
B.C. date assigned to the pOllen found behind the retaining wall of the temple.
The temple suttered serious for till: first time ill about the middle of the 5th century after Christ when it
was turned into a Christian church to which the man) hnstian gran's, discovered there, belong. During the
Turkish occupation, probabl) in the earh 17th century, the temple was further injured 'when a new smaller
church was constructed on the site; thiS \\ as the "Panaghm qin Pura" the name derivLd from the projecting
spur of rock on which the temple stood. 1n 1778, the temple of l\rtemis ;\grotera 'was utlerly destroyed down
to the foundations in order to pro\'jde material for a new cit) wall. Onl) a fnv slabs of the sculptured frieze
have been preserved; they appear to hal e heLn I'L m(n cd from the temple long before the final destruction.
\ s,(;'lion of the sima has sun in'd and I wo column hasLs are stored nov: In the area of the Roman Agora, north
of the Tower of the \\ inds, fig. 160.
Sn IRI RIVI IT,I,Chapt.ll;

pp. 73 \\ . DORPI J.L1l, \:Vl 22, 18lJ7, pp. 227 228;
I. 1il .11'JT!!t!IIJI' T01' '01(1111
1
xu; Ij ..,t:,I/(/!!O:;
(/,;rl)'\.Il.\ 18, 191(),pp.l 1:;6;LRll!<If\l,"I\l II-
I I'\.l I", pp. 61 (,:;; CIII{ kARL sOs,
hin allisches \\ cihreliei, \ \1 '>4, 1')2'), pp. I :;;
Jt 01 J( 11, Topographic, pp. 41(), 420 421; II \louIt s,
Das \lctroon in Agrai und e1l1 I ric, \ \1 60 61,
1935,36, pp, 234-261\; AJ \ SO, 1946, p. 174; DIS; -
,100R, \rchitecture, pp. 185 1 I. 1'1' \J' \<1_. 'F'I'III.
195
1
/'>4 n, pp. 113 114; G. \lY!.ON.... S, Elcusis and
the I ,,kl,,inian \1 I sterles, Princeton 1961, pp. 239 243;
\.Rl \11'1 \. Saulcnbasen, A\176,
1%1, pp. I') 20; Is... KI Iu'S) I, Zum !'ries des Jlissos-
I
\ \1 1%1 pp 22 24, l. \1YJ.or-: S SIII'AR,
tClnpt.: s, .,. ,
K,lllikrate
s
, J Ie I'lrJa 32, 1963, pp. 388 399; C. Kf.-
Rf 'Y!, \rchellpal Image of \.fothcr and
ell '\ (jrk 196
7
, pp. 4H 52; . ()f.\.IVOR-
RI ,I.in ,hl' Kora-. tatue \'om l\fetroon am
IIjso , \ntike Plastik I.', 1969, pp. 7 13.
TPAYI\O[
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152. III gl;\1
153. Iltssos nH:r
154. Pan reltef
155. Kallirrhoc, A B t1SILfllS
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149. RemainS of the carlv Christian

baslhca of Lcomdcs
1SO. Shrine r,f Poscldon Heltkomos
151. Temple of Artcmls
-------
114
a
154 General plan of the Iilssos area, south of the OlvmpielOn.
,
11 ~
\ It I' I \ II ~ \ ( ; I( () I' I It \
155 Channd cut III the L11''i\O'i rivLI hl't! lor IhL' nHl'iIIIlCI1111l (II 1I11 lrp,,1I1J!. \ll\\ lrtH'lthl" "nuth I ig. ~ 4 Iln. Lh.
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156 Temple of ArtemiS Agrotcra. 448 B. C. rcstored clevatlon and plan. Plan of th . temple a, Chn,tt.l11 church -\.1 "und.l
uons of the temple B. Rctall1l11g wall C Christian gra\c D. Ap,c of the earlY hn'tI.1I1 church I ..\p' "i th
17th e. church.
\1t'11,\II:> ,\C,I\OII.I\,
1-- ection of the re aimng wall of the temple of ..'.((emis ..'.grorera, the only feature of the remains, shown on the plan
10 fig. 156, no\\' yisible.
15H 'J yplcal examples or the small vessels 01 the mid-5th c. U.c.. found hellll111 the tn,tilllng \\ .,11 "f the temple.
It
159 Temple of Artemis Agrotera, seen from the S\\ and, to the right, rhe llLssm bridge in front of the Stadium. Dra\\ n
by Stuart and Rey tt, 1751-1753.
160 Ionic column bases of the temple of Artemis Agrotera.
119
\R \(,110'111t1\
-, f
--
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. .
-
161 162 Two of tht rtmalnlng from the frieze of ,he temple of Arlel111' Agnllet:t. '\ link .tftc, ,he mid 5th Co B.C.
llclght of fritze 0.468 m. Staatliche ilLrI",.
120
\ 1\ T I " 1\ 1I S \ R () T I '. R A
163 La t (ac;ac!t: ,,(the tcmriL of Agrotcra. b} .1I1d Rl\lll
ARTF.MIS JIR1STOIlOUI.F.
121
TEMPLE OF i\RISTOHOllLE: 1n ,lune of 1958, a small Icmplc was found during the construction of a
hou,e on a propert\ '" s\ ofThesl'ion Slltl:lre at the corner of elens and J leraklcidon Streets, fig. 164. J. Threp-
siadcs did the e"cwation and on th ' basis of the inscription (Agora I 6969) referring to Artcmis found in front
f the temple, the tcmpl' was securely identified with the temple of Artemis Aristoboule which Themistokles
himself founded near his house in the deme of Melite directly after the successful outcome of the Persian Wars,
as we learn from Plutarch (7'bcllli.rto/dc.r 22; Dc llcrorloti 37).
The temple lies at the juncture of \WO ancient roads, the wide street leading from the southwest corner of the
\gOf:\ to the Peiraic Gate (11) and the street which begins at the west side of the temple of Artemis and leads
to the nearby Demian Gate (I), fig. 219. Those condemned to death were led to the Barathron through this
gate and Plutarch in gi\'ing the I osition of the temple says (Thcllli.rtoklc.r 22) that it is in Melite "where now the
public officials cast out the bodies of those who are put to death and carry out the nooses and garments of
those \\'ho meet rhcir death by hanging," thus confirming the identification of the gate as well as that of the temple.
There is e\'idence to show that a shrine to Artemis was founded directly after the Persian Wars because rhe
miniature kraters, krateriskoi, found on the site, date to the early 5th century B.C. and of a type associated
"'ith the Artemis cult. Most of these yessels were found in the court in front of the temple near the foundations
for the altar; the altar itself was found close by.
In regard to the 5th century B.C. temple, only the foundation of the pronaos and a large block of the southern
anta are preseryed. The temple appears to haye bcen abandoned and destroyed during Themistokles' exile;
neYCrthelcss the cult continued in the shrine, for the anta block had beddings for small votive stelai. Around
330 B.C., according [Q the inscription, the temple was probably rebuilt from the foundations up. At all events,
the rebuilding of the cella walls, the floor, and the threshold of Hymettos marble at the entrance should be dated
to this time.
The temple certainly stood until the end of classical antiquity. In Plutarch's time a portrait of Themistokles
was still to be seen in the temple; at the beginning of the 3rd century after Christ, the front of the pronaos was
walled up and the inscription mentioned above was used as a threshold for a new door.
JUDhILH, Topographic, pp. 73, 390, 399;
{fOi.HJ{)O/U:<,;, p. 52; J. TIIRFI'SIADES-E. VANDEIlI'OOI.,
Themistokles' Sanclllary of i\ rtemis i\ristohoule,
I,h. 19, 1964, pp. 26 36; P. \\1 \ DRY. Th'mistocle
a!\lclitc, SU!!I<rn/!!I<'" 4, 1%"' 68, PI" 265-_"'9.
1

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164 Temple and altar of the hrine of

l'I<;toboulc
165 l'hr hold at nHr.lI]( 10 thL ILll1pk ()I \'i'lllhoulL.

\1( II \11" \1\1"IO/lOI II
166 Rcmaim of thc temple of -\nemi, -\n'toblllllc, !!lnCr.ll \ le\\ lrom thl ..,\\
123
HI. 11.1 I BR,\lR I \ftc r rh unitication of the \ttic dem had b en campIer d in the th centur
B. ., , nOli. I I .:ult. throughom .-\wca w re tabli. h din.\then a an, tt r of political pedienc.

Fr th t ti 1 n th cult: Houri h d in .\th n.. b cam olhclal. rate cult. and mot of the hrine were
found . n t th xa th hrin 01 .\nemis Brauronia which mu ha, e owed much at it prommence
to P i.l. tr to:> who cam from Brauron.
Th . hrin i on rh \cropoli' south of the Prop\ laia. in the quadrilateral area bcrween the Chalkorheke and
th pr. en ed portion of th I} c na an wall. onginall} a parr of the I} cenaean circui wall which eems to
ha,,- been I ft "tandinf in that . pot in order ro ,ery a: a retaining wall for the coun of the hrine. \\nen
.In .i -I ." . building th ProP\ laia. a larg 'ection of the rock on the north :ide of the .hrine xa. cut back
and th roc - fac rising to a con. iderable heIght wa eyened all forming the north rn bounda \" 0'
the .hrine, tig. 169.
Th entranc ro the shrine 1: at the ca.or nd of th enclo. ur where a broad flight of . tairs can isting of, yen
t p. was h wn our of the rock.\11 along In front of the art.ticial . carp there wer ,ouye offerings, a 0 .hown
by the many b dding for .telai and other manum nco In 1 39 thl. in.cribed .emicircular ba.e (1. G. F 39')
for the starue of.\thena Hygi la" found b side the south ast column of the laia. fig. 1-0. It is specialh
important for it is th hrst id ntitiabl monument. en by Pausania (1, ?3, 4) after he em red the ,\cro olis
and thu it prO\-ides a fi,"ed point in tracing hi, route ro the hrine of .\rtemi Brauronia. Furthermore. directly
after the shrine of .\rterrus Brauronia. Pau,.an;a. ,aw the bronze Trojan horse. The inscribed block. "rom the
base of this taru (1. G. F 535) haye been found In thi area ju t east of the n wa11 and th Trojan
horse e\-idently srood in the precinct of .\rteml' Brauronia as i. genera11y b lie\'ed.
In 1936, G. P. Ste,-en attempted ro r construct the appearance of the buildIngs in the sancruary on the basi,
of the existino- remain, figs. 168-169..\pparemly .\rtemi Brauronia ney r had a temple on the .\cropoh,.
and the nvo cult starues of the goddess. known from in.criptiom. ,,- re probably, a _t \'en. conj crur d.
housed in the nvo projecting ,,-ing of the toa.
\R1 I :-lh BR.\l RO. 1\
1
W. DORPFELD, 1\;\1 13, 1888, p. 436; 14, 1889, pp.
11 HARRI<,O:-;, ;\fythology, pp. 394-406; C\\'v .
Akropolis, pp.142-150; F.
Das Brauronion und die Chalkothek im Zeitalter dcr
Antoninen, \then 1910; J OEICH, Topographic, pp.
244-245; G. P. STEVEN" Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 459-
470; HILL\thens, pp. 179 180; 1.
J)'.!'H''l{fJV{u, lEi-T.22, 1967, pp. 156 206; C. .
EOlofO. .. , AJA 72, 1968, pp. 164--165.
A. Ill. GIEL\.
K. 'Eqllll. 1 '9. p. 21-, "0. _1-; R. Bl1H-';.
Zur Basi der.\.thetu H\ gi i,l. \ 1 .'i. 1880. p.
P. \\0 TER'. Zur \thcn,l d>s
]Juros, .\;\1 16, It 91, pr. 153 16::;; Jl mil H. TOF t)-
graphic, pp. _42 _44; G. P. It \ 11>0". 1 'ri . 5.
1936, pro 451, 456; R \l U11 ,,'Ill "-. J) 'dic,ltions. rr
185-1 R8, ')23.
\1{ 1'1 l ~ Ill{ \11{0 1\
125
168 Sro;l of A,I"( 'mis Brauronia. Restored 1)\ C. P. StC\Tns.
A
\
.'
20 30
I------=;_:-c.-.-d M.
o 10
L1=i..J,--i_1c--,! 1-1 f-l.
1(''J Plan or the shrine of Artelll'S Braurol1ia as It :lpf1l'arc.:d ill lilt, 51h C.
II,( ,
IT
1gee
,
\ J( I I \ I I" Il It \ LJ IU ) N I \
I. '
j-() Inrnb d thl:-,I ,"llll1lJ1()1 tlll!,,,'!,'!.ll' I (. I
TilE .\SKIEPlll(l was L"Cl\all'C\ in 1876 h) Ihe Cr"el A,eh'le'(,lllgl'("11 S .' I I I I' . f 1.'
..' , , . ("Ie y UIl< cr t 1e ( IreClion () . ","ou-
I'yen It \\ ,IS onh a IL'M'S work, the results of the ex(avations were unusually satisfactory,
the. rich h,ln L'St oj linds, and snolpture pertaining 10 the (ult ot' Askkpios and Ilygieia made
It pOSSible to determine the sHe of the shrine and to interpret the remaim, fig. 171.
l.n 419 41 ' B.C. a del out pri"ate donor, founded Ihe shrine which, from the start, occupied the
tree .space to the cast 01 the \\'all called Pelargikon, clearly separated from the ancIent Pelargikon b) its own
I reCinet \\,111. In the 4th eel1\Uf\ B.C., the wooden structures put up by Telemachos were replaced by substantial
buildings: the temple of \sklepios and Ilygieia, the altar, the great two-store)ed Doric staa (the abaton or
incub.ltion h:l1l) which took in t he sacred ofTering pit and t he sacred spring inside the cave. In Roman times
a small slOa \\ as built south of the temple.
The function of Ihe buildings just mentioned makes it clear that, from the beginning, the eastern section consti-
tuted the real shrine, in contradistinction to the ,,'estern part hounded by the Pelargikon which was onll' a
supplementan part of the shrine. Lea\ ing the archaic spring house (which is very much older than the shrin(;
of .\skkpio our of account, the only huilding inside the Pelargikon which it is, in fact, possible to connect
with the .\sklcpieion is the Ionic stoa, \\ hich was built just after the founding ot' the shrine and falls in the
category of auxiliary buildings. The controversy about the rights to the property which is recorded in the
account of the founding of the sanctuary in 419/418 B.C. (I. C. 1(24960) relates especially, in my opinion, to
the building of this SlOa inside the Pelargikon, which was under the supervision of the Kerykes of Eleusis.
Perhaps after this infringement of their rights, the)' caused the famous decree of Lampon to be enacted (1. C. I12
76) in order to forestall other high-handed acts. Furthermore, marble boundary stones were set up to define
the boundaries of the two zones.
ince the discoyery of the Asklepieion up until the present, various investigations have been conducted in the
area and many informati\T studies ha\'e been 'written on the topography and history of the shrine. But when
it comes to the atchitecture, only the two-storey Doric stoa has attracted the attention of cholars, e\'en though
a great deal of architectural material from other buildings has been preserved. The publications give the recon-
struction of the stoa in its original fotm with sufficient accuracy, except for the western end where there is a
sacred pit lined with masonry. F. Robert realized that there had to be a special place devoted to the cult of
heroes celebrated in the Asklepieion during the festi\'al of If/ 111'1'0(/ (1. C. 112 974-975) and proposed the cir-
cular Pit as most suitable for this purpose. Because of the chthonic nature of the cult, he conjectured that the
pit had been roofed o,Ter by a baldachin. In searching through the architectural fragments still lying in the
}\sklcpieion today, I recently ascertained that there had been, in fact, a baldachin above the bollJros, fig. 176,
JUSt as Robert had thought. Much poros arch itecture, which 1 assign to the baldachin, has been presen'ed:
column drums, epi tyle blocks, triglyphs and geison blocks. Toda\ tlll\ arc stored west of the larger of the
two vaulted cisterns, fig. 179; according to the excavation reports thel were found in the area of the main
shrine. One poros column drum is even lying in the place where it was found ncar the pit, beside which it had
originally slOod on one of the four round bases of llymettos marble.
Leaving the archaic spring house (p. '138) out of accolU1t, the most Important building in the auxilian space
to the west is the Ionic stoa. It is dated to tbe last quarter or the 5th centUf\ H.C. and has four Slluar' room",
6 metres 10 the side. The thresholds ror the doors are not preservL'd, but tnlces or the thresholds on Ihe lowesI
course of stone blocks shlJw that the doors were not centred on the axis or the rooms but Wl're placed 10 Ih'
right. This ofl centre arrangement of the doors means that the room" were dL'signed to Iii e1nen dining couehls
each and, consequently, must have been used h) the visitors staying at the shrint'. The ,Incienl n,lme for Ihis
type of huildlng, indispensable 1'01' Asklepieia, was
The main entrance to the whole omplex of buildings lies bet\\el'n thl main part 01 the shrine .Ind th' .lu,ili.ln
area, facing the road around the Acropolis, the Peripatos. 11 seems that carll In the hislon 01 Ihe shrim' a pro-
pylon was erected at this entrance, as may be inferred Iromlhc ins 'nj1lion 01 1)1<,\"lcs S2,-" 1 II.C. (I. (r. \12 \046).
ot a trace of this propylon remains; the propylon shown on the plan, fJg. 171, i" a hitl'r one built on tht' sam
\ :-, I\. I. I'. I' I 1'. ION 127
I
\SKU'PII'ION
it . Th pr s rnd architl'ctural fragments of a proP) lon, figs. 181 182, and the epist yle blocks of the tan
ri d (I. (,. II 3120) bdong, in our opinion, to this second proP) Ion in the Corinthian order.
Th klepi ion s lms to han' sutler d seyere damagl' during the lIerulian im,asion in 267 A.D. The shrine
\\ r built from the ground up in the 4th century probably in the reign of the Lmpcror Julian. It is certain, in
lUll ca ,that th' t\\ o-storc\ Doric stoa was rebuilt \\ ith a slight change in plan at this time, Iig. 177. After
thi r building, th shrine remained intact until the 5th centun, as we learn from a speech of the 'eoplatoni t
! larino (Pr()(/II.f or . Iboll' Happmrss). bther then or in the beginning of the 6th century after Christ all the
building \\' re demolished and on the foundations a large three-aisled Christian basilica was built to the memory
of Aghioi the doctor saints, fig. 172.
IIgaY.T:. 1876, pp. 14-35; 1877, pp.
6-12; U. KOHLER, A;\12, 1877, pp. 171-186,229-260;
:\1. LAMBERT, BCH 1, 1877, pp. 169-170; F. v. DUH ,
Votivreliefs an Asklepios und Hygieia, A;\1 2, 1877,
pp. 214-222; id., Griechische Reliefs, AZ 35,1877, pp.
139-175; P. GIRARD, Catalogue descriptif des ex-voto
aEsculape trouves recemment sur la pente meridio-
nale de l'Acropole, BCH 1, 1877, pp. 156-169; id.,
Ex-voto aEsculape trouves sur la pente meridionale
de l'Acropole, BCH 2,1878, pp. 65-94; id., L'Asclc-
pieion d' Athenes d'apres de recentes decouvertes,
Paris 1881; . BEPEAKH_, '/!g1.tTe;croVt"a ftVI}ftELa TOV
ill ' '/!a"i.l/meiov, ' Erpl}ft. 1908, pp. 255-284;
G. ALL..... - L. D. CASKEY, The East Stoa in the
Asclepieum at Athens, AJA 15, 1911, pp. 32-43; .
'0 Toii '/1 'A a,,}.l)meio U 7CEg{{JO},o,
",.u TO ' Ei-va{IILOII, 'E'PfJI1. 1912, pp. 43-59; id., Tov
'/1a"i.lj7m{ov ol"TJllUTu, 'Rrp/Ift. 1913, pp. 52
74; JUDEICH, Topographic, pp. 320 324; A. KEI'\-
To lle}.rlgyt,,')v, Tf) '/1 a"},I/7tULOII, at ')')ui
ai liPdyovl1at ng'):; Tri Ilgo7tv).rull, , H'/J'/IL. 1934/35, pp.
85-116; ROBERT, Thymcle, pp. 233 240, 325 326; 1.
Tp r A01:; II nai.'lLOl.,!LaTUlIII'''/ {jua,}.,,,,/ TOV '. la"J.'j7w{o v
TWV 'A{}I]1'Wl', 1939/41, pp. 35-68; R. ilL.\RTI,
Asclcpieion d'Athenes, BCH 68/69,1944/45, pp. 434-
438; id., Chapiteaux ioniques de l' Asclepieion d' Athe-
nes, BCH 68/69, 1944/45, pp. 340-374; E. J. EDEL-
STEIN - L. EDELSTEIN, Asclepius. A Collection and
Interpretation of the Testimonies, Baltimore 1945;
;\1. LEVENSOH - E. LEVEL SOH T, Inscriptions on the
South lope of the Acropoli , Hesperia 16, 1947, pp.
63-74; U. HA 11A ,Kunst und Heiltum, Pot dam
1948; R. MARTIN - H. METZG R, Recherches d'archi-
tecture et de topographie a l'"-\sclepieion d'"-\thene"
BCll 73, 1949, pp. 316-350; O. Wi ALTER, Das Priester-
tum des Sophokles, pp. 469-479; R. O. Hl'BB1,
Decree from the Precinct of _\skl pios at \thens,
Hesperia 28, 1959, pp. 169 201; C. 1'1 RI '\;, I, \skle-
pio , Archet) pal Image of the Physician's [< ,istencc,
ew York II \ \I'll'\, 'E}.To 18, 1963, \(>0J'. PI
18 22; L. BESCHI, 1I monumcnto di Tel n1.lcho"
fondatore dell' Asklepieion \ nl1L1.1 rio,
29/30, 1967/68, pp. 381 436; id., \nnu,uio, 0..::-.
29/30, [967/68, pp. Sit 51 R. \. Tmlll 'so " T\\ L)
Buildings in of .111::- 89, 1969.
pp. 112 117.
/29
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175 RemaIns or the AskltplCion. Old photograph. taken from .he tol'l
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176 :\: st'ctinl1 of till' Done stO;! to Ihe: l.l'1 nf th ' ,Lllrs leading to Ihe: Pil, ll: Ir, n,verse: section on the
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ho Ihl DOril
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II'" 01 till \,hl'l"lltlll III
II., I Il1p"Or 11111,111
Ihe Illlll' 01
\(, \ ,D,),
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17K III(: Ifill- ,1((., (Ill e1l'wl! \-tlilt Illy \\.htlllill I)Olll .... In,l \\.1'; hlldl, ,till! IIH llllllllH hllhl ~ t u "ptlng,.
,,,,,II.I'IIION
1-9 Paras architectural remains of the baldachin over the Sacred PlIo
1i9J The ~ r e d Pit at the west end of the Done stoa In the Asklepiclon.
\"1 11'1'11 ION
135
lHl IH2 (o!umll ( 'pll L1 ,llld .11111 <. tpll.d (lr the.. l ~ l t .. t.Ul p1Pr
H
Ipll 111 IIll \ klc..pl I\}n
Ilctght (If the LiP" tI () (,I) III
t , i\SI,II'PII'.ION
183 Yori,'e relieffrom the A klcpieion, about 400 B.C. Dimensions: 0.28 0.26 m. :"arional .'-[us. 1341.
IR4 Statue base with relief of surgical and cupping instruments. 0.44 0.37') 111., O. B 111. high.
'atlrmal Vlus. 1378.
'''''-I I I'll ION
IsS \-ori\c rclicffrom rhc .-\sklcplcion, circa 330 B.C. 0.62 0.58 m. ~ r o n l ;\lus. 1335.
1
' V' I' r r I A kl I I II' r I I I 1\ ( I Ie (l"K(, Ill, '\,.111,>11,11 \In .... 1'""2.
0<) <Jrtvc re It rom I Ie , q>l tl 011 , 'ttl)lH '" (> I 'L' . I I (. ..'
13i
I
.\. Kl.I.PIFIO SPRI G 1l0USI.
Of' THE :\ "uPIl'IO. ': This is a mall spring house wc t of the Ionic stoa of th Asklepieion;
ellS. t rn h If of it, dra\\ ba in, 3.10 m. in depth, whcre the pring watcr collected, is preservcd. In 1963
,
h n th . kl pi ion ar a w s put in order, the drawba in was ckaned out to the bottom where a mall well
di cover d. Thi w II, 1.25 m. deep, has masonn' walls with a small opening at the south to let in watcr
from th und rground ,pring which is right there.
Th wall of th dra\\'basin ar carefullr built in pol) gonal masont\' of Kara limestonc. The walls of the pring
hou abo\' ground le\'c! arc 0.50 m. thick and arc of Acropolis limcstonc. At the northcast corncr part of onc
course of th e walls i pre erved and here it is pas ible to see 'where the overhanging Acropoli cliff was cut
back to a can iderable height in order to make room for the corner of the spring house.
ince the we, tern part of the dra\vbasin was demolished when the mediaeval \'aulted cistern was built, thc
original width of the. pring house is not known. If the mouth of the well was in the exact middle of the draw-
ba. in, the width would ha\'e been 3 metres in. ide, 4 metres overall.
On the south ide of the spring hou e there certainly must ha\'e been a mall toa, a kind of entrance hall which
wa demoli hed in the 4th centun' B.C. when the temple directly to the south was built. A poro Doric column
capital, found in a nearby well. probabl! corne from the spring house porch. The well went out of use and was
covered \\ith earth in the 4th centur! B.C., /.t. at the time when the pring house porch was de troyed.
The pring house is dated to the end of the 6th century B.C. The boundary stone with the inscription ,giVE;.
t1 . 1 -, hould be dated in the la t quarter of the 5th century B.C.; it was set up to define the boundarie of the
spring hou e when the .:\sklepieion was founded. The spring house and its urroundings were acred to the
nymphs, as shown by an abundance of \'otive reliefs with nymphs found in thi area, figs. 192-193. Pan \\':1 ala
worshipped there from the 5th century B.C. ofi\\'ard, and probably also Hermes, .-\phrodite and Isis, judging
from the fact that near the spring house there is a large altar or altar-table of Hymettian marble, bearing the
names of these gods who were jointly worshipped and to whom the altar was dedicated (/. G. IF 4994). ourh
and southwest of the spring house are the remains of two temples; perhaps they belonged to the god named
in the inscription.
KIJf.\fA FI'.!f1%T. 1876, p. 24; U. KbHLLfl,
A. I 2, 1877, p. 183; A. HH()f ER, 0.} mphen-
reliefaus Athen, AM 5,1880, pp. 206 223; ]UDLlCIJ,
Topographic, p. 320; WREDE, Mauern, p. 8; I. '1'1'\1'-
A02:, 'etprlf'. 1939-1941, p. GO; R. MARliN II.
MET'ZGER, Recherches d'architecture ct dc ropographi
it I' Asclcpieion d' \thcnc', UCI I 1949, pp ,"0:
\.11'\;\111', (f).T. 18,1%\ '!.I"'" p. 11),1964,
X(jO)-. p. 27; L. BIV HI, \nnll.uio, " 29 0, 19(j-
68, pr. 512 514.
\Skl '.I'II'ION SPI(INC;
139
18- Boundan stone of the spring, last quarter of the 5th c. B. C. \\ Idth 0.30 m. I. C. l' 874.
I T
1968 ..J
l.::a:; ",'
0
, .
,Q'\ 10
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->
113 10
10"", 0:)
11 0 ]0
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4 5
1--1 M
2 3
1--1
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188 Restored plan and seetlon of the spring hm"L at about [he end "I' the ('[h c. Il.c:.
1
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lW) L n,rncr (,f the r ~ n l r of the spring. Ind of 6th c. B.C.
\"1 II I'll I()I'. "1'1(11\:(,1101 "1
III
!')O 1'",,,, DOIIC C.l[)IUI, [)rob.lbh I,olll the ,[)"ng l1<ll"C.I Ielghl OfC.l[)it.l1
O.6K'i m. Dt.lIllLtu 01 c"lumn: 0.12 III
l
f
J! \\.t.l1 ftom \\hHII dH \,tll1 gll .... hc. ... llllih II till h4lltlli1l III till It'lI\tlll
0.335 m. I.ength of .1b,Cl":
---
I
I I'll ION "PR!. (,1101 "I
192 \-ori\'c rclicf d dicarcd ro rhe ;.\\rnphs and Pan b\ Archandros. Circa ,1-10 B.C. 0.6e5
0,66 rn. :--"artonal :\Ius. 1329.
rclid Ith abl"lt th" "Il(! (,I tl,,, 2nd I' ,- I
J c. >. " Olll1(
01)11..1 \1us. 1')(jl'j.
1 _
193
1\ 'I' III'. N A, A I( CJ I A J 0 S N A0 S
143
OLD OF A rilE I: The pre-I ersian temples of the Acropolis arc known hoth through written records
,tilt! th abundant of architecture sculpture; the foundations of only one of these temples
h,lv' b 'cn prl'sen cd: the loundatlOns of the Old Temple of Athena which lies between the Parthenon and
the hechth 'ion. In 1885 \". Dorpfcld discovered that these foundations belong to a large peripteral Doric temple
aml hidisty1c in antis. For many decades subsequently it was thought that the foundations had two building
periods distinguished from each other by material and by workmanship: the inner foundations of Acropolis
limc,ton' II' re supposed to have belonged to an earlier temple and the outer foundations of Kara limestone
II' 'I" "uppos d to have been added for a colonnade in Peisistratid times.
Tod,l)" the pre\'ailing \'iew is that put forth by W.B. Dinsmoor in 1947: the foundations belong to a single temple
buIll' in 529 520 B.C. to replace a "hypothetical but necessary" Geometric temple mentioned by Homer (Iliad
II, 5-1-6-551; 0r!y.rsf)' VII, 80-81). Th.is Geometric temple was on the site of the Mycenaean palace and I think
one must assume that the Geometric temple was replaced by a larger temple at the end of the 7th or beginning
of the 6th century B.C. which in turn was succeeded by the Peisistratid temple, the Old Temple of Athena.
the slightest trace of an early archaic temple has been preserved, but it is probable that terracotta ante-
fixes and simas deri\'e from it, figs. 194-195. They have exactly the same patterns as the roof tiles of the
archaic Telesterion at Eleusis, and it is natural to suppose that after the final unification of Eleusis with Athens
Solon first had the idea of building magnificent temples on the Acropolis contemporary with the first monu-
mental Telesterion at EI usis.
of the architecture of the Peisistratid temple has been preserved, enough to give us a clear idea of its
appearance. The temple was of poros except for the stylobate which was of Kara limestone and the raking
cornices, metopes, simas and roof tiles which were of island marble. Some of the pediment sculpture, also of
island marble, has been preserved. The east pediment represented the battle between the gods and the giants,
the we t pediment had an animal combat.
_\fter the Persians had destroyed the temple in 480/479 B.C. the Athenians used about half of the entablature
of the temple for the construction of the Themistoklean north wall of the Acropolis. By the time the work
started on the Erechtheion in 421 B.C., the Peisistratid temple could no longer have been standing. However,
it seems that the exigencies of the situation necessitated keeping the western portion of the cella which Dinsmoor
identified as the Opisthodomos recorded in J. G. F 91/92; it was used as a state treasury and remained in use
until the mid-4th century B.C.
W. DORPFUD, Del' alte Athena-Tempel auf del' Akro-
polis zu Athen, AM 10, 1885, pp. 275-277; 11, 1886,
pp. 337-351; 12,1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; 15, 1890,
pp. 420-439; ]. G. FRAZER, The Pre-Persian Temple
on the Acropolis, J HS 13, 1892/93, pp. 153-187; W.
DORPI'ELD, Del' alte Athena-Tempel auf del' Akropo-
lis, A.\1 22,1897, pp. 159-178; ,WIEGAND, Poros-
\rchitcktur; DICKINS Acropolis Museum' HEBER- , ,
DEY, Porosskulptur; \Y/. DORPIELD, Das Hekatompe-
don in Athen, Jdl 34, 1919, pp. 1-40; E. ScmllDT,
Akrotcr dcs "pcisistfatischen" Athenatcmpcls,
JdI 35, 1920, PjJ. 97 113; JUDEI 'II, Topographic,
pp. 261 270; W. B. DI The Burning of thc
Opisthodomos at Athens, AJA 3(>,1932, pp. 143-172,
307-326; \Y/. KOLI1F., DcI' Oplsthodomos auf del'
Akropolis, FuF 9, 1933, pp. 497--498; W. DORI'FELO,
Del' Brand des alten Athena-Tempels und seines
Opisthodoms, AJ A 38, 1934, pp. 249-257; A. HESS,
Del' Opisthodom als Tresor und die Akropolisropo-
graphie, Klio 28, 1935, pp. 21-84; \V.-I-1. CHVCH-
HAR DT, A;-"160/6I, 1935 '36, pp. 98-11 I ; H. SCHRADER,
Dic archaischen ;\[armorbildwerke del' Akropolis,
Frankfurt 1939, pp. 345-387; \'('. B. The
Hekatompedon on rhe ,\thenian .\cropolis, .\.1,\ 51,
1947, pp. 109 140; II. RIDL\ 'N, Dcrpeisistrari,hsche
Athenatempcl auf del' .\kropoli> zu .\then. :\1dI 3,
J 950, pp. 739; C. NYL.I'WFR, Dic 'ogcnannren
Mykenischen S'iuJcnbasen auf dcr .\krupolis in ,\th n,
Opus.cula .\theniensia 4,1962. pro 31 77; .\'. L !lN,
Spuren eines "Siiulenkultcs" <Iuf der Akropolis von
Athcn, AA 1964, pp. 143 145.
1
\ 1 III \. \Rl II \ 10,> \0.
Re<ror d drawing of tLrracOtt.l Lay S tiles. end of -th
~
:\cropo!ts stor room.
or beginmng of 6th c. B.C. \\ ldth 0.20 m

l()S
SeCl1(!O (,f terrac, tra ~ m f rJ l' .
, ,I rfJm a pc Imcnt, t Crt\ Ing 110m the S.l1ne ,oo! .1S the tiles sI10\\ n \11 t i ~
Cf{>p,,!ts tfJrCf{'(Jm .
1<)4. II 1!,11l 0 l ~ III
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1{)() ()ltl Tc.:nlplc of AtItCIl.l oil dll At rClpllll .......ollth IIf till' 11l'l'hl1ll'illl1.
auunl p1:1I1.
\ Til I'. N \. \ I\C I 11\ 1() S N A 0
19- Corner lionhcad from thc sima of the Old Temple of Athcna. Height 0.31 m. Acropolis :\Ius. 69.
1)
<'....:
f xt"nt of the Olt! T'cmpk pf Athena. \'\C\\ from the ,,,lith.
-

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I

Th IPLE 01' \UII" ' . IId: The r construction of the temple of ,\thenaike b} L. Ross, Chr. Hansen, and
E 1. chaubert in 1835 -1836 sUfl"crcd [rom basi errors and omissions, the most serious defect heing that no
car wa. taken to consolidate the foundations which in the course of time settled so that the entire monument
\\ in immin 'nt danger of collapse. Thus it became impetative to dbmantle the temple and the bastion and
to r build on n 'W solid foundations. This work began in 1935 under the direction of . Balanos; by 1939 the
ba tion and most of the temple had been rebuilt and in the following year A. Orlandos completed the recon-
structJon.
The new \'idence brought to light b\ this second reconstruction meant an important advance in our knowledge.
The architecture of the temple was studied in full detail and furthermore the dismantling of the classical sheath-
ing of the bastion revealed for the first time that the core was a massive Mycenaean bastion built in the Cyclopean
manner which, together with the gate and the Pelasgic wall, had been built to fortify the approach to the Acro-
polis, fig. 200. On top of this old bastion, 1.40 m. below the level of the paved floor of the classical temple, the
follo\\'ing monuments were found: the poros altar Eand base C, which G.\X'eiter had discovered in a preliminan
.
exca\'ation in 1923; the poros naisko D and a most important fragment of a second poros altar, B, \\'ith the
inscription: Ti;' A {}e [vata;.} ri; .Ytxe; {Jopo;. IIarQox( ;.>i; i:toteGev. This inscription dated to 566 B. C. shows
that a cult of Athena Nike had been established on the Mycenaean bastion by the mid-6th century B.C.
Before Pausanias describes entering the Acropolis (I, 22, 4) he reports that the temple of Wingless Victory, as
he calls the temple of Athena Tike, is to the right of the Propylaia. Other cults are known to have existed on
the bastion: the shrine of the Graces (Pausanias I, 22, 8 and IX, 35, 7; Scho!' Aristophanes, Clouds 773) and the
shrine of Artemis Epipyrgidia (Pausanias II, 30, 2). The epithet Epipyrgidia is now fully elucidated by the
discovery of the bastion. The niche disco\'ered by Balanos in the west side of the ba tion housed yet another
cult of great antiqcity. the Mycenaean bastion was sheathed with a poros wall in classical times, a similar
niche was made in the poros wall at the same spot, attesting the peculiar importance of the cult. The cults
mentioned above were not on the original surface of the Mycenaean bastion but were installed after the upper
part of the bastion had been demolished. When did this alteration of the Mycenaean ba tion occur?
The original height of the fycenaean bastion must have been five to six metres above the floor on \\'hich the
foundations of naiskos D stood. Thus it was a high massive bastion at the entrance to the .\cropoli , guarding
the approach and at the same time serving as a look-out. The earliest certain date for the cult on the bastion was,
as we saw above, 566 B.C. However, the terracotta figurines which were found in the cavity of base A provide
a much earlier terminus ante quem for the destruction of the upper part of the bastion. Unfortunately I have not
been able to see these figurines, but N. Balanos, G. Oikonomos, and G. \\'elter, \vho reported the figurines
after their discovery, describe them as archaic. As may be seen in fig. 201 they are primiti\-e cylindrical femal
figures, closely similar to the hundreds of figurines found in the Telesterion of Eleu is and dated in the -th
century B.C.
It is not known to which divinity the figurines were offered. In 566 B.C., ho\vever, on the occasion of the
founding of the Greater Panathenaia, the first poros altar B to Athena Nike 'was established on the bastion for
the patron goddess of the contests celebrated during the Panathenaic festiva!' The edges of the an
bastion formed thc bounds for the archaic shrine of Athena Nike; on the north, west and south of the
bastion a parapet wa built. A small part of the north side of the parapet is still pre, en ed tod.n and it \\ as
known before Balanos began his work. The poros naiskos D and the altar E in front of it "'cre apparenth I uilt
in the interval between the battles of Marathon in 490 B.C. and Salamis in 480 B.C. and wcre contcmpor.U\ \\ ith
the Old Propylon probably built circa 485 B.C. [t should be noteel that three other similar paros naiskoi ot the
period are known in Athens, fig. 202. They arc simply small rectangular celJas for the cult statu s.
The Propylon and the poros naiskos of Athena ike seem to have undergone repairs dirccth aft r th,-
destruction of the monuments of the city by the Persians in 480/479 B.C. The decision to erect a nc\\ nwbk
temple and altar was made i 448 B C b . r f .. . I tion
. n .., as may e 1J11erreel rom the ll1scrJpuon 1. C. 12 actua comltLlC
dId not begin until 427 B.C. In the interval Mnesikles had built the splendid new Prop\ 1.1ia (437 432 13.C ) .wel
149
tor,l long PCI iod (If tUllC t h ' \ I Clll.ll'an I).lSl Ion with the archaic poros naiskos and th<.: altar on it had continued
to be \ i,ibk I'rom af,1I", .1S SllO\\ n !Jl fig. 200.
rh con,ttUClIl)J1 of the p010S \\ all \\ hieh slllath<.:d the 111) c naean bastion appears to have been undertaken
,horth beforl,th marble temple of 'lthem\ ike was built. The architect was Kallikrates who adapted his plan
l)t thl t 'lllpk of 'lrtcmis 'le;rolll'l (p. 112) bl eliminating the door wall and making the temple of Athena. ike
,hort r, fig. _OS. The amphipro,nle temple in the Ionic order ,,'as built <.:ntirely of white marble. The temple
Iud rich ,culptural decoration, the fn 7e, the pediments and the acroteria; of these only the frie7e reliefs ha,e
bcen pr,er\ cd. \\ mal suppo'e that the temple had been completed b} 425/424 B.C., the year in which the
,t,HUe ot 'lth'na "Ik \\ ," dedicated (I. C. 112 403). A few years later, circa 410 B.C., the wall urrounding the
da,sical tcmple, th tamous 1'ike parapet \\'as set in place.
The temple ,cems to hal e sun'j\ cd in e,cellent condition until 1687, although possibly an undergrounti vaulted
chamb r had been built in the cella for use as a powder magazine. On the eve of Morosini's raid in 1687 the
\I"hole tlmple \\'as pulled dO'wn and the stone used to build a strong outwork in front of the Propylaia. \\nen
this \I a, taken apart in 1835 virtually all of the temple was found, excepting a few frieze slabs which are in the
British :.\luseum, and the first reconstruction was done.
f_. RCh'>- E. (HACBERT- CHR. , Der Tempel
der ike Berlin 1839; BElLi, Acropole, pp.
22"'271; BClH!>;, PropyHien, pp. 29-32; \. ORLAISDO'>,
Zum Tempel der }uhena 'ike, 40,1915, pp. 27-
44; CIW)'o;, 'lcropolis Museum, pp. 11 19,139-174;
'V.. B. DI"'>\tOOR, The Inscriptions of \thena ike,
\J -\ 27,1923, pp. 318-321; G. \\ElIIR, Vom :t>;ike-
pyrgo<;, \'\148,1923, pp. 190-201; W. B. DIK'>\!OOR,
The Parapet of \thena Ike, -\J I\. 30,
1926, pp. \-31; R. C\RPP,1FR, The clllpture of the
"-ike Temple Parapet, Cambridge, \lass. 1929; \\.
'V; RI DE, und der \ \\ ';7,1932,
pp. 74 91; 1-1. III J IF, Der "-ikcp\!.gos und \1 n<,:sl-
kles, Jdf 48, 1933,pp.177 184; .\II/\\\.... lI)..,lll'iu
T()V moi; Til; '. .'lXI,_ (1935 1939),
'E'",I" 1937, pp. 776-807; G. WLLrLR, Vom ikcp}r-
gos, AA 1939, pp. 1-22; CH. PI ARD, L'anast} lose du
temple de la \'icroire .\ptere, RA 15, 1940, pp. 256-
258; r. Olh.ll Il i:rl lClTgda nj;
'1:"'1'/1" 1939-1941, pp. 97-110; A.
ORL \!'. DOS, '\ouI dies obsen'ations sur la construc-
tion du temple d'\thcna BCH 7172, 194"'/4 ,
pp. 1 38; RAt un ,( HE.. , Dedications, p. 359, :\"0. 329;
DINS\100R, .\rchitccture, pp. 18S 187; C. BLl \If!.,
Der Fries des Tempels der \thenaike in d r atti-
schen kumt dcs S.Jh.\ .Chr., JdI 6') 66, 19505\, pp.
135 \65; '\. hIPc.\P\, '0'
Yruk xu,' rd I'Ji/HI Tlj ... :('H/(}'Jutl TOU Jlrlf.!I'}fJ'(O,o,::, '}'9,,/4.
1961, pp. 61 1\4; 1. \IYlo\, .... I11 \R, kallikrate.,
I Ie'peria 12,196\ pp. r"' 188; I .. HI snit, .\nnu rio,
"< ...... 29'30,196'768, rp. 51\ 516; P., nL BOl'LTER,
The akroleri,l of the ike Temrk. lIe'p ria 38, 1969,
pp. 133 140.
J
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200 \Iycenaean gateway shown 10 broken 10 n:latlon to the PLOP' 1.11.1 and the shrln' "t \thul.l
Ike.
A. fig. 201 B. altar C. B,lse D. ['OlOS n.lIsko L. \11.11' I. ( llflll.1 l)f Old 1'1')1',1''11
c,. of the \[neslkkan Prorylala J l. and n1.l1ble temr
k
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ce J. Shnne ()f J rgleha.
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I.lcuthereus. C. Lesche na"ko,> D.
(,ale XIV.
13. In cornCl (If lhl.' pH'caller l'( th' SIUIIlc..' t,lf 1 11.)11\
':lI ... C',lSt of the church of DlIllitrins 1.,lUIl,b.lh.h,ln... in"h.ll..'
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205 lemple of Athen., and the .1It.'1" III 1"10'".
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thcna Ikt,427 424JU, \IC\\ flom the ~ I
\ 1'111 N \ Nil I,
207 210 13attlt. sceneS In reltef from the \\est ,1Ild sOlllh 51 les of Ihe Itllll "I Ihl Illllpil 01 \t1's11.l Iks l In.1 ~ -l2-l
B. C. J Ielght 0.448 m. Brill h \llIS,
t ,
\ I I I I \ I I I
211 I rnpl (rf \thL'1I Ik, 1""''1' llllill "I \1I1lIl0l, (1111110 1\.(. IIll .ill 101 III $I""nll, \1" I)Xll.
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n unullh 1111 ,It '[ h' 'u . th, tll\ , 1,.lnd,,! tll.lInh ttl Ihc oUlh III tht \crtlpllii .1' l.lr.1 the III (I ri\u
\\h r l n t I all r III lUll t mlill h.I\' h"l1 Itlullt! .Int! hu, lh" i (,n" Ill, Ircllld\ old . n{\ U:l fie ,
n ntle I ell [lu,\c1id p I) h.I' \>"11 Htill,d.\1 Ihi pcrillt! \thul' did nol clitl,r lrom Ihe othcr 'm,dl
II el'lnl II \11 l 11\1 d \ I"l d I .1dth .1' the \ dltl. The 'r,. I dn elopmlnl 01 \Ihln I due' to 'I hl 'u
\\h I u I el 11 1I0ttil ".l1lh 111111l..int.:: !tlm, llnda tlnt gmtrllllltnl \\lIh \th n' a, the -.Ipil.ll c'il\ (Thuc _
Ii . lI, 1.. 1 1: I 11I1M' h, 1 . liS _4).
Th Ulllh,,1l1 In II Ih \rtI- d me' ".1\ impetu, I'l Ihe I.thtlr.llltln pf.l nll\\ ork 01' road \\ hlCh Ih earhe I
til r:- h. {I "un: t1wftnpht.H r.ldl.lling uut tltlm Ihl \('fopuli eonn,cl"l .\Ihln' \\1th Ih, dl In I ot
,
\ui .1. tI _I"'. 11(\11 pr ht tone tim, Unltl to t\\ Ih, Hud. hOI , l\lntinuld In u' .1long l aClh Ihl . ml
roul ': th d'l ro ming 1.lcWt h.\\ .ti\\.\\, 1 n the pO'ition 01 Ihl p,I",' It!..:c nalur.ll gatl' in Ihe mountain
r.1n' ndo,in Ih \th ni.1n pl.tin, .1' \\ ll1 .1' Ih 'lilt' ur, tlf thL t, rr.lin Mound .\Ih n', .\11 .tiong th road,
I h,)(h 1:1 ':-, r ouin, tll pet hi turiL, Itl, me III , .1Ilt! gr:n t , h.\\ c b 'Lll tnunt!. fhl.' cu'tom 01' bun ing Ihl dc. d h\
II Hl.II'lef, \\.1, nuint.lin din th, (, om nie r riod .1nclmde d throughout .In Icnt tlml.", fig.
o .Ht Illpt .It nrg.l1ll;' d w\\n-p1.lnnlllg .1round thl \cropo!t, \\ .1' nude until thL I cgllU1ing olrh,' 6th e ntun
H. ' Ih th.ll nm th' fin.11 untllc.llion 01' .tilrhe \tlic I'm', h.ld btLn complcred and rhe pO\\lr 01' \rhen,
\\ .1' con,o!t,br d. The n 'd, ot the Clplt.ti muillph d and If, bound.1ft, L'p.lndl.'d cominuou,h. rh gro\\ th
of th It\ \\ .1:- loubtl ':-, rh c.lu,e 01 thL glLat building programm begun b\ \\ hen hc: ,hittc:d, or ratht
:'I.p.l!ld'd, th' ,ir of th \golol,.m { continu d b\ Pu,i,tr.llo .lnd hi, :-U c,-,'or,. Th n '\\ larg'r cin \\.b
nclo:- d b\ .1 w,lll .t, a 111 fhun did (1. t, ,) ndlclt , L ntortun.llLh, up wlltl nOll no rracL' 01' rhe
rch.lic clr uil w.111 h,l: bL'ln fmmd: thl linl Il 10 l\... i .1 m.lll r 01 Intorm,l conJecturL, ba' don ob,t:n.ulOn
at rh narur,ll contours of thl terrain .111d othc:r e\ Id nc (I r. \ 10" JI,,:. t \0./1 dl' pp. 40 42). It .1prLU,
ho\\ \ 'r th,lt rh ha:l 'p.u1d d .lft un { .Ibour thl \crOp'l!t" 'I' l .llh on rhe north 'Idl .1,' \' m.l\ mIn
from th :-iring of the n '\\' . \:or.l , tig. 5.
,
\ft r IhL Per,i,1l1 S:l I... in 4-9 13 C \rh Ib \ .1' .111 llnl,HrilI d cin. But .1lrLr rh' batrl nt Plar.1La (4-C) R.C.
Themi,toklo ,01\\ to it that rhe hr,r thought 01 th \th n...Ul. \ 1 rhe con,rruclton of a nL \\ in \ all \\ hl h
'a, compkr d \\'Irhin onl\' on' \ at. I nr rhi \ .111 rh \thLn .m' , Il I \\ har '\ L'r nutlri.ll C,lm' to h.111 L th
block Irom thL desrro\ d bwldtng, .In 1 L\ en th romb,t n '. \r thL '.1l11 tim Th ml,tokl , .11. 0 I' r,u.t I d
th ,\thc:ni.lm ro campi re Ihe fOrlllIc.uion, 01 rhL h.lrbour 01 PIr,l lb. h mnn brought th pl.ll1 to compl rwa
b\ building the T\m L ng \\ alb, th Ph,!cn \\ .111 .1l1d Ih orth \\ .lll: ,lnd .llirrl' l.u r. in 445 H. '" on th
,
ad 'Cc: at Pt:nkl " the 'o-c.lll, d ourh \\ .111 (or \ ltddl ' \\ .lll) \\ ,1' 11lltlr in b t\\, n rhe Plulen \\ .lll .Ind th
, orth \\ all, Jig. 21'.
Part of Ih Th mLlokl an \\ .111 arc: pr ,c:r\ ed tn th' hcram iko,. thl.' P IralC G.ltL (11), b :-ld tI L Ie
ofDiocharl ,YIlT), and nLM the Ohmpi'lOn \\l1lr' rlm.lIm of\\alb .Ind.l gat pr)\' rll.lr Ih Oho'I'I1<1
a irhin rh Clr uir of th \\ all. _\t Olh'r I IhL ltne 01 th 1'h nmlOklc.m ircUlt can I r wn,t uctld
rom th rem.lin, of Lrg SL tion' 01 the \\ all rt:built In hono11 111 .)94 H,C. aft r rhe '\ 'It m.llic d ,truclll'l
o Ih \ all by (h Lakc:daInl011l,ln, ,It rht: lnd of the Peloponnc'I.ll1 \\ .It. rhe dn mO.lt III tWill nf th' \\ .tll
pro,ide \u. fIrmer eYldLnCL for dtllrml1llllg Ihe !tnL' 01' th' \\.tll, tllr ar tn.ln\ point:- \\ here Ih' \\.tilll' Ifhl>
({ rh \ IU ht:d the di. COl en ot Ihe dl \ moat ha re\ L.llld Il' pO'ltItln. RLC nt ',Col\ .ltlO11' in th' h 1.llllll ll>
h c ho th r Ihae \\.1 ,1 mO.ll .llild the "'''"M 01 \thul.l" III fwnt ot the cin \\.Illi \ th nll t t the:rt
centur B.C., lor ju t our ide ,lnd III t wnt of thl Dlp\ Ion 1.lle (I \ ) .1 bound.H\ :-10ne \\.b tLIlInd 'HI rh' ,I..:
o h moal \\ ith tht: III cnpllOll "!!fi' ni,//(ITW hg,. _2
t
) .tnd Clt)2. lllrth [mll! ..1ll1l1'Cllptltlll ' ( IF
I (J r ler to rhe IrI/IId (mo.ll) of \then.l, in rhi, C.l'L thl mo.1l III IWllt of th <';.Il l)l 1 lllch.Il' , (\ 1\1
In th ell tern part of the cit .
Th dan an InF; from rhe 'ot add\ 'ro\\ ing Po\\ c:r of thL \l.tt' doni.tn, .wel th 'ir II, \\ III Ihlllb lIt I '1
compcll d Ihe \thenian 10 It,ll 'thlll their fotuhc.1l1on. III the 'lllld lul! of th 41h ntHI \ H t \1/,'1
h all 0101 nlho III 34H BJ th \\olk 01 rhL \\.db \\.1'0 .tLLel r.1l !: bUIll .Ipp .Il' Ih.ll th d U,I, '
1-9
TIll
. ,
, ,
,
,..,.
,
.-
I' III r m L1rl 1I1l lortiii non. 01 Ih CII\
I 1 nOll. lJ11n'Jla t r h lal leo'
III . I, c n OUllr hnl 01 Jdenc .
b lit. [ dL I n 01 9 11 m
1 I. II r t:m 0\ r f. rh k\ d .!roUI d. Ih.1 l' doc " trom Ih J1 th to
, . , t. r . 'I.he '. I, n ha,' of :'-1, 'n Hill 'fhi. oUler \\ II . the rolrr
. I. 11 m, \\ Id . nd 4 Old . d
. ' h . L, up.\ ne\\' \\ all, [he ..... 1
'. , t 1, I ) I 41h Cenlun B C on rI 0 'd .
"., '. . H II I ' ... 1" n g" r btn\ccn th hel.!!u" I Ih HIlla
1. I) 1" ' )!l I. ,,\[,'n'lye xc y [ 'b h -\ .
, . . .. a lon, ) [ e . m nc:ul ,chool of Cb,<ic I :1 die lJ1 19'6
, 'IS 'xactlin of [he wall as well [he d nib of ib con,[ruetion.
'! , .:: Sl cII'''.1I 01 [he th and 4[h cemuri s B.C. haye be n tound in the cour:e ot
emm' ".1 tS nan ed bo h bY' ancient author: and in nrious imcri [ion,. n.
[,,'11 .num cr.arelHogubrh lac datyan" <Yd', " P c.
, ..' '... ',111,:- btanc. tram ach orh r about tll" CiL\ \\ all. for tI L1r
." 11 -, u,.,rrruned h,- th age-old trathc rout s comin<Y into the cin- iig< 11- /19 TI
b ' .... - .:>....1..1. _ ll: ('I"a "s '"'r" l'
... .... ... ....
. G.. 'L .-\t th of :he of the =",-mphs to the north. de p rurs worn by 'agon whed, Indicate
t .! - t ad m red th at thIS po:m through a gate which mal be idenriti d as the Demian GJ.te (p. 121).
1. p, r.1.: G.;!e. In 196 ,a section ot th cm ,,'all and a <Yate were found U'l a pro t' I' E .. 1 h
_ .' '" p r , at no. :l n ,IC lt ono,
- r ; \' th northern side ot the gate has been excayated -\lthou<Yh there I' c 110t ,- t 'ut'h" t 'd' ,
. , . . '" clen e"1 nce lor J.n
:2 :1 inca ion, bo h the method of the construction and the discoyen' of an ancient road I ading from the Piraeus
'0 :his ate indicate. in m'- Yiew, that this ,,'as the Peiraic Gate.
III. 5a:red Gafe, This ,ate is siruated at the lo,,'est point of the city on the Eridanos, at a scant -0 m, distanc
he Dipylon wte. During the celebration of the Eleusinian :'-lysteries, the procession made its "'a\ from
.-\rhens to Eleusis on the acred \\"ay, leaying the town through the Sacred Gate.
IY. Di?Jloll Gate. The main gate of the city of .-\thens is yariously referred to as th Thriasian Gate, the her'lm i-
ko, w e, and the Dipdon. Thi last name is mentioned for the ti.rst time in an inscription of r r- B.C.
(1. G. 112 6-3). It i in the herameiko where three important roads enter the cin : th road from the.\cad 'n1\'.
he road irom the Piraeus, and the road from Eleusis which connected _-\thens not onl\- \rith the ,,-hol Thriasi.l11
plain but al 0 with the Peloponne os and the rest of Greece. Recent res arch has shown that the original plan
0' the gate a built in 4-9 B.C. was presen'ed in eyery detail when th' gare was r built at the end of the 4th
century B.C. \,.-ith thicker ,,'all of conglomerate stone. The wall \\-ith the twO gates closing oil the Diprlon
court at the northwest side seems to haye been built to trengthen the fortiti.cations just before th Rom'l11
attack b\' ulla in 86 B.C.
,
Y. Eriai Gate. This gate should be placed at the spot where the cit) wall crosses the end of PI'CSCJ1td.l\ Leo-
koriou t. Recent excayations have shown that Leokoriou St. follows the line of a yery ancient road which.
'):e believe, started at the Altar of the Twelye Gods and ran to,,'ards Kolonos Hippios.
VI. Acharnian Cote. The gate is on the northern side of the circuit at the intersection of present-day Sopho
kleous and Aiolou Sts. where remains of a gate were found in the middle of the 18th century. The "\chamian
gate is mentioned in il1scriptions and by Hesychios ('A;(ael"I)' Outside this gate was an extremel) large cemeler)
on either side of the road which led to Acharnai; in recent years a long stretch of this road has been found.
VII. Northeast Gate, There was another gate, we have reason 10 believe, at no. 4 Dragatsaniou St., n 'ar th
place where a part of the ciry wall was fowld in 1954 in the cou rse of pUll ing up a ne,,' building. The w.lll. built
entirely of conglomerate stone, is preserved to a height of 4.50 m. \,\'e deduce that Ihne h.ld bc:n .1 g.Il.' th'
section of the wall, now completely destroyed, from the interruplion III the hne ot the moat" hld\ r.\Il1ll trnnt
of the wall, it has been observed that the line of the moat is inl"rrupled onh in front of g.llcs..\s occurs in front
,
of the Dipylon and the Sacred Gate, A poros bedding block with the typical cUllings for a wooden door jamb
must have come from this gate, for it was found very near to Ihe site proposed lor the gall'. Tud.1\ this infor-
mative block is stored in the area of the Roman Agora.
VIII. Diochares Cote. Strabo (IX, 397) puIS Ihis gale ncar the L, keion and the gate is also nam d in an inscrip-
1
ATI[I'
tJ n (I. (,. III 24
1
)5) round bt sJdl: the church of "Haghia which is in the city block bounded by :'vf<:tro_
pol os. \'outis, .\pOIlOllOS ,tnd Pcnrelb Streets. \,\'hen this whole city block was dug out in the course of bUilding
orations, , etion, of th cin \\ all, of the proleichisllla, and of the moat were found. The gate be in the
un ca\ at d.u ,l at the southwest corner of the block at the juncturc of Apollonos and Pcntclis Sts., as indicated
b, th break in the line of the moat. Jmt as in the case of the ortheast Gate (VII) the course of the moat has
n int rrupt d to aUo\\' thc road to pass through the gate.
IX. (the Ca\ .lIn Gate). In the course of excavations in 1958, we ascertained that there was a
iu t w st of the prop' Ion on the north side of the mpieion; the stout walls of the gate had been con-
,
truct d of column drums from the Peisistratid temple of Olympian Zeu , fig. 222. The road runnJng through
this gate connected the CIt} with the \ anous shrines along the Ilissos river and with the settlements in thc area
of th present-da suburb of Pankrati as far as :Mt. H} mettos. \\ e identify this gate as the Hippades Gate
which an (I. C IF 2776, B I, 140-143) a sociates with the district of Agryle or Ankyle.
The imcription (1. C. 112 2T6, A II, 5--59) informs us that Agryle or Ankyle lay in the direction of
!.f\ metto:. Harpokratlon ('.lgbI/TT();) placcs Agn Ie more preci ely in the area of Ardettos and the tadium.
Th gate it elf probably took ib name from the equestrian contests held in the nearby gy mnasium, the
keion (p. 345).
X. D'Ollltlat: Cale. This gate is mcntloned in connexion '\vith the nosarges gymnasium in the deme of Dio-
meia (Diogenes Laertlu VI, 13; Plutarch, Thw/lSiokles 1). \\ hen okrates was going to Kynosarges (p. 34(J)
it eem that he ,,'ent out of the city through this gate. In this region near the Ilissos river, the Themistoklean
\\-all ha completely disappeared; but the much later wall in thi area, built in the reign of Valerian, has a gate
\\'hich almost was the successor to an earher ,gate at the point.
XI. The Ilol1lalJ Gate is mentioned only once in anci nt times, in the p eudo-Platonic dialogue AXlOchJls
(364d-36-a) "at the Itonian gate - for he li,-ed near the gate by the .-\mazon tele." Pausarua (1,2, 1)
that "'hen one comes to town from Phaleron one sees the tele of the ,\mazon .\ntiope just a one enter he
Plutarch (Theseus 2 ) places this stele not far from the southwe t corner of the Olympieion precinct wall
near the hrine of Olympian Ge. In 1965 the city wall was found in thi area when the telephone
opened up a trench along the length of 10 iph ron Rogon St. In front of the house at no. Iosiph ron ROl1on
t. the city wall turns a corner and top; thi may ha,-e been the south -ide of a gate, the north ide of which
has been completely de troyed. The gate probably went out of u e about the middle of the 3rd century after
Christ and it pas age wa blocked up. \,'e further identify thi gate with the one on the road leading to the
bath ofI thmoniko , mentioned in the in cription I. G. 12 94, line 13-.
XII. Halade Gale ( eaward Gate). The arne inscription of 418 B.C. (I. G. 12 94) refer- to another l1ate
which the initiates pas ed on their way to the ,ea on the third day of the Greater ),h terie ..-\Ithough thi-
e. tremely important gate has not yet been found, its po.ition be pinpointed on pre Phalirou
at the inteLection with pirou Donta t., because here the ancient road from Phaleron met thl:
ci \ -all. In the Turkish period and until recent y ar Phalirou t. was the main high\\-ay to Phaleron; the ancient
road ha been found at about 2 metre below the present-da <treet le.-el. of the ),1 cena an, Gcomctrlc.
and cia ical periods and of later time until the Late Roman period line the street on both -ide ; the' d mon-
trate both the great antiquity and the hi torical continu!t\ of road.
"' 'III. SOli'" Gale. In 19351. .1tliadis discoycred this gate under the pa,-ing of present-day I'r chth iou, t. The
-all in which the gate is dated to the beginning of the 4th B.C. and it is now certain that thiS \\ ,l'
al 0 the line of the Thcmi<toklcan \\' all. The ubm, cenaean and eometric tombs found on ither <Ide of th
road pa in through the gate that the road \\ a \ old. Becau e the road and the gate are 0 Important
or communica ion between :\thens and the Phaleron harbour, I belieye that both \\ ere within th Long \\.11
o Phaleron, the Phalcric \\ all.
XIV. D'P.Jlo11 ab(;u IIIe Gales. The in cription 307 306 B.C. (I. (r. IF 463) recording the rlp,lir of the \\",11I,
refers 0 thi gate. In 193 ,eXC4l\;arors of the .\merican choolof la sical Jc-arcd a 'ate locat d in the
\TIIICNS
161
s.lddle het\\ ('('II tlll' hills 01 the Pnl'\ and Ihe .i\louseion, ncar the church of St. Dimitrii)s Loumhardiaris, and
id 'ntitied it as the Dip\ Ion abm e the Cates.
"\. Y. II/"idf." (",II'. The la,t in the series o[ gates around the city wall lies at the other end of the d,aluchlSma
in th' ,"Hldle b,tween the Pnl),. and the] lill of thc ymphs where an ancient road for whe<:led traffic may
still b' s' 'n t o d I ~ \\ should identify this gate with the Iclitides Gate mentioned by ancitnt authors, for the
dellle of .\ldite c'\tended to the north from this gate CMarcellinus, Vila Thllcydidis 17 and 55; Anon., V,la
J'I.'1I<Jdidis 10; Pausanias 1, 23, 9).
lntil 86 13.C. the city of .\thens continued to be enhanced by magnificent new public buildings and temples;
th' city maintained the splendour of the classical and IIellenistic periods, secure within the circuit of a strong
cill' wall constantly kept in a state of repair. In 86 B. c., however, Sulla seized the city after a hard attack; in
ord 'r to reduce the power of Athens he systematically destroyed the fortifications of the Asty and of the Piraeus.
The Long \'I'alls and the circuit \\'all of the Piraeus were never rebuilt and the Piraeus, once a flourishing busy
port town, d,\'indled away, while for three and a half centuries Athens remained unfortified, fig. 220.
The lack of fortifications for so many centuries did not hinder the development of the city. Directly after the
sack of Sulla the cit\, began to build once more, mainly thanks to the contributions from Roman emperors,
eastern kings and many individual Philathenians who spent astronomical sums for the beautification of rhe
cit\' and for the construction of works of benefit to all, such as aqueducts, drainage systems, streets and bridges
which made an important contribution to the urban devclopment of the city in this period. Pau anias has
recorded the splendid picture which the city presented in the 2nd century after Christ and his detailed ac-
counts haye made it possible to understand and to identify most of the monuments of Athens.
The reorganization of the city continued until the middle of the 3rd century after Christ. At that time the im-
minent danger from raids by Goths and Herulians forced the Emperor Valerian (253-260 A.D.) to take thought
for the defences of Athens and other Greek cities. Recent exca,'ations have brought portions of the new
\'alerian circuit to light; as a result we now know not only that the Valerian circuit was built on the foun-
dations of the old Themistoklean \,'all but also that the Circuit was enlarged to enclose the new city built by
Hadrian in the eastern part of Athens, fig. 221. The defences of the Acropolis were also reinforced and it is
our opinion that the so-called Beule Gate was built at this time in order to make the Acropolis more difficult of
access (p.483).
In spite of all these precautions the walls were not able to stand up under the violent onslaught of the Herulians
who took Athens in 267 A.D., set fire to the city and laid it waste. After this disaster the city was so crippled
that the Athenians were not able to rebuild it as they once would ha\ e done. It is a striking fact that the gradual
repair of damages was accomplished very much later. Since they were not in a position to rebuild nor even
to man the old city wall, they abandoned it and in the last quarter of the 3rd century after Christ the Athenians
built a city wall north of the Acropolis, radically contracting their line of defence, fig. 221. This ne\\' \\'all, which
is called the Late Roman Fortification Wall, was constructed of material taken from the buildings wreck d by
the I ferulians and it included the Roman Agora and the Library of IIadrian whither the whole administratiw
and commercial activity of the city was transferred. The archaeologists of the Agora Excavations haye cl ar d
the entire west side of the Late Roman Fortification \X/all, the best presetTcd of the three sides. They found
architectural material built into the wall much of which could be idenlitied as deriying from buildings of th
Agora.
Iwen though the city was much reducecl in size, in time Athens began to resume the old \\,1\ ,,{ lif' .md in the
4th century after Christ again enjoyed relalive prosperity due chicfh to the great fame of the schools and other
educational and cultural institutions. The Brzantine emperors contributed greath to the gro\\ th of th city;
they were especially favourable to Athens, giving material support and tolerattng 1',lg'IIllSI11..\t th nel of th
4th and beginning of the 5th century so much building was going on outSl,1e of the I.ate Roman Fortification
Wall that it is clear, in our judgment, that the city had expanded and was once more nclo, eI within th
larger outer ring of the circuit wall.
1

St-e.in th numb r of n \\" builchngs and the eill spread out to the full extent of her former boundaries, one
mi ht form the impr ssion that \thens had recaptured her old glury and puwer. The rehuilding of the city
from th ,h of th Jferulian destruction is et:rtainh admlrabk. But the cit} no longer bore any relation to the
f rm r gr atn . s of .\th ns in cIa ,iell and HelleOlsttc or eyen in Roman times. Ju tinian's stern order to close
th philo.ophicaJ schoob in 29 -\.D. 5 t the cal on the end of paganism and the ancient splendour of Athens.
Th cit\ became an imignii1eant town III the gr at B\ zantlne empire. It was important merely as a fan; Justinian's
chi f concern was to str ngth n the ",'ails ,vhieh guaranteed the continued existence of the cit\. Thus until the
cin wa. captur d by the Franks in 1204 A.D. Athens continued to be protected by the ancient ourer circuit
wall a r built by J u, timan.
GEOLOG\ :\.. 0 CLI\[:\1L
R. LEPSIl' , Griechische ;\farmorstudien, Ber1Jn 1890;
id., Geologie ,-on .-\ttika, Berlin 1 \Il I II I
-
TO %i.i,lla Tii: 'EiJ,d.oo;, '.Hhilat 190 ; ]CDEICH, Topo-
graphie, pp. -B-51; .-\. PHILlPP50);, DOl I--::.Iima Grie-
chenJand , Bonn 194 ; X \P,\.\,\\In 5:>flfJoi.lf
ci: Tijl' ill'WOll' TOP l'coi'n'oi!; Til:" lrrt%li:, '.1thilw 1951.
GE:-:ER:\L \\ ORK
LE..-\KE, Topography; E. CCRTll", .-\tla yon .\then,
Berlin 1 - ; \\AClb\WTH, Athen; .-\. ;\fILCHHOFER In
B.-\c\IEISTER, Denkmii.ler, s. Y. Athen; H. G. LOLLI);G,
Topographie yon Athen, H.\\\' III, 1889, pp. 290-352;
CCRTlCS, tadt eschichte; .-\. ;\fILCHHOFER, Athen und
Thukydides II 15, Philologus J5, 1 96, pp. 1-0-1-9;
\\". DORPFELD, Das alte .-\then yor Theseus, Rh;\f 51,
1896, pp. 12
7
-137; H..... RRI ox, ;\fythology; FRAZER,
Pausanias II; E..-\. G -\RD);ER, .-\ncient .-\thens, Lon
don 1902; J. E. H.-\RRISO);, Primitiye Athens as De
scribed by Thucydides, Cambridge 1906; \\'. . FER-
" Hellenistic Athens, London 1911; C. H.
WELLER, :\thens and its J. T ew York 1913;
GR.-\!. 'DOR, Auguste; id., Herede .-\tticus; id., Tibere-
Trajan; ] l:DLICH, Topographie; DELB);ER, Feste; A.
W. Go I fE, The Population of Athens in the Fifth and
Fourth Centuries B. c., Oxford 1933; GRAIXDOR,
Hadrien; DORPFELD, Alt- \then; C.
Die tadt Athen in der .\ldI 3, 1950, pp.
5167; Dr.' IOOR, Architecture; . 1orn-
tlden :\then, tockholm 1953; HILL, Athens; R.
MARTI , L'urbani5mc dans la Grecc antitlue, Paris
1956; 'I I' rv,_, Ilfji.I'Y)r,/U%ry; Il IOJ.OIl \ . (1'I.JlJl JI II
'1>1/1 ,1 h.IlII1IIi'.1 1961; R. L. \Xl),( HERLJ Y,
Ho,\' the Greeks Built Cities, London 1962
2
; \. PRO'
COPIOL, Athens, London 1964; .\. KRIEsI , Greek
Town Building, .-\then 1965; J. P.-\PA'>TA\'ROC, RE
uppl. X, s. Y.-\thenai; .-\. GIl'LL-\);O, Crbanistica
delle cina greche, ;\filano 1966; B. L-\RZOCCO, Tuna
su .-\tene classica, Firel17e 1966.
ARCH:\IC ClTY \\ .-\LL
TH, .-\then I, pp. 336-3r; l. Y. \\IB,IO-
UTZ, .-\u Kydathen, Berlin 1 0, pp. 9--10-; .-\. Y.
GERK A);, Griechische tii.dteanlag;en, Berlin-Leipzig
1924, pp. 23-2'; \". DORPFELD, Die ii.Jtesten tacit-
mauern -\the:l, Fe t,;chrift ] udeich, pp. 1-P; ] l
DEICH, Topographie, pp. 120-124; DORPFELD..-\It-
Athen I, pp. 22-29; O. \\'ALTER, Zur Frage der \'or-
themiswkleischen tadtbefestigung .-\nz\\ ien
86, 1949,pp. 51 -J2'; .33
34, 40-41.
THE\ll TOKLCA:--" ClT\ \\ :\LL
Jl'DEICH, Topographie, pp. 124-144; \,'REDE, .\fauern;
DORPFELD, .-\It.-\then I, pp. 25-26, 29-31; R. I.
CR.-\'l'TO);, The Forrii1cation. of .-\th 11. at .. he 0 n-
ing of the Peloponne ian \\ ar, .-\1-\ 42, 19.3" pp
532-536; 1. (-)1'1'.'1'1 IT'!U%T. 1953, pp. 61 'I, L
JI,!IL%T. 1955, pp. 3 '-43; \] \ 61. 195-. p.
281; Tl'\l pp.4' 56; Ll')/'] '1"1
l,iT. 16, 1960. X'J01'. pp. 22 T; BCIl St 1960, rr
634-635; 1. (-)I'ITI I i.T 1," 1%3, I, r
41; G. GRl B1 "<, \.\ 1964, pr, 390 419; D. Om),
,\.\ 196\ pro 360 368; (I). I i,T.
20, 1965, '\'J',l' pp. 84- S', () \ \12 \ '\ I'll. I ir. _2.
1967, X[1/)]" pp. '6 "78.
163
..YouI' .
I. 0;-'" ; \\ \ I I S
It I'll< Il, 1\'l'pgr,ll'hiL',pl" 1(,O,-L8 -129;J. DIY,
C\PL' ('"Ii.!' Ph.t1t'1l1lll.md thL' Ph.t1L'ric \\ all, \J.\ 36,
1<)32, PI'. I II; R. I , , l R \, m" ThL' Fortifications of
\thL'1l> .n the Opening 01 the PeloponnL'sian \\ ar,
\.1 \ -12, 1l).>t', Pl'. '=;25 536; I. (-)I'E'I'I
1<):-0, 1'. 100; 1'1' \ I II"i. "')"1"'''/, pp. -18 50; E.
\1 r . . r;'xI'Xi.O.iUlfh"iCl, s. v.
rfll. 1/"x(H'; E. hl,nll',lI'.\UI, I.h. 21, 1966, pp.
<) lh
- ..
III [Ll ,-ISTIC [ORTII'[CATIO"S
11. \. TH\1\IP';\1!'-: R. L. SCR\NTON, and
Cit\ \\ alls on the Pmx, 1lesperia 12, 1943, pp. 301
383; l. (-)1'1"1'1 Il'}uxr. 1950, pp. 6-1-7-1; L.
llOLL-\ND, The Katastegasma oC the \'1'alls of 1\thens,
\J \ 5-1-, 1950, pp. 337356; .\.lc\ 60, 1956, p. 267;
T/uilHl TOU Tf'!XOI'':' rc';'JI' ',Ilh/J'{;w,
1'1; .It?,/,'uix<! -1-, 1956, pp. 3 6; \ J \ 62, 1958, p. 321 ;
F. E. \'I'l:-:TER, Ikria and I"::atastegasma in the \'I'alls
of \thens, Phoenix 13, 1959, 1'1'. 161 200; r. G.
:\1-\IIR, Griechische :\lauerballinschriften I, IIeidel-
berg 1959; '1'1'.\ 1I0i.f()()oJlI%I/, pp. 7580; BCll
-1-,1960, pp. 635-63
7
; l. IdT. 16, 1960,
pp. 22-2
7
; id., Ifi.r. 18, 1963, pp. 39-40;
G. GRl'B1iS, _\.-\ 196-1-, pp. 387 390, 418-419; <!>.
lri.r.20, 1965, X'}o,'. pp. 67 93; H.
<!)I.\IIIII \1'11, Ifh. 21, 1966, pp. 5557, 65 68;
.\ .. IEi.r. 21, 1966, pp. 79;
ll..\.\1':=:.\ 'UI'II, Ifi.r. 22, 1967, .\' pp. 56-58,
66-73,76-77,79-82,106 108; 23, 1968, pp. 53,
55 56,67,99; 24,1969, X'}o,'. pp. 28 31,53-55,70.
U, FORT[F[ED ATJII,NS
l. - I. IdT. 17, 1961/62,
pp. 12 13.
VALI,R[A WALL
:'\. 1\1'11 1.h. II, 1927/28, pp. 51,
S6 58; II. A. TIIO\IPSO!\: R. I .. Stoas and
Walls on the Pnyx, Ilcspcria 12, 1943, p. 372;
l. (-)I'E'I'I 1950, pp. 64 72;
lIol''',)''!''%I/, pp.122 124;
lfiT. 17, 1961 62, pp. 12 [3.
I.ATI. RO\IA, I OR'lllllA J 10 WALl.
L. I'fl'. ,Iui'.
1860,pp.8 13;1861,pp.lR 21;id.,lIuuxT.IH90,pp.
9 10; G. GUIDI, II muro Valeriano a. S. Dcmctrio
Katiphori e la questionc del Diogencion, Annuariu
4/5, 1921/22, pp. 13 54; 'I'. I.. '>111 I/esperia 4,
1915,pp.329 134;7, 1918,pp. 329,111 333;9,1940,
p. 297; .\. \\. P'\IISOl':S, Ilesperia 12, 1943, pp. 248
2-19; II. \. Tllo IPSOI', Athenian Twilight.\, D.
267 600, JRS 49, 1959, pp. 64 65; id., I/esperia 28,
1959, pp. 95 96; 29, 1960, Pl" 350 359; Tl'\l
II"i./"')"IIIX,/, Pl'. 125 129; \X.
of 1\ncona and 1\thens, Bruxellcs 1960.
CITY \,\'AI.1. GA'] LS
G. v. ALTEN, Die Thoranlagen bei der 11agia Triada
zu Athen, ,\13, 1878, pp. 28-48; Jt Topo-
graphic, pp. 135-144; H. I\. TlI(nIPSO' R. L.
SCR \N rON, SLOas and Cit)' Walls on the Pnyx, Hespe-
ria 12, 1943, pp. 307, 312-324, 346, 352-356; I.
(-)"1"11 II '}fl Y.T. 1953, pp. 63-65; I. \111.\1
, I ,,- 'I .) II 19""
. 1'(Hl%(1(/'Cli TIJ"; .' %!!o;ro,.f'w;:;, [!a%T. .).:>, pp.
38 43; l. (-)1'1"1'1 Idr. 16, 1960, .\'}o". pp. 25-27;
'I' I' II oho()OI"%I/, pp. 50-56; BCll 84, 1960, pp.
634-635; I. IdT. 17,196
1
(,:?-
p. 13; L. II. JEFFERY, BSJ\ 57,1962, pp. 116
133; I. 01'1'.'11 Idr. 18, 1963, XI] 0 1'. pp. 33-3-1-;
G. GRUBEN, ,\:\ 196+, pp. 385-419; B. <!>1.\1l1ll \1'11,
IdT. 21,1966, .\"1]0". pp. 55-5 ,
. ,.. "'11' ,.". .
. 11'(l(T%o.q Ul :T<l!!(l Tll'; [!HJ.;:; :i {I)"a;:; %(U TO:TOj'fjUq'IY.U
'ErflJJI. 1968, pp. 36-39; U.
\ \1 =: \ Ifh. 2-1,1969, .\'}o". pp. 41-4
7
,64-6 ; Y.
CdIlL\ .. BCll 93,1969, pp. 152-158.
GRA\'ES
P. Pl.R\\J',;()GLl ,Bd! 1862,pp.145 150;E.Cl'RTlls- J.
_\.J-.:.\l PI RT, \tlas \ on .\then, Berlin 1878, pp,2 29;
c\. BRic 1'1'0< I II E. PI. II ICE, Ein attischer Fricdhof, :\:\1
18,1893, pp. 73 191 ; BOLTE, R E, s. \. lill''''''/(/ .''''liIIUTa;
JlIDI.. ICII, Topographic; S. K \ROl'ZOl', l'n cimeti're
de j'cpoque classique iJ .\thencs, BCI1
7
1 72, 48,
pp. 385 391; R. S. YOl'G, Sepultllrae intra urhem,
Ilcsperia 20,1951, Pl'. 67 13-1; I'. '.1 "11(7X11q 1/
tl:Tc) Tell' If!!()P l'fH))' JIi,T!!O;T()},fW': ni)!' '.IlI'/I'C;)!" -1-'9 'dl.
1953/54 1', pp. 89 97; '\ '1"Il<1XIl'i
X}.fH1l11 Xfi) I' TfH/ WI' :1 ({!..Ifl TIl" ,.i.UTnUl' "I'TU; 'II TV'; 'Ff(7,/I.
1958, pp, I IS2; lI"i.f(H)"!"Xlj; 1.. 11. Jnn:-
IlY, The Inscrihed C;r.1\ est oill'S of \reh.lit- .\!lie.l, B,':\
57, 1962, Pl'. IIC> 11.'; I. (-)1'1"11 \ I..;.T. 18,1963,
pp.'.' 3
7
; S" Rl .IlS. Suhm\ <:,n;\ ';\n ,tudi ;
I. .\NI>I\OI'I !>.OS, Totl'nkult, .\rchal'ologi.l Hom ri
,
III \\', Giiuinl-(cn 1%8; .l't: .llso \gora pp.4 ,IIi 0
Arc,1 p. 290, Kerameikos r. 301.
1
\ 'I'll h
211
222
..
I
!
23.
,
,
221
.
. 227
',2.24
'.
'.
.'
" "
AOHNAL
. .'
.... .,r--,.
"t-
.., ..... ..... \ \
'.,
'"
.'.
229
-.
..,'
..
<DAI\HPON
.. " .....
I '.
213 r!P ...

AI<AAHMEIJ\/''
< S
..... 'v,(

'.
".
'.
'.
..,
.'
'.
.-/ '"
"
.'.
..'
2'0
"
237 .......
.'
..,
.. .. ,
.-
.'
..'
.'
.' .....
.'
.'
.'
23;-..
234
IT
1966
5
I Kim
4
I
3
I
213 :\lap of the area of the anCient Cit} of Athens and of the Piraeus.
210. Saronic Gulf
211. Hymettos
212. Aigaleos
213. Kephisos
214. Eridano
215. I1issos
216. Acrr,polis
217. Areopagus
218. Kolono Agoralos
219. Hill of the. }mphs
220. :\louseion
221. Road to Phakron
222. Ardcttos
223. L\ kabutl"
224. holol1os Iltpplm
225. AcadLm\
227. Athem
228. Piraeus
229. Ph.lleron
230.
231.

.., "
-.).) .
234.
l' -
- )".
23("
2.r.
238.
HallpeJon
l.OI1!!; \\ .111
LOll!!; \\ .111
Ph.IILlIC \\ all
Road til
Ro.ld III thc \ I "I!!;.ILI
Ro.ld 10 \c h.lIl1.11
Ro.ld III I I 'u,"
Ro.ld III
\1111- " 1(,5
214 1he modern Clt\ ot \Ihe", \ Ih "l \l[Oro!t \ Ie (rom Ihe I
216 The Acropolis, view from Ardetws hill.
229. RO.ld l PI1.llcwn
232. Road l I leUSIS
35. Ro.ld lO the \ I c ~ . l l . l
216. HO.ld (n \cll.lrn.l1
219. lIdl of the } mphs
220. Mouseion
222. A rdetlos
223. LykabelLOs
214. Eridanos
215. I1iss(Js
216. Acropoils
21"'. Areopa/<us
218 Kolrmos Agoralos
t
217 "'etwork of prehistoric roads, superimposed on a plan of part of the modern city of thens. I "\. lt1dic.lte the
location of the gates in the Athens city wall of the 5th and 4th c. B.C. Prehistoric graves Indicated b\ bLlIlk CIrcles.
geometric graves by solid circles.
\'1'111'
167
o
o
III
<'"
'"
-
"
..
..
- ,
1
\THL <;
219 The ancienr ciry of l\ then in relation ro the modern cm .
236. Road to Acharnal
?3-. Road ro EkuS1S
239. Helleni tiC Building
240. Heros larros

241. Altar of ZLUS Phrarnos and
Athena Phratria
242. Shrine of Herakles
243. :\Ionum nr of Euboulld 'S
244. Aneml ;\n tobouk
245. Poros Buildmg
246. Gra\e encloo ur'
2r. Le ch
24 '. Herakks ;\.lc'\lkakos
249. Am\ n IOn
250. rount.lln Housc
251. Pm x
fhalt " blJl 'i1
253.
254. Gray c enclosurc ,,\\ ,>1
G.uc XIII
Gr.l \ e cncl'''ll t c nC.l r (; .Hc' 's III
256. 1.1'51(".,1 Il<>l1' l'
160. D IphmJOn
1-6. rare Burial-placL
1 1. PalladJOn
1 2. hrine of Kodro
1 4. DioD\ JOn 10 Llmnal
185. Palaesrra of Taureas
186. Lysikrares :\[onumcnr
189. PI thlOn
192. K\nosarges
198. radium
202. Lvkeion
206. Garden of Theophr.lsw
214. I:ndano
215. Illssos
217. Areopagus
218. Kolonos goralm
219.11111 of the '\,\l1lrhs
220. \Iouseion
222. Arderros
223. Lykabett05
229. Road to Phaleron
235. Road to the \Icsogal.l
The easrern pan of rhe ciry, yi \\' from rhe ;\cropolIs.
I. Demian Gate
n. Peiraic Gare
III. acred Gate
IV.
V. Erial Gare
VI. ;\charman Gate
VII. Gare
VIII. Diochares Gare
IX. Hippades Gate
X. Diomelan Gare
XI. Iroman Gate
XII. Haladc Gate
XIII. ourh Gare
XIV. Dipylon above the Gares
XV. \felindes Gare
14. Eleuslmon
15. PrytanelOn
148. Shrine of. ) mphe
151. Anemis Agrotera
152. .\-fetmon In Agrai
1'i8. (1) mpieJOn
150. Kronos and Rhea
11
\'1'11 ENS
169
\
I
I
:\
.'
.'

"
,
,
'"
'"
N
/
. .,
I.
,
\TIlI "
J
., -.

,
171
\
~ 0
0 ..
---
-.
221 Athens In the 5th c. aftcr ChClst in relat;on l{) the mouern c,ty. i\ ,: R"man b.uhs.
-
\ I II}
-
--
-
- ..
222 1Ilppad ("LtC In the [heml t"klc,lll \\.tli at thl: 'WIth 'Idl: III dll Ohmplll(lll [lJlClIlll \\,tli \ Il\\ ll(lll\ dl<
I
I I I I
r
"
.'
.t-.
~
I
of Ih I h I'll I' kI.w \\ 111 'e I "j the ~ r l d C,lle, 'lIh rlpalr, uone Conon and Dcmosthcncs,
"I 1 (II
1I11e.. Ifllil
Ih I III 1111 lokll III \\ .tli 11l,1I Ihl .... llIld ("Ill
dH.. Upplt p,lIl 01 I fll41
2?- Secuon of rhe cin- wall ar Gare XIII (on Erechrhciou _L).
226 cc lun "f-he Theml [(,klein all \\lrh 4th c. B C rcp,ul .It (,.ItL "-Ill (.ll I1P. 20 I ILchthclllU "t
175
227 of the poro\ '''"Imb"",,/ on 11K hill of thc 1'11\', ILllCcl '" thc CI1 I "I Ihl JlcI l. H,l., blllir
to replace the r/lrIleicblSlllo of conglomcratc COI1'"l1CIClI aroulld thc till 1 01 Ihe lth c. ll.l.
11 00
TA<DPOI
----:----
npOTEIXIIMA
9 35
2.
- -
i\'I'III\NS
-
229 Boundary of moat, found at " in fig. 602. 13eg1l1ning of the 4th c. 13.C.
.\1 us,
-- -
7 05
-
4.35
-....)
TEIXOI

'-
-
):? r ,
0 5 10 15
I -
-
J1
'958
-

OIKIA
228 The cit\' ,,'all defences circa the end of the 4th c. B.C Cross-section restored on the basis of the remains found near
Gate YII (on a lot at no. 4 Dragatsaniou St.).
lJiIIN"
2 0 (tt"rl ", Ihl <III II dllll IIll \lCOIl" h.tli of IIll "h (.I\(.!.ll 110 4 I)rag.ll,.IIlIOU "1).
.....

177
"l<llflll 01 ,hl lily

rl1'''''I'I'>l1 "".).
1\.dl.ll1<1 I
1 "I<I,oIl1llllh,
/1/"O/{'/(/i/lII/(/ 111111 (IIt.llll
I \. ( (. II
the l"tlllH:1 pi \fl'.. l ~ l d l l l .llld Pc, ..
ATIIENS
232 Foundations of the notth tOwer of the Macedonian fort, 294 B.C.
,
i
IT
1966
-
-
0"
50 100
I ~ ~ ~ ? I M
or I
o
L
~
/
c;

\
,
j
"
. -
L
233 Macedonian fortifications budl in 294 H.C. by Demetrios PoJiorkeles on J\louseionllill. On the ummit, the monu-
ment of Philopappos.
"IIIIN"
234 Towcr of thc Latc Roman I ortificatlon \\ all, la,>t quarter of the 3rd c. after ChrIst, built into thc middle of the StOa
of Analos. From an old photograph.
-
L.
f
235 Section of the Late Romall I'<)/UIlLltl()/1 \'all htl(11 "" ,he SI\ l"h,lle "I till I ,hloltl ,,! P.Il'I.ltll'"
1 0
/1,1/. 1Nhl. (
B
} . ,I' '. 'C"IICll ("ldier than the classicailleriod have not been found at Athens. But from the
B. THS: Dul/lf// t a ~ t Il \ .1ft.. " . .
1
, (' '.. I tile st'He or Ixiv'lIe indi iduals built hath hOllses for the Inhabitants and there were
5th century l ... 011\\.1t (', '
I b I
:. t I )11S"S '\'hese /}fll""ei,, w re round buildings in which the bath tubs were arranged radially
aso at1Sll1pU\.le H ._.. ..
d I II
'['I ' I 'ltll Illbs were eilher of terracona or hewn out of marble or other varlelles of SLOne, or
aroun t 1 \\'.1, 11 ,.
f
' . I 1t'r 1'1'()()fc()'lting A bath tub fund in the A170ra is wider at one end than the other, shaw-
D nl.\SOlHY \\ lr ) il \\. t - '. . ()
ing that ir' h'ld b "n designed for a ci rcuJar bu ilding (Ginouves, Ba/aIlCIII,ke, p, 197, 1'1. VI, 16 17, JJ, 151; T.
1.. Shear, Jr., 11 'Sjxria 38, 1969, pp. 395-398).

B caus' til, \\"'re round the ba/aneia were also callcd Ib%i. Usually two bath houses were installed together,
on> tor men' and the orher for \\'omen, with various auxiliary rooms round about and furnaces to heat the barh
wat r. 1Ian)' baths of this type have survived in Greece, as for example in Eleusis and in the Piraeus, where the
so-called Serangeion, hewn entirely out of the rock, provides one of the best examples of this type of bath
(Ginom'es, Ba/alletllike, pis. LVII-LVIII).
There is evidence from the literary sources that round baths, Iboloi, were known in Athens from the 5th centur)
B.C. onward (Arhenaeus XI, 501 d if; I ratinos 50 in Edmonds, C.A.F. I, 1'.38; Alkiphron, i::.pislles III, 40
I. 23). One inscription (/. C. P 385) mentions a public bath, and two inscriptions mention baths located just
outside the city gates, probably for the usc of weary travellers arriving in Athens, fig. 219. One of these is the
barh of Diochares (I. C. IP 2495) outside the Diochares Gate (VIII); the other is the bath of Isthmonikos
(I. C, F 94) on the south side of the city ncar Gate XI. A third bath outside a city gate is mentioned br Isaios
(Harpokration, s. v. 'Avlhpo"ecro<;) as being near to the statue of Anthemokritos and the Thriasian Gare,
namely rhe Diprlon Gate (IV) as Plutarch explains (Perik/es 30). The Kerameikos excavators have identified this
bath as the round building outside the Dipylon Gate on the west side of the road leading to the Academy; it
has an inside diameter of 8.20 m. and dates to the 5th century B.C., fig. 236 (AA 1936, Pl'. 208-212; ibid.
1937, PI" 184-195; ibid. 1938, p. 610 and p. 614; ibid. 1940, pp. 318-333). A fourth, like the Dipylon bath,
'with an inside diameter of 5.80 m., was excavated in 1965, outside the Peiraic Gate (II) on a lot at no, 43 Pou-
lopoulou St., fig. 237 (LleJ:r. 21, 1966, Xeov,,,ci, 1'.74, fig, 16,1'1. 81 b).
The Roman type of bath with hypocausts appeared in Athens in the 1st century after Christ and flourished in
the 2nd century, when the Emperor Hadrian provided the city with an abundant supply of water. These build-
ings were mostly small, but richly embellished with multi-coloured marble paving, mosaics, and sculpntre,
1Iost of the baths were destroyed by the Herulians in 267 A.D.; however, in the 4th century they were repaired
and new ones were built, remaining in use at least until the end of the 6th century after Christ.
The total number of Roman baths found in Athens up until the present is twenty-four. The sites are indicated
by the letters on the plan, fig. 221. Few of these appear to have been independent units; u ualh' they were at-
tached to large complexes such as gymnasia, schools, or other institutions. Today, none of these baths are visible
with the exception of Bath Cand Bath I and the remains of Baths T, U, V, \\1, X found in the Agora Exca\'ations.
All the others have either been destroyed or concealed as a result of various modern engineering projects.
A Bath of Augustan times and, to the south of it, another bath built around 400 A.D. .JeJ:r. 17, 1961 62,
PI'. 88-89 and 101.
B l\;ymphaion, ilea%,. 1878, p. 11. Probably it belongs to a bath remains of which were found opposite to the
ymphaion, at the Kouremenos house.
C The ruins of this bath have been preserved in the basement of an apartment house, figs. 247-249. It is dated
in the 2nd century after Christ and appears to have been in use until the 6th century, ~ c r 19,1964, ,\'(>0"1"",
pp.47-49.
D The column standing in the middle of Misaraliotou 51. belongs to a big hall, south of which \\'.IS a barh.
It is dated to the second half of the 2nd century after Christ. lIga>a, 1950, PI'. 81-99; 8eif. 84, 1960, Pl'. 642-644.
E Part of the frigidarium ofa bath, dated ci rca the end of the 4th cenlU1'1' after Christ I 'r ?3 196" \', [1 6',
~ I A _) P, ~ OOII}{U. 1_.
F Remains of a bath of the Roman period wbich had been built on an oldcr building belonging t ~ the K\l10-
sarges Gymnasium. AM 21, 1896, pp. 463 464. '
/I II. INJ.I L
181
(; R I
. em.llns ot lhe 1\ P0C;\\lst 01 a balh unco\'cred in 1961 under the roadhed of Kydathinaion St.
1 . h\ po ..lllSt ot a hath was found under Lysikratous St. and probably belongs to the large huild-
mg tront ot the church ot t. ikaterini; columns of either the peristyle or the stoa of this building are 'till
standtng. '1'11'/11. 1911, pp. 259 261; leh. 18, 1963, XQol'L%fi, p. 37.
I ltllh of the Ilndrianic period, preserved in very good condition. It was apparently in u'e until the 7th
c aftcr_ Christ, figs. 238 244. lIgCl"T. 1888, pp. 16-19 and 1949, pp. 29-35; ChroniqllCS d'Orienl 1891, pp.
4:,>_, :,>_8, 6 .); Be JI 84, 1960, p. 637.
J Remains of a h) pocaust from a bath of the Iladrianic period, BCl149, 1925, p. 440. Unfortunately its
'''act position is not clear.
K \ large I ath which wa destroyed when the Zappeion exhibition hall was built. It is thought to be the one
d 'sctlbed b) Lucian (IIlppias, or The BaJh4-8). '('1711. 1862, p. 150; ll(!aJ<T.1873f74,pp.33-34and 37-47; RA 26,
1 73, pp. 50 52 with plan.
L Remains of a bath preset\'ed underneath the church of St. Nikodemos. It probably dates to the mid-2nd
century after Christ and appears to have belonged to the Lykeion gymnasium. 'Erp1Ji-'. 1856, pp. 1449-1456.
\1 Remains of a bath, AA 1922, p. 258. Probably the bath of Diochares was on the same site.
o ".) mphaion of the 5th century after Christ, probably belonging to Bath M. llOUflWV 5, 1952/3, pp. 126-141.
o Parts of tbe bypocaust of tbis bath have been found. Lleh. 14, 1931/32, [JaQo.eTrlfla, pp. 46-48.
P .\ late Roman bath found in 1953.
Q Remains of a bath found under tbe paving of Panepistemiou St. BCH 83, 1959, p. 574; Lleh. 16, 1960,
.\Qol,,,,,,i, p. 28.
R Ruins of a bath. The mosaic floor has been removed and set up in the court of the Byzantine J\fuseum.
" ;\ small batb of the end of the 4th century after Christ. .JcJ.T. 20, 1965, X(!OV'''o., pp. 49-51.
T Bath attached to the Gymnasium of the Giants, 400 A.D. Hesperia 4, 1935, p. 361 and 19, 1950, p. 136.
C Bath of the 2nd century after Chri. t, in usc until the 5th century, fig. 251.
\' Bath built in earh' Hellenistic times and used until the 5th century after Christ. Hesperia 27, 1958, p. 146 and
3 ,1969,pp. 394-415.
\'\. Thi bath is preserved in fairly good condition, fig. 250. It is dated to the end of the 2nd or the beginning
of the 3rd century after Christ and was rebuilt at the end of the 4th century. Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 279-282.
X ;\ small bath built after the Herulian invasion which was in use until the 5th century after Christ. Hesperia
20,1951, p. 283.
~
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?36 Circular bath In front of the Dipdon Gate.
237 Circular balh In fronl or tht I'll..,,,, (.ate.
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190
RALANEIA
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251 Roman hath, on the north "de of the Areopagus,
In fig. 221.
HOl III II IUll"- Hl'm'lill' 01 \\,i1ls hal l' loulld bClleath the I klknistic \l,t, I th A
' . " " ,olm)y gora vators
,\lui II. \ I hOl11l',oll has Idelltlhed thcfll as public buildings dated to Ill<: early 61h century H.C. Am(mg these
,tIUllull", the l'a, hest lIoulculcl'lon and thc Prytanikon Corm an architcctural unit connccted (In the cast side
h, .1 st lIll" \\ ,III \\ hich holds hack t hc earth fillings oC I he terrace built OUt on the steep slope of the hill; at Irst
the Clluncilma, hal c com encd in the open air on this terrace, fig. 252.
The IllSt rooled Boulcutl'l'ion (the Old Bouleuterion) was built in the beginning of the 5th century 13.e. directlr
,lttl'l the rdorms of J-...letslhenes, in order to take care of the newly created Council of the Hundred. it
is a big rcclangular building with Acrop lis limestone foundations built in the polygonal style. Vcr; little of
the intcrior arrangements arc preserved, but enough to restore the plan, fig, 253.
Thc gOI ernmcnt archi\'es were stored in the Boulelllerion, as ancient authors testify; from the end of the 5th
CClltUr) B.e. when the administrative needs had increased, the whole building was used as the archive and a
ncw l3ouleuterion was built to the west of the old one. Only a few paras blocks and the beddings for the
foundation walls arc preserved. evertheless, the way in which the hillside has been deeply cut back in order
to creatc a construction site conveys the impression of the importance of the building, fig. 254.
The ,cats of thc New Bouleuterion were probabl) of wood at first; later on, probably around the end of the
4th or beginning or the 3rd century B.e. when a stoa was built to the south, a regular theatre with stone seats
was installed. The radius of the orchestra was 2.64 m,; the theatre comprised twelve rows of seats with an
average width of 0.62 m. and could accommodate more than five hundred people.
At the beginning or the 3rd century B.e., a little Ionic propylon was built on the side facing the Agora Square
a an entrance for the whole complex of administrative buildings; the foundations and a very few fragments
of the marble superstructure are preserved.
In 267 A.D. the Herulians destroyed the ew Bouleuterion and the propylon. In the 5th century after Chri t
,
a new building was put up on the site of the Bouleuterion; the scant remains furnish no evidence as to it
function.
IJO IJ I.HU'J't'R I ON
191
THOMPSON, Hesperia, upp!. 4, 1940, PI 8 15, figs.
13,32,62,63; l\1c[)() 'ILl), :'>l<:l'ting Places, PP' 131-
141,170 179; \")'('11\'1\1.1'), 'j\:stimonia, pp. 128-137;
Agora Guide, pp, 47 50.
]UOt,.tCH, Topographie, pp. 64, 346 347; T. L. SIII'.AR,
Hesperia 4, 1935, PI'. 349 350; II. A. THOMPSON,
IIesperia 6, 1937, pp. 115 135, 140 172; ell. PtCARD,
I.e complcxe Mctrt)on-l3oulcutcrion Pr)tanikon,
l' Agora d' Athcnes, RA 12, 1938, Pl" 97 101; J1. A.
192
110 U I. II U T II RION
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6th c. B,C.
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BOLLI, rLRIO
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Bouleuterion. and the propyl on wcre buill.
cw Boulcutcrion. w st of lh Old
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255 Ihmaln (}f Ihl I'IITTltllVl Il,,,d, 111"""1 lIHI ", il1I Old 11,,"klllll"t1 hrl"" til< \llII"\lI1<\I'0I1I1.11I,.
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256 Fouodatiom of the C3't ,,111 of rhe Old !3llukurLrlOo.
2S7 r "und,ililln, of the "L't ".111 ll( thL Old IlllUlllill""'>'
196
C1IALKOTIII'.KF.
HALKOTHEKE: Tn 1888 1889, during' the large scale excavations of Ihe Acropolis, thc foundations of a build-
ing wcr disco\"red h,tween the rock,cul steps west of Ihe Parthenon and thc shrine of Artcmis Brauronia.
'\ . OC:>rrf'ld immediat 'I\, id 'ntilied Ihis building as Ihe Chall otheke.
o lit'nlr\" r+c:r'nc's to th' Chalkothekc h:l\e been preserved; (he imcription I. G. 112 120 shows, howevcr,
that it was an important building. This inscripl ion records the de ision madc in 353{2 B.C. to make an
in\"'llton of th' ohj 'CIS stored in the Chalkotheke and to ins ribc thc inventory on a stone stcle to bc SCt up in
front ofth Chalkothcke. Some of the objects listed ar shields, breastplates, greaves, cauldrons, bronze plaqucs,
bronz' braziers, bronze mixing howls for wine, bronze incense burners, kadiskoi etc. Another inscription
p rtaining to th halkolheke is an opisthographic stele J. C. 112 1438 to which E. Schweigert has added a
n 'w fragment found on the north side of the Acropolis (llcsjJcria 7, 1938, PI'. 281 289) .
-\ f w poros blocks of the foundations and beddings in the rock floor arc all that remain of the building, fig. 259.
In 1938 G. P. Ste\TnS did a little excavating and ascertained that the Chalkotheke had been a large oblong
hall, 43 m. X 14 m., to which a Doric colonnade had later been added. According to Stevens, the first pha<e of
the building should be dated to about the mid-5th century B.C. and the colonnade is early 4th century H.C.
\X'. DORPFELD, Chalkothek und Ergane-Tempel, AM
14, 1889, PI'. 304-313; CAVVADIAS-KAWERALJ, 1\kro-
polis, p. 124; E. PETERSEN, Jdl 23, 1908, pp. 3233;
W. DORPFELD, AM 36, 1911, pp. 67-69; J LJDEICH,
Topographie, pp. 245-246; G. P. STEVENS, Hesperia
5,1936, p. 474; iel., [lcspcria Suppl. 3, "1940, pp. 7-19;
J. TR{.ITEl x, L'amcnagemem imcrieur ele la Chalko-
theque el'Athenes, htueles el'Archcologie Classiquc I,
1955/56, pp. "133 146.
I T
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1')7
19
ELEUSINION
ELEU I ION: The unification of the Attic townships under the power of Athens does t h
. no appear to ave been
fully untd nd. of 7th century H.C. It is certain, at least, that Eleusis was not finally amalga_
wIth .:\th ns tUltd.the time 01 Solon. From then on the cult of Demeter and Kore was established as an
othclal cult ot th' Athel11an state; the celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries a sumed a Panhellenic character.
In the most conspicuou. part of the city, in the Old Agora, the government founded the Eleusinion, dedicated
to th> t,,'o The oldest founded by Theseus when he effected the synoikismos, probably
had stood on the sIte of the EleuslnlOl1. Perhaps for thls reason Solon made a law that the Council should meet
in th EI u.inion on the day after the celebration of the Mysteries (Andocides, Dc Myslcriis 111; 1. C. IF 794
. '
4 1111 30, 1072).
In th official inscriptions the shrine is named the Eleusinion in the City or "beneath the polis" that is to say, the
Acropolis. The Eleusinion was, in fact, below the Acropolis, on the east side of the Panathenaic Way. The
many indications of the site given in ancient authors are confirmed by the finds of votive offerings and in-
scriptions to Demeter and Kore.
The east side of the Eleusinion is the only part which has not yet been cleared; probably it did not extend far
in that direction, fig. 260. On the west it is bounded by a precinct wall running along the Panathenaic Way; to
the north and south the boundaries were two ancient roads, both taking their start from the Panathenaic Way
and heading east, presumably joining the Street of the Tripods not far away, fig. 540.
A.n as yet unidentified shrine has been found in the triangular area between the north side of the Eleusinion and
the more northerly of the t,,'o roads from the Panathenaic \Vay to the Street of the Tripods. The Thesmophorion
,,-as probably to the south of the Eleusinion in the area where the round structure, four small poros altars, and
a deposit of kernoi were found.
From the beginning the Eleusinion was established in the southern half of the area and was enclosed by a
quadrilateral precinct wall about 40 X 20 m., fig. 260. The first temple must have been in this precinct; it vanished
without a trace when quarrying operations levelled off that part of the slope. The votive offerings found in this
area, terracotta figurines and small votive vessels, certainly belong to the early shrine. The precinct wall, 0.90 m.
thick, constructed of Acropolis limestone in the polygonal style, is dated to the mid-6th century B.C.
In the course of time the shrine was enlarged to the north and enclosed by a new precinct "wall. A large temple
was built in the middle of the new precinct. The foundations, which are all that remain, were constructed with
exceptional care of limestone from the Kara quarry. At first glance one would think that they date to the last
quarter of the 6th century B.C. The pottery from the fillings around the foundations, ho,,-e,-er, runs do,,-n to
490 B.C. Before the temple was finished, the plan was slightly revised to enlarge it to the east and somh. The
addirional foundations were 2.40 m. wide and of Acropolis limestone, figs. 263-264. The overall dimensions
of the temple were 11.00 X17.70 m.
The plan of the temple, like the early archaic Telesterion in Eleusis, was simple; it had a rectangular cella ,,;th
the entrance probably to the south, and a small room (adyton) to the north for the safekeeping of the hallowed
objects (hicra) of Eleusis which the ephebes escorted to the Eleusinion in Athens during the festinl of the
Greater Mysteries (1. G. 112 1078).
Because of the steep slope of the hill from south to north, the builders brought in quantities of earth to make a
level terrace and on the west and north sides of the terrace they erected extremely strong retaining ,,'ails. 6 111.
high. The temple of the Eleusinion, elevated on this lofty terrace, stood out against the horizon and could Ie
seen from afar by those coming in from Eleusis on the Sacred \xray. _
The oblong base 2 / 15 m., east of the temple, was probably for the "Allic stelai" containing the ot
liscated property sold at public auction after the owners, lcibiades and others, had been cOlwictcd
ing the Jkrrns and parodying the Eleusinian Mysteries in 415 B.. (Pollux X, 97). Man\' fragm'nls ot the st'LII
have been found in the area of the Hleusinion (llc.rpcr;{/ 22, 1953, pp. 225-299). _
In the second half of the 4th centll ry 13.C. the old entrance to the shrine was replaced by a prop 'lon, !Ig.
mentioned in an inscription at J (I. C. 1[2 1672, line J66). round the middle of the 2nd c 'ntur\, alter
I'.I.I'.USINJON
199
Chri,t th ',hrin was 'tendcd to th s uth, in order to gain space and to build a little stoa, probably Doric,
pr', 'n cd in tts foundations, fig. 266.
P.lu,.ll1i.lS (I, 14, 1 4) dir 'ctly after describing the Enneakrounos says that there arc two temples higher up
.lb,H L' the fnuntain house, the tcmple of Demetcr and Kore and the temple of TriplOlemos. He next reported
the ",hrin' at .\thcns, called the Eleusinion." In 1959, IT. A. Thompson identified the Southeasr Temple,
Jig. - 4,.b the t'mpl of Dem ter and Kore; it was built in the 1st century after Christ with material taken from
the t'l11plc of Dcmeter and Kore in Thorikos (p. 104). Fragments of a large cult statue of Demeter or Korl',
hting to about the end of the 5th century B.C., found inside the Southeast Temple, also probably came from
th temple at Thorikos.\s for the temple of Triptolemos, the site has not yet been ascertained; but I assume
that it wa. outside the shrine as at Eleusis.
In ?6- \.D. the Eleusinion '-\'as destroyed by the Herulians and a little later its west side along the Panathenaic
\'i'a\' was hidden under the Late Roman Fortification Wall (p. 161). At the same time gates were constructed for
th roads north and south of the Eleusinion. Around the middle of the 17th century the church of the H\"pa-
panti was built on the southern gate.
The first exca\'ations were done in 1840, when the Late Roman Fortification \'iTall was noted and many im-
portant inscriptions were found built into it near the church of the H ypapanti. In the ?reek
Socien' in\'estigated the area further. Detailed exploration of the area and the IdentIfication of the Eleuslillon
were done by the Agora excayators who began digging there in 1938-1939 after the.church of the Hypapanri
and the houses had been taken down. This work continued in 1959 with the extenSIOn of the exca\'atlons to
the east and the systematic inyestigation of the whole Eleusinion area.
Jl5DEICH, Topographie, pp. 287-289; Cll. PICARD,
RA 11, 1938, pp. 99-105; 12, 1938, pp. 93-94, 244-
245; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 8, 1939, pp. 207212; 9,
1940, p. 268; O. BRONEER, The Thesmophonon In
Athens, Hesperia 11,1942, pp. 250 274;
Places, pp, 143145; L. II. JEFFERY, fhe
Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora,
. 17 1948 pp 86 t 11 E. \' '-';DFRPOOL, The
J-!espena, ," .
Route of Pausanias in the \thenian \gora,. Hesp
134-
136' \\ K PRlTCml r, fhe Attic
18, 1949, pp. ,., ,. .
. . 22 1953 pp 225 299; \X YCHERLEY,
Stelal, JIespena, " .
. . P 74- 8S' II. .\. TllO\IP.O., He.pena
TestimonIa, P . ,
29, 1960, pp. 334 -343; \gora Guide, pp. 92-95.
200
ELEUSINION
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\ pIca c.amples of kcrnOl from rh J I
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262 \'li,\ion of I 10111 I hl' Ikll"lllllll. I ragl11L III oj .1 I cI'L I. pi L 'L'I \ l'd hnchl O. '5 111.
Agora Mus. S 1013.
I.LI-L '-,INl0N
'63 Foundations of (he ('mplc of (he EkuslnIon. \ ,c\\ from (he norrh.
264Ih<.: J corner "I tI c lun,,11 \\llh till IOlll1d,IIIOI1 ,1<\d,,1 "11 IhL L,I'I.
2fJ3
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204
ENNEAKROUNOS - KALLlRRllOE
EAKROU OS-KALLIRRHOE: The spring of Kallirrhoe is southeast of the Olympieion in the Ilissos river-
bed opposite the Church of t. Photini where there was a considerable Aow of water at the foot of the stee
slope until 1962. In 1893, A. Skias excavat d at this spot and discovered lwo large cisterns, A and B, in
river-bed, fig. 154, and a system of rock-cut tlUlnels to collect the water which was conveyed to Piraeus by the
so-called "tou Younou" aqueduct.
The name Kallirrhoe lived on all through the Middle Ages and even now the Athenians still call that part of
th Ilissos Kallirrhoe. The fountain house built by the tyrants, the Enneakrounos, should be on the west bank
of th Ilissos very near the spring. Perhaps one should scarch for the Enneakrounos not far away from the
present-day Anapafseos St. bridge, at the place where a stone parapet block was found in 1962 when a trench
wa: dug for a large drain. The parapet block certainly comes from the draw basin of a fountain house, for it is
smoothly polished and heavily worn from the friction of water pots rubbing along the sides.
The many passages in ancient authors and lexicographers mentioning Kallirrhoe and the Enneakrounos have been
carefully collected by R. E. Wycherley (Testimonia, pp. 137-142). In most of the passages Kallirrhoe is located
south of the Acropolis; among the age-old sanctuaries mentioned by Thucydides (p. 289); out toward Hymettos;
near the temple of Zeus; at the Ilissos; and, finally, in the region of the Itonian Gate and Kynosarges, fig. 379.
The waters of the spring have to do with marriage rites (p. 361); it was called Kallirrhoe before the Enneakrou-
nos was built by the tyrants. In the vase painting of that period a splendid fountain house does, indeed, appear
labelled with its old name "Kallirrhoe" or "Kallirrhoe fountain house," fig. 267 (Beazley, ABV, p. 261, no. 41).
Although the ancient authors generally agree in placing Kallirrhoe-Enneakrounos south of the Acropolis near
the Ilissos, nevertheless tbe topographical details in Pausanias' description of the Enneakrounos sho\\' that
he was referring to another fountain house built by Peisistratos to the north of the Acropolis in the southeast
corner of the Agora.
W. Dorpfeld first tried to identify the Enneakrounos with remains of hydraulic installations which he had found in
his excavations south of the Areopagus in 1892 and he made a wholly imaginary restoration. Nonetheless his
view was accepted and for many years it formed the basis for studies of the topography of Athens until the
opening years of the American excavations of the Agora. In 1933 a monumental fountain house of the mid-
4th century B.C. was found in the southwest corner of the Agora, fig. 269. This was believed, at first, to be
the Enneakrounos until 1952 when the Southeast Fountain House was excavated near the Church of the Holl'
Apostles. This fountain house of the second half of the 6th century B.C. may he securely identified with the
Enneakrounos of Pausanias, since the site near the Odeion of Agrippa and the Eleusinion agrees with Pausa-
nias' description, I, 14, 1.
LEAKE, Topograpby, pp. 170-178; W. DORl'FELO,
Die Ausgrabungen an der Enneakrunos, AM 17,
1892, pp. 439-445; 19, 1894, pp. 143-151; A.
I h(}i Tij; tv Tli %oirn <ov 'Ihaov uvuaxwpljc;, 11uuxT.
1893, pp. 111-136; r.NIKOIIAi6/1I:, lIeui /(a},},I(!IJOljC;
Try, 'Erpll/./,. 1893, pp. 177-186; W.
DORPH;LD, 'II 'IiVl1eri%f}ovll{)C; %al ij /(aV,If}{joll, {i;r[Jllll.
1894, pr. 1 10; FRAZER, Pausanias II, pp. 1'I2-J 18,
V, pp. 483-487; Frt. GRA BER, Dic Enncakrunos, AM
30,1905, pp. 1 64; JUDE/CIf, Topographic, pp. 193
201; DORPFEW, Alt-Alhcn I, pp. 88 98, 117 118,
II, pp. 257-258, 272-273; H. A THmll'SOl', Hesp na

18, 1949, pp. 213-214; E. VA TDERPOOL, The Route
of Pausanias in the Athenian 1\gora, Hcsperia 18.
1949, pp. 133-134; H. A. THmIPsoN, H spcrLl 22.
1953, pp. 29-35; 25, 1956, pp. 49-53; \'"CHERtEY,
Tcstimonia, pp. 137-142; D. LEVI, Enl1cakrollllOS.
Annuario, . S. 23/24, 196162, pp. 14-9 1'"'1; On.o-
. 18 II I ,"l K
DES, rhc I wo Agoras, pp. 15 __.. - _l.
R. 10,. \X!YCIlERLEY, j\ rchaia Agora. Pho nix 20, 19(,b,
pp. 287-2fl8; 1\1. LINC;, \\'aterworb in til' .\thclli.ln
Agora., PH, No. ll, 1968.
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26SJ AO(Jvc: plan of the Fountain [louse of thL Agora, the I second
half of 6th c. B.C. Below: plan of the Southwest I-"ounwin Iiouse, mid-4th c. 13.C.
206
IR,,"
t Ih I nn kr 111 (). I Iront tit l f
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pIpe which supplied warer to rhe l:.nneakrounos in rhe Agora.
~ \1 H(ll ( ) ... I I I II HIIIJI
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IS C "f Illl ~ l l l l l \l I IIHlIHIIl! 11'1l1 l 11\ Illl \ fiJI I
o t' IF. 'T OF THE Epo Y lOllS I hmm:s: In 1931 an oblong monument in Ihe Agora excavations, about 14
m te s ast of the [etrooll and appro"imal 'Iy parallel to it, was excavated and later identilied as the );p
. . onymous
H ro '5, fig. 275.
Enough is pn'sl'r\ 'd of the oblong base and of the blocks of the projecting ornice found nearby to permit a
reconstruction of the monument. Tripods sl()od on either end of the between them were the bronze
"ram's of rh r 'n Icgendan heroes of, \Ltica, tbe Eponymous j who were the patrons of the ten
into which rhe popul<1lion of \Lt iut had beln grouped in 508 13.C. by J leisthenes. Whitewashed wooden tablets
\\' r' aftixed ro the sides of the pedestal; on them were written noti es of to the citizens, as official
announcements and proposed legislation to be put to the vote. The base was surrounded by a fence consisting
of stone posts and horizontal wooden beams.
The preser\'ed remains of the monument arc all of poros except for the projecting cornice which was of white
marble. Judging from the excellent finish of the stone and the usc of doublc-T clamps, it would be possible to
date rhe monument around the end of the 5th century B.C. Under the monument, however, is an earlier base
which cannot be older than the mid-4th clntur) B.C., because conglomerate was used in it; this means that the
monument of the Eponymous j leroes was constructed arounclthe middle of the 4th century B.C. On the other
hand, it cannot be later than the period of Lykourgos since Aristotle wrote in 329-322 B.C. (/l/b. Pol. 53,4)
that the Eponymous Heroes stood in front of the Bouleuterion.
In any case the construction must have been completed by 307-306 B.C., the year when the new tribes Anti-
gonis and Demetrias were added and the pedestal was lengthened toward the north to accommodate the two
new statues. Around the end of the 3rd century B.C. the addition of the tribes of Ptolemais and Attalis caused
a further alteration; and finally around 125 A.D. when the tribe of IIadrianis was created in honour of the
Emperor Hadrian, the pedestal was completely remodelled with a prolongation toward the sourh.
The evidence of the remains and rhe results of painstaking excavations by T. Leslie Shear, Jr. in 1967 give us
th full history of the monument from the time it was built until its destruction by the Herulian in 267 A.D.
One problem remains: where was the pre-Lykourgan monument of the Eponymous Heroes?
The Eponymous Heroes are mentioned in ancient literature from the late 5th century B.C. on; most of the
ancient authors limit themselve to descriptions of the tablets affixed to the pedestal. The few notices abour the
sire of the monument appear, at first sight, to be confused. Aristotle, as we have seen, locates the Eponymous
Heroes in relation to the Bouleuterion, Pausanias (I, 5) places the monument between the Tholos and the temple
of Ares, while the scholiast to Aristophanes (Peace 1183) notes "a place in Athens beside the Pr) rancion where
statues which they call Eponymous stood." In regard to this last testimonium scholar now bclie\'e that "Pr)-
taneion" was written by mistake for "Prytanikon" which is ncar the Eponymous Heroes. The Aristophanes
scholion, however, may be interpreted in another way which might bring us nearer to the trurh. That is to say,
we believe that the earlier monument should be sought for in the area of th Old Agora where the Pn taneion
(pp.1 2) was located. Other testimonia indirectly bear further witness to the connexion between the Pr}taneion
and the Eponymous J-Jeroes. Tn dealing with the headquarters of the Thesmothetai, Aristotle writes that rbe
archon had his headquarters in the Prytaneion, whereas Su idas (s. v. uQX(11) notes that he had his headquarters
beside the Eponymous I-Icroes.
210 EI'ONYl\IOUS 1I1:HOI'.S
JI'IJUr,lI, Tr)pographie, p. 'J'. I" Ilesperia
2,1933, p. l()(,; R. I., I Jcsperia 2, 1911, pp.
137 139; L. VANJJL!IPOOL, 'J'hl I{Olltl of Pallsanias
in the Athenian Agora, IlcspLria IK, !949, pp. 129
112; II. /\. T/lo\ll'so ,II 'sp 'rLt 21, Il) _, pp.)' (10,
9192; \VYC/lLI\IJ-.\, Testimoni.l, pp. H <)0; .\gM,l
(;lIidl', pp. <1 'i'i; II. \. L'I\()\II"O , llcsperi.l r,
I %K, pp. ()'l ()K.
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275 The I,ponymous lIernes. Below: remains of the monumcnt, built around the .llludk of the 4th c. B.c. Th base
at the north end is dated to the first half of the 4th c. H.C. Abovc: monument of the FpotWIll\'US H'roc , rc tored.
l. Erechtheus JI. A.geus III. I'andion IV. Leos V. Abnl.ls \'1. Oineos \ 11. I':ckrops VIII. Hippo-
thoon IX. A,as X. Amiochus.
) I )
II'() '''011'>1111(01''
217 \lfll IIIlIl III til Ill( I 1',,"\-tJlr,IJ lIt Ifll I \ It \\ 11111111111 ""I
J' It I ( J I T II I J()
213
11(1<11111110 .l'heh,l"l \\OI!-Olllhe:l,ehileelu,eoflhehrechtheioni"hth{j(,J. l>y("P.Sl('Ven
II. . I <l\\ In .llld.J. \1. P,i1olll'ul>li,hed ill 1927; in 1949 ,k'lndoleon pul>h,htd the main <[ud, {jf the cult
.ltr,lllgl'1l1lIlt, In the I rlchthl iOIl. III n minute analy,i of Ihe lorm of the huilding with it' many opening and
\\ ilh ,liLli' ,llld ,hrille, of n chthonic J1:lIure' illside Ihe huilding, Kondoleon rightly charactuizl.d the building
,I' 'I tl'llll'k tekstl'l'ioll.
The 11;ll\\l' I're'l'nth used, 1':1' chtheion, occurs only twic' in the ancient sources (Pausania, 1,26,5; P'eud()
Plularch, f)r(fIIl Ort/lonl/ll I ilflf 843 1\). The whole hllilding seems to have been called the l',rcchthtion, tVCIl
Ihough it cont'lined ,hrines and ahars of other gods. In the official decrees (I. C. 12 372) the building is rtftrrtd
to .1' ",; ,i h ."'"f"J." iI' '[I TlJ "!fl."'"'' ",'ui.!,,, (the temple on the Acropolis within which is the ancient tatllt)."
In :lllothl'l' Cl'L' it is ,ingled out as the Icmple of the Polias (Pausanias I, 27, 1; Strabo IX, 396). The joint cuI
ol \thena and I rcchtheus appears to h:1\ e become established on the Acropolis at a very l.arly period and
Wl'l'l' '\('n wOl',hipped in the same temple as may be inferred from two passages in IIomer(lliadYII, 80-81 and
Or/).riO' lJ, 546 551) and also from later Greek texts.
The earliest tunpk of \thena and Frcchtheus had a . cries of successors, including the large poros Old Temple
of \thelln, which appear always to have occupied the same site. After the Persians had destroyed the Old
Tcmple of \thcna in 480/479 B.C., the the last of the successors, was not erected on the same site,
but a Jittk to thc north of it. This shift was not simply the result of the new Periklean plan for the Acropolis
bur was seemingly dictated b\' the necessit) of enclosing in the temple the oldest shrines and tokens bound up
with the legmds of the origin of the city. The architect faced asingularly difficult problem in designing a building
to house rre-exi,ting cults and establi-hcd holy places. The results were most satisfactory, since in compo ing
the building ,\'ith a free hand the architcct not only succeeded in \X'orking out an appropriate solution, but also
in pn;scnting an admirable architectural composition. It is a unified work, executed on the basis of a ingle
thought-out plan; therein lies its value. This Ionic temple with its rich architectural and sculprural
decoration was started in 42l H.C. and finished, after a short interruption, in 406 13.C. The foundations are
of Piraeus poros, the whole temple is white Pentelic marble of the finest quality, except for the dark Eleusinian
limestone for the background of the frieze to which the white marble figure of the frieze \X'ere attached, fig. 290.
In respect to the interior arrangements of the l,rcchtheion, the only certain fact is that there had originaUy been
a cross-l\'all dividing the cella into a small chamber on the cast and a larger one on the we. t. The floor leyel of
the western chamber is 3.10 m. lower than the floor InTI of the eastern room. There is no definite e,-idence
for the western cross-wall and the two interior rooms restored in fig. 280, and it is just there that it has proy n
most difficult to reconr the original scheme of the building.
It is usually thought that the eastern hall was sacred to .\thena Polias and that the altars ofPoseidon-Erechtheus,
BOUles, and llephaistos were in the two interior rooms in the western part of the building. Howeyer, tbe oppo-
site view has also been rut forth, namely that the altars were in the eastern chamber and that the xoanon of
"\thena Polias must have been somewhere in the western part of the building. Two considerations lead m to
that the latter view is the more likely. In studying the route of Pausanias, it is logical to suppose that h
ftrst visited Ihe eastern chamber of the with the altars, Then again, I belieyc that the monumCJ1tal
north porch would more naturally be the entrance to the temple of Athena Polias. Furthcrmore, the latter yj w
harmonizes with the description of Pausanias, who explicitly says that the temple of \thena adjoiM the t mplc
of Pandrosos. This testimony is reinforced by the anecdote related by Philochoros (Diolllsins of Ibli anussus,
Oil DWltlrclJIIs3) since Ihe I h' b I I I f \ P I" .
. cog \V IC enlerec t 1e temp eo, thena 0 Jas anrl \.\Tnt tram 1hl re to t h ' P,lndros '1011
done this if the two temples were neighbours, fig, 281.
I hus the douhle huilrlin<> ". p' I I . I ..'
h' ,IS aUS:lnlas correct)' C1aractertzec the I'.rechthelon, LtHl,I,t eI ot two parts:
I. fhe eastern hamber a I I' If' .
, ,cornel Wlt1 reseoes and contalJ1lng the altars ,1J1e1 the three tlUOIl'S ofth pri .t.;
two of the thrones Inve he' f I I A' .,
. "en ounc on t 1e cropolts, ncar the ''''ecltth 'lOll, with the ill,criptions "(thron ) of
the rrtCst of Boute's" and "(Ih ,) fl' f JI I' " ,
. '. ' rone 0 11e prtest 0 ep 1:nstos. II. [he WL">terl1 chamh 'r contained the Pro to-
mlalon wllh the salt se"l 'In I tl ' . , f' A 1 I ..
. ",' e 1e xO.lnon 0 f\t 1ena am Ihe gra\ e of I'[echtheus both of which w r within
214 ERRellTII EION
adyla since they were mystery cults. Four stone door-leaves 2.706 X0.82 m. belonging to two doors are listed
in the in cription I. G. 1
2
372; they should be assigned in my judgment to the doors of the two a4Jta. A third
section, III in fig. 281, is the Pandroscion, organically linked to the Erechtheion and an inseparable part of it.
In the course of tim the Erechtheion, particularly the western part, underwent various alterations and additi
ons,
the most important of which was the western cross-wall, which apparent! y was built because it became necessar
to prodde additional support for the roof. One repair was done in 377/376 B.C. and another, more drastic on:'
in 27 B.C. In the 7th century after Christ, the Erechtheion was converted into a Christian church, fig. 279. The
Erechthcion . uffered its greatest misfortune during the Turkish occupation when parts of the building col-
lapsed and architectural members were removed. Consolidation and reconstruction were mostly done between
1902 and 1918.
STUART-REvETT, II, Chapt. II; W. DORPFELD, Der
ursprungliche Plan des Erechtheions, AM 29, 1904,
pp. 101-107; G. P. STEVENS, The East Wall of the
Erechtheum, AJA 10,1906, pp. 47-71; G. W. ELDER-
KIN, Problems in Periclean Buildings, Princeton 1912;
C. H. WELLER, The Original Plan of the Erechtheum,
AJA 25,1921, pp. 130-141; L. B. HOLLAND, Erech-
theum Papers, AJA 28, 1924, pp. I 23, 142 169,
402-434; STEVENS PATON, The Erechtheum; WAL-
TER, Akropolis, pp. 75-92; J. DELL, Das Erechtheion
in Athen, Brunn 1934; G. P. STEVENS, llesperia 5,
1936, pp. 486-491 ; 1,. B. IloLLAND P. 11. DAVIS, The
Coffering of the Ercchthciol1, AJ A 43, 19)9, pp. 303
304; G. W. ELDERKIN, 'fhe Cults of the
Hesperia 10, 1941, pp. 113-124; \'\'. DORPFELD - H.
SCHLEIF, Ereehtheion, Berlin 1942; G. P. STEYE:\S, A.r-
ehiteetural Studies Concerning theAeropolis ofAthens,
Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 93-106; KO';TO.\Eil:\, TO
'E(}X{Jew" ,;'c; ot' xo')op IJII U X{)o"I(J, }.aT(}EIa" ',1 ()'l,'(l( 1949;
E. BIELEFELD, Zum Problem der kontinui r nden
Darstellungsweise, AA 1956, pp. 29-34; L. B. HOL-
LAND -' r. HOLUND i\IC\LLlSTER, In the Crypt under
the orth Portico of the Erechtheutl1, I-I 5p 'ri.1 T,
1958, p.161; L. i\lYLON\s Sm:.\R, Kallikratcs, Ibpc-
ria 32, 1963, pp. 408 424; M. TmlllHOPllLl' BHlSIo.\RI.
Kopffragl1lent eincr .\;-'17K, 1%3,
, ,
, ,
pp. 173 175; \. 1\01'1,0)',\11, .'''OJ' m;/I.,},f)'/Ill u:w TIJ
Toii 'Hl!l'xOdol', IfAT. _2,1967, pro 133- 148.
i,Rh( IITIII.ION
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restored. 421 405 B.C. Restored by G. 1'. Stevens.
restored. Belm,: H"ns, ersl' '\I1e1 longituJinal

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1. bastcrn section: A. Altar of Zeus JlypalOs B. Altar of Poseidon anti C. ,\ltar of the I krn Halites -
D. Altar of Hephaistos E. Thrones of the priests II. \Xlcstcrn section: '''. l nrth porch G. \It:!r of Thy choos:
marks of the thunderbolt on thc rock below J l. ProslOmiaioo, salt sea anti the trident nurks I. \th'wn for rhe
tomb of Erechtheus and the sacretl snakc J. Adyton or mcgaron for the \\ootlen eulr scHue of r\rhen.l Pollas-
K. Wooden sratue of J /crrnes L. Kallimachos' lamp with eternal lire and bronze palm tree chimne\ ,\1. Boon'
from the Persian Wars _ . Porch of the Maidens III. I'antlrnscion: O. Tomb of Kckrnps - P. Temple of Pan-
drosos - Q. Olive tree of Athena R. AItar of Zeus J /crkclOs.
218
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227
I':HOS \Nn i\l'llllonITI'.
- URI 'F 01, FIUlS ,\ 'D .\1'1I1$)$111: \1l10tl/J; Ihl' al raj of shrines nestlinl-i in the caves I h f
_ - . . . , anc at t I' not of the cliff
ot th' north slope 01 the \cropolts IS the sanCILl:H\ of Aphlodite in the C' I s
,arc ens mentioned by Pausanias
(1,27, J) in dlscrihing the rit,s of Ihe \rrephoroi.
This shrin' lis .It the foot 01 the steep clill's below the and near to the Pc i '"
I' patos InSCrIption
figs. _l)J The Peripaws \\ ,IS a road, 1100 m. long accordlllg to m), calculations which circ\'d h A . '
_'. .' . . " ' e t I' cropolts,
tolllnnng th ' Ime 01 the chtls at the hIghest possible 11'\'1'1 of the slope providing the sole me f
' 'ans0 access to
th sanctuan s 'lho,"e th ' road.
Th' sit, with the ,"oti\'e niches, which has been knO\nl fot a long time, has been identified b)' O. BronecI' as
th' shrin' of .\phrodite in the Gardens. During the excavations of 1931 he observed directl), below the niches
twO d'dicatory inscriptions to Fros and"\phrodite carved in the jiving rock, figs. 295-297. At the same time
linds associated with the cult of .\phrodite, voti\'e reliefs, terracotta figurines and phalloi, were found in
ar a of this shrine.
The Arrephoroi carried certain concealed sacred objects from one place to another in great secrecy and passages
in and nt authors allow one to infer that these objccts had something to do with growth and fertility. The type
of votive offerings found in the excavations fit with this tradition.
B fore the disco\'err of this shrine it \vas generally thought that the Arrephoroi descended from the Acropolis
by means of an underground passage in the cave of i\gJauros and went to the shrine of Aphrodite in the Gardens
near the Ilissos.
The disco\'ery of an Aphrodite shrine so ncar to the exit from the secret passage, however, permits the conjecture
that there was a second shrine of Aphrodite in the Gardens on the north slope of the Acropolis and that conse-
quently the rites of the Arrephoroi mcntioned by Pausanias have to do with this shrine. Furthermore, in Athens
it ,'as not unusual to have t\vo separate shrines for the same deity and there are several kno\\'n cases of double
shrines, one at the Ilissos and one on the north slope of the Acropolis.
O. BRO:-;EER, Eros and .\phrodite on the 0:onh Slope
of the :\cropolis in Athens, Hesperia 1, 1932, pp.
31-55; id., Hesperia 2, 1933, pp. 329-349; 4, 1935,
pp. 123-132; G. \\'. ELDER10::1:-;, Hesperia 10, 19-1-1,
pp. 119-122; HILL, ,\thens, pp. 101-103; \-
'Err'111. 1956, pp. 165-1 O.
292 I
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~ \ (Ill\< IlIcht', 111 thL rock f.lCt' "' thl ,hrll1L of I."" .1I1d \phrodltL
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011 ll1 1111" t!flill dll C;llIlIll CIt I IllS. till! \phlOdlll \L!,PII \IU... llllll ,lllH.:t(\Olll
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1'\lOS \NI) \I'III)J)I'I'\
00 \ <111\( IlId1l'S III the H,d: 1.11' "I Ii" Shlllll "I I IPS Illd \I'hllldlll'
(,\\1
233
l;' \1' bll \1 PI PILlII \IY: l'h' Ptnkll\l tor" hom the gl mnasium ",as named ",a prohabl) Ptnlcm\ \'1 Phi-
l'lIlld"r (I,' 1 1-1:; n. ',) .\s I!. \. Thompson Ius conj,cLUred. In 196-1 IlL identified the large rectanl.;ular complex
",YUpl the ,0ut11l'rn parr ot the \gor,l as the Gymna. ium of Proleml, fig, 303 304. Thi part
"f the .IS ,e.l\ :)tcd b,tween 193-l- I95-1 ",ilh exca,'alions carried out in 1959 1967. The:
di, ',)\ ,'n of the a;:l Fount:lin House CI.nneakrouno.). SOUlh LOa I, the. quare enclo ure (The<e:ion),
.11 d the 5,Hlthwest Fountain Ilouse re\ealed how the whole southern side of the Agora Square had been closed
"11" irh buil ilng;: .
In th' second qU,lft r of th' _nd c mury B.C., the i\liddlc LOa was built, in keeping with a general reorgani-
'.nion of th' whole \gora in I I 'Ilenistic time.. The first impre sian is that the i\liddle LOa di\'ided the :\gora
5 U:lf' in two: bur this SLO, is design d ,,'ith columns on all four sides so that, rather than breaking up the
unin' of th' ,\gor.\ Squar . it interconnecrs the two areas. The exact function of the '.\liddle LOa is nor known,
bur ir;: \S ro hay' olfcred the crowds in the _-\gora an admirable place for helrer in times of heat or bad weather.
This ,lOa. whi h is in th Doric order, had foundations of conglomerate; the architecture was of poros except
for rh white marble meLOpes and the rerracotta roof tiles, figs, 305-30 ' ::\luch of the architecture with its
coloured decoration has suni\'ed.
Th was installed in the area of the _-\gora between the i\liddle LOa and South Stoa I, and in order
to close it air on rhe east the East Building was erected, The odd plan of the East Building, with its many
.!nitions, was design d to sen'e the needs of a gymnasium, The most interestIng room is the one to the east, an
oblong hall which originally had I\\'CI\'e marble plinths set in the floor to support "'0aden rable or desks to rhe
,rud ntS; four of the plinths are pI' sen'ed. It ,,'auld be possible to surmise that this same room housed thelibrary
of the g,'mn sium known from ephebic inscriptions (1. C, IF 1029, lines ?5-26; I. C, IF 10,B, line 50), .-\ few
y aI's afrer the gymnasium ,,'as in. tailed the plan ,,'as complered by the construction of South lOa II, built with
material from the quare Peristde which was demolished during the erection of the lOa of .-\rralos, fig. 6--,
The Gymnasium of Ptolemy ,,'as se,'erely damaged in 6 B,C. during the siege of the city by SulJa, and iron
nd marble workers serrIed into the ruins of the East Building and ourh Stoa II where the\' remained until
, .
the Hadrianic period, The construction of the Libran' of Panrainos circa 100 A.D. and, a little later, the
com'ersion of the Odeion of ,-\grippa inro a lecrure hall show that the Gymnasium of Ptolemy ,\'as still func-
tioning in the inter...-al and that in the course of time it had de"eloped into an eminent edu{:ational centre. It
should be nOted that in spite of the presence of ,,"orkshops, the original gymnasium area still retained its import-
ance, for 1\'"0 buildings ,,'ere erected on the axi of the court. Their foundations are preser\'ed and they are
probably temples the one to the east dating to the end of the 1st century aft r Christ, the western one to the
end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd century.
The '\\'hole group of buildings ,,"as destroyed in 26- .-\.D. during the Herulian innsion. '.\[uch later, around
400 .-\,D., a great architecrural complex, the Gymnasium of the Giants, was erected on the ruins of the old
gnnnasium and the Odeion of .-\grippa, a sign that tradirion had preser\'Cd the of the culntral instiru-
tion formerly on the site, fig, 3 .
Find from the section of the Late Roman Fortification \\i"all where it m'erlal" the sourh end of the Stoa of
.-\ttalos are especially \'aluable for the identification of the GI'mnasium of PtoletTI"; together wirh archit ctural
. ..
elements from it ...-arious buildings they were re-u ed ro build the Lare Roman Fortification \'"all. These hnds
include ephebic inscriptions (I. C. IF 1006; I. C. IF 1009 and .\gora 15952; I. C. IF 1029). inscrib'd ortho
,
tates (I, C. IF 2 6) and part of a large base which, according to H. ,\. Thompson. stood on th ast sid,
of the '.\[iddle toa and was probably related to the Gymnasium, Interestingly enough. H,-\. Thomp:on would
place the tatuary group of Jlamer, the Iliad, and the Odyssey on this base; rhe fact that rhe two colossal statu s
of the Iliad and the Odl'ssey, found in 1869, and the inscribed base reterring to the I1i.ld. found in t lJ... all turn d
up nearby would . uPPOrt this hI' pothesis, figs. 308-310. Other pertinent tind;: trom the s.un' "tion of th
Late Roman Fortification \\'all arc the in, cribcd base of a statue of the son of Ptolemy (I. (" III .445) and
a head from a Slaluc of Juha; Pausania saw a statue of Juba in the G\'mnasium.
ccorrung to Pausanias (I. 17.2) and Plutarch (The.rw.r 36,2) the The cion was Ilear the Gy . d
. . . . ,..' mnaSlUm an II. A.
Thompson has Id ntthed tt as the sLluare enclosure within which the bones of the hero we d . d f
. -. re eposite a ter
Klmon had brought them hack trom Skyros Jl1 475 13.c. Around the middle of the 4th century B.C. the 0
hrin was made into a building. The old peri bolos wall with the frescoes of Poly<>notos wh'lch P
, n, ausanlas
d . rib d, b cam the outer walls of a building the roof of which was supported on a peristyle. As in the case
of it: building was by S:llIa and here too small factories and craftsmen occupied
th rutns unttl the time of IIadnal1 whcn It was reblllit. VariOUS contests were held during the Theseia, the
f'sth-al cd brated in honour of Thcscus. A triangular found at the northwest corner of the Middle Stoa
has r Ii fs ofTheseus, Aigeus and :Medea and certainly must be a base for a tripod won in the Theseia, fig. 311. '
.Many topographers, working on the basis of the inscriptions and sculpture from the Late Roman Fortification
\'(all where it falls in line with the Stoa of Atlalos, ha,-e attempted to fix the site of the Gymnasium in this area.
At the arne time, howe,-er, others have maintained that the Gymnasium and, consequently, the Theseion
should be sought for east of the Tower of the \X1inds where, in fact, many inscriptions and also sculpture connect-
ed with the Ptolemaion and the Theseion came to light during the excavations of the Greek Archaeological
Society in 1861-1863 near the church of St. Dimitrios tou Katiphori, particularly during the demolition of
,
the Late Roman Fortification Wall in that area. Among those finds the following inscriptions relate to the
Gymnasium: 1. G. 112 1041, line 23; 1. G. 112 1043, line 50. The inscriptions 1. G. 112 956 lines 15-16, 957
lines 10-11, 958 lines 13-14 and the sculpture group of Theseus and the Minotaur (National {,Iuseum no,
1664-1664a) relate to the Theseion. Consequently, the question as to the site of the Gymnasium of Ptolemy and
the Theseion will not be settled finally until the area around the church of St. Dimjtrios tou Katiphori has
also been extensively excavated.
234
GYMNASIUM OF I'TOI.I'.MY
]UDEICH, Topographie, pp. 353-354; DORPFELD, Alt-
Athen I, pp. 74-75, 130-131, II, pp. 139,288; H. A.
Hesperia 19,1950, pp. 322-323; \V'YCHER-
LEY, Testimonia, pp. 142-144; H. A. THOl\IPSO "
Hesperia 35, 1966, pp. 40-48.
THESEION
]UDEICH, Topographie, pp. 351-353; DORPFELD, Alt-
Athen I, pp. 72-74, 114, II, pp. 271-272, 288;
WYCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 113-119; M. LANG,
Historia 8, 1959, p. 86; TI'AYAOE, IfOAW()Ofll'XI), pp.
29, 90; CH. PICARD, Le "sanctuaire" de 'fhesce au
centre de I'Agora d' Athenes, RA. 1960, 1, pp. 33-75;
H. A. THOMPSON, Odeion of Agrippa or Sanctuary
of Theseus?, RA 1961, I, pp. I 3; id., J 35,
1966, pp. 40 4R.
\1IDDU,
T. L. H"AK, Hesperia 5, 1916, pp. 4 6; 11. A.
THOMPSON, Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 86 90; 2\ 1954,
pp. 50-51; 24, 1955, p. 54; 37, 196 , pp, 61-64;
O. A.\K:::A:\JPH, .JEJ.r. 23, 1968, Xgol'. p. 42,
EAST 13 UILDING
H. A. Tno11Pso " Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 36-3-; T,
1968, pp. 37-41.
SOUTH STOA LI
"l-..... ') ...
H. A. THo1IPsoN, Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. J -J ; --',
1954, pp. 48-50; 29, 1960,pp. 359363.
TEl\IPLE AND \'i EST Ll.
H. A. TIl01IPSON, Hesperia 3 , 1968, pp. 41-43.
\'i
T
1\ RCLOCK
Ii. A. TW)\1 PSO', Hesperia 23, 19. 4, PI"
!\gora Guide, p. 108,
ILl j\ \) AND () \) \ S S I' \ S r \ r I I S

I II
' I () I . 'C 1I \thcn,
G. TI\UI, Slandhildcr l cr I,IS um l \ ,
,\ I 14,1889, pp. 1(10 1(,'); II. \. 1"\\(1\11"(1'. It
.', 21 194 1111. (, (I">; \. I'. R\IIIII'C\IlK. Ih
[1,\ , ., \1- \II)
New I tomer, 2\ 19.4,1'1" ... .
( ,) \1
\ I l \ I () I I' I () I I \1) 23'>
Rcmaln\ 01 c,roa [ from the
52, 1'.'1,1 Iluddlll!,
hllJlllaill Iious '
rcsllJrcd plall,
41, Southwc't
Gymnasium elf Ptolemy complt:x,
30. Thcscion 31. ".nncakrounos
57. South ~ a II.
303
( ,\ \I
\"'llJI\101I'I(JIII\I\
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305 Elevation, section and r
1an
of a se lIOn of the DOriC colonnade along the length of the \Iiddk second '11urtcr
of 2nd c. H.C.
(,'I \It\, \"'11 \101 1'1 (JI I \IY 2,')
l(][ ][][]
'\06 TcrracotlJ sima and amellxLs of the \lIddlc Sloa.

'\()7 P,trl of Ihl' (Ilpldoll1.t ;111.1 l"llll)lll' "I' thl l,ISt elld or Ii,C 1\llddk :-'1",1.
240
(;'1'1\1 \SIIJI\I OF l''I'OI.I'.I\IY
30 Armed female figure
1.43 m. Agora
represeming the Iliad. Height
2038.
309 Armed female figure representlng
Height 1.29 m..-\gora 2039.
the
310 In\cribco ba\c ,,(Ihc Iliad \tatuc,ca,ly Ill! t. ,,(IC' ehr"t. O.HH
,
O.HO Ill ..L1111 n.ll). Ill. high. \g,'t.l I (,6_t'.
l.\ \IN\ .... III\\ 01 l'I(l11 1\
2H
31\ Iht,eu'> Oil rhe ,,,k or ,11l1,lIlgul.tr I""e, 211d l. H.C. I'lt"'\llllllll.dll 1,0<) Ill. \g,lt \It" :-- ,-0.
22
IL\DHIi\N, ,\QUI'.DUCT OF
QUEDVCT OF HADRI. : Hadrian's illlerest in the city of Athens was 110t limited to the c()n t . f
, , .' , . . ,., " '. s ructIon 0 temples
and \ anous oth r bUlldll1gs, hc .l1so sponsored publIc \\ orks such as alilleducts drains st.t d b 'd
' , " . .' " ' rec S an tI
conrnbut'd to the dc\'clopment of cIty at this time. The aqueduct takes first place in
among th' publIc \\'or,ks; Hadnan (125 completed by Antoninus (140 A.D,),
It was u. d throughout the centuncs tlghl up unul the present, proof of ils vilal importance to Athens and of
its 'xc It 'nt can. truction.
Th apacious res ryoir in which thc \\'aler collected is 26.10 Y 9.10 m. and 2 m. deep; it is on the southeast
slo 'of Lykabettos 136 m. aboye sea leyel. The side facing the lown was embellished with an Ionic propylon;
only a part of the st ps and two Ionic column bases survive today, fig. 313.
Th' propylon was apparently standing until the mid-15th century after Christ, when Cyriacus of Ancona
copied the Latin inscriptions on the architrave blocks. The inscriptions record the names of the emperors
who contribi.lted to the building expenses (c. 1. L. III, 549). Pictures of the propylon from the mid-17th
century on show only the left side of the monument which stood until 1778 when it was deslroyed and the
architraye was used as a lintel in one of the gates of the cit\' wall built at the time. Today the architrave block IS
in the Tational Gardens.
The \\'ater channel, which brought the water from the Parnes area to the reservoir, measures 0.70 X 1.60 m.
and at many places along the line it is 45 m. below gro'U1d level. It was built underground by means of man-
holes which \vere sunk at regular intef\'als of 35-37 m. In places '.vhere the rock was hard, the channel was
simply can'ed out of the rock; in places where the rock was friable and crumbly, the channel was lined with
stone and brick walls, The man-holes also had masonry walls and after the aqueduct \\'as completed they were
used for inspecting and cleaning out the aqueduct.
SIl'AIU' RLVlIl, IIf, Chapt. IV; I.I,IIIC,[I', L'aquc-
duc d'Hadrkn, Bulletin dc l'l,cole I'ran<;aisc d'i\lhc-
nes 11, IH71, pp. 21H 242; I'" /,11.1.1.11, UnlclSlIChlll1
gen liber die anlikcn Wasscrleilllllgen '\ thens, i\ 1\1 2,
1877, pro 120 122; ,\. K'If'H,AAAl., Ii ',llIll"'" ,. I
, . '\ ",'.' ,.(/. '10"",1/ lli-
q
, 1'1"
Ttl:'I/U-I'UI /l.ifJ 1'( [HlP/IXI/I 1-,0, .
7H R9, 11'1 122; \\ 1\1 1)1, Rl, \. I
I
'I), '1)1' <';1\ \1 n(lI\,
J
'1"(ll'o."LII) llC, 1'\', -, - ,
(JI)I'TCII, ,..,
') I ) ). '1'1' \ l' \(1", lI..h ..'''I''''',. 1'1"
I Jadriell, pp. -, _.-,
I 1() I ().
11 \ J) I{ I \ \ Q I [) 1 ( r 0 I
31ry The r mains of the of the He cf\oir of Hadrian. Dra\\n b\ L' Rm, 1-55.
243
--
n'slon.:d hy n \ ctt.
44
IIADIUAN, LIBRARY 01'
I,eake ident ilied the great rectangular huilding as the 1 '1 f I [ d .
. _ ..I Jcary 0 a nan
1885 n.ea\ al tons 01 the (,reek Archaeological Society e5tablished the plan of the
LUIR.\RY Ot I!.\DRl.\ :]n 1821 W'.
s' 'n 1)\ P.1llSani.ls (]. 18, 9); in
building. 316.
Th'Libran of Iia Irian is tbtcd to 132 l\.D. and is located 16 m. north of the Ro A () f
. ., man gora. ne 0 the most
Important thowut:hlart's 01 .\thens ran between the two buildings' starting at til D' I (IV) d d'
, ,.' " ,e tpy on an en Ing at
th' (,'1l' 0: DlOcha,rcs (\ !JI). the road connects the eastern and western parts of the city, figs. 217 and 220.
Both th 1 tbran of 1[adnan and the Roman I\gora front west with their mOllumental g t . f . d
. . '. a eways aClllg towar
th thts OrIentation seems to underll11e a relationship with the Agora.
The out '1' \\ ails of the Library still stand to their full height at some points. The walls on the north, LaSt and
south, ,id .s arc built of large poros blocks in isodomic masonry. The west wall and the columns of its fac;ade
aI" ot whIt Pcntehc marble, except for the bases and monolithic shafts of the columns flanking the propv10n
which were of r-"::arvstian marble. '
. \ccording to Pausanias, the peristyle had one hundred columns of Phrygian stone; now only parts of the white
marble stYlobate steps are left. The inside faces of the walls, both of the peristyle and of the rooms to the east
,
\\'ere richh' yeneered with multi-coloured marbles. Pausanias calls the eastern rooms oikclIlala, comprising the
library itself in the centre, with reading rooms and lecture halls on either side. The partition walls, invisible
behind the marble Yeneer, were constructed of various types of stone and brick. The sturdy of the

foundations, consisting of small stones set in mortar, is typical of the Hadrianic buildings of Athens.
The building was apparently severely damaged during the Herulian invasion in 267 A.D. Probably the peristde
was destroyed then, although it is not impossible that the prccious columns of Phrygian stone had been removed
before then.
\,'hen the Late Roman Fortification \X'all was built, the \\'hole rcctangle of the Library of Hadrian was incor-
porated within the ne\\' line of defence; from then on the ci\'ic, commercial and administrative activities of the
city were carried on in the area of the Library of Hadrian and the Roman Agora.
.\t the beginning of the 5th century after Christ, a quatrefoil building was erected in the peristde court; it no\\'
lie in ruins, figs. 3?1-323. It may ha\'e been used as a hall for orations and lectures..\t the same time the whole
library mu I' have been repaired and the peristYle was rebuilt \\ith new columns on tall bases \\,hich ha\'e been
preseryed. Both the building \\,ith the four apses and the repair of the Libran' ma\' perhaps be attributed to
Herculius the Prefect of Illnicum in 408-412 .\.D.; an inscription can'ed on the \\'allto the leEr of the entrance
, .
of the Library (I. G. IF 4224) informs us that a statue of Herculius stood in the propYlon of the Library.
The quatrefoil building was de uO\'ed and a three-aisled Christian basilica built on its ruin in the -th
century after Christ was in its turn destroyed. Around the turn of the II-12th centun' a Byzantine church
dedicated to the i\Iegali PanaO"hia was built and it surviyed until the start of the excantions.
b
STlART-REVETT, I, Chapt. V; LEA KE, Topograph), pp.
258 IIfj(J%T. 1884, p. 22; 1885,
pp. 13 24; r. 'II I'; bw.TfJI' ";'%0(11
%UJVOJV (j.J'.!Vi'/'ov }'iDuv Ol%Ur)O/l1J, ii,l '.llr)!!"ll'U,,; '/1
%(lTN1%'.II(Lr7I1TO, 'h(f/If'. 1888, pp. 57 66; l. . StSSON,
The of lladrian at Athens, BSR II, 1929, pp.
50 72; Jt'I)UCH, Topographic, pp. 375 378; 11. i\.
Hesperia I, 19,2, p. 187; GI{AINI)()lt,
Hadrien, pp. 230 245; B. (;iiTZI'" Antikc 13ibliothe-
ken, Jdl 52, 1937, pp. 2r 238; .\.\ 1943, pp.
300; CII. .\nrike Bibliothekcn. Op.\rch..'.
" '
1944, pp. 172-174; I. .IJ'(I(T"uq,u fI'T!,
, {}' . . I' . /1 "T 19 SO 1'1' 41 6J:
IItfiMU 'IX!J TOP O!!HlI'Oll, !J<L
r
.. .
.\. \<'itA 'rz, DOPapers 19, 1965. p. 196; c,ld.. I-! 'rcll'
lills in ,\thcns: Pagan or Christian? \ktt'll d's Yn.
. I' t" C'I '1 tliehc \ rchio-
[nternallonalen ..... ongresst's lIr It, .
logie, Trier 1965; e'ld., 1IOl1ors 10 ,I I ihr,lri'lll. llesp "
ria 35. 1966. Pl' .. 180.
I I \ I) R I \ N. I I J l I ~ \ In () r:
24:;
')14 I I1lLlnCe Ind nonh colonnade of the \\e'\ fl<;,lde of the I.lbraq of J laclnan.
flU111 rO(1111 ,If the. ~ J J t y of 11,I<.Ill,lI1, \\1111 llulll .... lc)I ,,1(lIll1l' IHH)h. ....
i
')lS l.aSl ",,011,,1 lh,
I
246
IIADRIAN, I.IBRARY OF
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316 Restored plan of the Library "f I (adrian,
,
cIrca 132 A,D.
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II \DRIAN, J.IIIRARY OF
.\...
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31'1 of Ihe "I Iht Id",llv "11/,,,111,111
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II\ORI\
321 R mains of [he Quarrefoil BuIlding from [he
easr.
322 The Qua[n:loIl Ihlllcilng f,om Ihe 'I'he ,"1111'"1' bellll1g '''.1 J..lli "h.I" \\ hell II \\ . ' ""l1lllled 1111" I
church in IhL 7th C.
251
'.

IIADRIAN, LII3RARYOF
1]

20
M
I 1
1968
323 Thc Quatrcfoll Build.nR constructcd in thc carly 5th c. aftcr Chrisl in the coun of the Ltbr.ln of Ilad....Itl. Rl'. tor d
scction and plan.
II.\DRIJ\
1.IBRi\RYOr
- -
,
-
-
-
324 ~ l wall of the Library "I Ila<lllal1, <ILiad \Il'\\' 01 lOll\(llilllOl1,
I I 1\ I> 1\ J ;\ N' J\ J( <.II 253
\1(( 11 III II Illlli Ir-;, The ,11Th 01 Iladl iall, fig, :'I2S, was ere:cll:d by Ihe !\Ihenians ill honour of the e:mperor
til lll.11k the hOlllld,l1I h,t\\""1l the old ,ill of Athells :llld Ihe JllW cit} built by Jladrian. The arch, in ex-
relllilt Cllllditioll, LlIlil's 1\\ 0 ill, criptions. The illS riptioll (:lcini{ west in the direction of the old city reads
"This Is \lhIIlS, the .\I1Cil'l11 dtl of Theseus;" tbe: inscriptioll on the l'ast side of the arch rlads "This is the city
III Il.ldli.111 alld Ilot of "hl's,us" (I, C, SI8S; Scho/. Aristl'idl's, Prlllrtl!JClloiCIIJ III, p. 201, 32, cd. ])indorf).
I he .1Ich is ,Il Ihe llllrth\lTSI cornl'l' o( thl' ()I} mpil'ion prl'CillCl and I have ascertained that it lies on the line of
.IIlI"llln1l'II anl'lclll m,ld which led frOI11 the oldl'r pan of thl' city to the propylon of the Olympieion; the arch
is j'oslllllllnl in I Jauon to this road and has no connexion whatsoever with the 'fhe:mistoklean which
1(IIIS Illueh Luthl'l to t hl' east. It Sl'l'l11S that thl' arch had bl'en completed by 131/132 A.D. and that the emperor
had passcd thlough it OJl his \l'a) to thl' (Il'dication ceremonies for the magnificent temple finally completed
ill that \ ,'ar.
\ little bter Ihe PanhdleJll's Sl't up t,,'o similar arches in in honour of Demeter and Kore and of the
I mj'eror \ntoninus Pius. Thesl' archl's we:re faith(ul copies o( the Arch of Hadrian in Athens and even had
",.trtll th' same diml'l1sions. They stood at the cast and west sides of the Roman court flanking the propylaia
of the Jo.Icusinian sanctuan, (orl11iJl<> l110numental entrances that marked the terminations of two roads one
'"' ,
hl'gillnl11g at Ihl' harbour o( Lkusis, the other coming in from Megara, Many inscribed statue bases found at
I.lt.:usis COl11l' (rOI11 the statues o( the imperial (amily o( Antoninus and were set up in the second storey of the
:lrch on both sides o( a l11arhle scrl'l'n which closed the three openings bet'ween the columns. In Athens only the
cl'l1tral :lperture was scrcenl'd and onl) two statucs may ha\-c been set up, on the west side Theseus gazing at
the old citl, and on the cast side J Jadrian looking to'ward the new city which he himself had founded.
Sit \I\I-RI V1 I I III ClYII)t III' , "
h' " ". , - I 1)1 I ( \I, I 01'0
Wap It, pp. :'IHI :'IH2; GII\INI)OII, Iladri"Il, pp, 22H
229; 1Illl.,\thellS, p. 210' \,oJ'\ \" II" I' .
, .'1 _,. I fl)'IO-
;'UUfj iut /-'" '. Toii' . If'!."UI'oi\ IIi.un H' 20

I%H, Pl'. 24H 2.. ,
2.4
I I A D III ,\ ~ A I( ( I I
325 Last side of the Arch of J ladrlan.
II \ I)!( I i\ "I( ( II
I
255
326 t S Ide or the At h or I Iad rian. d:1I cd a lit tI bel 131/ 132 A. [). R L" ttl.lI t .llld RL \ ctt.
I I \ I) 1\ I \ . ~ ,\ 1\ ( I I
,/ .
J
3 2 ~ rch of J ladrlan, dtl.lil \ll \\ ,,! I ) ~ "' ""11.

2<,7
,
r r
+
()
t
I
I
\'1) 1'1.111' fll lilt fll<,' .lIltl '1((tlllll .!IIII '" til Ilt
t
\It h Itt Il.ulll.II'
II \ 1)1l1 \N'S \J(( II
'H I), I III "I lill .11".1' ''1,,1,11 "I Ih, \11 h ", Il.ldli III
25 IIE"-ATOl\IPEDON
HEK TOMPEDO : The imcription I. (;. [23-4 of 485/484 H.C. shows that the IJckatomp d' . .
e on IS not Identical
with and, cons ljuently, should not be confused with the Old Temple of Athena The insc' t' d
. . " . . rip Ion recor s two
bUlldmgs, the "templt', I. f. t he Old Temple of Athena, and the rlekatompedon "',,'. . .\ ,
_.... .. . " . was
the othClal name ot the Parthenon even though none of Its dimenSions equalled one hundred Att' f 'rh
. . Ic eet. ere-
tore the name llekatolllp 'don must have been handed down, as IS generally agreed from a pred f
. ' ecessor 0 the
Parth non on th Parthenon Site, the large poros temple (570-566 B.C.). Much of its archl'tectu d'
re an palOted
poros p dim nt sculpture have been presen'Cd.
This poros temple is con.idered to be the ancestor of the Parthenon and is called Ur-Parthenon 1) G
yerman
archa 'ologists and "grandfather" of the Parthenon by W. B. Dinsmoor. Just as in the case of the Old Temple
of Ath na (p. 143), howe\'er, we should search for a still older temple, of the 7th century B.C. or early 6th
B.c. at the latest, which ',,\'as exactly one hundred feet long and thus came to be called Hekatompedon
"the hundred-footer." This early archaic temple, the great-grandfather of the Parthenon, would have had
simple plan and light construction, with sun-dried brick walls on a low stone socle. Naturally none of this
would have sun'h'ed except for the terracotta roof tiles. I consider it absolutely necessary to posit this earl\"
temple on the Parthenon site as well as an early temple on the Old Temple of Athena site, so that there would
have been an unbroken succession of two series of temples for the ancient cult which began in Mycenaean
tImes.
The great-grandfather of the Parthenon mu t have been destroyed when a poras temple was built on the same
site; this new temple was dedicated to Athena in 566 B.C. on the occasion of the first celebration of the Greater
Panathenaia. Several blocks of this temple are built into the north wall of the Acropolis; most of the remains
",,'ere found south and east of the Parthenon in the great fillings needed for the terrace of the Older Parthenon
which was under construction in 488 B.C. The temple was entirely of poras except for some of the metopes
which were of island marble and the simas, figs. 330-332, and antefixes of Hymettian marble.
The reconstruction of the plan of thi poras temple, considered to be the Hekatompedon, is beset with difficult-
ies. The restoration, however, should not be bound to the measurement of one hundred feet, as we have seen,
but should be done simply on the basis of the existing architectural elements and in particular of the simas.
The study of the simas by W.-H. Schuchhardt may perhaps lead to the correct solution. All the grear poly-
chrome poras sculptures should be assigned to the pediments of this temple: Herakles wrestling with Triton,
the triple-bodied creature or Bluebeard, fig. 333, the snakes, the lions tearing a bull to pieces, the lioness and
the steer, fig. 334, and fragments of another lion.
WIEGAND, Poros-Architektur; DICKINS, AcralOlis
Museum; HEDERDEY, Porosskulptur; E. BUSl.IIOR,
Ocr Oreileibige, AM 47, 1922, pp. 53 60; id., Burg-
lowen, AM 47,1922, pp. 92 105; id., Die Wendung
des Blaubarts, AM 47, 1922, pro 106 109; J1. Sell/tA-
DER, Die Gorgonenakrotere und die iiltesten Tempel
der Athena auf der athcnischen Akropolis, JJI 41,
1928, pp. 54-89; W.-II. Die :-'ima des
Alten Athenatempcls der Akro[ alis, Ai\1 6061.
1935/36, pp. I 98; O. BRO. cElt, The I It';\ f of 1Ie-
rakles in the Pediment of the Old Temple of \th 'ns,
IIcsperia 8, 19 9, pp. 92 100; \'\'. B. D\ 'S'"IOOIt, Til .
JJckatompeJon on th' Athenian :\cropolis, .\.1.\.1.
1947, pp. 109 1. I; \\'. II. SClfll('llll \ItIH,\\ 196.'.
pp. 816 821; S. H,. 10 , Hlue lk.lrd, Studi in onorc
di I.uisa Hanti, Rom" 196 . [1[1. 17 It).
I1II \I():\II'II)()
2 ~
331 I'cdllnll1t '1I11a, 0.69 0.245 111. \cropoli, \11I'. \1 137 3
1
).18.
I I 1; " 1\ ',' ( ) 1I' I, I) ()
333 fhe Inpk-bodied crenrllre. I ,engil1 3.22 m.; heIght 0.76 m. 570 560 11.e. \llIs. 35.
t
,
, (1
I
I
334 LIOf1l'\S SO!\,,1p'tIli! ,I yf""'i' I"dl. I ,'lIglh \.22 lit., h"lgh, 1.(,2 Ill,
7ll !lO II.<. \"tll'"hs \ll1s. 'I.
I'm '[I 11'11 ,11 1[11'11 \hTl)', -ol11monh c.1lled the "The:eion," cro'wn the hill of Kolono ,\goraio over-
[",)J..ing th' \gor.1. rh' t '11ll'lc (449 444 B..) ,\ as . !ted in relation ro rhe :\gora bela\!" and rho e whQ were
',',1' )n"il Ie fnr rh' huilding" l)n the w sr "ide of the \gom were always \'ery careful ro lea\'e an open pace
d1.lt th' pe')i'lt in the \gom ::;'luare could "ee the temple abo\'e, figs. 336-338. The re ult of the American
" .1\ ,Hi of 1936 1939 insIde rhe temple and around it showed that there had been neirher an earlier shrine
)1 th' "ir' Ill)r .111\ nrh r "rructure on rhe hill, aparr from a considerable number of ubmycenaean and Proro-
,TeOt 'rric gr.l\ Th' r asnn f r rhis, in our \-ie\\', i. rhar rhe line of rhe archaic cill' wall of Arhens, which
.
i 1 mil rh P 'r,ian \,'ars, crossed o\'er rhi. hill, fig. 5,
n e He I .1i,r ion 1> a peripreral remple, amphidisryle in anti., wirh an interior colonnade; it i builr of white
1.lrhl'. ,'c pr for rhe eurhvnteria and the lowest srep which arc of poro.. The foundation were of another
v.Hid' or' o'os. a sofr gre\' srone. The use of Parian or, more generally, island marble for rhe cornices, ceiling
C'1llcr fr,lm s. ,imas. merope reliefs, frieze, and some of rhe pediment sculprure reinforce rhe e\'idence for
. rin y rhe r' 1 Ie as arh' 'lS rhe mid- 'rh c nrun' B.C
. .
Th scul rural decorarion of rhe remple is of especial interest. The ea r front which faced on rhe _-\gora ,\'as
ore richh' d corar d rhan rhe orher sides, The ren ea rem merope depicred rhe labour of Herakles; rhe easr
diment. as H. ,-\. Thompson has r sro ed rhe composition, represent rhe aporheo i of Herakles afrer hi
h roic deeds on earth. fig. 3r. The d eds of The.eus were displayed on eighr meropes, four on rhe easr end
of rhe north side and four on rh easr end of rhe sourh side; The eu is also rhe hero of rhe legendary bartle
sho\\'n in relief on rhe pronaos frieze. The bartle of rhe Lapirhs and Centaurs was rhe subjecr of rhe api,
rhodomos frieze and probabh- also of rhe west pediment.
Th identificarion of rhe remple is based chiefly on the descriprion of Pausanias (I, 1-+, 6) and the "ay he relare
rh rem Ie ro a her buildings which have been discovered in rhe _-\gora, The remple was dedicared 10 Hephais-
as and .-\rhena; rhe bronze cult sratues, as we 1 am from ancient aurhors, "'ere rhe work of .-\lkamene and
mal' be dared bero'een 4?1 and 415 B.C, fig, 34 ,
The remple was urrounded a ,,-all \\'hich \\'as exrended 10 rhe north and east in rhe early 3rd cenrury B.C
when rhe building 10 the north of rhe remple was can. rrucred..-\r tirsr, the main entrance to rhe precincr seems
ro have been at rhe easr nd of rhe sourh side of rhe precinct wall; around rhe middle of rhe Isr airer
Chrisr rhe entrance was shifred and rhe monumental . ascendmg directly to rhe remple from the .-\gora
,'as consrrucred.
One 0' rhe mo r important results of rhe excavarions \\'a. rhe discO\'ery thar rhere had been a garden around
rhe remple, Thi is rhe firsr time rhar rhe arrangement of an ancient garden ha. become known by m ans of th
'quare pirs dug OUt of the rock, many of which srill held remains of rhe Bower pots in which rhe shrub had
been rransplanted, fig. 3-0. Dorothy Thomp.on, who discovered rhe garden and worked our irs plan, date:
rhe nrsr planting of rhe garden ro rhe 3rd cemun' B.C and ir seems rhar rhe garden was kepr up wirh continual
replantings until rhe 1sr cemun' afrer Christ.
The large building can [(ucred in Helleni, ric rimes north of rhe remple of H phaisros cia. ely reo mbles rhe
.-\r enal of Philo and e\'idently was a public building wirh a similar funcrion, The sire of the Eurysakeion must
al a be on the hill bur farrher down on the. ourhwest side, accordmg to evidence borh from lirerary sources
and from inscriprion. found in rhar area in 1936 C- \gora I 3244, 3625).
The ummir of rhe hill remained ar all rime free of building., affording an exc lIent \ i W 0\ 'r th
.-\gora quare where \'ariou fesriyals and garherings were held, amongsr which rh Panathtnai,l \\';1$
pre-eminent. From rhe hill rhe Arhenian, could warch rhe magnii1c nt procl.sion of rh P.lnath naia
tra"eLed rhe \gora on ItS way to rhe \cropoli. Ir wa: probably a. he follmnd th pro' ::i,n
In rhis. particular part of its course, and had it. whole lengrh before hi. 'yes, that Pll'idia: \\',l in:pir d
to de Ign the Parthenon frieze. It should be noted htre rhar rhe . ummir of :\gor.lio$ Kalonos i: :omh of
the temple bur that a great parr of the crest of the hill was cur down in I 62 to h:-y 1ntl ,m ar ,1 for alar
plaza.
1I11'1I\ITOS
261
62
IIHPIJAISTOS
Th t mpl of Hephaistos was ont:' ofth' few buildings of the lower city nott . n', " d'
. . ") . 0 su er InJury tiring the lIerulia
raid In _67 .\.D. It se'ms that not long a!lcrwards the roof and the colum f I '11 n
. . ns 0 t le ce a were removed a
\\. r th columns ot th' Parthenon cella, to bc llsed 111 the construction of tl . I '1 ,. ' s
.. '. .' 0 ler )UI e Ings perhaps far from
Ath ns. Th' building sutlu-'d ht:ancr damages when It was convert d 10 a Christ' I hI'
. .. ". . . Ian c lure ,pro nhly In the 7th
c ntur\" Mt'r Christ as .\. T'ranlz thinks. t that lime the 11llrance was shifted t I . I
. . '. - 0 t lC west ene, the apse was
built at th east nd, and the whole cella and pronaos 'were roofed with a harrel va It T
U n ll, 1\. Orlandos
r 'construct 'j th' columns ot the pronaos.
STU.-\RT-REVETT, III, Chapt. I; P. PERVANO(;LU, Das
Hephaesteion in Athen, Phi lologus 27, 1868, PI'.
660-6 2; B. SAUER, Das sogenannte Thescion und
sein plastischer Schmuck, Leipzig 1899; G. P. STl-
\'ENS, The Ceiling of the Opisthodomus of the The-
seum, .\JA 15, 1911, pp. 18-23; J DErCn, Topo-
graphie, pp. 365-368; T. L. REA R, Hesperia 6, 1937,
pp. 342-345; D. BURR " The Garden of
Hephai ras, Hesperia 6, 1937, pp. 396 425; II. :\.
,The Ietal Works of Athens and the
Hephaisteion, AJA 42, 1938, p. 123; CIl. Pl CA RD,
RA 11, 1938, pp. 99-105; 13, 1939, pp. 142-143;
T. L. REA R, Hesperia 9, 1940, p. 305; W. B. D1NS-
,lOOR, Observations on the Hephai teion, Hesperia
Suppl. 5, 1941; O. BRONEER, otes on the Interior of
the Hephaisteion, Hesperia 14, 1945, pp. 246-258;
\X'. B. DINSMOOR, otes on the Interior of the
Hephaisteion, Hesperia 14, 1945, pp. 364--366; B. II.
HILL, The I l1lerior Colonnade of the llephaisteion,
Hesperia Supp!. 8, 1949, pp. 190 208; TI. II. 'fllml P-
(J " The Pedimental Sculpture of the Ilephaisteion,
Hesperia 18, 1949, pp. 230 268; 1. P. S'I'EVE S,
Some Remarks upon the Interior of the Ilephaisteion,
Hesperia 19, 1950, PI'. 143 164; id., Grilles of the
Hephaisleion, Hesperia 19, 1950, pro 165 173;
W. H. PI.0.1MIR, Three Allie Temples, BSA 45,1950,
pp.67 78; I!. K(JUI, Der "Carlen des IlcrhaislOs",
tud. Robinson I, pp. 356 3')9; M. BII.III.II, Pcrsoni
/lcation of Clouds, Stud. Rohinson I, pp. 55() ,)SH;
G. P. STEVENS, Lintel with the Painted Lioness,
Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 169-184; S. I)AP.ISPYRIDI-
{(,I Rl'SU, Alkamenes und das Hephaisteion, \.\1
69 70, 1954/55, pp. 67-94; 11. 1"0(.11, Swdien zum
Theseustempel in Athen, Berlin 1955; C. GOTrLlEIJ,
The Pediment ,culprure and Akroteria from the
IIephaisteion and Temple of Arcs in the .\gora at
.\thens, AJA 61, 1957, pp. 161-165; H..\. THmrp-
So:o<, The Sculptural .\dornmenr of the IIephaisteion,
:\J.\ 66, 1962, pp. 339-3-J.7; C. II. :--[OR(;\:O:, The
Sculptures of the ITephaisteion, Ilcsperia 31, 196'J,
pp. 210 219,221 235, Hesperia 32,1963, pro 91-10<';
A. FRI TZ, DOPapers 19, 1965, pp. 202 205;
l\.<J> \)1 \k.\ %i.uualy.oii F'.};'Ol" If).T. 21.
1966, Pl" 122 133; \\'. B. The Internal
Colonnade of the Ilcphaisteion, Tlcsperia r, 1968,
pp. 159 177.
I U RY S1\ K Ie ION
T. L. SnEll R, I I speria 6, 1937, pp. 3-18 3-J.9; ll. D.
1\11'1\1'1''1', Ilesperia 7,1938, p. 9-J., 1\0.15;
FERGliSO , [Iespcria 7, 1938, PI . 1 \\ '1'1111\1",
. ')
Teslimonia, pp. 90 93; B. I). ,\IIRt 11,11 'si '1'1.\ .'-.
1963, 1 . 14, o. 1 ,
Isrlc 11l'11 \)1 (;
. S 1 \l 11)19 I) '<)j.(; R.
I. 'I'IIIVI.()S, I kspcl'I'l , lIPI) . <>, '., ,.
'I '.1}1\' IllDS, I kspl'l i.t _(1, I() ", pp. ,q '1'1' \ rIO",
1/").'fII\"/IIlOI, p. H'I; \gor.l (;lIidl', p. -I '.
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when much of the frcc space in frollt of t hc tcmple was
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337 Tht: tempi<: of Hlphalsws and tht: ,\gora buildings belen\ in tht: 4th c. B.C.
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346 Cemral acroterIon of the ea'it pedllTIem of the temple of Hepha"ros (the head
docs nor belong to the bod}). Agora \lus. ~ 429.
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347 I a t pediment or the !emplL of Ilcph,II'I'l', Il"!')Ied I" II. \. I'h<>l11p""1. J .\'it '1",ltI" <>1 Ih \. H.<
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III'.RAKLES ALEXIKA"-OS
T
' "JI1'R 'Ll'< \IE,vlA"OS was in the deme of Melite; this is the only information about the )oca-
HE _ HRI 'h OF '. .." .., .
tion of th shrine given by ancient authors. The scholiast to Arislophanes ("'rogs 501) adds the information
h
. \. 11,)t'lbl,' sllrl'llc foundcd during I he great IJlague, and that the stattle of I lerakles was the work
t at I t ,,"as ;,\ \ r .... .....) ..
of th ancient sculptor Ageladas.

Som of thos who work on the topography of Athens have tried to identify the shrine with the temple of
H h
t . oth rs ha\'e \\',Inted to place the shrine in the Pnyx area; but in 1911 A. Frickenhaus had identified the
p aIS os, .
:hrine with;1 big triangular enclosure which had been found on the southwest slope of the Areopagus in 1894
and which W. DCirpfc1d had claimed for the Dionysion in Limnai, fig. 351.
Frick nhaus investigated the excavated remains, paying particular attention to the big square base, 3.10 m. to
a id and he ho\nd in his study that it had supported four columns for a simple epistyle or possibly a roof,
, .
a type of heroon singularly appropriate for the hero Herakles Alexikakos. In support of his view he cited many
reliefs and vase paintings depicting Herakles standing near or sitting on the steps of a similar structure
with columns, fig. 352. A mid-4th century B.C. relief of Pentelic marble in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts
is eYen more explicit, for it carries an inscription stating that the heroon belongs to Herakles Alexikakos.
1\0\\' that the consensus is that the Dionysion in Limnai must be sought for in the neighbourhood of
the Ilissos (p. 332), Frickenhaus' theory is more credible. Furthermore, an inscription of the mid-4th century
B.C. found in the Agora Excavations (Agora I 1749, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 393 fr.) furnishes a new piece of
e\'idence which, in spite of R. E. Wycherley's reservations, perhaps clinches the identification. Lines 105-109
of the inscription define the site of two industrial establishments in Melite, fig. 351, 1 and 2. To the east and
north the workshops were adjacent to houses, on the west there was another workshop, and to the sourh a
road which led from the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos to the Agora.
The triangular enclosure discovered by Dorpfeld, with roads on all three sides, is indeed a conspicuous shrine,
as the scholiast to Aristophanes characterized the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos. It is right on the main road
to the Agora. The less important road south of the workshops branched into this main road and, in facr, led
from the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos to the Agora.
\\ith the passage of time the shrine of Herakles seems to have fallen into a decline and in early Roman times the
whole area was covered under a filling of earth 2.50 m. deep. Around the middle of the 2nd century after Christ
the Iobacchoi, a private religious corporation, built their clubhouse, the Baccheion, on the new higher level.
An inscription dated a few years before 178 A.D. (I. G.I12 1368), found in among the ruins of the Baccheion,
refers to it as the Hestiatorion (dining-room) and Stibas, figs. 351 and 353. The original meaning of this laner
term is "mattress" or "couch;" used here as the name of a building it refers to the mattresses or couches on
which the Iobacchoi reclined during their banquets in the Baccheion.
An inscription reading [hljeeov [TO he]eaY"u'o[r;) (Agora I 298, Hesperia 3, 1934, pp. 64-65) found in 1932
built into the wall of a house of recent times at the southwest corner of the Ao-ora is u ually associated \\-ith the
.
shrine of Herakles Alexikakos. ow that an inscription reading hoeo, ieeo ' IIeaxJ.to" fig. 355, has been found
north of the Agora, we may conjecture that there was another hrine of Herakles to \\hich both of the in-
scriptions cited above probably belong. This other shrine of I-Ierakles is located at no. 5 Haghiou Philippou
St., fig. 219, no. 242 CAeh. 20, 1965, X[JOVlY,,(L, pp. 52-55). In 1964, in the course of putting up a ne\\' house, the
boundary stone, fig. 355, was found at this spot and also walls of a crumbling reddish stone belonging to the
foundations of a precinct wall or to a building of the 5th century fl.C. Even though the boundary
not found in situ) I assume that a shrine of IJerakles was in the area, because two votivc 'nring
Hcrakles have been found not far off. One of them (National M.us. 43) 1 carrying oft" th .
Lrymanthian boar and was found in 1839 ncar the JIephaisteion; the other ( ational i\Lus. l45-+)
Herakles reclining, fig. 354, and was found near Monastiraki <lual'C in 1892 when the trench for th' \th 'ns
Piraeus railroad was dug.
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1\11-.111 1'1', Ilcspnia S, 1l)16, p.193, '0. 10; O. '\ 1.-
rEll, Dcr S;illlenhall des I Ierakle. , .\:\162, 1937, pp.
41 51; R. E. \X\'( 1lll\IH, .\].\ b3, 1959, p. 67.
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351 of Ilcraklcs Alcxikakos. A and 13. I louses \'(Iorkshop

3. Ilcraklcs heroon hase 4. \Vine press 5. l"-:mplc 6. I.esch",
" ."
o 10 20 30 .. '" 1.1.
1968 I . . ..... '---_-'

W. DOI\PJI-.I.D, Die Ausgmhungen arn Westahhangc
der Akropolis, AM 20, IH9'i, pp. 161206; 1\..
hUCKJ.NIIAlJS, Das Ilcrakleion von lelite, 1\.1\1 16,
1911, pp. 113 J 44; W. Diil\l'l'ELI>, I\. M 46, 1921, pp.
II I '. It \ I, I I, S \ 1.1 '. ;-.. I I, \ I, () S
..
352 \'oti\'c relief dedIcated to IIerakks, mid-4th Co B. C. \\ idrh 0.58 01,; heIght 0.47 m. Found In Amarous i
in 1 97. :\'ational :\lus. r23.
353 Pernaln, (,( the Hatchel"" (rum the ~ \ I'ho!ogr,lphed In 11'94.
I I I I( \ "- I I \ I I X I I \ I" () '1
354 Rcchmn!! Herakk" \ otl\ c rchcf (lIthe 2nd c. after Chrl't. \\ Idth 0.88 m. ,-anonal ;\lus. 1-1-5.t
Bound,1I y 'tonl lJ/ Ii" '''llIll ot I kr. kk" I (lUlld III Il)(,! (,1I 11(1. :; 11.. '1",,"
I'
hIl1
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-
27
IIERi\KLI'.S PANKRATES
I
I ""\1'< PA KRATES: 1n November 1952, a variety or antiquities was discovered during the
HR\ 'E OJ' . --' .. .
. 11' t' l'lr 'e drain in the Ilissos river-bed and the construction of the new highway, Basllcos Kon-
!fista auon 0 a ,g , .
. . "lbl)\C the drain The finds were: a head probably of Sarapls, another head of a bearded
stant\nou, running , ' .
d
t \'lllport'lnt of all '1 \'otive relief of I Jcrakles. The finds were handed over to I. Miliadis, at that
nlall an nlOS .' c)
time'th' Director of the J\cropolis, who succeeded in excavating the area in 1953-1954 and in locating the site
of a shrine in spitc of all the difficulties which he encountered owing to the great depth of the filling, cramped
k
'Ind tIle t'act that construction was continuing at the same time. The quantity of votive offerings
,,or -tng spac . ., . '.
sho"-, that it ,,-as an important shrine in whJCh Herakles, Pankrates and Palalmon were worshIpped.
1 'ow that the has been covered over and the natural contours of the land have been altered, it is possible
to define the site of the shrine, in a general way, as below the intersection of Basileos Konstantinou and Basileos
G orgiou B' Sts. The shrine lay outside the ,,-aIls of the ancient city, about one kilometer to the east of it, on
the e;st bank of the Ilissos, wirhin the bend in the river as it swerves west. Since the modern drainage channel
took a shortcut across the bend in the river there remained a tiny island between the channel and the curving
bank of the Ilissos and here the excavation was done. Because of these limitations, it was not possible to de-
t rmine the boundaries of the shrine, 'which must have extended to the east where one might expect to find
its various buildings, altars and certainly at least one temple, judging from the fact that a piece of pediment
sculpture representing Herakles was found in the excavations, figs. 360-361.
The finds date the shrine to around the end of the 4th century B.C.; it appears to have originated at a much
earlier date. It \\'as destroyed in the 3rd century after Christ probably by the Herulians in 267 A.D. Some of
the voti,-e reliefs were found lying on bedrock covered by the destruction filling to a height of 0.30 m. and
4--5 m. below the present day surface. 1\1ost of the finds, about one hundred in all, were found built into later
walls above the destruction filling. The walls and the graves found between them date to Late Roman times.
.'\ great number of lamps date the latest occupation le,-els and the time of abandonment. This happened, appar-
ently, when the Ilissos overflowed its banks in a series of floods and buried everything in a thick layer of and,
2-3m. deep.
The study of the extremely important finds which l\Ir. Miliadis is preparing and the publication of the rich
collecrion of votive reliefs will reveal to us the nature of the cult practiced in the shrine on the bank of the
llissos. Of the three divinities represented and named on votive reliefs, Pankrates has the outstanding place.
He was a chthonic god and therefore only his head is shown issuing from the earth. Most of the votive ofFerings
from the shrine were dedicated to him, apparently because of his therapeutic powers.
The triad Herakles, Pankrates, Palaimon is reminiscent of AsklepioS', Amynos and Dexion in the
on the south slope of the Areopagus (p.76). Both are healing shrines, and the Amyneion inscriptions attest
two uses of the name Amynos, sometimes employed as an epithet of Asklepios and sometimes as the name
of a separate individual connected with Asklepios. Exactly the same situation obtains in the Pankrateion, as
has rightly named the shrine on the Ilissos.
One inscription gives the name Pankrates as an epithet of Herakle , whereas in all the other inscriptions Pankra-
tes has a separate identity. Pankrates must have been the leading fiaure in the shrine discovered by the Ilissos,
Lb.
for his name has survived until the present day: a suburb of Athens east of the Ilissos still aoes by the name
b .
of Pankrati.
J. 11'1(1;. 1953, pp. 47 60; 1954, pp. 41
49; AJJlKO'liO.\116111., 'lin""!' II'JIIT"IJ 22, 1958, pp.
234--243; id., IIAd.T(I)'- 11,1959, p. 232; SE lIb, Ig'-9,
pp. 63 64; '1'1'.\ L\Oo;, 1I0Af'O()OlllX'/, PI . 91 9_.
279
357 Votivc relief, 0.12 X 0.325 m.
359 Votl\'C reltef, 0.27 0.185 m.
II " RJ\ K U; SPA N K RA'f' 1'. S
356 359 Votive reltefs from the .,hrine of I kraklcs I'ankrares. Storeroom, ""'I hchaclllogical DistrIct of Ath ns.
35B Votive reltef, 0.345./ 0.245 m.
356 \'otiyc rcltcf, 0.375 x 0.25 m.

-,
60361 Ilcraklc T<cilnlng, front and back \11\\'\. I'edlmelll or the 4th c. H.C. length 1.1- Ill .. 1""''''".1
0.6') m r ArchaeologIcal or j\t1lLl1\.
I I () I( 0 1 0 C; ION ()" t\ N D H() N I I\. ()
281
Ilt1Rtll 01 \1'-.I)RO th,llS: The \,'aterclock oC Andronikos oC 1--._yrrhos or, as it is called, the Tower nfthe
\\ inds, i" prescn- d in admirable condition. It was built in the beginning of the second half of the 1st century
H. '. :In<l the flrsr mlntion in literature is in Varro's De Re RI/s//({/ (IIr, 5, 17) published in 37 H.C. Vitruvius
(I, (" 4) es imporranr information abolll the \,\Jaterclock; Pausanias omits all mention of it.
The rower of rh ' \'I'ar rclock is octagonal, 3.20 m. to a side, stands on a base of three sreps and is built
t)f whir P'Juelic marbl .\t the top rhere is a frieze of the eight winds, each wind symbolized a male figure
wirh :lppropriar arrribures placed on one of rhe eighr sides of the tower orienred to the cardinal points of
rh omp:lss, rigs. 368-3""5. On top of rhe pyramidal roof was, according to Vitruvius, a wcarhervane in the
form of a bronze Triton holding a ,,-and which pointed our the face of the tower corresponding to rhe pre\'ail-
in!:!; wind. There \\-ere sundials on rhe eight sides of rhe tower, but the most inrere ting part of rhis building
,
was rhe inrerior containing an elaborare mechanism for a twenty-four hour clock, and possibly even a plane-
tarium, rhe energy being provided by water. There is no doubr that this i a notable civic building, placed in
rhe most important and much frequented rart of the ciry, the commercial marker-place. The special significance
of rhis area is shown b\- rhe facr that this is rhe site choscn for the great market peristyle built Cae<ar and
_ ugusrus and also for other public buildings round about the \,\'aterclock.
The Tower of the \\"inds was built, as I ha\'e ascertained, on a great plaza 100 XsOm., extending to the east of the
Roman .A.gora, communicating with it by means of the eastern propylon of the Roman Agora, fig. 362. The
plaza extended north as far as the main thoroughfare which crossed the city from east to west and had on it the
\\'aterclock, rhe Agoranomion, the latrines and the building recently discovered and identified as the Pantheon
(p. 439). Furthermore, the Diogeneion gymnasium and a large two-storey stoa should be in the neighbourhood
east of the plaza. _'\rchitectural remains of the stoa have been found in this area and are stored, together \\'irh
mam- other similar architectural remains, at the entrance of the Library of Hadrian and in the area of the Roman
. -
Agora. It is a Hellenistic stoa in exactly the ame sn-le as the Stoa of Eumenes and the Stoa of Attalos. If more
information abour rhis stoa "-ere available, perhaps it \vould be possible to identify it wirh the Stoa of Rhomaios
recorded in I. G. IF 958, line 29.
The architectural elements recovered from this stoa, rhe cornices, drums and base from double Ionic columns,
all derive from rhe upper storey of the stoa. The Doric columns with their entablature from the lower storey
appear to ha,'e been transported else\\-here for use in another building, probably for the replacement of the
inrerior colonnades in the cella of the Parthenon which had been destroyed in a fire (p. 444).
TL;ART-REVETT, I, Chapt. III; J\. ldT. 5,
1919, pp. 14-16; P. GRAINDOR, Le plus
a.ncien exemple de rachat du plan octagonal, Byzan-
lion 3, 1926, pp. 29-31; ]UDEICI1, Topographie,
pp. 374375; F. WIRTH, AM 56, 1931, pp. 47-49;
J r. S. ROBINSON, The Tower of the Winds and the
Roman ,\larket-Place, A] A 47, 1943, pp. 291-
299; III LL, Athens pp. 206-207' J V .
) , . . OBLE-
J. de SOLLA PRtCE, The Water Clock in the
of the Winds, AJ A 72, 1968, pp. 345355;
J A'n -
. - X ()I'\I'K \KII' 1" , , IIJ'
#" Aj, Oll'.-
tJI.lfJ.%fJV (t}'!O)JJiJlfJfI Tlltl I', '. l .. ri},1 'tTu 2 1969
pp. 416 422. ' ,
DJOGENEJOl\'
I'u. '.I!lX. 1861, pp. 18-2l; 1 63,
p. 7;.\. 'h,/IIII. 1862, pp. 105 120,205-
209,223 232; -\. 'h',/Ilii. 1862, pp. 232
241; G. GUIDI, II muro \'alcriano a S. Demetrio
Katiphori e Ia l]uestione del Diogcneion,\nnuario
4/5, 1921/22, pp. 33 54; P. GR \1 'DOR, sur
I'ephebie arrique sous l'Fmpirc, .\[usB 26, 19_2,
pp. 220 228; Jt DFIClI, Topographic, p. .r9; .\.
11,\11.\1'1 II \ \ /loi.,'I""" .'. [94"" 4 "
pp. 22 24; DE!.OR\I!., G\ mIlasion, Pl'. [43- [46;
E. LA I rlNZI, I ritroltli dci Cmnwti nl'! \Iu:'n , 'azio-
naledi \tene, ROl1l,l I
1I0l\Ol.OGION 01 ANDRONII OS
283
...
363364 HorologlOn of Andronikos, cle"atlon and scction. Dra\\'n by Stuart and RCYCtL
/
J
, \
2 T J o
>
,65 Plan or the Ilorologion of Al1dml1ik"s.

I/OROI 0(,10 01 \ DRO II 0'"
366 Horologion of _-\ndromkos, north and \\ sIdes.
,
,
II ( ) Il ( ) I () (, I ( ) N () I \ N I ) I( ( ) N I I () '>
ro /.Lpl1\ 'm, IhL \\ L'I \\ Illd.
- _ _ ~
,(,() '>kll(1I1. IhL llonlH c'>l \\llld.
,71 I."". IhL '>()lllh\\c,>r \\llld.
O!"", tht "Clulh \\ IIHI
374 ApLlIl"lS. 'h, 'ol I \\ 1l,,1
\ 7 ~ I .lIkl.". IhL Ill"d"", \\Illd.
IIOROI ()(,IO
OJ- \NI)RONI"-Oo.,
II () I{ () I () (, I () N () I \ N I) I{ () N II ()"
377 11,)(" "f the Ilorolog,on 01 Androlllko\

2k7
Illl]\llllll,ll) (ll \ 11]\1) I l ~
I
\
- '""''''
t \, .In I ,
"I I "lid 11 111 "I Ii" 1 1,.1\ ( \" \\ 1'''111 iiI 11,,"11
2H'J
hl",I, \1\1 I: The tl'l11\ "lIis,os \'l';I" is dl'lilled hl'le as Ihe \ hoil' dist,in stfltlhing south O(dll Auopo!i
." l.lf ,\, the til 'I \\ hieh, .llTllldiug toThuC)di(il's(II, IS, 3 6), logether with Ihe 'Iuopolb l'tJlllpri nlthe town
1'1' \t h 'u, hL'l'''le Theseu,' t1ml', Itg. 379.
l'p Ulllil ;\ fe\\ 1(';11', ,1.'0 I\\U,t scholars Ih01lglu Ihal ill l'arliesl limes Ihe town was mainly rl,tllCted 1/1 the
\ewp"lis il,dl ;Iud 1,'.\ small area arlHtt1d il,e,,!endillg to Ihe south :IS rar as pre,ent day I)ionysiou Areopagitou
:'1.. h'C\U,l' the ';\tlie,t ,igns ollik had heen round within those limils. In th la,t decade, hO\le (;r, dell' dig-
,'ill" rOf 100tl1(Lllions of II ''''huildings in properties in the whole area as far as the Ilissos has given us the 0PP'if-

l\tl1itl ot' ;Iseeruining the plesence or iml ortanl prehistoric remains throughout: wells, house walls, graves,
figs. 389 .WO. and. mmt signifi antll', prehistoric pOllery lying on bedrock almost everywhere. Recent large-
scd' '''C\\ .Ilions around Ihe Oil mpieion hal e no! onl) brought to light extremely old and important public
buddings ;Ind temples. hut also finds of prehiSlori pOller), thus establishing the fact that in earliest times the
IOlnl e"tend d as far a, th llissos.

:-'nt onll Thucydides but also other authors provide us with information about the various shrines in this area
snuth of the. \cwpolis, Of Ihese. the most vital e\ idence is that given in the dialogues of Plato. nd in Pausanias'
IOUI' of .\thens. \s in the case of the "\gora and! he J\cropolis, Pausanias devoted a special chapter to thi area.
Th recent lar<Te,calc e).,cavations conduct d under m)' direction at various times hetween 1956 1967 \I'ere
"
initiated during the landscaping of the arca around the OJympieion, the co ering over of the Jlisso. river-bed,
:1nd the construction oflhe J\rdeltos highway, fig. 380. On the north side of the Ol)mpiei n, prehistoric sherd
were found e\ cr)whcre mixed in \I ith earth fillings of Roman and e\'en of B),zantine times. To the west, ncar
lladrian's 1\rch. where bedrock is reached at a depth 01'3 mel res, an undisturbed prehistori level about 1 metre
in depth was ).,cayaled; it contained \'aSl quantities of nliddle I IelIa dic ancl Late J lellaclic pottery in stratified
deposits. great man) Geometric sherds and gr:n es were also found, The grave., . uryiying anI)' piec meal,
had Ijned both ides of a Yrr) old road \I'hich led to a gate in the Themistoklean cit)' \I'all which we idemify
with the lJip! ades Gate (I" 160), Later on the J\rch or Iladrian was rected on thi' I' ad, II along the road
and to the north of it, walls, flool's, and wells belonging to houses or the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. were
found; the) were repaired over and over again and remained in use at least until the 2nd century after hri. t.
j\ loyely votil e relief of the 2nd centur) after Christ \I'as found in the courtyard of one f Ihe house; the in-
scription on it informs us that the relief represents Demeler, Kore and the llierophant J lagnousi . \\'ho made
the dedication, fig. 383.
We believe that okrates and Phaidros strolled along this \ err old road on the north side of the 01) mpieion
when the)' \\'ere going for a walk outside the cit) walls. The house of illoll chos bl' the 01) mpieion, mentioned
b), Plato (Phaerlm.r 227c) must be one or thc excavated houses. 1\S Sokrales and Phaidros leaye Ihe town the)
turn on- the road, cross the lIissos and reach the east bank or the riYer at t he root of rdet tos hill. There they
sit down to converse at the entrance to a delightful I'ale, the COJllours of \I hich were altered when Lykourgos
constructcd the, tadium later on (I" 49H). The icllllic spot, described hi Plato, wilh the great plane tree, the
refreshing spring, and Ihe shrine of cheloos, Pan and the ) mphs was, we beliele, at this p1:lce. This id mi-
Mcation is conftrmed h) a relief showing Acheloos, Pan and the \ mphs which is thought to han' ome from
shrine and was found nearhy in Ihe Stadium, fig. 382. C. Rod 'n\l'aldt allempted to identify Phaidro,.'
shnne of Pan with the one hy the church or SI. Photini where a relier of Pan Ius been can 'd on the artitl i,t!
figs, 386 387. This is undoubtedly the site of another shrine of Pan and Ihe I mphs near the spring of
Kallirrhoe. J lad Sokrates and Phahlros indeed gone tl1l:re, it would 1'0110" thai the district of .\gr:li must bl'
60\) metres further downstream, according to th figures gilen [1\ Sokr:lles (PLIlO, fl/:iJrrlm,r __'k),
but thiS view IS not supported by I he evidcn c.
excavation at the south side of the OIYlllpicion began in (939 with the c"ploratol'\ illl -,tigation [H ,I.
Musos. At that the ruins of an archaic building were found at Ihe southwc,t corner of O!
YIl1
I i ion
preclnct.at the foot of the rocky spur; at a lower level further SOltlh, ahout eight SUbll1H'l'lloi 'an Proto-
geometnc graves were fOil I II ..' .'
II ( as we as quantlt\(:s of 7th and 6th century H.C. POllt'l'). This :If 'a to th .outh
290
II.ISSOS J\ I{ EA
1 I I
' 'd' 1960 1967. Excel,t for the rocky ridge to the west, throughout the excavated area the
was comp ett' ,. c c.lrC 111 " ' , ,
. . d t' -. ,nncicnt 'lcClll1llllations of sand and gravel whIch J11 the course of time had hardened to
ternun consist' 0 I en .., . . .
I
I
llrftce of which Late Uelladlc sherds were found. fhls means that by Mycenaean
a compact .1ycr. on I lC S . .
. 't' II'er tl1e Ilissos 11'ld flowed J11 the same river-bed as today.
tim's, I not ar, .. . . _.'
, Id b 'l(!I'ngs of which onl)' the lowest part of the foundations have survived, were uncovered
Important 0 UI . , . . " .
d
.' - tl'on' I'n tl1e area south of the OI)'mpielOn.ln the 3rd century after ChrJst, the bUIldl11gs and
urU1g our excal a, ., . "
\" n th precinct wall of the mpicion were so that the stones could be used as
building material for the new cit)' wall constructcd In the reign of Valerian (p. 161).
_. 'h b 'ld'nO's 11a\"c bcen de:t1O,-cd and helpful finds, particularly inscriptions, are totally lacking it is
mc t e UI lb'
difficult, often impossible to kno\\- what the buildings are and to identify them. Pausanias at the beginning of
his tour of the llissos arca, in speaking of the Olympieion refers to shrines which certainly must have been
n arb,-. Thc temple of Kronos and Rhea must, in any case, have been in the vicinity (p. 335). The shrine of
Ge which is associated with the stele of the Amazon Antiope should be located at the southwest
corner of the precinct.
Pausanias mentions other large buildings sponsored by Hadrian in connexion with his description of the temple
of Olympian Zeus (p. 402). In regard to these, it may be said that most of them arc far away from the place
he is discussing at the moment. His description, as it continues, is not entirely clear. Although he has seen
the monuments he describes with his own eyes, he does not give them in order. He simply attempts to convey
a picture of the \I'hole district where there was a concentration of so many important shrines. On the plan,
fig. 379, the topography of this part of the city is shown as it was in Pausaruas' time. All the monuments he
describes are indicated as well as those known through other authors and through excavations.
C. TH, Eridanos und Hissos, RhM 40, 1885,
pp. 469-473; L. 1886, pp. 13-
17; 1888, pp. 15-23; A. lleQLu); iv TI) %oiTl1 TOV
, li.taou al'aa%Wpij;, llQaXT. 1893, pp. 111-136; id.,
'Avuyi.vtpa E% Tij; iv T!7 %oiTl1 TOU 'D.taov avaa%arp!);,
'E'F'II.l. 1894, pp. 133-142; id., EVltpoi.ai cl; TlIII
'EaTia 1894, pp. 289-293;
E. :\1AAss, Zu den Ilissosreliefs, AM 20, 1895, pp.
352-356; C. BSA 2, 1895/96, pp. 22-25;
A. LKIA1:, 'Avaa%wpaL 7/;aQu TOV ' D.taov, Ilga%T. 1897,
pp. 73-85; r. 0."IKOAAl.lHE, 'Avaa%arpl) 'O},vlmteiov,
llQa%T. 1898, pp. 62-64; FRAZER, Pausanias II, pp.
178-184, 189-207,' G, RODE WALDT Pan am llissos
, ,
AM 37, 1912, pp. 141-150; r. LnTlIPIOl', lJa},wu
XQwnavt%ry Baat}.t%ry , lhaov, 'ErrI/-l. 1919, pp. 1-31;
X. KAPOYZOl:, 'A7/;0 TO '1II2u%Jct,wv TOV I(vlJOau'.!l/o v;,
Jeh. 8, 1923, pp. 85-102; CHR. KARUSO , Ein atti-
sches Weihrelief, AM 54, 1929, pp. 1-5; JUDElCI'[,
Topographie, pp. 414-424; L KnNl:TANTJNOr, '0
K",vfjo; TOU ' lhaaov, Jeh. 14,1931/32, pp. 41-56; E.
il,' II fhlvw;; %UTrl TI}11 fJaad,tXI}I'
TOU ' Ti.Wl0U, Tlfjf1%T. 1945-1948, pp. 69-80; M. MIT-
50S, Inscriptions from Athens, Hesperia 16, 1947,
pp. 262 264; 1. TI'A 'A]I(wxurl'lxuL t''.!PIIl'W 7Trlfjll
TO '{J).lJI41lleiov, Tlfj OY.T, 1949, pp. 25 43; O. BltONEEII,
Plato's Description of Early Athens and the Origin
of ;\fetageitnia, Hesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, pp. 47-59;
E. LA. GLOTZ, Aphrodite in den Garten, SBHeidel-
berg 1953/54, 2. Abhandlung; BCH 84, 1960, pp.
631-635; 1. 0PE'!'LUHE- 1. TPA 'Al'aa%arpaLI'OTlw;
TaV , Q).vlt;rteio l', Lleh. 17, 1961/62, XQOI'. pp. 9-14;
R. E. WYCHERLEY, Pausaruas at Athens, GRB 4,
1963, pp. 157-175; id., The eene of Plato's Phaidros,
Phoenix 17, 1963, pp. 88-98; cD. LTc\
Jch. 20, 1965, XI20I', pp. 68-70; 1. TPA To rl'-
llJ'UaWII TOV J(vI'oaugyov;, : Il'uJ.e%Ta 3, 1970, pp. 6-14.
GRAVES SOUTH OF THE ACROPOLIS
\. "'"1'[ \,- T' fJ .. "'" 1 ' -
f .t...J \. f .... , Uj..t 0; :tgOtGTO(!I%O; v:ro T'l" .l- XQO:rOI.ll"
'Erplili. 1902, pp. 123-130; 1. ;\1 [1.\1A.l '.'haar.aq-ai
lJOTiw;'/I %l2o:roAew;;, llemer. 1955, pp. 43-45; r.
'/llJaar.urpll ol%o:rt'oov 'AYl/e},o:rovAo v, Lle},T, 17, 1961/62,
pp. 85-86, 90-92; 1. - 1. ',[I'a-
a%arpaLI'OTiw;; TOU , 0). v/l;rlclo V, le},T. 17, 196162, .\1201'.
p, 13; L ,Ieh. 18, 1963, XgOI'. 1, -tl;
(I>. 1t'?T, 19, 1964, Xgo,'. Pl". 57 60;
N. II "ATUN, .ldT. 20, 1965, Xgol'. pp. 303_; c11.
ldT. 20, 1965, .\gOI'. pp. cO.
86-87; Il. I.\I III I.\KII , It'h. 21, 1966. XCo,'. p.
A. AN.lI'IWIMI'NOr, It'lT. 21, 1966, XCOI'. pp. 8.' 88;
0, A.IE::::" , .'11'11, IpAT. 23, 1968. .\'.!"". pp. "
ILISSOS AHI.A 291
-
I TPAYIIOr
1968
.' ,
" , .._.... ._:. .
..._. ---
--- _. ...
197. Temple of Tychc
19H. Stadium
199. Tomb of 1 krodes Atticus
200. lIissos bridge of Roman date
201. Roman building \I ith semi-
ci rcular colunnade
202. Lvkeioo
203. 1.\ keion b.lth
204. C\,mnasiul11 buill1lng
205. Temple founcLltions
206. C;"rdcn of rheophr,ISl\)s
Ibth of Dioch.lres
208. C LIn' or ",sos
20'). llcr.lklcs P,lnkr.lu's
214. 1.,.,d.lIH"
215.lIisso,
...
"' .....
. . .-
.'. -.'
.: " ," .
":". ......:;:"
", .;:'-'
. :...
,.' ; .. , . ,
.., ".-.. . '.
. .' '.:-.
'. ' .
' ..
.;;:;..
'. ",
:...::.:; .....
,'.
I

" " ..
. . ........

'oJ.
.' .;.

, '.
' .....
.. ;;;;::.-:.:; .

. . '. .:
..:: . ; ...'11J

--

" 204

.' '.

202

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
I
,
-... -
".
182. Shrine of Kodros
lH4. Dionysion in Limn"i
185. Palaestra of Taureas
IH6. Lyslkrates Monument
IH7. Shrine of Olymrtan Ce
IHH. Am"zon stek
189. l'ythion
190. Aphrodite in the Carden,
I'll. A1Iar of the Ilissi"l1 ,\Iuses
192. I... \' l10sarges
193. C;yl11na"ul11 building
1")4. C;\,nln"siul11 building
1'>5. Shrlnc' of Bore"s
196. Shrine of Pan, .\chdo"s ;1I1d the
I\hl11phs

,
\ .. ..

, '., , . .
, .. .. .
, .. '.
'.2
, ...
"
,
,
\ '.' ." .
\ . . .'
\ ". 203.
At
..:: ....
\ ". .. '. .
\ ". ....
1 '
.' . . .
\ ..

I
\
I
I
I
,
\
\
,
,
,
,
/
,
,
,
164 I
'""l IX
./:?fffik"..,> ,:. .,,'co,.,,:... . .
',' .
'83
"
..
"
.-
';.
..:.. .:. .. ' '., '.
- " . '. '.
- . .. ' .
,. ... ....
"" .. . "" . ' ..
,.,. ....
.... ".
,
,. .'
. ' ", '.
.\
.
" I
/ iJ .
..", '_'_""",:/1
,: p;----r------i
:VIII : 208 ,
ft I - I
..... 207 l .J
.. 181
1eG.
"
-
-
. -
-
,,\II. '.
,-"-,,,IJ/_
...... "'... 1'-
-........
--..:;) _.
--- ---
--......-:
--:.. -.. ....,..' ..,'"
I
/'
.'.

.
-
150. Shrine of P'"eidon llclik.,n,os

151. Artem,s Agrntcra
152.\leltoon in Agrai
154. RelIef of Pan
155. Kallirrhoe
156. IIISS." crossing
15H.Olymr 1ei.,n
159. K">IH" and Hhe"
160. Apollo Delphlnios
161. I.awcourt at the Delphll1l011
162. Pal1hllknl!Jl1
163. Arch of 11"d""n
164. Iiollses
165. Roman ]hths I
IHI. I.aw(ollrt ,It thc' P.III"dl!JIl
'iilll / I
'ltlll
ill
379 Plan of the Ilissos Area. HOIh excavated sites and conjectural sltes of shrines and othcr monuments arc indicated.
VIII XII: Gates in the Thel11islOkkan \\/al1, demo1lshed in 86 B.C.
/
I
I
..
IT PA or

\
158
-
. -
-. -
157
,
J
. ..'
. . .'
!
, "'"-+-1
,
IX

-
[
,.
J \
-
165
'" -
- -
162
-.,...
""'1 ,I,
I LlSSOS :\ R leA

,
,
,
,
/
,
, ,
, " , , ,
, ,
, ,
' ,
' ,
' ,
/ ,
?o
==-__ ... ';'/,"",_......_.100 M.
50 o
..... , .
--
'.
-.,
j
-
...
Ii
161
0
0
161
I I
,
157
I
I
Xl
I
I I
,
I I I
I I
I
L
,
I
I
-
I
.,J
, . d surroundings,
380 Plan ',f thc OlymplclOn an .
" I ~ S() ~ i\ IU i\ 2'n
\ll h "t 11.1dlllll
Rl. 111.\111'. 01 ht'U'l'"
1{, 1111.111 g,l1 hs I
I (d,
1(>1
1(,
I linI'lL lit AplllIll Dell"""'tl,
I ,l\\(lIUII ,It thl Iklphlllltlll
P.lllhllltllltHl
Ir,O,
f (, I ,
I (,
(, It" "' the (lty "all
\ .tlu "", \\ ,111
I ~ "'1'1< .""
Pnc IJ)(, flf I Hill!)... ,01(1 Hhl,l
IX XI
IS7
1'lK
I 'l')
-
3Kl \lllli ph"'''Vr''r>h "I the Ohmp',,,,n ,11,,1 'Ulltlllllchng-s
111SS0S RI'A
382 Inscribed relief dedicated to the ymphs, just after the mid-4th c. B.C. 0.44 X
0.405 111. J. C. H' 2934. Berlin .\luseu111.
183 Votive r<:llef dedIcated 10 Demeter "nd I"ole bl Ihe 1lllroph.lIlt
accordIng to thc 2nd c. al ter Chrl'l. I'oulldllOI th of the Oil lllPIC''')l'
O.6H /0.61 m. Stoleroom, J'hlrd rchaco!ogl .,1 D"tJlct of \them.
o
\RI.\
384 I lead of "-polio, found cast of the 01\ mplLlon In 18-5. r ItSt e. after Chnst.
HeIght 0.30 m. anonal \Ius. 4-.
3flS 1.10'" dcvlJllrtng a bull, hOI1l thl Pt"dllllLlll (11.1 ,,".dl tllllpi< (til' SOD B.(. I hl <'tlth II 'ht.
:tllonal \Iu,. 167\ \\." IOlilld 11I.1I thl OI\I1IP'L101l III IH62 I hl II ,,,mLlll (ltl Ihl Ilit I' III thl \Iltl<'
[",lilan \luscum (ll ArI, :--'l\\ 1 ori. !'1l'''I\l'll i<llgth lAO Ill. hLll!hl 0'(,0 111.

I I I"" () S \ R 1\ 1\
386 Th Pan relief, fig. 38-, on
the shadLd sLlrf.lCe of thL \ crncalh CLl t rock face, right centre.
,
1fl7 I'dfl relief, 0 ')(, m high
I I I.,., ()., \f(/ \
\ """ r<lld 1"(1111) "' ('\\1I11 \ (fig. III Ihl' II""" II\LI 1,,<1 III IK', ,,<I L H ( \\ 111.
Illlghl 111 '\;.IIIIIIl.tI \111, 177K
2)'"'
ILlSSOS AREA
298
-
.,
on
. 32
58
1968
- .

: ---.,..
h ,
=
-
-
-
-
-
- - -
- -
-
-
- - -
- -
-
'"
- -
-
'"
-
- -
-
- -
-
- - -
- - -
3 75
-
-
-
- -
-
-
- - -
- - -
- - -
- -
- -
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
o 1
t- ......... ;........,: ;=0_.
' ..
A
M
on
-
Jli
::lii
1.52
:-s
-.::
389 Section and plan of the Mycenaean chamber tomb found near Gate XII (at no. 15 Dimirrakopoulou L).
A B
c
D
F
390 Late Helladic III B pots; the lind spots are A r in lig. 389. toreroom, Third Archacologic.11
District of Athens.
I" 1'. RA !'vII'. I I" 0 S
299
1'1'1\ The e'-GI\'atiom in the region or the Kerameikos hegan in 1863 and were continued by the
l; r 'ek \ rchacolog lea I Sockt)' a, int e1"\ abunt iI 1913 when the C; erman i\ rchaeological Ins titu te assumed charge
01 the e,-cI\.lIions. In \907 \. 13,Uckner hegan his work in the Kerameikos; later the excavations were directecl
in k. r...iibler and, since 1956, by D. Ohly who was succeeded by F. Willemsen. In the last twelve years the
,cOP' 01 t hL' e"ca\at ions has b Tn e"tended, supplementary exca vations have been done in various sections, and
,he architect C. Cruben has drawn up new plans ror the entire area, fig. 391.
The nC:1\'aled area consist, or a small \'alley, through which the Ilddanos river flows, 44 metres above sea
kn'l .11 the 10'" 'st point in the ancie11l city. Remains of prehistoric seulemel1ts, such as have been discovered
.tround the \cropolis, ha\T not been discovered here wirh the exception of a Middle I Ielladic grave on the
,outh hank of the Erie\.ll1os and a lew sherds from the very end of the Mycenaean period.
\t thl end 01 the 12th century 13.C. the inhabitants of the nearby settlements began to bury their dead on the
h.mb of ,he Ilridanos. i\lore than one hundred ubmycenaean graves have been discovered underneath the
Pompeion on the low north bank of the river, and a few isolated graves on the south bank. The Protogeometric
necropolis extended west of the Su bmycenaean cemetery on the south bank of the Eridanos and small rectangular
mounds marked the sites of the grans. :\round the mid-10th century B.C. the dead were buried in shallow
rectangular pItS in regular rows and abo\'e the graves a libation vessel was placed at one end and a stone grave
marker at the other. During the 8th century 13.C. the vases placed on graves attained to an enormous size; the
monumental amphoras and haters of the so-called Dipylon style belong to this period, figs. 396-397.
The earl) archaic necropolis of the 7th and early 6th century B.C. lies on the south bank of the Eridanos west
of the shrine of the Tritopatres. Conical mounds of earth 6-10 metres in diameter were heaped up above the
gray es; the earth was held in place by stone socles at the base of the mounds. In time, another rype of grave
monument came to predominate: hox-shaped structures of sun-dried brick with slightly inclined walls and a
Rat roof with a sLOne cornice.
Throughout the 6th century B.C. gra\e monuments were placed on the graves, poros or marble stelai with
incised, painted, or relief decoration, or statues in the round. In this period, probably at tbe time when the
fim city wall was buil t, the Athenians buried their dead outside the walls of the city. The decree forbidding
burials within the limits of the city wall is known to us from a passage in Cicero (Ad{allli/iares IV, 12, 3); the
decree probably dates to the time of Solon and apparently the regulations were rigidly enforced around the
end of the 6th centurl' B.C.
,
[n the second lluarter of the 5th century B. C. the gra\'e monuments became \'ery simple. The stele of the
/iroxCllos Pythagoras from Selymbria, dated a little before the mid-5th century B.C., is the only monument
preserved from this period. From 430 to 338 B.C. the gray e monuments again became laborate and varied,
many of them are preserved ill sitll: naiskoi, inscribed stelai terminating in anthemia, marble me-
morial altars, lekythoi, loutrophoroi, lions etc. The family gnl\'e lots arc a typical feature of this period; many
fine examples remain on the Sacred \\'ay and on the street leading to the Piraeus called the Street of the Tombs.
.\fter the battle of Chaironeia in 338 B.C., many of the tombs were demolished and the stone re-used, iu t as
after the Persian Wars, to consolidate the walls and to huild new fortifications. From that time on elaborate
grave monumeJ1(S were no longer built. During the rule of Demetrios of Phaleron (317 307 B.C.) a law \\'as
passed forbidding the construction of e,"pensive grave monuments and small rolU1d inscribed columns were
henceforth used as grave markers. In 200 H.C. and in 86 13.C. the cemetery was badh' tbmaged b\ the im',lsions
of Philip V of Macedon and Sulla.
As regards the roads of the Kerameikos we may ohserve that three extremely important roads (an out (rom th'
Altar of the Twelve eods in a northwesterly direction to points far outside the city, fig. 417. The middl' one
was the road to t he Academy, leaving the city via the Dipylon Gate. The easternmost road left tb cit\ through
the Eriai (jate and led to I Jippios f(olonos and Ph\'Ie; the westelnmost of the tlH 'e roads left tb' cit\"
at the Sacred Gate and led to Eleusis. This last is the famous Sacred \'\ay, with houndary stones marking th
route, fig. 414, and with inscribed herms sel up at intervals of one Roman mile giying the di,tance from th
300
. . 41 413 '\It!l()tll'h!lll' hadl\, d:ll11a IJ ed milestoncs werc not found ill .filll, the places show
tl
)wn fl"s. - ..." ,"
, . .
lhat th' .\It;lr of the '['wei\'<' c;mb \Ias the starling- pOint. , " . ,
...,.. . . . I ' ' , It) th' \cllkm ' which lies in the deme of h,cnlmels was :dled Keramelkos. fhucydides
, J n annl'nt tlmn t \1 IO.1t I' . ,"
. I' I't "I' lilt '1'1)1' the cill 'Ind the oth cUltllry city wall (p. I 'iH). When the rhemlstok!can lly wall was
Inl 1(;\1 'S I lat I \1, S (' ,
I
'I I L'. ,'k) \1'1' Ilil ided inlo Ihe Inn('l' Keramcikos and the Outer Kerameikos. After the archaic
1\11 t. t \' '" 'I.llnl I (, ,
cit I \1.111 \I',IS ;\h(1h,h('(). the h(1ulHI;\IiL's of the Inner Ker:lm 'ikos were apparently no longer well-defined, and
., I ,tl "11 1()\I'''r 1"11'( ()I Ih' \"ora also cam to be call 'd Kerameikos. A Kerameikos boundary stone
IIltlllletlL'nOl III " ,.,'
1\,\, h"n found lII.filll not LII aW:I\ frol1llhe northwest entrance to th' Agora, fig. 416.
I'h' Ulltn !--.enlmeikos, \\hich is identified 'with Ihe road leading 10 the A ademy from the Dipylon, seems to
hal" had Ill;\rhle markers along its full length wilh the inscription "boundary ston of the Kerameikos," fig. 415.
Three of these halc heen found il1JIIII on Ihe wcst side of the road; th hase of yet a fourth define the edge
of the cast sid, of the road. Tn 1955 an identical houndary stone was found on present-day Alc:xandreias t. at
a disLlllce ofahollt200 metres fromlhe entrance to the A adem)' and it is likely that the boundary stone origin-
;tlil stood at the ent ranc' (() the Acadcm)' marking t h ' end of I he road. According to Cicero (De hniblls V, 1, 1)
distance from the Dipylon Cate 10 the enlrance of the Academy was six racca-Roman stacles (1068 m.);
according to Livy (XXXI, 24) it was one thousand Rom:ln paces, i.e. 1478 m<;lres, This last figure is in closer
accord with t he fa tS; on the basis of I.i,,)'s infnrm:ltion we have fix 'd I he site of the entrance to the Academy
on the to! ographicailian in fig. 4J7.
Distinguished Athenian statesmcn and Athenians and allies fallen in war were given state burial all along either
side of the Outer Kerameikos road in the loveliesl sublll'b of Athens (Thucydides 11, 34, 5). The tate burial
d h D
'r I II I 1" 1" "I I'"'' . I" "() t j' 'k"
groUll , tell/OJ/Oil ,)fllla, was a sO ca e( I. le tom) or po ),ane f]on or memorta or u er ,-era me! 'os
or "Outcr Dromos".
Just outside the DipyJon wh re the road has becn excavated it has a width of thirty-nine metres. The width of
the re. t of the road and the route it follows has been determined, for stretches of the road and LOmbs on either
side have been found in ;.,cavations done both long since and recently. Thus we know that the church of 51.
eorge stands on the line of th' road; in 1930, during the excavations of P. ristophron, a road surface wa
found cast of the church,
\\'e t of the church of l. eorge exca ations have rev aled another road lined with many graves on both sides,
fig . 418-420; it has no conn xi on with the tate Burial-place, as A Papayiannopoulos-Palaios correctly ob-
erved. ffhi road, 4.80 m. wide, run parallel with the Kerameikos road at a slight distance from it; it \\'a. for
wheeled traffic and branched 00' from the acred \\'a)' at the point, according to my conjecture where the
acred \X'ay intersects present-day Piraeus, l. The [Jaros wall of a gravc enclosure, exca\'atec! by J-'::. Vi ern isel,
fig. 391 P, has wheel rut which doubtless derive from ,vheeled traffic rollin" over the \\'all after the "ra\ c
t'"'
enclosure had been destroyed.
To return to the road to the Academy via th Dipylon, 1his Dromos was originally one of the most ancient and
importal1l thoroughfares of the ity, connecting th' Acropolis \ ith the suburb of Akademas or llckadelllos
(p.42). hom the 6th century B.C. onward, distinguished citizens were buri 'd along the road and the custom
of holding contests here in honO'ur of the dead was established carlyon (II 's)'chios, ';:T' (ii'(:"')' The
earliest certain reference to the funeral games is in Ari totl (/IIIJ. Pol. 58); in Hell 'nistic timcs tlll'1 ;\re recl11'lkd
in ephebic inscriptions which refer to th' arrangements for Ihe contests. The torch ra c \\as one of the (untests;
the runners started at the altar of Prometheus at th ' entrancc 10 th ' adelll.
It is not known 'xactly when the Athenian government offi iall)' established th' state burial ground, the f)t!HO
rum lell/fl, Tn any case, the construction of the Drolllos, 39 metrcs wide, and thc whole schellle or the ;11";\ must
have hetn planned much later OJl, enainly after tht Themistokle:ln wall had h 'l'n huilt and prohahh just I '
'.he of 4t.h ctl1tury B:C. sin, e the Kerameil os wcre s't in pbc .It th.lt time.
While 'he work of WJdel1lllg and straightening th ' J)romos was III progress, It prohahh he ,1111' necess.HI to
move certain monuments out of the way; I erhaps I he lett 'rs X aJld IjJ OJl the cornn step or the monunll'nt
K I'.J( 1\ 1\1 I.r '-..(J"
301
tho l ho t II Jll Inll ue me\fU 10 idelltlh the po ition of the hlock that the m'JIlument c',uld be re:-
nnhkd el e ,hue ('/"1'111, )955, p. 10
C
), lig. h).
In folio the m.ld 10 Ihl' \eadem) Pallsanias (1,20,2) saw many of the of the state burial gmund
(hr nil .dtCf Ihe hlllle ,,! \rtunls halliste and \lIsle. Votive reliefs and inscriptions found in the excavation
01 1 l)(, .lIld )922 ,i\( the lie of the shrine with sufficient figs, 423 424. It is probahl) on the west
ide 01 the road sorne 2')0 metres I rom the Dip} Ion Cate.l After seeing the shrine and a temple of Dionysos
I I Itherlu, .lpparenth nearb\, Pausanias speaks first of the grave of Thras} boulos and then of the tombs (Jf
Periklc , (h.,hria and Phormio, then the tombs of those fallen in wars, and still nearer to the Academl' he saw,
other, the gff,v'es of the '1\ rant-slayers and of J'leisthenes.

ome 01 the grave reliefs, which evidentl) were excellent works of art, must have been either destrored or
<emo\ ed earh on, probahly by Sulla in 86 B.C. But the stelai with the names of those fallen in war and in-
Crlp 1011 on other grave monuments were still standing and recorded by Pausanias (I, 29, 3-16). A century
Iatc
r
most of the grave monuments were apparently destroyed and the stones used in the Valerian city wall
or tor other structures.
Pall .1llias speaks of the part of the tate hurial ground between the shrine of Artemis Kalliste and the entrance
to the .\cadem}. It should he noted here that there were also graves along the rest of the road, east ofrhe
shrine of \rtemis I'allisle as far as the Dipylon, which were not recorded b} Pausanias, such as the Tomb of
the Lakedaimonians found on the west side of the road ncar the DipyJon (Xenophon, Hellenica II, 4, 33) and
the partly uncovered grave monument ncar present-day Piraeus t., fig. 391. Excavations show that rhis whole
.cction of the Dell/o.rlon I'ell/a had begun to disappear under accumulations of earth at the end of the 4th century
13. C. so that in Pausanlas' time none of the monuments were visible, since they were covered over by' earth
filllllgs more than three metres deep.
KI.RA\II,IKOS CI
C. Ct'IHI{'\, Der attische Friedhof vor clem DipyJon,
AZ 29, lR72, pp. 12 35; A. CON%I" Die attischen
CJrabrelicfs, Berlin 1893 1922; BRi CKNER, friedhof;
J' DULII, Topographic, pp. 400 404; ] 1. DIEPOLDER,
Die attischen CrahreJiefs c1es 5. lind 4. Jahrhunderts
v. ChL, Berlin 19'1; G. KARO, An Attic Cemetery,
Philadelphia 1943; K. KCBLER, Der attische Grabhau,
\1e11 2, 1949, PI'. 7 22; K. !'RIIS JOIJANSEN, The
\lli Crave Reliefs, Kopenhagen 1951; I'. E( K\I'EIN,
Die atti\chen G rabmalcrgcsetze, J dI 73, 1958, PI"
If! 29; C. M. A. RH.IITF.R, The Archaic Gravestones
of Attica, I,ondon 1961; 1J. MOLLER-KARPE, Die
\letallbcigahen der friihei\enzcitlichen Kerameikos-
C,rilber, Jell 77, 1962, pp. 'i9 129; F.
B. VII:RNEI\I.L U. KNIGGE, I\ridanos
ckropl)!', AM 81, 1966, pp. I 135; II. M()BIUS,
atlische Grabreliefs, AM 81, 1966, pp.
1)6 160.
!\er'lfmi{o.r: I. W.I'I\AIKEH K.I-':iiBLlm, Die
. ekropolen des 12. his 10. Jahrhunderts (1939);
II. II. RIJ.IANN, Die Skulpturcll vom 'i. Jahr
hunder! his in riimisehc :I,eit (1940); III. W. 1'1'.'"''
lnschriften, Ostraka, Fluchtafeln (1941); IV. K. KCB-
LER, -eufunde aus c1er ekropole des 11. und 10. Jahr-
hunderts (1943); V. 1<. KUBLER, Die NekropoJe des
10. his 8. Jahrhunderts (1954); VI. K. KUBLER, Die
ekropole des spaten 8. bis fruhen 6. Jahrhunderts
(1959).
LRIDAI OS
1\. ZILLLI\, .L\12, 1877, pp. 117-119; \\'. DORPFELD,
Der Eridanos, 1888, pp. 211-220; id., AM 14,
1889, pp. 414 415; A. BRUCKNER, rtfJUY.f. 1910, pp.
107 109; J UDI,ICH, Topographie, p, 48,
FORTIFICATrON S
G. v. ALTEN, Die Thoranlagen bei der Hagia Triada,
AM 3, 1878, PI'. 28 48; 1(01'\1 IIfJu><T.
1879/80, pp. 7 14; F. "'o,leK, Die '\lauern .-\th ns,
AM 32,1907, pp. 123 160,473 500; jl'DE1CH, Topo-
graphic, pp. 135 139; G. GR1'1ll", \\ 1964, rr. 3 5
419; D. OIlLY, ,\i\ 1965, PI'. 360 3
7
6.
'1'111': TI.I.,\IA OF \ 1'111, :\
K. Hq'l/l. 185\ p. 86'1, . '0. 1.87; I.
I,AT. 16, 1960, X!!(),. pp. 26 27; G. GRU
BEN, AA 1964, pp. 411 41. ; 1%9, pp. 33 36.
"-1',RAl\IEI"-OS
302
DF;\IOSIO SEi\IA
Konl.\ o\' Ill;, IIUIl><T. 1871/7_, PI H II; 18H4,
pr. 1- 19; .\. lIuu><r. IH96, pp. 20 22;
\. BRi'o.. 'FR, 3., 1910, PI. 183 214; . ,v.
I) S
t't' 'c"11 )f <.lcr thenel' SI3
'I', t.l.l n u ( ,
H id 'Ib 'rg 191"", \1 h. 7; .\. PIIIL.\DELPI\I:.U', BCI J
'I 19 , P IS 15"7 IllDFICII pp.
". '- ' ...
404-410; L\Rn \'A !lOOK, On the Lacedaemo-
ni.ll1S Buried in the Kcrameikos, l\l\. 36, 1932, pp.
_90292; 11.\11.\1'1 'E:rll'(!a<r
al
, pp. 97-
10 . K. GEBAUER, lL\ 1942, pp. 20 258; 1'. JACOBY,
,
P.ltrios Nomos: 'tate Burial in thcns and the
Public Cemctery in the Keramci kos, J lIS 64, 1944, pp.
57-66; A. ffoAF/lW"
5, 1952/53, pp. 77-80; E. 'II UTI/AI}
nv,' iI. :rfUO"TW", Ef{'II/I. 1955, pp. 180202;
,
,,' .
AJA 60, 1956, p. 267; \\!YCIIERLJ:.Y, Ie,tlJllonJa, p.
223; D. OHLY, IfAT. 17, 1961/62, XQo,'. pp. 18-19;
D. \Y. BRADEEN, Athenian Ca uatty List, llesperia
33 1964, pp. 16-62; D. OHLY, AA 1965, pp. 302-
327; O. A.\E:=:AN:'PII, _'d.T. 22, 1967, X(!OI'. pp. 8692;
23,1968, Xgol'. pp. 75, 84,94; .11AII ACIAN
floU/lW" 8, 1965/6, pp. 5-26, 60 88.
IKRIA
:\1\ 1937, pp. 195-196; D. OIlLY, AA 1965, p. 309.
DIPYLO ] FOUl TAl HOUSE
G. v. ALTE , AM 3, 1878, pp. 37-39; G. GRUBEN,
AA 1964, p. 407; 1969, p. 39.
ALTAR OF ZEUS l-lERKElO
1:. KOY.\IA:-iOr:.m:, fl(!a%T. 1874, p. 12; . KOHLER,
AH 4,1879, p, 288; 'Emy(!arpai,
pp. 84-85.
SHRI E OF ARTE lIS KALLISTE
L. KOnlA:-IOnlll;, 'A {}y]vatOv 1,1873 p. 395; A. 01 KON()-
MOl:, fJQUXT. 1896, p. 21; A. WILli ELM, 'h'rp']/l. 1905, pp.
215252; A. PJIlLADELPHEUS, Lc sanctllairc d'Arte-
mis Kallistc et I'ancienne rue de l'Academic, BCI r 51,
1927, pp. 155 163; P. ROUSSEL, Remart!lIcs sur Ie
bas-relief de Kallistc, BCll 51, 1927, pro 164-169;
HAllA! 'EntY(JWPfll, pp. 87 97; J. II.
OLIVER, Hesperia 10, 1941, p. 242, No. 42; /\. C;.
WOODHEAD, Hesperia 28, 19S9, p. 278, No.7.
'rEM I'LE OF DIONYSOS
1:, 1$)\,MANorulll;,'/I0,/l'uw,' I, 1873, p. 403; DI'.lJIlNER,
Feslc, pp. I 8 142; GilA INI)OR, Ilcrode Auicus, pp.
31,70; IIAIIAI'IANNullorAol;, p. 97.
ROAD TO TllG.
AA 1930, pp. 92 94; AJA 34,1930, p. 390; K. KIJll'O)
NIf2TIll;, II()("'T. '.Ib.:w\. 5, 1930, pp. 423 424; id.,
](oQI]r; u,'or\or;, ' If},T. J5, 1933-1935, pp. 1 15; JI. A1'1-
JIQU><T. '/J><a,). 8, 1933, pp. 243 246; <D. LTAr-
1'01l01'AA01:, f1QU><T. 1962, pp. 10-11.
SACRED WAY
F. LENOR1>JA 1', Monographie de la Voie acrce
E:leusinienne de ses monuments et de ses souvenirs,
Paris 1864; D.. AM 19, 1894, pp. 163-171;
FRAZER, Pausanias 11, pp. 48 503; K. KUBLER, AA
1932, pp. 355-360; K. - J. '1'1'1$'1\01:,
'/1 '''1UX(1(pUi 'hQrlr; r)r)oii, lIQa><T. 1936, pp. 27-34; 1937,
pp. 34-41; 1938, I p. 28-34; \Y/, PEEK, Inschriften,
Ostraka, Flucbtafeln, Kerameikos lII, 1941, p. 19,
o. 18; T. rIewa. 1950, pp. 122-127;
Tpl\ lIo}.wbofU%y], pp. 120-121; K. VIERNEI EL,
I\A 1964, pp. 420-467; D. OHLY, AA 1965, pp. 355-
360; O. }\A":=:Al ..'>1'11, 'Ava}.f%TU 2, 1969, pp. 323-329.
STREET OF THE
BRUCK ER, Friedhof; A. BRUCKNER, KE'!U/lfI%OV
ul'au%a'l'ul, '1:-'1"1/1. 1910, pp. 95-144; D. OHLY, A 0\.
1965, pp. 331-353.
SllRI E OF THE TRITOPATR-S
A.BRUCK ER,lleu%T.1910,pp.l02-III;G.LIPPOLD,
TQtTO:IrlTQEL" A 136, 1911, pp. 105 109; A BRt.' !o.-
ER, AA 1912, pp. 29-30; WREDE, Iauem, p. 39;
D. OIlLY, AA 1965, pp, 327 328; S. BENTON, Stlldi
in onore di Luisa Banti, Roma 1965, p. 49.
SIIRl EOFllEKATE
1<. IIQU%T. 1890, pp. 22 24; .\. \"Il11J'l
'Er!Jl/p. 1905, pp, 240-241; BROCK EH, Fricdhof. pp.
43-47, 53 55.
ROA I) TO I'OLO lOS III PPIOS
J. 'I'IIiIEPSII\DES \' \ 'DERPOOl, eri.\ 1<),9,
pp. 295 297; '1'1' \ l' lIoAf(x)o/l"oj, p.. _. Il, <Ill \111
111\1(11, IrAr.21, 19()6, X!!(/".pp.(,[ 6J;n. \\10:_\'\\1'11,
IC},T. 22, 19(17, Xuo,'. pp. \7 ,9; . \ \1''\ II, '1'9'1,,11.
1968, X(lr/l'. pp. ,4 ,n.
303
IT
'M'
I,
I,
, I
, ,
,

" ,.
IV
I. Grave relief of Hcgcso

I. ;>,Ionument of Bion
K. Grave relief of Eukolinc
L. Loutrophoros of Olympichos
M. Stele of Amidosis
'\.. Leknho of Aristom;lche
O. F;lmih' gr.1\" lot
P. Gra\'c enclosul'l'
Q. F,tmil\' gmvc lot
R. State burial monument
S, Tomb of the
I_akedaimnnians

100
I ..,
177. Wheeled traffic road to the
Acadcmy
A. Tomb of thc pro.....moi
B. Family gravc lot of Philoxenos
C. Gravc relief of Demetria and
Pamphde
D. ,\Iemorial of Dc"ilcos
1:. ARathon and Sosikr.ltcs, family
grave 101
F. mOnUITIcnl of DUllt\'sios
c.;. Family gr.lve lot of Ll'simaehides
II. Memorial alrar of Ilipparele
E P M 0 Y Ol::.OI
50
,
.I

B"

Z
<

167
....

MOYIEION
"">v'

<IS
o
I
166. Dipylon Fountain I-louse
167. Pompeion
168, I:ndanos
169. Round bath
170. Round gra ve monument
171. nidentified shrine
172. Shrine of the TritOpatres
173. Shrine of I Ie kate
174. StretC of the Tombs
175. Sacred \'<lay
176. Road to the Academy Wilh Slate
burials on either SIde, the Ih1ll1l-
lion Srl1J(I
J
0
0
I
H
<l:) 00
174
L
"
G
F
L
173
391 The excavated pan of the Kerameikos cemetery outside the Sacrcd Gate (111) and the Dipylon Gate (1\').
'''''.RA
392 DIp) Ion Fountain House, beginning of the 4th c. B.C.
-
,
,
...

.
..
-'
I
3'13 beside the Sacred Calc.
I I I( \ \ I I I I ()"
~ t I) . h T
.'... reClnet ot t c nroparr s.
305 Br'Ulld,tn: !'.ttJllc.; of tht "hrIne.: of thl I I I 1np.llH.. ") III tht- ptLlItllt \\ ,til, 'lluth ,1\..1...
kl',RI\i\II'IKOS
3% Dipyl'Jn amphora of tht; midHih c. B,C. lleight 1.62 Ill.
atiollal i\lus. HO..J.
307
397 Kraltr 'n tht J)'py!ol1 ,,>k, "flu tht Illiddle of tht 81h to H.C IllIgll1 1.2.'\ III .1\ 1<'11.11 :\ It". ')\)0.
I I' I( \ 1\ 1'" II () ~
I I' J[ 4
Of)')
) q ar
~ U ,a ,,,r'luI" V,I) H ( J 0'> frI. '" rhL ''''. hCll-;hr 0 \2 III , I 11ll1l k.. III 110111
1.11(\\11" ()S
3!)')
400 I"l "",llul ""I'llIl rllllllll IlI'lI, llll' ';Oll 11.( \I""11l111 \\ldlh 0-' nl. \1l1'\11 \ III I '"llld ," tll(l' 11ll! th'
I'llLlIl C..lll ,",III1,n.t! \III I')';'J.
JIH\IIJlfJ
Jl 4fJ} ,C'llJ
If ' J '
I If" Id (n I Ii I() II ( () 'J III '"I
r II I'l" (, all,,,.1 lu \I I,
I h 1 h. I J ,
I I I
hi R \\11" 0..,
311
404
40=) J,;l .... c.: fur l fUl1ll.lq \\ Ith 1<" lid.., on thll'l .... H.k ... O..... H Ill. In tht "h.. k. hl!" 11 t) 1q- 1-
Illfllr <..: ttf}\\lTfltilcf)lp lOll. \hO\l rLllllol1lll.!bt"ll(.k 1>llo\\ Ill1l.lllhnt thl (11\\ lOH.(
\Iu . 1'10CJ2.
1 lH 11.1 In till..
h ... rtllh.l ( .....
4(JI) (,rave stde (}f the second lJuarrl' of t hc 6th
( H.C. Width at tor 0.495 m, !\.ct.llllc,kos
.\Ius. P 1132.
407 (;',1\ < \I<,1e of I uphc1<". oJ '(, n ( \\,
0,19 tn, "'Hillel of till' :-',1<1 ,{ \\ l\ ", '
I1ll'Ji",,, \Iu". I'
i,,(,R \""( ("-OS
113
408 tteet of the Tombs from the cast.
I
409 South sIde of the Strel[ of the l o ~ "0111 I he cast.
314
kl'l{ \ ~ I I \ I I \ . S
lIR\\IIIIO'>
,1;
411 ~ t f',r (UH.t''I)h"f Dc Jlu.,>\\h"dlld 111"1')4 H.C. \\,,!th 1...16111 1 "1<l-plll II I.,. ")1 1 1--.." lI11lll..,,, \Iu, I' t I ,\1
31 )
412-413 Herms from the acred \'\'ay gi\ ing thc distances from the cin. \lld-2nd c. aftcr Christ. \\ Idth 0,?6 m, [, G,
II' 51 1,51 2, Epigraphical "Ius, 9560, 1001-.
I I R \1\11 317
,
I
415
Boundary 'tonc of thc !\.cramc,ko" mId-4th c. 13.C.
wcs, of thL "'\XI Dlpy!on "mcr. \'(;,d,h 0.33 m. /. G.
11
2
2617.
I J 6 "'-namelk,,, hound.ln "<In,,, ,11 II 4th
III J'li/i oUl""dl.' lh \\ elltt.lIlCl.' to th
0,34 m. gO!.1 1
c B.t I'ound
\\ ldth
,
I TPA OJ: 19(P
KERAMEIKOS

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319
418 Road to the Academv for \\ heeled traffic, sccnon uncO\'crec! \\'est of the Church of r. G:orge from the L.
417 Ceneral topogtaphical plan of Ihe N\VseCllon of the Cit), Including the Inner and OutC( Kerameikos .tnd the Academy.
83. Church of Tryphon
85. I.atly Ilclladic house
86. (,eolTIetrlc house
87, '>quare peristyle of Ihe i\c'ldenw
88. Academy gymna"uITI
174. Road to P,raeus
175. \\ay
176. The Ofl)J(Jsi(J11 Irm,l. m.ld tll the :\cadenn lined \\ Ith
burials
177, Road to Ihe \eadelTI\ for \\ heded turtlC
178, :,hrtne of "-.tll"te and \riste
179. (htllch of:'r. (,eorge
180. Bound.lI\ stone of the \c,l<kl\1\

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420 found (,n the L of the road for wheeled traffic, tig. 419.
I I R \\11 I ) ~
121
.+21 era mn,g mLmber of a monument \\ Ith the names of those \\ ho fell in the battles of Corinth and Coroneia in 394
13.C J G. Il- 5222. \\ Idth 2.25 m. "'ananal \Ius. -54.
422
1 t r
r (hO"l \\ ho ILII 111 the b.lttk... 01 (Olillth ,l.nd ((\f()(111 1. In ,l'4
HdH.f from a J!I t\t JTIOIHIIl III tl 1-'
!loC I. ell' 5221. \\ ,dth 0.67 111.; hu!!h! 0.60 111.1'-,,",,1.11 \11I' - 44.
, "
'--
-123 \'oti\'c relief from thc shnnc of Artemis J-.:alltsle and AnstL, 0.38 0.26 m. ::>torerooms of the \.:Hwnal \Ius,
KLEI'SYDR/\ 323
r-ll'l"\IW \: '('hc hislon ol'thc l'-kp'\dra" \ f f I " ,
, , '" .' at t le Oot 0 I lC clIll at thc nOrlhwcst angle (if Ihe Acrop()IIs
I '<'Ill' r '.tlh. In ",co!tthlc Ilmcs I'hc I at -ct . A 'I b' " f'
' .. C .J one gc In la ttants tlId not tlIscover thc outlet the pring
"t, If luI :lroulld about .Intl to th 'I I f I " ,
I. . . e nOlt 1 tlCY aunt an ample underground velll of water Jnto whIch
thn s.lllk :lbout tw 'nfl-two wclls, 35m. in depth,
In the s 'contl half of the thirteenth CCntur\, 13 C large scale fo,t'lf" b '\ h A I' d
. , ., . " -. , I lCallons were UI t on t e cropo IS an to
th' w 'st ot It;. at thIS tlllle: as \\'C think, people first explored and cleared the Klepsydra cave in the depths of
",hi h th' sptlng torth. In this natural state the spring was called Empedo, as ancient scholiasts and
lc:-.ico<Yr.lph'rs testlh (Schol. "\ristophanes L"sislrala 913 IF'asps 857' lIes h' ) E d h' d
'<' , .' , 7/ , , yc lOS. -:mpe 0 was wors Ippe
as a and It a poros inscription found in the Agora comes [rom the shrine of l:mpedo.
Th' insctlptJon 01 the hrst halt of the 5th centut\- B C reads' [Njv ['j I - I. ' fi 425 (If, P .
.. . v(pa [,. 0 HEeO IOIJO;, g. es erla
10, 19H. p. 38).
.\t tillS time. 4-0-460 B. C, it seems that the Klepsydra spring house, preserved until the present, was built;
itS \-cry simple architecture was partly determined by the shape of the cave. The plan of the spring house is a
regular rectangle, measuring externally 7.80 X 6.70 m. The walls, 0.50 m. thick, of hard compact poros are
constructed on the isodomic s) stem with blocks 0.40 m. high and 1.13 m. wide. In the back of the cave beside
the spring a rectangular resen'oir measuring 4.52 X 2.23 m. and 4 m. deep was built, fig. 430.
\\'ater deposit on the sides of the resen'oir shows that in antiquity the water level had never risen higher than
109.32 m. aboye sea leyel, whereas nowadays the water le\'el does not rise above 108.92 m. Because of the great
depth of the caye, an L-shaped platform was constructed on the north and west sides of the reservoir 2.30 m.
belo'" the ground leycl outside the caye, in order to facilitate the drawing of water. The sole entrance was at
the north\\-est corner ,,-here a stair descended to the lo\\-er le\'el, fig. 427, 1.
.-\r the ame time a large payed court ,,'as built at rhe north side of the spring house; it 'was used, as H. A,
Thomp on conjectures, as a cistern to collect rain,,'ater pouring ofF the Acropolis slopes, figs. 427-429.
The Klepsydra appears to haye kept its original form until the middle of the 1st century after Christ, although
the danger of rhe clifF collapsing necessitated shoring up the roof of the caye with three wooden braces; the
socket for them are yisible on the our ide of the west wall. In spite of these precautions, the cliff eyidently
collap ed causing large masses of stone to break away and to block up the entrance to the spring hou e.
In order to restore the pring house to working order, considerable repairs and alterations "'ere made. _-\
ne,,' entrance "'as opened up on the north side, fig, 431, 2. "-\s a resulr the western half of the payed court
"'ent out of use; in order to keep the other half serYiceable, a ne'" wall ,\'as built farther to the east. It was
in this state that Pausaruas saw the Klepsydra (I, 28, 4) which he mentions immediately after leaying the
Acropolis,
.-\ century later nothing of the old spring house was yisible. Continuing landslides blocked up the second
entrance and one could no longer approach the spring house from the Panathenaic \'-:'ay. \,"ater was drawn up
through a shaft driven through the fallen rock; this shaft, or well, \\"as protected by a solidly yaulted well-house,
fig. 431, 3, The only access to the water was from the Acropolis \\'ith which it \\'as linked by a vaulted corridor
ending at the foot of the bastion below the Propylaia. This construction has been dated to the end of the 2nd
eentury or the beginning of the 3rd century after Christ; the way in which it is built, however, shO\\'S that it
was a considerable undertaking and it is to be associated, in our opinion, with the fortification of the Acropolis
in the reign of Valerian in the mid-3rd century after Christ (p. 161).
The Klepsydra spring apparently continued in use right through the Byzantine period and during the Frankish
occupation. The spring house fell into ruin during the Turkish occupation and, after the raid by the \'enetians
under :\lorosini in 1687, it was completel) forgotten. The topographers of that period, guided :01'" 1\" th
testimonia of ancient authors, located the Klcpsydra correctly,
The Greek archaeologist Kyriakos Piuakis rediscovered the spring during the Gre k \\ ar of Ind p "ndenc i.n
1822. It seems that at that time the resen"oir was cleaned out and enclosed b) a '-et) solid high fortification wall
and that the spring once again could he reached only from the "\cropolis, fig. 431, 4.
KLEPSYDRA
324
The French archaeologist tmilc Burnou( onducted the first archaeological investigation in 1874, followed in
1897 br P. Kan'adias who discon:red the paved court and was the first to interpret clearly the topographical
passages in ancient authors referring to the Klepsydra and to the caves above it. During the years 1936-1940
A. \,\'. Parsons of the .\l11erican 'chool of Classical Studies carried out extensive excavations in and around the
spring house, unco\ cring it and obtaining the exact plan.
K 11 I 1'1' 'DfllJl. 1853, p. 1066, No. 20 10; E.
BL'R;-';OLT, La ville et [' Acropole d' Athenes, Paris
1877, pp. 39 -46, 165-174; T. L. Sm:.IR, Hesperia 7,
1938, pp. 332-335; 8, 1939, pp. 221-225; 9, 1940,
p. 296; 10,1941, p. 7; A. W. PARSO s, Klepsydraand
the Paved Court of the Pythion, Ilesperia 12, 1943,
pp. 191-267.
425 Boundary slOJ1(: of the shrint: of tht: 1 h .
W
) mp s, ftrst half of the 5th Co P.C,.
idth 0.365 m. Agora I 4773. '

cor Irtr"f,n hlCh IO'C' d (, r 11, Kl r clr I I, Iror' It, t I I II R"mll I" III IItlln \\ 11.
hr ker lin ,n (1 '.
"I I I'S Y I) ~ 1\
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427 Klcpsydra and [hc Paved Coun (470-460 B.C.). A and B: drainage channels for [hc Pa\'cd Coun.
428 W e ~ t half (,f the Paved Court.
--"
327
42'1 I."" half "I t hl I'a Hd COlli t.
hLEPSYDRA
328
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430 Sectior) and plan of the Klepsydra Spring !{ollse as built in 470460 BoC.
329
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330
432 1 he ()verfh,w outlet at the
W ("orner of the drawbasin, fig-. 431,2.
lH
I I I 1':-') Illt \
332
KODROS, NELEUS AND BASILE
HRI EOI' KODROS, m.EUS AND BASILE: Kodros was slain somewhere south of the Acropolis and was buried
h
h I e
C"II '1s' "'" l"arJl from the literary and epigraphical sources. Much later, the shrine ofKodros
at t spot were 1 Ie ," '" ., . . . ,
I.us and Basile was esrablishl'd there, beside hiS grave, fig. 435. In descnblllg the monuments of the Ihssos
P
. . . (f 19 'i) notes that the 111ace where the Pcloponnesians slew Kodros, the king of the Athenians
ar a ,- )
. d t \11 J'11SCrJ'ptl'OJl (1 G' 112 4258) records that his body was entombed at the foot of the Acropolis
was pOJnte ou.. . . .
Th ulform.ltion that Kodros was killed outside the city near the gate (l.ykourgos, J_eokra/es 86) or outside the
walls (13 kk r, . lmrdo/a G'rarra I, 192,32) has misled some scholars into searching for the grave and the shrine
of Kodros outside the Themistoklcan Wfall.
Th inscription of 418/417 B.C. (1. C. 12 94) found in 1884 al the northeast corner of the intersection of Makri-
yi'Ulni and Chatzichristou Sts. indicates that the shrine lay within the circuit of the Themistoklean city wall.
The t stimonia mentioning the city wall, cited above, must have derived from a very old tradition and conse-
quently refer to the pre-Themisroklean wall which was much closer to the Acropolis (p. 158). The inscription
is im'aluable for it gives information not only about the site of the shrine but also about its appearance. Recently,
on account of deep digging for the foundations of new buildings, the whole area has been excavated and studied
so that now it is possible to be more precise about the site of the shrine. The most important find was a boundar)'
stone of the mid-5th century B.C. with the inscription hoeo, n) II/ceo, fig. 436, found in January 1962 ill sitll
at the corner of Syngrou Boulevard and Chatzichristou St. This boundary stone together with the ancient road
running past the boundary stone on the line of Chatzichristou St. defines one side of the sanctuary which
extended to the north, fig. 435. South of the ancient road, considerable remains of walls bave been found;
they date at least as early as the 5th century B.C. and because of their careful construction tbey derive, in our
opinion, from a civic building, probably the palaestra of Taureas, mentioned by Plato (Cbarlllides 153a) as
being opposite to the shrine of Basile.
The shrine of Kodros, eleus and Basile must have occupied a large area because in addition to the sbrine
there was a precinct with two hundred or more olive trees. The boundaries of the precinct on the east and west
are defined by ditches for channelling off rainwater which are listed in the inscription (1. C. 12 94). According
to the inscription, the eastern ditch passes by the official house and by the gate which leads to the baths of
Istilmonikos, i.e. the Itonian Gate (XI) according to our identification. The other ditch passes by the Dionysian
and the gate whence the Mystai drive out to the sea. W'e identify this latter gate with the extremely importanr
gate on the road to Phaleron (XII) which should be located at the crossing of Phalirou and Donta Sts. \'\'e
consider the Dionysian recorded in the inscription to be the Dionysian in Limnai mentioned by Thucydides
(II, 15, 4) an.d we locate the site at the place where the bedrock lies at a great depth and the filling consists of
mud, indicating the presence of a marsh.
L. KeJl'.\IA"o),L'dl1:, 'J:'(Pllfl.. 1884, pp. 161 166; J. R,

WHlmLER, An Attic Decree, the Sanctuary of Kodros,
AJ A 3, 1887, pp. 38 49; CUR'I'I us, Das eleion oder
Heiligthum der Basile in Athen, Abbandlungen J,
pp. 459 464; JUDF.!CII, Topographic, pp. 387-388;
O. I3RONEER, JA 52, 1948, pp, 113 114; (;, T. \\.
I1om::ER, JJIS RO, 1960, pp. 115 lIe1;
l/oAI'O()O!lI'o/, p. 28; R. W
'
YClIERl LY, ekioll, \
55, 1960, pp. 60 66; id" GRBS o.l, 1963, 1'. P3;
e), L'I'An'()1I01',\,yOl.;, II'AT.20, 1<)6 , .\!,IOI'. pp. 6H "0.
333
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435 Section of the Themistoklcan Wall bet ween the ltonian Gale (X I) and the IlalaJe Gate (X II).
181. The Lawcourt at the Palladion 182. Shrine of Kadras 183. Boundary swne of the shrine H!4.Diun\ ion
in Limnai - 185. Palaestra of Taureas.
XII _
nyt\AI
At\AAE
,
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"<
lIlONYLION
EN I\IMNAIL
184
II
I () I ) !( () ". N I I I 1J" \ N I) JI " " I I I
tt}l)l IJI llit

Ard "I"g",J 1)1 ,rr" I
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'II \11'11 III 1..... 1\1, ..... \" lro..ll RUI I: 111 \ SI' ..... 'I,' I' . , ,
, ..', ",IS l \C\\ ,tlC\ 1\llns sout 1 01 Ihl' ()I) Illpillon lIlar tht llis nvc'r
,Illd Id '111111 'd thl'l11 ,IS th' Illund,ulollS of ,\ RIlI11II1 t"1111,ll' III '\11,,, .. I' I
, .' < " "lClullll I ears I 11: remains \vUC ('(1\Uet up
,lg,U\\ \\ Ilh gl.\du,d .I'cumlll.ltions 01 eartlt ,tlHI Ihn \H'IT redis('(l\l'I'''1 '1111'1111' ,. 1,v2
< ,., 111}' eXCl\ allons IJ1 ,0. hI'
1'"-1" h
" .. .
rh IIHllll.uions cOllsist of'l COI11P,ICI co\'(' huilt of small slOlles alld lime mortal, Oflh building itsell onh a few
hlo oks belonging 10 Ih' lUlhl nteria ,lIld 10 thc toichohate of the cdla halT hu:n hg.
-I"t). I he s 'tong I1I1es, cutOllgs, and other traccs on these hloc!,s, howe\el, furnish suf(lcicnl c\"ldcllce for the
rl'stlH 'd 1'1.111, fig. -1-10.
This I' 'ril'ter.d t '1111'1',
1m
l'hidist\ Ie ill antis, \\as raised on a podium; the small marble fragmenb of its architec-
tm', found III the tirst eXC1Y,llions, sho\\' that il \\as Doric. The rc elll exc;l\,uions rlHalcd Ihat the tcmple
\\.lS 'nclos'd h\ a rcctangular I'cribolos \\ ,dl, 39 "I m., of which only threc sidcs are presen ed; the fourth
sid' on th ' south has \ anishcd compkteh, The entrance to the temeno. should be at the north side of the pre-
cinct: pwluhh It is hidden underneath the mediae\ al \\'orkshops C. The rectangula r prlcinct wall enclosed
the t 'ml'le, th altar B, the rectangular t'oundal ion of which measuring 2,20 X 1,70 m. h:ls heen found, and the
I.lrge starue hase D, The function of the square room E has not }l't been ascerlained.
The temple is identified as the temple of h.ronos and Rhea reported by Pausanias(l, 18,7) and it i" highly probable
rhat the bronze statue of Zeus mentioned by Pausanias stood on the base D round beside the temple, Pausanias
says that rhe temple and the statue were inside the Olympieion precincl; in this cas be may have made a mistake
inad\'Crtentl), because another testimonium (Bekker, /JllerdoltJ GraertJ I, p. 273, 20) yields th information that
the Kronion precinct is located beside the Olympieion or, more precisely, between the Olympieion aJld the
in "",grai, This last piece or information is important, for it help. us in the search for tbe 1\[elroon yerr
near the I1issos ri\er.
The temple as well as rhe other structures in the temenos arc dated around the middle of rhe 2nd century after
Christ. The circular pit excayated at the southwcst corner of the altar belongs to an earlier period in the history
of the shrine; it contained potter) of < ubnwcenaean and ProlOgeometric date. The poras corniee blocks f
the 5th century B.C., 'wbich had been found in the first excaYatioJlS, probably derive from the earlier temple
of Krenos and Rhea.
The precinct was destro 'ed during the construction of the Valerian \\'all; much breI', probably in the 6th
century afrer Chri. t, a Chri tian church was built on the ruins of the temple; irs foundation ofrering- and a
significant number of Christian graves ha\ e been found.
WAUISMI'TII, Athcnl, p. 227; II. I/U""T. IH91,
pp. 130 133; JUDJ'ILII, Topographic, p. 385; I. (-)1'1';-
'1'11\ ldr, 1"'. 1l)(,1 62. Su",'pl\) 14;
R. E. Wn III'IUI'.\, 4, I\)h\ 1'1" 16h 167.
h. I{ ( I ( ) \ I) I{ I I I '\
,
43 lillie ot Kr"I1" ""I Rill., 1'0111 II" l1ollh. \lld '"d \. tlll'l (Ill I"
l"nONOS AND nil 1'. A
337
20
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438 Shrine of Kronos and Rhea. A. Temple B. Alrar _ C. P,t D. Starue base E. Unknown buildinR F. Precinct
wall G .'vlediaeval workshops X. Gate in the Valerian Wall.
1 It ( ) N ( )" \ 11 I( 1I I \
4)9 rl'mpil'IIt Krlllill .lllti IUw" flllll1 i1n' '\.
339
e

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440 Restored plan and actual SlalC plan of the temple of Kronos and Rhca. i\lid2nd c. after Christ.
I. T.
1967
/
57.90
"
,-" 58 38
340
J.,. YNO ARGI.S
1- ., (""1 ' 'Slt"I' 'fl1C sitc is locatcd southeast of Athens, on the south bank ofthc Ilissos, in front of
.J",.) OSARGf.S :J " . !,. .
h D
. G\t ( -) n"flr the kallirrhoc sprinas and thc district of Agrai, fig. 379. In 1896-1897 the British
t lon1 tan . ,.ol.,..... h
School of"\rchaeology, with C. mith directing, conducted extensive cxcavations in that area to the cast of
thc church of St. Panteleimon. lany graves of an important cemetery of tbe early archaic period were cleared,
and also thc ruins of a building of the classical period, probably a palaestra, over which a bath had been built
in Roman times (p. 180, F). In the same area remains were found of a large Roman building which has been iden-
tili d with th o-ymnasium built by the Eml eror Hadrian noted by Pausanias (1, 18, 9). Perhaps the fact that
"'.
an in.cription (I. G. 112 1102) containing a letter of the emperor concerning a gymnasium was found on the
site would strengthen the argument for the identification. Furthermore, an inscription (1. G. 112 1665) which
explicitly refer to Kynosarge and sets forth the method of constructing tripod bases for the gymnasium has
been found near the church of St. Panteleimon.
Definite proof that Krnosarges ,,:as in this area is furnished by two inscriptions containing significant topo-
graphical information referring, in my opinion, to the Dromos of Kynosarges. One inscription has been
published by A. E. Raubitschek (Dedications, no. 318) and the other (1. G.I12 2119, line 128) refers to the
"Dramas towards Agrai." A drOll/OS was, in fact, an indispensable element of a gymnasium. The ancient authors
attest a drOll/OS both for the Academy and the Lykeion gymnasia. Consequently the Kynosarges gymnasium
must also have had a race-track, dromos, where the young men exercised and it should be in the only level place
in the area along the Ilissos south bank by the spting of Kallirrhoe, beginning probably at a point near the church
of t. Panteleimon and ending in the district of Agrai.
The precinct of Herakles, in honour of whom the gymnasium was founded, should also be near the Ilissos
bank br the spring of Kallirrhoe. A decree of 420 B.C., fig. 442, found near the Lysikrates Monument, forbids
the tanners to soften hides in the river above the precinct of Herakles and specifies that two stelai with the text
of the decree should be set up, one on each side of the Ilissos. The region near the spring of I-'::allirrhoe is most
suitable for tanners for there was an unfailing supply of water there. It is worth pointing out that during the
Turkish occupation and for some years after the liberation the tanners were installed along this section of
the Ilissos.
A. :EKIAI;, 'Em:La 1894, pp. 289-291; W. DORPFELD,
AM 20, 1895, p. 507; 21, 1896, pp. 463-464; C. t.llTH,
BSA 2, 1895/96, pp. 22-25, 50; 3, 1896/97, pp. 232-
233; P. RODEcK, The Ionic Capital of the Gymnasium
of Kynosarges, BSA 3,1896/97, pp. 89-105; J. G. C.
ANDERSON, BSA 3, 1896/97, pp. 112-120; J. P. DROCJI',
DipyJon Vases from the Kynosarges Site, BSA 12,
1905/6, pp. flO 92; W. Di)RI'J'ELD, DreifuB-Basis aus
Athen, AM 31, 1906, pp. 145 150; D. M. ROUINSON,
AJP 28, 1907, p. 425, No.3; 'I'll. SAUCILJC, Ein
Hadriansbricf unci das I Jadriansgymnasium in Athen,
AM 37, 1912, pp. 183-189; ::--.. ',I:TO ro
'lIuU.X},t'fOI' rov Idr. 8, 19_3, pp. l5 10_;
J DEICI-l, Topographic, I p. 422 424; 11.\11 \1'1 \ '\\0-
'E:rfj'uWrU(, pp. 3 75; D. :\1. ROBll':SOl", .\
ew Ilerakles Relief, IIcsperi:\ 1
7
, 1948, I p. 1.3'"
140; S. KAROtlZOLl, CV"\, .\thcne, 2, pr. " 4;
G)'mnasion, pp. 4. 49, _859; 1'1' \
lIuAI'Ur)ultlxf/, I p. 54, 92; R. \\\'ClIEHLEY, 9,
I 962 I)P 13 I 5 I '1'1' \)' . '1" I" -
1 . J (J t'I"'(t(T(()f' TOt' /\"('1'0-
mI!!)'()!", '.I"'/},fxr<l 3, 1970 pp. 6 14.
- .
J... \ U'" \ 1\ (, I ..,
441 The ,It PhOllill ,Iller ,I l(lITlnllal r,lIl1 011 16th, I)r,I\\l1 11\ I'.. 1)0d\"I!.
, 11
,

J
,
442 J)UIU r"rI'l<ldll'" Ihl 1,1111"" I" ,,,rI1l1 11Ilk\ 111 Ihl Ii""" ,tI,o,,' liw \11l1I" ot 111I.,hl" \\ Idlh (l,P 111
I.plgraplll( al \111\,
342
LATRINES
LATRI ES: In 1890, an excavation north of the Tower of the Winds brought to light the paved floor of a build-
ing the rcaI function of which was first determined in 1940 by A. Orlandos. It is a public latrine for the crowds
which gathered in the large and much-freguented Roman Agora near which it is situated, fig. 362.
The building is rectangular in plan, measuring 16.20 X 11.74 m., and is divided into two areas, an oblong lobby
and an almost guare hall with a bench around all four sides. A great many of the marble slabs of the bench
with round holes have been preserved, figs. 443 and 444.
The building was roofed except for an area 3.70 X 2.90 m. above the centre of the great hall. By means of this
opening the latrines were both lighted and ventilated. They worked in a very simple fashion, with the sanitary
and practical systemofcontinuousI y running water. Below the latrines on all four sides of the hall was a deep canal
built on an incline so that the waste products were immediately flushed away by the water and carried to the
main cloaca of the city.
This latrine is dated in the 1st century after Christ and similar ones of smaller dimensions have been found in
the principal Agora of the city. One is located at the eastern entrance of the Agora behind the Stoa of Attalos
and the other is at the southwest entrance near the Tholos. Public latrines earlier than the Roman period have
not been found at Athens. As early as the 5th century B.C., however, private houses had toilets located near
the main entrance into the house from the street. In many instances among the excavated houses of the Agora
area pits have been found, sometimes in the courtyard, mostly under the surface of the road near to the main
entrance of a house; these rectangular pits, lined with masonry, were used as cesspools. From the 4th century
B.c. onwards the system of cesspools was abolished and waste products and rainwater were drained offby means
of branch drains leading into the main system of drain channels under the streets.
A. 0 l'AANl>C)l;, 0 wv {Jo'Jdroc; TOV fJ(}oAoylo u
TOV 'Av/)fjovl"oll TOV /(V(!(!ryUTO IJ 1.!"'/tI1i'''ov "Tlu/U1TOC;
HI.!UXT. 'A ",lIl. 15 1940 pp 251 260 1I A Of '
, ,. ,.. 110Mp-
SON, Hesperia 28, 1959, pp. 101 102;
/loAwr)o/U"J], p. 102; Agora Guide, IF. 8., 11_;
M. LANG, Waterworks in the :\thenian .\got;l. PH,
No. I I, 1968. .
343
M
- 15
10
-
1 27
,
A-A
5
59 - 54
I I ! r T""""""'f - ......,.-

o
I 1\ I It I N I ' S
..
..
..
..
..
A
..
..
..
..
..

..
..
Of
..
.J.
J
J
A
:t
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0(0
..
'1' ..
444 plan and ,CClIon ur the publ,c or the I(()man \gm,l, l,t c. ,liter Ch, i,1.
-1-43 SL corner of the latrines.
1.i\'I'HINI'.'i
,14
445 I'ullll< I.ltrlll( "f rill 1('111;111 AW"" f,,,,,, rll( ,''''I
345
I 'ldl\lN C, \IN In the 6t h cenl urI' n.c. Ihe AI hen ian slate founded the three famous gymnasia out ide
C.ltl: \ ".dem, 42), (1'.340), and the I.ykeion where the ephebes received their military
I.Luntng', dId th.elr ,nhl 'ttl' practIce, 'lnd pursued Iheir studies. Accordingly, large tracts of land were required
tllr gl mn"'l\lm a, as the Dromos and other race-tracks for the various kinds of military,
.1Ihl 'Ill' ,Iml CoII,lIn e,er ISCS. ]'or IhlS rea,on the gymnasia were I laced in unoccupied areas ncar the loveliest
111 th' 1'Inks of "\Ihenian ri, ers, the waters of which supplied spring houses and baths and were indis-
r for th upkeep of the gardens and groves providing refreshing shade where the youths both exercised
.1l1d r 'b,cd.
\\ ' m,n infer from ancient litcran sources that the Lykeion must have been cast of the city' ncar the city wall
, -'
the Diochart's Gate (\'III), the springs of the 'ridanos, and the fountain of Panops. That is to say, it extended
irol11 S\ntagma Square into the Gardens, where there is a foundation of a temple or other building
probably b longing to the shrine of 1\1'0110 Lykeios, fig. 379. This may be the spot where an inscription (1. C.
112 1945) dedicated ro.\1'0110 in 45/46 \.D. was found; it was said to have been found in the Garden of Amalia
,
as the Gardens formerly were called.
The Dromos of the Lykeion must ha"e been two stades long since it was used for cavalry displays and it must
h:1\'e been near the city wall (Xenophon, 1le//enica II, 4, 27 and ll,pparrbims III, 6). West of the Dromos under
the church of St. Nikodemos (I" 18 J, L), where an abundant flow ofwater gushes to the surface, is a Roman bath
,,'hich, in our opinion, belonged to the Lykeion and had been preceded by an older bath of the classical period
on the same site. An inscription of the 1st century B.C., fig. 449, found near the church of St. ikodemos, where
it may be seen today, comes from the gy mnasium of the Lykeion. Finally, in 1965 conglomerate foundations
of a large building of the second half of the 4th century B.C. were found east of the Dromos on the property
at no. 4 Xenophonws Street; this building apparently belongs to the palae tra of the Lykeion built by Lykourgos
(P,eudo-Plurarch, Derelll Oral01'll1ll I 'doe 841 D; Pausanias I, 29, 16; J. C. 112 457).
_\ristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic chool, taught at the Lykeion; his successor Theophrastos settled near
the Lykeion on pri,'ate property which had gardens, a '\,'alk, various structures, and a shrine of rhe I\Iuses. This
last "'as marked our bl' boundan' stones, marble stelai carrying the inscription hugo; .lfot'awv One of these,

figs. 447-448, has been found on the north side of Syntagma Square and has been studied by E. Vanderpool,
who came to the conclusion that TheophrastQs' Garden lay in the region of yntagma Square. Since the sites
of Theophrastos' Garden and the gymnasium of the Lykeion hal'e been independently established, the identi-
fications confirm each other.
K. III'J'I \KJI1-, '!:"{II/i. 1839, PI'. 226 227, 0.262 264;
1853, p. 937, '0.1590; id., ')"""1/11'11/1" .1 "XflO".
'H'{lI/'. 1854, PI'. 1141 1144; id., '/:"/11/1. 1858, p. 1889,
,0. 3660; A. :VlIClIALLIS, AZ 19, 1861, p. 177,
:\0. 7; R. KLKt'L{, Marmorkopf aus Athen, A1\1 1,
1876, pp. 177 183; JUDEI( II, Topographic, p. 415;
\'(/. PEt K, \ 167, 1942, p. 33, 1'\0, 34; E. \". ,m.R-
POOL, Thc ,\tUSCUI11 and Garden of the P'ripatetic"
'/:''1
'
1/1.195354 B,pp. 126 \ 11'1T1l:\\ m:. 'J-:<pIIJ"
1958,pp.12
7
128; X. DFl.olnll', G,mnasion, 1'1'.4 -
45,54 58; R. E. \\)( lIlRLFY. C;,IR 9,196_, 1'1'.10-12.
346
I.YKI\ION
I Y"-I ION
347
+l---448 Boundan stone of rhe Garden of rhe \Imes, 3rd c. B.C., in S\magma quare, from and back \jews. \\ idrh
0.3201 I. G II' 2613.
449 Inscribed b.lse from the l.\kllOI1 g,1l111.1Slum 0.60 0.50 01., 0.'\'\ Ill. hIgh. 1 (,.11
1
28-"
church of ~ '\.lk"dllTIOS.
348
LYSI"-HATES MONUMENT
THE LYSIKRATES i\lo Tis Ihe only choregic monument preserved virtually complete and it is also one of
the most striking; monum nts oi its kind, fig. 450. The monument, on the west side of the Street of the Tripods,
,
has an inscription canTd on the cast side facing the street, fig-. 710. This inscription cr. C. 112 3042), preserved
on th architr,l\ '- indicates that it was built by the choregos Lysikrates in 335/334 B. C. The frieze sculpture in
low r lief runs all rhe \\'a) around the building and depicts the adventure of Dionysos with the pirates whom
he turn d into dolphins. This is the sole example of an Athenian monument in the Corinthian order with a
sculptur d frieze. The Corinthian capitals are among the most beautiful and earliest examples of the type; in
.\thens Corinthian columns cUd not appear again until one hundred and sixty years later when they were u cd
in the temple of Olympian Zeus and they were not in common use Ul1til Roman times.
The buildino- materials for this monument are conglomerate for the foundations, poros for the podium, I !\'-
,
mettian marble for the cro"\vning moulding of the podium, and white Pentelic marble for the steps and every-
thing abO\'e, except for the panels of Hymettian marble between the columns. The high square podium, 2.93 m.
to a side, re ts on three steps or, more precisely, a stepped socle; because of the steep east-west slope the three
steps appear only at the front of the building and 0.60 m. on either side. There must have been a retaining \\'all
starting exactly at the point where the steps come to an abrupt stop, curtaining ofF the view of the rising ground
le\'e! and the conglomerate foundations of the bUIlding.
Although the choregic inscription was alway's visible, the true function of the building was not undersrood
and from the .i\fiddle Ages on it \\'as referred to as the "candlestick of Demosthenes" or "lantern of Diogene ,"
names which lingered on among the people up until the present time. The monument owes its excellent state
of preservation to the fact that in 1669 it was incorporated into the Capucin monastery. The monks made an
entrance by removing one of the panels at the northwest and used it as a reading-room and library'.
During the Greek \\1ar of Independence the monaster\" \\'as set on fire and destrO\'ed. In 1845 French archae-

ologists undertook to free the monument from the debris and to consolidate it; at the same time a search for
the missing architectural members was made in the vicinity. In 1876-1877 the architects Fr. Boulano-er and
E. Loviot began restoration. The main work was done by the French o-overnment in 1892 when the :uildino-
. b b
was restored in the form we see today.
STUART-REVETT, J, Chapt. IV; E. POTTlER, fouilles
au monument de Lysicrate, BCII 2, 1878, pp. 412
418; H. F. DE Cou, The Frieze of the Monu-
ment of Lysicrates at Athens, AJ A 8, 1893, pp.
42-55; J. DELL, Das Lysikratcsclenkmal in Alhen
Allgemeine Bauzeitung 67, 1902, Ileft I; I ..
BAUER, Die Krepis des Lysikratcsdenkrnals, AA 1920,
pp. 19 40; .\. <\l\.\ \..'>1-: '.II'(/lJXllqw' T",II'fT(
,
x!juHIf)l',IIUIlXT. 1921, I p. _. _6; id., '1-.''''11/1. 1<)_1.
pr R3 97; F. Snl)) ICZ 1"-' , \.\ I'Ll, I'p. JI8 -'_I:
JUDI':ICII, Topographic, pp. 30. J()6; II. \ :-',
Suppl. VIII, s. \'. l.\sikratcslllonUlllcl1t; \1"
\1"11" 'II . ,
I \.... HXOI'())'!!tlC/ If( rOl' 11I"IllHOl' lot' . f ,'tllXtHITOP':.
-
I,AT. 21, 1<)6Cl, pp. 1(13 IR.t
I H \ I\IONL 1\11 N I
)4')
450 I he 'lollumcll!, 315/'34 H,C '. 110m thc \\
350
ppu part (,f the Lv tkrates
1\ :,1f...R \'11:' i\10 l i\1I 1

-.
I
I"nument from thl l ~ t
I
J. \ ~ I " R i\ 'I' I ' :-, 1\1 () N LJ J\,\ I ' N' J'
351
}
I
,
)
I
-
L
(
...," - ~ -
,
-
t
J
"
452 Capital and entablature of the L)"J..r.lle, J\IOllulllCIlI. RC"OIcd III ~ t l l l I t .ll1d Rl'\ctl.
352
l\lETROON IN TilE AGORA
METROO ' I TilE AGORA: The letroon was excavated in 1907-1908 by the Greek Archaeological Society. The
complete excavation of the letroon, the identification, and the exploration of the earlier buildings beneath were
done by th .\gora excayators in 1931-1937. The most imporrant of the earlier buildings was the little temple
. ,
fomld bdow the large northernmost room of the 1'[etroon which, according to H. A. Thompson, presumably
hous d the cult of the J\lother of the Gods and may be dated to the beginning of the 5th century 13.C. After
the Persian d'struction of 480/479 13.C. t1us temple was never rebuilt; it seems that the cult of the Mother of
th Gods was transferred to the neighbouring Old 13ouleuterion which doubtless sheltered the famous statue
of the goddess.
After the! ew 13ouleuterion was built at the end of the 5th century 13.C. the Old 13ouleuterion served only
a- a repository for the state archives; because of the fame of the statue, the entire archive building came to be
called the Metroon. This tradition carried over to the Hellenistic Metroon built especially to house the archives,
figs. 455-456. One of the four chambers in the Hellenistic 1etroon, the second from the south, was used as
a temple in which the old cult statue was again set up and to the east was an altar of which only the foundations
ha\'e been preserved. According to Pausanias (1, 3, 5) and Arrian (Perip/olls 9) the cult statue was by Pheidias;
today, however, it is thought to have been a work of Agorakritos as Pliny reported (Nat. Hist. XXXVI, 17).
The J\Ietroon was built in the third quarter of the 2nd century B.c. Various kinds of stone were used in the
construction: the foundations are of conglomerate, the walls of poros. Pentelic and H ymettian marble were
used only for the Ionic colonnade in front and for the front wall..
The many literary testimonia for the history and the identiEcation of the building are supplemented by inscrip-
tions and other Ends from the excavations.
In 267 A.D. the J\Ietroon was destroyed by the Herulians. In the 4th century after Christ a basilica was built
in the ruins of the northernmost chamber. The central aisle is thought to have been open to the sky and around
the beginning of the 5th century a mosaic floor was laid in the adjoining room at a depth of 1.60 m. below the
original floor level. The precise purpose of these late structures is not kno'l.vn; it is probable that the cult
statue of Apollo Patroos was set up in the basilica where it was found. In general, it seems to have been an
important building, for many bases on which statues had been set up were found nearby.
jUDEICH, Topographie, pp. 342-345; T. L. SHEAR,
Hesperia 4, 1935, pp. 350352; ll. A. THOMPSON
,
Hesperia 6, 1937, pp.115-140, 172 217; CII. PICARD,
La complcxc !\[Ctrc'>on-13olllcllterion-PrYI:lnikol1, .\
J'Agora d'Athcnes, RA 12. 193H. p'r. 97 101;
\X!YCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. I. 160.
\11 I'I(OON IN '1111 \(,01(,\
,53
-
-
--
-
453 P.lrt of the north \\ all of the I l c l l c l l ~ t l \Iuroon.
454 Rtmaln", of tht: northt...:rl1nloo;,t JCHHll 01 thl \1l:lfOOIl fHun IIll' \\L ... l
\
\
IT
1966
1
.\
,
---
. .
LrI .'
H ' . J l
J
;[""'4
,.'
,.
.. .
. '

'-j . ,'"
.r .' ,.
... "'f] '.

.' ' .
,. . ..
, . ..
. '. l
.' r,
F&-
........,
I
' 4(, .,:-...,," "., r 1 3""r""'
l -.AJ I r fi:-- .}L..__.. ,. ,', .... -.. 1
.,,.. 1.
l""T-"" __..,I..... p_ ..... ,1. " .....
.:-r I (-' _ .

I
r3 -l
I
1\ I I,: T Il () () N I N T I I E A (; 0 Il A
"16 A"I
,._- n'

,.
l
.. 20
354
I
o 5 10 20
L ! , -' ==='l M
455 The of rhe i\!elr<Jon. The remains of the Old BOllklllcriol\ :lnd, III the righI, till' ll'lllpk "I' til'
,\folher of rhe early 'ilh r. B.C., arc indiC:lletl in black.
,
355
!
1 ~ 08
1\1ICTROON ]N '1'1] I, ACORA
!)6 78
j

1
~ I
. T
~
~ - ---
I
T
:r
J
~ ~ 97
_ ~ S _ 255
-
-
3883
0 5 '0
20
T
=
M
1966
456 Restored plan of the I Idlcnistic Metroon of the third quarter of the 2nd c. H.C. The second room from the outh
probably served as the temple of the Mother of the Gods.
I II
\11 'II(()(JN I
'I III', \C(JI( \
~ ~ ~ \I"hlc ""''''l lit Ihl 1Ie11e""'1< \lllI(""1. \glll,1 \ ~ ~
I 'iii 1.,,1,1 'I'I lit ,,,"lllIl/1 1,1,,11 "t III< III III ""II< \l
l
lllllll1 \1\(\1,1 \ 2(",
1'" I II S IONU M I,. N T
357
'\.11,.11' \hl 1\11"': Thl'Chot'l'I'ol\lh> '. 'I ,. I h S f h
" (\1 on I Icrones CUSlomari y SCI up lhclr tripods a ong t C treet 0 t e
['rip'''''' (I" -(1(1), ,n thl' rup or thl' Thlalre or Dionysos (p. 562), or around lhc shrinc of Dionysos. Thc .\1(Jfiu-
m'1\t ,II jUq uutsidl' the \I" 'stern el1lrance of thc shrinc of Dionysos 1"Jeuthereus, is the outstanding
'!Hlt'CgIC 1l1111111ll1cnt ,11l10ng rhose neal thc ,hrine; it had lhe architcclllral scheme of a good-sized temple,
45t) 460.
,
Th' ,lrchlt clural Il1cmbl'rs or the mOnUmllll \I'UC found built into the Acropolis gate which the I"rench ar-
-Iu F, Beule rcd in 1852, figs, 462-463. The epistyle blocks, epistyle backers, triglyphs, metopes,
and an ant'l capital built into the B ule Gate all come from one building which, according to the
in<crtption on three of rhe pistde blocks, \I-as the choregic monument of i"ikias the younger, who won in the
contest: in th Th atrc of in 320 319 B.C. (I, C. IF 3055).
In It) 10, \\ . B. Dinsmoor associated the architectural members built imo the Beule Gate with the foundations
,n th' south <1st corncr of the Stoa of Lumenes \Ihich he had discovered at the time and he ascertained that the
::Ilonull1cm had the plan of a large hexastyle Doric temple with a square cella. The foundations, measut-
lI1g 16.6 11.-9 m. o\"erall, are built of large conglomerate blocks; the toichobate of the cella is of Acropolis
limesrone. The building fronts west and on this side the foundations are wider in order to support the steps
and columns of the fac;ade. Both the \nllis of the cella and the triglyphs are of poros; the columns, antae, anta
capitals, epistyles, me topes, and cornices are of ,\-hite Pentelic marble.
:\round the mid-3rd centun" after Christ, the fortifications of the Acropolis were reinforced, appatently at rhe
time ,,-hen the so-called \'alerian \\ all \\"as built. At that time the Monument of .1\ikias was dismantled ,,"ith
care and the architectural memb rs were built into the fac;ade of the gate erected west of the Propylaia, fig. 462.
Other architectural members ha\"e been found in the yicinity of the foundations and elsewhere so that it has
been possible to mak an accurate resroration of rhe building in its original state.
C. l(OHLI.R, Die choregische Inschrift des Nikias,
A.\I 10, 1885, pp. 231 236; \\. DORPI FL\), Das
choregische .\Ionument des l Ikias, A.\[ 10, 1885,
pp. 219 230; id., Zum chorcgischcn :'IionulTIe11le des
,'ikias, .\.\1 14,1889, pp. 63 ()6; '/-:'1
1
1/1.
1909, pp. 221-238; W. B, Dl'S\lOOR, The Choragic
:llonuOlenr of "iciOls, :\J:\ 14, 1910, pro 459 484;
B. PERRI " The Choragic :llonuOlcm of 'icias, :\.1.\
15,1911, rp. 16H 169; \\ .. DORPIHO, \\1.'6,1911,
pp. 60 6
7
; <Il. .\"(101' ''''-q'",. 191 ,
pp.75 85; '/t'llIICll, TopogrOlphi. pro J1 J19.
I 1
<l
\
I
l
! ' .
u
....
,
,
\
If--T M

I
,
o

N I K I t\ S M 0 N U r-I F. N T
I -
, I I' 'I I
m r 1
m

11. I. Ilmlll .lliu
1.,,) \J \.J
".' ... r ... ,.,.",,,,.'",,,,,,
I , \ '."' " , , ,.,
"' ,,,._, ." ,.'W .. " .. " ..... , .... I.' .... .... ,
,.. ... ,., ..,...... ,. ...
I
r'
)
I
I
459 Thc wc t of the ,\[onument, restored. J. C. [[23055.
o 10 1"
r I I I 1----"
4(,0 The ikia' Monument, 320/319 II.C., a 'lllal stall' plan and 1','SltllTd pl.lll,
J I J \" \1 ()
l \11
1
461 I 01 Nlk',l' \IOJlllI1lLlll hOIl1 the J.
(iO
NIKIi\S 10NUMI,NT
,
-
- -
7r
,
f
- -
'--
-
-
---- ---
r -
-
... _---r-'
archirccrural mcmbcrs from rhc :--'ikias '[onumcnr.

.-r--
..,..--'-
-
462 The Beule Gare on rhc Acropolis \\ irh

Ikl,l'i \1"llull,ellt budt IrHO thl' 1Iud':' (,atl'.
I
,
463 Archllwral member'i or the
NYMPJIF.
361
011\."11'111 : Thc c"iSICl1CC ora sh" f N '
I I
\\'llillrS it1 Il'50 ,I I" line 0 ymphe ftrst became known during the excavations conducted
)\ . ... "" \\ 1( n t 1C ne 'b I d .
, ' . ' \\ ou evar Dlonysiou Areopa it d . 'rh.
'1 1'111' It's In 'Inc! b, the Sl CI' j' I I g ou was un er constrUCLJon. e
,1 ., . Ion 0 11C )ouleyar I d' I . f .
. I I ( II ect y In ront of the Odelon of JIerodes Atticus lia 464
(It t 1C Ireran sources pI' sen'e a reference tl '. .' .' ,,.,. .
1 !
. J I ". 0 t )IS shune, Since, however, a great number of loutrophoroi
h.l\ ' )Cell ounu r 1er , It IS po sibil' at I . r .
. ',', ' ..:' east me Irectly, to aSSOCJate the shrine with the customs having to do
wllh llurrtal,e ntes descnbed b)' anCIent authot's and I' h
' . ' eXlcograp ers.
It has not rro\'cn possible to ascertain th precise fo f th I' f f
. . I'm 0 e )rtne, or un ortunately the later
\\'hJCh COl red the whole area ill Late Reman times largel bl't d' J
. . ' , yo I crate It. t appears, however, to have becn an
open a.lr shrm. ot consIderable extent which contained a small ellipsoid structure about 12.50/10.50 m. This
'llipsold bUilding, dated to the sccond quarter of the 5th century B C app tl d h' f Id
, , .., aren y stoo on t e sIte 0 an 0 er
altar; th' hllmg excayated around it contained little earth J't consl'sted rna' I f h d f h d
. '.. . ' tn y 0 t ou an s 0 pots er s:
,:ryballol, lckythol, plates, lamps, plaques, terracotta figurines, masks etc, attesting marly
tour hundred \'ears In the ltte of the shnne from the mid-7th century to the 3rd century B.C.
The which are in the majority among the finds would in themselves lead to the supposition that
this is a shrine ot the Nymph, for similar pottery has regularly been found in the Attic caves of the 'ymphs
and Pan, such as the Parnes ca,'e, the Vari cave, the Daphni cave and the cave at Eleusis. In this particular
case, howe\'er, the identification of the newly discovered shrine is attested by graffiti on pots, such as N_'vWp'];
iE]c1 and. 0: and clinched by the inscription ho'}or; iE(!ii j'l'vllf('Jr; on a marble stele built into a later wall,
fig. 465. There were many shrines of the nymphs in Athens; the shrine discovered by Miliadis was specially
sacred to The 1\:ymphe, that is to say, the bride who today is still called Il)'lilphe on the marriage-day.
Loutrophoroi baye also been found in the shrine of Artemis Brauronia on the Acropolis and at the Amyneion.
These loutrophoroi and those found in caves had, in my opinion, the character of dedications and were offered
mainly unwed girls, just as loutrophoroi were placed on the graves of both men and women, with no distinc-
tion made as to sex, signifying that the deCEasEd was unmarried. This is clearly recorded by the lexicographers
(Bekker, Allecdo/a Graeca I, p. 276; Harpokration, Photios, Suidas s.v. i.OVT(!Oq;O'}O' and J.ovTQorpoQfil'; Hesy-
chios s.\'. i.OVT'.}OqO'}O ai'i") and i.OVTQOf(O'}O'; Pollux VIII, 66; Demosthenes XLIV, 18, 30). The same lexico-
graphers also discuss rhe main use of the loutrophoroi. On the wedding day the bride wa hed herself \\ith
water from the pring of Kallirrhoe (p. 204), A boy or girl from among the near relatives of the pair brought the
water with the loutrophoros. After the ceremony the bride offered the loutrophoros together with other Ya es
at the special shrine of the Nymphe, the shrine found south of the Odeion of Herodes Atticus.
The earliest lourrophoroi found in Miliadis' exca,'ation dated to about the mid-7th century B.C. and
we have here a very ancient shrine, since the custom of the bridal bath \vas very old as we learn from ThucydJdes
(II, 15, 3-6).
I. .\IIIAIAtolIl:, IJgW<T, 1955, pp. 50 52; 1956, pp. 262-
265; 1957, pp. 23-26; M. ERVIN, The Sanctuary of
Aglauros on the South of the Acropolis and
its Destruction in the First Mithridatic War, ',lgX,io,'
1/01'TO" 22, 1958, pp. 129 166; G. D H'''-. BCH 2,
1958, PI. 366 367; BCH 82, 1958, pp. 65"1 660; 4,
1960, pp. 622 624; 17, 1960, P -l, . '0. 10; OIlW-
NOM IDES, The Two. \goras, pp. 16 \"1 22 27, 4 .
464 I ,cl\:ucd oC the Ode!(ln oC IILrodes \ttln". !<l Ihe kCt oC the bridge, rhe cIlip'<lId 0:
rhe ,hrlne oC;-..,\ mphe.
1(,'; !\oulld.ll\" '!<llll' o! thl' ,hi illl' III \ Illphl'. cod LIt th L', 11,( ,
II", \llh,Il'O!ogI1.t11)1'111L't 01 \!I11'II',

'.
,
,
l
'I"t \1l1l.lcol""IC.lI I)IStlll( "I \lhlJ1"
}'Jllrhl ()I cronlll, ,....
4(,7 Plat" f",m the oj
466 LoucrnphorOi and other \ from the of ymphe "torcroom, I lIst \rchaeologteal Dlstrtct of Athens.
YI\IPIIF.
468 '1 crracotta statucs of the Roman period found In 1956 In .1 \\ ell ,oUI h of Ihe Odl'll)tl <1t 11 'l<1d "
Attleus. On thc right, two Vi tories frol1l the "ll1le l1lollld: arms and \\ ings \\ erl' SCp,ILltch
attachcd. Ilclght I.en 111. Acropolts ,\1",. 6476 f\, (,<176. I.l'tt: SLUUl' of ,I fl'Ill.1k, ll\ til' ,'I,'
room of the Ilrst Archaeological District of Athem.
()()I ION Of ALIUI'I'A
365
1111 l lilt HI (ll \( oIl1l'\' \ \\.l' hudl nrt.l I') H.C III I hI' 1llJ<ldk of Ihl Avora 'Il) thc' bi" ("rlnc r1y CJC{; pied
In lhl (lltlH If.l, 11 ";l huilthug llH.I\lJrJllg 51 3H 4120 Ill., wilh the I{,nvitudinal ax! runninK
l\\J1lh lIuth. Thl Odtloll \\.1\ hfClUl'hl to IIV11t b} the IlllrJ011I I .{'<t\aw,n' (,f the !\V',ra during th<: year
II) 1 11nc> .lIld h.l\ heell eeureh IdulIJfled the ()dei<J1l Itl whidl (/, H, G) rdund 'n hi a({{,Ul t ()
th monuments of the \gClra: "the theatfe which thq call Iht OddoJ)." III l
c
n7 and 'uppkrrentary m
\ sli '.lIions \\ cre c.lfrJcd out 1)\ J I. \.'j h<Jmpson v.ho publishul a monl)(1raph {m the hUllding.
j he elllltllUdu rt>\\ s of btnchcs ,lnd the orchestra leave no mom for douht that thc huildmg j a theatre.
B T.IU e the Sl;l 'e \\ ,IS \(J J1.IrlO\\ and h cause the building was roofed, it have heen an {)(!t:i'J!l, a concert
hall. Philo traLOs (I Ilae lop/mil/TIIIII II, 5, 4) calls the building thc Agrippei'J!l, "the theatre m the Kerameik,)
called th \grippclOn," after the donor .\1. \'ipsallius .\grJppa, th<: mmist<:r and s{J!l-in-Iaw (,f Augu tus.
Onh tpc loundations for the v. ails, th<: floors, and the orchestra, "" ith secllom of the lower parr of the tage and
om oi the benches, have betn preserved 111 slIfI; these, taken together with the architectural material from
the building- found in the excavation, permit us to \isualize thL original form 'I( the building.
The iollo \ ing buIlding materials were used: sof t poros lor the foundation walls; hard for
the \\ alls aho\(; ground; blue-gre) I h mettos marble for the stylobate, for stairways and benches in the audi-
torium, and for the socle of the stage front; th(; white marble of PeJ1telikon for all the architectural members.
The scaena floor \\'as pa\ ed \dth slabs of white and blue-grey marble, the orchestra floor with varicoloured
marbles. Greenish marble from Kal) was used for the stage front,
The main structure of the concert ball was enclosed on three sides, south, and west, b\ two-store. swas.
, .
The ground floor, with wall 0.78 m. thick pre ef\ed at tbe southeast corner, was closed on all sides, resembling
the cry ptoporticu of the ba ilIcas at COrinth ( , . \\ (Inberg, Cormlh I, \, 1960, pp, 78-85, pI. VHI); in comra t,
the upper store} was mo t surround(d b\ a colonnade. The floor of the upper storey wa on the arne
level a the terrace of the .\liddle toa. The main entrance for notables and performers, embellished ",ith a
propylon, was at tbe north, while the sp(ClatorS came in from the south ide, from the ,\llddle toa terrace.
The square concert hall, 25 m. to a ide, comprised the orchestra \\ ith a radIUS of 10.17 m. and nineteen row
of b(nches, which could comfortably tat about one th{Jusand , fig. 472.
Pausanias described the statues up in front {Jt the Odc:ion and a tatue of DlOnysos worth seeing; honly
after his visit the building was sel"erely damag(;d, prrJbably becau (; the roof collapsed. The building, howel" cr,
was quickly repaired circa 150.\. D. in the reign of \numinu Piu ; by mean of certain alterations it was restored
to working order, not, however, as an odeion but as a meeting place and lecture hall for the philosopher of the
period. A cross-wall divided the \ ast hall of the fir t peri()d into two large mdependel1t area, fig. 491. The one
on the nonh, with the orchestra and part of the fl,\\ of scat aec(Jmmodating an audience of around Ii\ e hundred
people, was used as a tbeatre. In order to make it (aSler ior the inCfJming cro\\ to tnter the theatre, the nonh
wall of the scatna and the prop: Ion on the north were taktn dov.n, thur place being taken b\ a magnificent
open stoa which had, instead of SlX UI]OS al figures of Triton and (,lants. \s H. A. Thomp. on has
shown, the Tritons from the wai t up arc copie of the Poseidon of the Parthenon we t pedimc:nt; the ('lam
arc modelled on the type of the I flphaistos 'If the Parthc:non east pediment. "'tatues of seated figure. probabh
portraits ()f two of which ha\ e been f(Jund marh", e\ idcntl" completed the adornm<:nt 01 th
fac;ade.
In 267 .\.D. the Herulians et fire to the Odeion and utterly wrecked it. I,verv h re abO\ and around th
Odei')J1 the destruction filling Ct'I1SJ t (Jf a thick la} er of ash, containmg dc:bn ()! charred ood, la ' iron
nail, and many pJeces of terracrJtla and marble tile, all fwm the w()( of the huilding \1 0, m n\ of th r at
number 'Jf architectural fragment and piens of culpturc f')uml in the arta hear mar ot nrc
\f(,und 4{j() \,1). the statue {)f thl; Tril<Jn and the. Giant were I u cd Ul the la :Ide 01 a 'r t cumpl of
buildmg "the (,y mna ium "I thl (,jam ," built aho"e the ruin 01 the Oduc)J1 and much 0 lh or quuc
fig. 37.
366
]l'DEICII, Topogmphie, p. 350; 1\1. REI IIOLD, Mar-
CliS .\gripp.I, . 'ew York 1933, pp. J06-110; T. L.
:HFAR. Ihp'ria 4, 1935, p. 362; 5,1936, pp. 6-14;
6,193"" p. 352; \)l)RPI'ELD, .\It-.\then II, pp. 254-257,
_~ O _ -2; \\. B. \)1, s ~ r O l l ~ Hesperia 9, 1940, pp.
51-52; id., AJA 47, 1943, p. 383; JI. A. 'fIlO\1p,rJN. ,
The Odeion in the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 19,
1950, pp. 31 141; WYCIlERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 161
162; Agora Guide, pp. 70-74.
,
-
The n'Jrth far"lClc (Jf the Odelon of Agrippa circa 15 B.C. Restored.
4(,')
367
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ODI'.ION OF AC R II'I'A
4 1 Remains of rhe Odeion of Agrippa and rhe Gymnasium of rhe "Gianrs" from rhe easr.
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thc sCCfmu storcy.
()()I'.iON 01' A(,RIPP, 369

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474 PJa\tcr model of thc Odclon of Agnppa from thc N\\. Agora i \ l u ~
) l) I I() lor f\ (J RIP P,\

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CorllLr of lIrrll 'lorn of II '[du \'0-.' 111. \" 1.1 \

;q\)

OUI 10 01 \<.H II')' \
4-- and lotu, capital fmm the Inner (f,lonnade ()f the OdeIOn ()f gnppa, I leigh 1,15 m.
47k C(Jrlnrhlan uplfal from the Mil"" IIll ,,( Ihl (lc!lI"n ,,' ,\grlpp.1 JIll .hl 1 In
371
ODEION OJ' i\GRIPPi\
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480 Tcrracotta antdixes from the Oueiol1 of Agrippa. AgorH J\lus. Agora A 1197,479,562.
Olll 10 Of \CRII'I'
4 1 Orch." tra of h" of _-\gnppJ from the s(juth.
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.f 3 Orchesrra benches and srage from of rhe OdelOn, resrored secrions.
484 and flf thL Odciqll of Agnrra from the
()t)1 10 OF \C. RIl'l' \
4'- 4li6 ] Iud of hcrm irnm rhL rage fn>nt, tig. 4 '-, nghr and frunt \ Ic\\ s. \gor.1 \[us. 553.
4 7 crl(m ot thc r 'Kc fro!H of thl OdLlo". Icstorul,
loLti hllght 1.20n1. \11I,
376
ODF,ION OF A .RIPPA
488 Statue of a giant at the east end of the fac;ade of the
Gymnasium of the "Giants". I-leight 2.47 m.
489 Westernmost Triron from the (aC;,lde of the (;\ mlU-
slum of the" iants". Height ~ 6 111.
488 489 C"l',ssal statues of (,iams and Tritons (rom the Odeiol1 o( gnrra ell 'I 1'i0 \.D.. lig 4<)(). Ongll1.dh thll'
were hree ofeaeh. In 400 A.D. they Formed the fac;ade of the so-e.rIlcd (,\ll1l1,l'IUll1 Ill' lhe "(,I,ll1t'''.
ODf'IO or \c, RI PP \
490 . 'onh of the OdelOn as circa 150 -\.D. -d.
--

..;;......-.;;.
49 I PI.111 01 thl Od"lOI1 of Alo(rtpp.l lItC.l
\.D. .
378
ODElON OF IlERODES ATTICUS
THE ODEIO OF HERODl'S \I'as the third odcion to he built in Athens. The first one was the Odeion
of P rikl s and although it stood to the end of antiquity, it had limited space and in time became obsolete.
Bv 150 A.D. the second odcion, the Odeion of l\grippa, had ceased to serve its original purpose. Consequcntly
the lack of a large, up-to-date concert hall had bccome noticeable at the time whcn 1!erodes Atticus, the wealthy
b n t:lctor of .\thens, undertook to have yet a third odeion built.
Th date of construction of the last odcion is known within a narrow margin, for both Philostratos (Vitae
Jophi.rfarlllll II, 1, 5. 8) and Pausanias (VII, 20, 6) ,,-rite that I-Ierodes built the Odeion in memory of his wife
R gilla ,\"ho died circa 160 l\.D. Thus construction must have begun after that date and have been complcted
no; later than 174>\.D. \,'hen Pausanias mentions the building for the first time.
The Odeion had the scheme of a semicircular theatre with a radius of 38 metres and it could comfortably scat
around fi,"e thousand spectators, fig. 492. The fa<;:ade, 28 metres high, was so massive, having a thickness of
2.40 m., that it \I"as not built of solid masonry but had inner and outer faces of poros blocks with rubble and
mortar filling the space between. The walls were veneered with great marble slabs and the stage wall had rich
architectural embellishment. The semicircular orchestra ",ith a radius of 9.50 m. was paved with marble slabs,
and the theatre seats \\"ere of ,\,hite marble. On either side of the stage grand stairwa,"s led to the uppermost
diazoma of the theatre fia. 500. The entrances to the stairways and the long narrow vestibule behind the stage
, b
had mosaic floors, figs. 497-499.
A roof is an essential feature of an odeion and it was the roof of cedar wood which made this building so
especiallr magnificent. Pausanias, Philostratos, and Suidas (' I1gW01];) all make special mention of the roof. E"en
though the difficulties of roofing such an immense span baffle us, it is nevertheless certain that there was a roof,
because in the course of exca"ations a \'ery thick layer of ash was found covering the whole orchestra and the
seats \\"hich were badh' calcified, doubtless as a result of the conflagration of the ,\"ooden roof. K. Pittakis, who
superdsed the exca\"ations, wrote that fragments of carbonized wood and a quantitr of roof tiles had been
found in the ash larer. The burning of the Odeion should be attributed to the Herulians ,\'ho destrO\"ed most
,
of the monuments of the cin' in 267 A.D.
,
The Greek Archaeological Society began clearing the Odeion in 1848 and finished in 1858. \Tarious foundations
were found in front of the Odeion during 1. Miliadis' excaYations in 1955-1959. These foundation are con-
temporary with the Odeion, but at this point the original plan seems to have been modit1ed and the foundations
abandoned at an early stage. Tow that much of the Odeion has been reconstructed it is used again for concerts
and also for ancient plars and other performances.
K. IlJTTAKIIl:, lIE']! fhflr'lov 'lJ(jfIJr)01l TaU
'!>'ffJ1'J/
l
. 1858, pp. 1707-1714; R. SCllrLLIlACIJ, Uber
das Odeion des Ilerodes Attikos, lena 1858; S. [VA-
NOPF, 11 teatro d' Atene detlo di Erode Attico, Annali
dell'!nstituto 30, 1858, pp. 213 221; W. 'fUCKER-
MANN, Das Odeum des IIerode, Atticus unci der
Regilla in Athen, Bonn 1868; <I). '1-''/1)1.
1912, pp. 163 173; GHAI 'DOH, 1ICrod' PI,
92 93, 218-225; ]110101('11, Topogr:1( hie. I p, .'2tl
328; /loU/w)lo 3, 1947/48, pp. (l(' ({/'; \, ()I' \ ,'\
JJ(jfDtT. 19.2, pp. 651 6 3; 19.3, p. -'09; I. \111 \1 \ \11:':,
IJ(jUXT. 1959, pp. 5 7.
ODI 10"- 0\' III RODI:, \TTIC L:,
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386
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500 Eastern staircase of thc Odcion of Herodes Atticus and west cnd of thc Stoa of Eumencs, r "torcd 'cctl nand pLln.
ODEION OF PERIKLES 387
Om 10 III PLRH.II': The Ilr,t roofed building in Athens for concerts and musical contests was the Odeion of
PCrI].,.l " \\ hich ancient authors pia e east of and near to the Theatre of Dionysos. Investigations carried out
,\I th,lt 'pot fift) \ '<irS ago t"l'Yealcd that lU1der the houses of the modern city there was, in fact, a large building
\\ ith n1.\11\ columns buried d 'ep in the earth which reaches a depth of 6 m. at the north. Ever since then it has
righth b en considered to b the concert hall described by ancient authors; Pausanias (1, 20, 4) called it a structure;
\ itrl!\ IlL 9, 1) and Plutarch (Penkles 13) give the name "Odeion". The interior of the building is described as
hadng n1.1m scab and column ; the exterior was thought to have been an imitation of the tent of Xerxes and
,
probabh had a p\ ramidal roof.
Th Gr ek .\rchaeological ociety conducted investigations directed by P. Kastriotis (1914-1927) and by
\. Orlando, (1928-1931). The north side of the building and five column bases at the northeast corner were
clearLd. the remain are again hidden under the earth and nothing of the Odeion can be seen except
for a little part of the north side. Fortunately in the last few years the houses overlying the Odeion have been
xpropriat d and torn down and there are plans for sy tematic excavation of this most important building.
:\'o\y that the hou es and ome of the earth filling have been removed, it is possible to distinguish the plan of the
Odeion more clearly. The last series of column bases on the south side have been uncovered, fig. 502, thus
showing that the Odeion contained nine rows of columns from east to west and ten rows from north to south.
Consequently, the exterior dimensions of the building are approximately 62.40 X 68.60 m.
In 6 B.C., just before the innsion of Sulla, the Athenian themselves set fire to the Odeion so that the enemy
would not find a supply of ,\\'ood ready to hand for the iege of the Acropolis (Appian, Mithridates 38). few
year later, Ariobarzanes Philopator (65-52 B.C.) had the building restored according to the original plan, as
Yitruyius relates (\', 9, 1) and as two honorary inscriptions to Ariobarzanes testify. One inscription (1. G. IJ2
3427) was dedicated to him by the people of "\thens and the other (1. G. IJ2 3426) by the architects Gaius and
Stallios and Melanippos, whom Ariobarzanes had chosen for this work.
The Odeion was apparently destroyed by the Herulians in 267 A.D. The wall found in the Odeion during the
excavations had nothing to do with the Yalerian 'V,-all as has been thought, but is a part of the Rizokastro, a
mediaeval wall which ran around the foot of the Acropolis in the 11th century.
W. OORPIELD, Die verschiedenen Odeien in Alhen
,
17, 1892, pp. 252-260; II. KAl;TI'HlTllE, flu
wa
:.
1914-1929; id., '}l'f'II'. 1914, pp. 141, 143 166 1915
, ,
pp.145 155; id., h}.T. 5, 1919, llQQuQ1 pp. 1-14; id.,
'/i'f'II' 1922, pp. 25 38; JUDEICII, Topographic, pp.
306-308; A. lIuQ>er. 1931, pp. 25 36; 1932,
pp. 27 -28; J. T. ALLEN, On the Odeum of Pericles
and the Periclean Reconstruction of th Th at r,
UniYCrsity of California, I ' o. 7, 1941, pp. 1'"'3- 1--;
O. BRONI,LR, The Tent of Ser es and th Gr k
Theater, University of California, I '0. 12, 19,
pp.305 311; id., .\J.\ 56 1952, p. 1-2; J.. 1-
SON, JH 78, 1958, pp. 3 6.
e) I ) I' Ie) N e) J l' I Ie I I J 1 ..,
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II uthcreu 141. Theatre of DlOnv (l .
140. hnn t I
90
OOF/ON or P"RIKf.ES

-
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503
DrTO OF rFRI"-LES 391
504 , onh wall of l h ~ Odcion of l r i k k ~
O/KIA
392
HOll, E': For the whole period of time from the prehistoric era down to the beginning of the 5th century
B.C is known ahout th l\thenian private house, for unfortunately the remains which have come to
ar J1( onh minimal hut abo in a poor state of preservation due to the various destructions they went
through. Th gr .l\ st damage \", as inflicted hy the Persians in 480/479 B.C. and nearly as much hy the I Icrulians
in .\.1). For th perIod between these twO invasions it is possible to reconstruct the form of private houses,
. in J. gr 'at deal of e\ idence has sun i\"ed: walls, Aoors, wells, cisterns, streets, water channels, and drains,
which also contribute details to our knowledge of the entire town-plan of Athens.
\\" no\\' know, in fact, not onk the boundaries of the cit}', defined by the line of the wall built immediately after
the Persian \\ ars (p. 151'), hut also the amount of space taken up by public property, shrines and pri\'ate hou es
which extended a. far as the cit) wall in Hellenistic times. The street of Athens 'were usually narrow and
crooked; in general, the section of the city containing the private houses was poor and the houses mean, present-
ing a striking contrast to the magnificence of the temples and other public buildings.
The densit, of the houses \\'as not the same in all quarters. The most thickly settled district was Koile, south
of the Pmx, which howe\'er ceased to be inhabited when the dioleichislllo was built at the end of the 4th century

B.C (p. 159). In addition to the houses of Koile and tho,e to the south of the Areopagus, excavated b) German
archaeologist, numerous remain. of houses have been found in a great many parts of the city. But the most
important excavations, in \\,hich a whole residential quarter of the ancient city ha been revealed, are those
carried out by the American chool of Clas ical tudies to the north and ,,'est of the Areopagus.
The plan of the classical and Hellenistic house ,,'as -imple. The different rooms were di posed around a rec-
tangular court, usually without a peristyle; the number and arrangement of the rooms varies according to
the size and shape of the property, fig. 505. Only the lower part of the walls was of stone; the upper part \\'a
of sun-dried brick and the walls had a stucco coating. The floors were of clay except for that of the alldrOIl
(mens' dining-room) which was pand ,,-ith sea-shore pebbles or ,,'ith mosaics, figs. 512-515. :\lany of the
house apparently had a second storey; the roof was a1'.,'a) s of "'ood ,,'ith terracotta tiling.\ characreri tic
feature of Athenian hou es ,,'as a roofed-oyer section of the court, generally open to the south, fig. 505. We
identify this area with the pastas mentioned by ancient authors. This roofed part of the courtyard played a great
role in rhe daily life of the family, as shown by the fact that it continued to be u ed throughout antiquity and
even up until our o,,'n times, fig. 511.
After the destruction of the city by ulla and throughout Roman time" printe houses were rebuilt on a larger
scale, with a more sumptuous appearance and finer construction and, in general, ,,'ith amenities superior to
those of the houses of classical and Hellenistic times, fig. 520.
C 'RTll'S, Stadtgeschichte, pp. XCIV-XCVI (Testi-
monia); D. ;\'f. ROBINSO , Olynthus XII, Baltimore
1946, pr. 399 471 (Testimonia); id., RE ,uppl. VB,
s. v. Haus; Ifo},u){\o/UY.I/; R. E. \X!YCIlERLEY,
Houses in Ancient Athens, Journal RIB 1961, pp.
1 2; id., How the (Ireeks Built Cities, London 1962
2
;
B. C. RIOI;R, Ancient Houses, Chicago J964
2
;
J. W. (IRAIlAM, Origins and Interrelations or the
Greek House and the Roman I louse:, Phoenix 20,
1966, pp. 3 31.
I [STORIe
Al D CEO:'.l] TRl 1l0C.'] ,
D. LEVI, l\bitazioni prcistoriche sulle P ndici n1l'ri-
clionali dell' \cropoli, \nnuario lJ 1+, 1930 J I, PI .
411 49R; D. l3I'RR, \ lIous' ;lnd ,I PWII)
\ttic Voti,c Deposit, lkspcria _, 19.'.'. PI . "+_ :(,0:
O. lho EFR, llcsperi,1 _, 19.:n, pp. 3- _ 3. (,: 4. 1<).'.-,
pp. 109 113; I'. I"J.T. 17, 1lJ<,1 (1_,
I,J,T.IR,Il)(Il, \UPI.I'.
110)'\ I,,?T. 19, I(j(d, \"PI. p.l'l.
OIKI I 393
(I I \L
HI Lli \ D RO\[\'J llO
IN! (l ) ICi \ lR 1. T. J \R, He peria 8,
19.'9, pp. 215 216; II. \. THo\IP,O"l, Hesperia 17,
JlJ-l8, pp. 159 163; R. YOUNG, .\n
Di,triet of \nci nt .\th os, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp.
I'5 28'; H. \. THO\fP,O " Hesperia 26, 1957, pp.
99 101: T, 195" pp. 146-148; 28,1959, pp. 98-105;
'5,1966, pp. 5153; T, 1968, p. 69; T. L. c HE\R, JR,
H ,p ria 3 , 1969, pp. 3 3-394.
') }' \' lR! I E. BOCR:\'OlJF, .\rchin de mis-
,IOns sci ntiiique et litteraire 5, I 56, pp. ' 1-78;
E. (l'RTIC, - J. A. K:\CPERT, Ada ,'on Athen, Berlin
I - , pp. 1'-19; \". DORPFELD, .\ntDenk. II, 1899-
1901, p. 2; H. A. THO\fPSO:\, - R. L. CR.\NTON,
Hesperia 12, 1943, p. 333;
pp. 69, O.
.YORTII OF f1I1. Al'RnpnLIL L. KIJI A or 11_,
[I'!wn. 1874/5, pp. 18-19; E. K 1.TIJPXH};, ';jOT"
I'WO)' 9, 1880, pp. 321 323; L. Ko nl" J1,!fl'IT.
1881/2, pp. 79; r. GrE'IfMm:, 1FI.T. 16, 1960,
pp. 29- 32; O. A,i.T. 22, 1967, X'!ov. pp.
39-43,98-100,108-112; 24, 1969, X'!ov. pp. 50-53.
snUTII OF Till ICROPOLIS: 1. fI'!fl'IT.
1955, pp. 45-52; 1957, p. 24; r. 1Fh.
16, 1960, X'!ov. p. 15; cD. JEi.T. 19,
1964, X,!OI'. p. 49; O..\.'\EAX.lPH, 1Ei.T. 23, 1968,
-'-''10''. pp. 63-65; 24, 1969, X,!Ol'. pp. 31-3'.
Jl"'I.ST OF ACROpnLIS: A..\\.lPEl!UfE 'or,
ffi.T. 21,1966, X'!ov. pp. 72-73; O. A.\CAX.lPH,JEI.T.
22, 1967, XQov. pp. 49-52, 83-84; 23, 1968, X001'.
pp. 36-38.
I

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I louse D has four rooms.
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ure B. Poro, butidinK C and D. J lou,e, nr the 5th c. H.C. L nO.IU to the Pln"u, I . tr t (t th
Workers ( . Road to the Acropol".
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houses with later repairs, on the north side or the
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foreground, South Stoa 1.
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511 Plam of In Iht ARora arta, A. 51h c. H.C. housc
Courtyard, a, and covncd part of courll .lrd, b.
'10 Road and rooms of a house h \\ n OUI of Ih rock, of th Pm x.
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lOr h 111 b , 01 r h( m!rol1
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514 :\meroom and andron de igned for nine dmmg couches in a house south of th Ar opagus.
515
\Iosalc floor of an andron desIgned for I1ll1l dlJ11ng louches, south ot the \r l p l ~ U s
OIKIA
400
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516 518 llousehold ware used In the classical period. Agora Ius.
OJA.I 1 4Ql
Court' ard of a hi!. "20, from the <;outh.
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520 I'ldn of " Roman h"U\l' ,ollth 01 thl
01 YMI'II'ION
'-"LV : I ca\aJions haH hnnl.lfrild oul ill the I( 1111 Il' ill JHH(, hy 10', Penrose, in 1922 by (,. \Xelter;
nd In Ih r a round Ih Il'lllple lrolll IHH() all110Q conlilluousl) ulltil JlJ07 hy Ihe (,rtek Arch:lto!ogic:tl
I i l\ nd lor Ihl 1.1 I dll.ldl hI lI1l' IHlSl'lll \\1 illL
Th I mr
lt
ot (>11 Ill] i.ln Zl\l is 01 ill II III last \ll'st alll! is silllall'd Oil a low lidgt 1()() rnetrts lOllS! with agrultc I
"jdth ot 70 m Ir l t IHhll' dia '("will frol11 the nOllhl'asl l'Ofl1l' I 01 Illl tCrTJt'/lOS wall Ic, the (Julhwl I
l(lrn r, R I nl l.l\.lIion haH Il\l,dltl that south of thl' outhwl'l ('(Hlllr th ridj!e l<.:rrnillalc III arc, 'k\
pur \\ llh ( II' id . '1'0 (Ill 1.1 t lhl rid'l lopes gnt" dowlI to th" Jlissos; 10 Iht there wa I,rigillall)
.1 \.lIn I 'I\lllilthl rid/-:l' alld the \uop'lhs. fll;, 217,
Pr hI I lrtr rOlllrl hoi hecn foulld l\ rI\\ilue around ahout th ()I),l1lpicioll prl 'in 'I as well as helcJw Ihl
t Ill] Ie ,1t.lI poinl \lherl' hu)roll \\.IS reachl'd, prtnidillg l\ld lICl' fc,r a 'cJl1Slderabl pr<.:his[oric selllcmull
1Il Ihl .10 ihh thl Joc.d point fOI Ihe denIoI'll nt oj a lUI lar" pia 'I. of Winship in the distrit IJuth
"fthl \('fopoli. \t lhl.' soull1\\"( t CClllllr Clf Ihl hill Ihe I) IphilliClll was eSla"lish(;(1 011 t"<.: site or J\igell '
hOll e; and In gemral thl.' diqrict was all lSI' ci:d'" good placl lor ;1 sllllc-mllll, for il was ntar 0 lhe J'allirrh(Jl'
prin' (p, 2(4).
\ccording to Thu Idilks (II, 1S) tIll hrim 01 ()"lllpiall 1,l:US was age old; Pausallias (1,18,8) allributl: th<.:
huilding 01 lhl' flrsl lcmple 10 Dlld .dlOII. I.\cal atioll IIlSidl the Plisistralid lemple has, in fatl, hrought th
remains of an carlin ll'mplc to lighl; lhl \Iidlh has hltn 111 aSlirul al 'O.'i(J 11. and th<.: length is 'slimat<.:d at
,'ppm'imatel) twi c the width. Thl' foulldatiolls, ?'iO 111, wiele, are built of \uo]1olis limestone and apptar tl,
hU\"l: beln deslgnld for th eolO!lnadl: of a largl I'nil'tcral tllllple,
Thc ltmplt built bv PeisistralOs \\ as all110st t I it I a lon' alld had not (m] , the same: dil11tllsi(ms hut also the
ame p],n as its Iltllcnistic Roman successor. BOlh \\lrl douhle puiplual, hut the archaic t<.ll1ple \la pows
in lhe J oric order. The foundatiolls for thl' co\onlladl, 4.70 1I1. widl. I"(rl: 0 \uopolis alld J .Ira limcstolle
in cour <.:u pohgonal masonr) \I Ith supcrhh fme jOlllting. 'J he deplh of th<.: foundalJons cILplnd Oil the con-
tour of thl: hill, lhlre btlng Inll Olle fOUlldalJoll cour c nClClul on 111l' la t sidl: wh<.'rtas lher<. arc t well e IOUJlc!.1
tion courst:s hdo\\' the <':ulhynt ria al th' outh\\ est corllU. '1 he IUlhynluia and he It:ps \'ue of a hard com
paC! poros held together with doubk T 'lamp. The poro l'O\UI11I1S of the cluter colonnadl.' had <.OlltllHlllU
!I,undalion \I hen;as <.:ach of thl: columns 01 lhe inlier colollnadl had ils 0\\ 11 ounda 1111, a pier of Jar 'I.' 10rCl
block. Ian) column drums ha\"e btlll lound r u ((I a building Illall rial cithn in th' jCHlllCl.llion of Ihl
Ilclkni tic tc pic or in othl:r structurcs Iltar the ()I\ Illpilioll proplloll (I'. 1(,0). 'rhe 10 \ I dlallll tl of Ih
cc,Iumn \ a 2.42 m. and the IKight is tst imattd at 10 Ill.
Th hJling thrr,wn intlJ he Plisistratid t1l11Plc: \\'hilc: it was IIJH!cr tOllstrmlJolI 'olltaillul hud datcd to urea
530 H.C. and it s<.: 'ms Ihal \Xllt'r \;IS Ilghl ill dalillg Ihl lllllpi 10 nrca Sl5 B,C .Illd .iltrlbulllI' It to d (
\ounger PtlsiSlratos, ill agrU'mUll wilh tlte Il'slinlOIl) 01 \ri 1011t (fJ
o
/ \',11,4). \'ilruliu (\'11,1:;) h.1
rcccJrdul fIJI us the lIames of th Iour allhilt:lls \dlO \n,,1 ((Ioul Ihl plans and sllpl'lTjsed Ihl worl : \11 i t,t ,
(;tllat chro , \ntimachldts, alld POlinos.
\'(ith the rail IJf th<. lyranl1)' work ()Jl thl' IUllpl' was diseolltillLlcd; Ihl' altlllll(lllll, 1l1,lill" eolulllll dllllll,
",a I cd as buildillg IlJlltcrial ill thc 'l'hll11istokkan it'llil \I,tli. III IHHC, a 'olllld,lIioll buill of lCllllmn dlUI11
[rrHll he I'eisi lratid tt:rnl'lc- was fOlllld IHar Ih' pr<lpllol1 and cbalallui"l'd as ,I "cllliou tIUl(llIl." I h,II1
a Ilrtajnccllhal il btllll1l" 10 a gall(IX) inllll' lit\ wall, fig. ,2_, allrl al'l'alllllll lill 1)(110 tOlUl1111 <11111\ 1"hl1d
In Ih ml,ar "I c, had !JCl:II lalill lJlIO tlH CIII \lall, fig. 521.
h l\ \nJllchus I.piphallls (17(, H,S IH.) !'lslIl!1(d bllildili' "l1ll:llllll1 ill 1711H. ,,1111 (hi 1"\\tll.lll
I, II fc,undaljc)lJSalldaflwarlbillllulallllllldJllSllf lill PlISII"IIII\(llllllt \\CII (ill.11 h,lIId.lhl 111\1 It IIII I
h Ilt b nli()\hll frem! plalls dra-.\lIl1plll i111 HOlll.111 .111 IlIlt I (II IItIIlS(\ 11111\ III \ II. I ,17: /, (" H(,
"'a c,t rnarbll ill rhl (IlrJlIlIliall Clld(1 \\ilillht ,11l1l 1',1')\111111'1.111.1 till t.lrlill (lll1l'll, 1>111 \llIh ,I l.llldlld
lnt ra 1:11 pal ing III I 11111 fa I Ic, till" I'li I'" .11111 Illllpil II hidl bad t ClI III I I 11111 I.\( tl<lIl I II 11>11 .111 Il1dl\ II I
II a 110 Jatt r wa I )"ri(.
\Xh n Illlcl<'1o 1 di( e11!,( c"11 Irlil 11('11 (alII< ,,, a h.dl :lIld JlCI fill II\( I \11111 \1.1 d'''lt "II till I>uddlll' tnl n I
4()3
thre' During dut period writers all agree that the temple was half-finished (Vitru ius VII, 15, 17;
1 ife 1/1 Greece chapt. 12; Strabo IX, 396). \X e do not know exactly how much of the building had
b lfi completed, but the eastern part of the temple had evidently progressed as far as the cornice, for the epistyle
blocks, ,till in place on the columns of lhe southeast corner, arc all of the period of Antiochus. Sulla had columns
of the 01\ mpi ion brought to Rome in 86 B.C. (Pliny, Aal. 11lsl. XXXVI, 6, 45). In the reign of Augustus
th 're a plan to continue construction, apparently never put into effect (Suetonius, De vila Caesarum,
II, 60).
The compl tion of the t mple i due to the Emperor Hadrian who ordered the work to be put in hand
dUrIng fiLt \'i it to .-\thens in 124/125 A.D. In 131/132 A.D. the work was finished and the emperor himself
porformcd the d dication ceremony for the largest temple e\'er built for Zeus, and he also dedicated the cmys-
eJ phantine statue of the god in the cella. In addition to the temple and the cult statue, the paved court around
the temple and the great precinct wall were constructed. The precinct was fu]] of statues of Hadrian, dedicated
b\ the various Greek cities, fig. 524. The ollly entrance to the precinct was through the propylon, located near
Gate IX of the Themistoklean city ,,'all, fig. 219. This gate had long since gone out of use but the roads still
com'erged at this point.
The destruction of the Olympieion began carlyon when the precinct wall was demolished in order to supply
stone for the new city wall (1" 161), built in the reign of the Emperor Valerian (253-260 A.D.), while the temple
itself sun,i\'ed t\\'o or three centuries longer. An early Christian basilica was built near the propylon probably
in the 5th or 6th century. Architectural members, mainly ceiling coffers, of the temple of Olympian Zeus have
been found built into its \\'alls. Around the mid-15th century only twenty-one columns were standing; today
there are only sixteen, one of which has collapsed.
III, Chapt. II; A.
'0 TOV '/l{h7J"/f'fW 'O}.V/l:r{OII, 'HIT"'l. 1862,
pp. 26 35; L. BEVIER, The (1) mpieion at Athens,
PASA 1, 1882/83, pp. 183-212; L. K01'\1
fl'!'1%T. 1886, Pl' 13-17; 1888, Pl'. 1523; F. C. PEK'-
ROSL, JII 8, 1887, pp. 272 273; Pl,NROo,L, Athenian
Architecture PI' 74 87 II I
, ,. ,. \ \IIB \.:>1 11, U' TIl;'
f ':T.v)tJlllrL:. T(J'lJ f L, TIll' ,. ')(1; 'XulJlf-
1j':Jf'J/"J, TI,V 'O}."/m/f{o,,, IfiT. 1892, Pl'. II) 117.
J'. UQW<T. 1897, Pl'. 14 15; 1898, 1'1':
62 64; 1900, Pl'. 29 30; 1901, Pl'. 29 30; 1902, p.45;
If>. '() :reg/fJoi,o;, TOV 'Oid'/I:rI!OI' i::ri
'A'}UIC.IVOV, ',Uh/l'W 1910; G. \\'EL l'J:- R, D.\s 01\ mpieion
in Athen, .\1\1 47, 1922, pp. 61 71; 4H, 1923, pp.
182 189; Jl DI leB, Topographic, pp. 3'2-3 5;
G R \ I I)OR, Hadrien, Pl'. 21 H 225; I. Tp.\ r.\l)':,
'.II'(la><wfowi l'UII'I'1ll :wud Til '()}.I'/I:TlclOl" IJ!!<T. 1949,
pp. 25 43; DI""WOR, \rchitecturc, Pl'. <)1. 2 0
281; R. E. \\ YlIILRL\Y, at \th n. B.
4, 1963, pp. 163 J66; id., The rnpi ion t. thlen:
5, 1964, pp. 161 1-9; \'\'.-1 . HElL
Korinthische 'ormalkapirclk, II id lb r 1
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I'ALLADION
P. I.L l)JON: In Scptrmlwr 1962 importanl remains were discovered w'st of the ()Iympieion on a property at
no. 8 St., 1.90 m. helow the level of ,he sidewalk. Great damage had heen causd hy the deep rectangular
pits dug for the foundations of the piers of a new huilding. Wilh I' 'rmission from the Creek Ar haco!(Jgical
.enict, \lC' conductn! a small c' cavalion whi'h produ ed eviden e 10 show that the ruins were part of an
unusual stoa whic'h \lC' idc'nlit'y wilh lhe I .awcourL at the Palladion, figs. 532 533.
Tht: fOUlld:lliolls of Ill(' sloa, I 1.30 111. Ihick, ar' huilt of large limeslone hl(Jcks roughly worked; only the
uppn surfa(('s which supportullhe st) loh:tle and the loi hohate wen: arefully smoothed. The poros stylohate,
0.65 nl. wide, is not aligm'd \\ith Ill(' outer edge of the foundation, bu is set in, Ihe foundation thus forming
.1 broad \\ ide ste:p in (ront. The upper surface of th . slylohate shows signs of heavy wear from people walking on
11 and is otht:rwise in had ondilioll; the original surfat: is pt:rfe tly prt:S(.:rvt:d only wht:rt: tht: columns once
qo ,d. There, lines and cireks in is('(1 with a sharp instrument ddine an interaxial spacing of 1.918 m. and a
column diamt:tcr ,,( 0.53 m. There are: cuttings, 0.125/0.00 m. and 0.065 m. dt:t:p, on the stylobatt: ncar the
ulumns and simil:1r ont:s of about Ihe same dimt:nsions !)(:side the interior columns of the stoa.
The interi r col"nnad' is of parti ular illtt:rt:st. I'.ach column stands on a large separate poros base, placed
dir 'ctl) on earlier fillings. 'I'h' top of e:ach base has he:en cut down to form a disk, 0.53 m. in diameter and
23m. high; thes' disks giv the pr(lise: position of Iheintcrior columns. The lower part of the bases, invisible
below floor levt:l, wert: roughly worh.:d. 'I'hc floor was made of small sea-shore pebbles St:t in a hard stucco.
The interior olonnade has four c"lumns wilh an inleraxial spacing of 3.465 m., not rt:lated to the spacing of
the outer olonnade. The interaxial spacing bet welll tht: two central columns of the interior colonnade is
dOllbk, 6.90 m., and there s 'ems nevn to have been a fifth column hut rather a small room in the middle of the
SLOa. Only ils foundations of ruhble and clay h<lve survivt:d, lig. 533.
j 'othing- at, II bel:n found of the architl:Clural ml:mbers of the sLOa. Judging from tht: small diameter of the
columns and from the traces on the stylobate, we suppose Ihat it was in the Doric order with unAuted column,
prohably of poros. The wholt: elllablaiure was also apparently of poros, although it is not out of the question
that some of it was xt:cut d in marbl ' because a greal quantity of stont: chips, both poros and white Pentelic
marhle, wer' found in the filling, 0.30 m. high, put in to raise the (]oor level of the stoa. The toichobatc, of
whi h a sm, II seclion is pres 'rved at the west end of the stoa, is of Kara limestone; probably the orthostates
wert: prepart:d in the same quarry. othing t:rlain an be said about the construction of the upper part of the
walls but they may hav' been bri k, for tht: floor of tht: stoa was overt:d with are Idi. h filling com-
posed of disintegrated brj ks. Tht: walls wert: coated with hard white stucco, as shown by remains of stucco
on the toichohate.
To complete the dl:scription 0 the stoa we must report that thert: was a small room at the west. From what
remains (If it we on lude lhat it had Iwo in antis in front; there should bt: a counterpart at the east
end of the stoa.
fn 1966, a wall 2 m. thick was found OJ a 101 at no. 10 Makri Sf.. on the same side of the street, built of the
ame type of limestone as that found in the foundations of the SLOa. This wall not only makes it likd\ that there
was a rnom al th cast end of the stoa; it also permits th ' hypothesis that there were SLOas on all four sides
(If a s(luare or rectangular ourt bl:longing to a large publi building, fig. 435. The pOller) which \\ as (ound
sh(lwS that il must have been buill. around tht: 'nd of the 4th or Ih' b 'ginning of th . 3rd entun H.C. and
that it was in liSe throughout tI e J It:llenisti and R"lllan I eriods unlil il was destroyed around th middk of
the 3rd cenlury after Christ. In rt:gard 10 lhl: fun tion of lht: stoa and o( the whole I uilding, we helie\ e tlut
it was used as a lawcourt and thaI thl: room on Ihc wesl was the propylon.
It is true thai the typical dicasts' ballots wc:rt: not found hne as in Iht: Agora, but the I' 'culiar plan of the stool
with the small inncr room and parti 'ularly the r' tangular cUllings by Ihe colulllns for a railing agree with
the descriptions of lawcolJrls presc:rv<.:d in Ih wrilings "ran'ienl authors who stress lhe railing (drJ'p!J,,!..I0J).
a kind offence.
We identify the bllilding wilh Ihe I.awu HI I I al the Palladion wh 'IC caM'S of iJl\olunt;\I\ mutdl'l' \$'1'(; tried
P I\LL \DION 413
I, 28, 8; Poilu. \']I[, 118). It is not to find a public building in region since the other
famous la\\court, thl Ddrhinion, is not far away. The earlier topographers sought for the site of the Palladion
at thi<' "pot, fig. 379.
\\ e hope that thl prohllm \\ III soon be <'ettled, became all thl in the neighbourhood arc about to
be rcbuilt, 0 that there i.. hope of finding the tunples of \thtna and of Zeus at the Palladian which arc known
from \\ ritten and, e\ en more lmportant, to dttnmlllc the plan of the whole building which would
h.1\ e heen mo t ultahlc tor gatherings of philosophers and for a philo<,ophical atte ted [or the Palladion
(P]utarch, De I_>.tho 14; Cal. 1ft rml. col. .' ,\:1\. XX$. In \ ie\\ of the lmportance of the remains, the Greek
\rcha 010 'Ical en'icc has kept a section of the loa open to \ Je\\ in the basement of the apartment house
rccted 0\ erh ad.
FRAZI'R. Pau.. ania II pp 369 () )11 I 'I'

",)It H, opo
graphic, p. 421; B. D. I I, lie p rta 9, 1940,
pp.94 'HI; \. \ 1't;ILIH Cll, "AT. 21,1966, flO.
pp. 81 lB.
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- 3-+ Remams and floor of the S\\ corner of thL sroa, fig.
~ .
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P" N
p\'-.: \\ h n P.m,.llli.I' (l, 28, -1-) \\.1' OJl hi, \\<1) down from the .\cropuli, and heading toward thc luwcr citJ,
Lilr cth b In\\ the PIOPI \aia he 'pc.lI... , of the kkp,)dra ,pring and the caves of Apollo and Pan near ir. The
I 'l"\lkl (I. _, __,) ,l11d the ,hrine at .\10110 (p. 91) have both b en dcfinitdj identified; pascage in Luripide
(l n 93L') .In I \ri,wph<1n ,(1).f/J/ra/a 911) impl) that the cave of Pan mu t be cia e to both.
In IS()6 I .h.1\ '\ .ldia, dug out the arth filling about 2 m. deep in front of the caves and fuund a formerl)
11nkno\\ n Cl\ ,D D
J
, whieh he identified as the of Pall, fig. 116. III regard to the area D
z
"here the ruin
.lnd th HOl)r nf thc littl chapel of t.,\thana ios till remain, Kavvadias merely reports that D
z
originallj wa
.1 p.ut of th' ave D
j
and that the roof of the cave fell in at a very ady date.
Thus I1l .lddnion to the previou,l) A, B, and C, the cave D, D
j
, and D
z
became known. The
... h.lllo\\ CI\C \ may ne\ er have been us d for a cult. The steps cur into its floor erved, according to our
inr rpr tation, as b nches forming a kind of exedra, a vantage point from which a select number of Acropolis
dignitarie or other \\'orthies could followed the course of the Panathenaic procession. Cave B, with
nich s all 0\ r th ,\'aUs, has been saf Ij identified "'ith the shrine of Apollo Hypoakraios, and cave C has been
quated with the shrine of Olympian Zeus.
The cav D, D
j
discovered bj Kavvadias in the Acropolis cliffs does, in fact, seem to have been wholly sacred
to Pan. The main part of the shrine, ho\"e\'er, was the area D
z
, figs. 116 and 536; the formation of the cliff
face here shows that D
z
had ne\'er really been a cave the roof of which had collapsed, as conjecrured.
It is simply a rougWy rectangular area facing north, with its floor on the level with the neighbouring cave
and with the area just to the north ",here the stairwa) !Lading up to the Acrcpolis ha its tart. Rock cuttings
for votive otferings are to be seen on all sides; the vertical cliff face on the south, 6 m. high, is covered ,,;th
nriou niche for votive relief \\'hich would have represmted Pan and the ::\ymphs and other deities jointly
\..-orshipp d \\;th Pan. The cult statue of Pan been placed in one of the e niches.
Thi shrine does not hark back to great antiquin. The ,,'or hip of Pan in Athens and gm rally in Attica was
introduced directly after the Per jan \\,ar5 when the caye ,,'as consecrated to Pan in r rum for hi joining fore s
with the A.thenians in the great' ictofj at :'I1arathon. It b a fact that all the kno\\'n .ancruari s of Pan in _\ttica
are dated from this time on and the\ are all in the mountains and hills of _\ttica such a the .hrine of Pan on
,
Parnes, on Pemeli, on Hymettos, at :'IIarathon, on Aigaleos, and on the hill of Eleusi..
If. KAIl/l\jIAl;, To7toy(}u""W 'AO,I/,(UI' "un; TU, m(}i
Hlv 'A"(}''''O}.IV 'l"aa""'/,i" 'Fr/lill. 1897, pp. 1 32;
CASSOI', Acropolis Museum, pp. 248 250;\. KII' ,,\()_
1I01AI\{)L, '}'mi rrilluu7Il.}.U/(ITI),'.I"(}u:ru}./(IJ,, IIAT.12,
1929, pp. 86 90; JUOElCII, Topographic, pp. 301-
303; F. BRo\l\ll'R, P.lI1bild r d s F'unft n lahrhun-
-
dcrLs,\.\ 1938, pro T6 3 1; id., RI' uppl. \'II1,
s. Y. Pan; \\. rn Il', Di Yorbild r d r n u tti n
Relicfs. Jdl, j.rg.1I12ung,h ft 20, I Q, P ." ,
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41
PA 419
537 '>outh ~ d c of the shrine of I'an \\ Ilh \ 1I1IVC n l c h c ~
1'll
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\ti \,,11\(. ItlllllllJ!llltlll \\1111 Il tll IIld tllil t.llill.
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421 PAN
539 Caves of lhe shrine of Pan from lhe west,
422
PANATIIENAIC WAY
THE PA ATHF Al . \'r.w is 1000 metres long from its start at the Dipylon Gate or, more precisely, at the Pom-
p ion to th entrance of lh . i\cropolis. The American excavators have uncovered the greater part of it and the
route of the Panathenaic \,'a" in the still unexcavated territory between the Dipylon and the Agora is also
known, for in 1837 the monument of Euboulides was found ncar the Church of the Saints Asomatoi; according
to Pausanias (1. :2 ,5) this monument stood near the road leading from the Dipylon to the Agora, fig. 540.
Th str'tch of the Panathenaic \"'a) which has been cleared is not more than 10 m. wide and it has a rise of 94
m. from th Dipylon to the Propylaia on the Acropolis. It should be noted that the gradient is not the same
throughout; from the Dipylon as far as the southwest corner of the Eleusinion there is a rise of 38.70 m. along
a distance of 760 m. and for the remaining 240 m. up to the Acropolis the increase in height is 55.30 m.
The road has a vcr)' hard pebble surfacing; the section between the Stoa of Attalos and the Eleusinion is pand
with biD' rectanD'ular blocks. Above this point up to the Peripatos, the construction of the road is very diA'erent
b b .-
due to the sharp incline. Great retaining 'walls were built on either side to keep the earth underpinnings of the
road in place; in order to make the ascent easier, steps were placed at intervals, thus forming a stairway. Across
from this stairway, on the north side of the great poros bastion just below the Propylaia, an inscription written
in large letters was noticed for the first time in 1938. The inscription is badly weathered but the words flav-
afh/valwv and, in the second line, n]r; oboiJ can be made out, fig. 544. The inscription is dated in the second half
of the 4th century B.C. and should, in my opinion, be associated with the construction of the steepest part
of the Panathenaic \'(Ja). It was certainly a monumental work and on the coins depicting the Acropolis this
section of the Panathenaic Way is the main theme, fig. 545.
Throughout the centuries the Panathenaic \XTay 'was an extremely important artery. From prehistoric times on
this road connected the Acropolis, at all times the centre of the city, with the rest of Greece. All along its
length on either side were the most important buildings both of the Old Agora and of the Agora founded by
Solon. The religious processions and various festival conte ts took place on the Panathenaic \Va). During
the greatest festinl of the year, the Panathenaia, the ship carrying the peplos of Athena unfurled on its mast
moved along the Panathenaic Way to the Acropolis, accompanied by the whole population.
Philostratos describes the exact route taken by the Panathcnaic ship (Vitae Sopbistamlll II, 1, 5). The ship follo\\',
ed the Dromos, as the Panathenaic Way was called (p. 2), from the Dipylon until it reached the northwest
corner of the Eleusinion where it turned left, went around the Eleusinion and dropped anchor b\' the Pythion,
according to Philostratos, or on the Areopagus as Pausanias reports (I, 29, 1). At this point \\'here the incline
becomes very steep, Athenian maidens took the peplos and the whole procession made its way to the
Acropolis; from the Dipylon to the great altar of Athena they traversed a distance of 1300 metr s.
L. Ross, Aufsatze I, pp. 143-157; W. DORPFELD, AM
22, 1897, pp. 478-479; A. T"
(Jov}.e1JTTJrllOv TfV TeZIltTWII EII'/I &"/'JWr;, Iidr. II, 1927/28,
pp. 111-122; JUDEICH, Topographie, pp. 184 185,
362; DORPPELD, All-Athen I, pp. 131-132, II, pp.
168-187; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 7, 1938, pp. 327,
333-334; 8, 1939, p. 207; E. VANDF.IIPOOL, lIesperia
18, 1949, pp. 134--136; J. .\. D WI SON. i\:otc,; on th'
Panathcnaea, JliS 78, 1958, Pl'. 23 41; E. \' l:--:nFR
POOL, J Icsperia 28, 1959, pp. 29429. ; II. .\. Tnml!'
SON, Ilesperia 28, 1959, Pl'. 93 9. ; 29, 1960, pp.
328 333; '1'1'.\ I/o},n)()"lwo), Pl'. 3!i 40, 104 Ilr;
D. OIlLY, I\A 196., pp. 29 300.
P Ni\TIlENi\IC\'f/AY 423
186
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Route of the Panathenalc procession from thc Pompcion to the Acropolis. 14. Elcusmion 1. Pr}t n Ion
21. Altar of the Twelve Gods 134. PythlOn 138. Peripatos 167. Pomp ion 186. Street ofth Tripod
217. Areopagus 243. Monument of hlboulides The Roman numer'lls indicate gate in th ell I.
see fig. 219.
XV
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541 Head or Athena, a work or J .ubo"lllk, II. Clle" 1:\0 B.(. Ilc.:'ght 0.(,0 Ill. [\..1l1(l1l.i1 ;\1", 2'1.
I'\N\'/III'NAI( WAY
425
lH17 tOI'(lhll \\ IIh till \thlll.l 11l.1<1. II '.
, 111. N.II/nll,1i \I"" 2n,
I PI" / IMII "f ./ ~ t l l ", Ii L 10"".1 111
tht' \1'"lUI11(111 (If 1,,,1,0,,11.1,,, J l l l ~ h t 1
'142
i'1\
I
543 Paved of the P,II1,llhuJ,lJ( \X!.lY hy the I
P \'\ \TIII. \IC \\ \Y
-44 The Panathcnalc \\ a\ InscrIption on the north sIde of the bastion belo\\ the Propdala. _-\gora I '+963.
')4') Athenian cOin of Ronun times ,ho\\ inR the \\IIl.1lhell.lIc \\ .1\ .1'\' '11.1
Ing to the A ropohs. J nlarged 4: I.
1
546 modd of the Agora "lth Panath 'n,lIe cc'nlUI\ ,Iftc. (11I"l. 'gor,1 \111'.
429
P \NHHLl ION:]n 1962, in the cour,e or our excavations south of the Olympieion, we uncovered the founda-
tions, or, more preci,eh, the deep trenches which once had held the foundations of a large rectangular peri tyle
with th main mranc on the cast..E'\cayatioJls were resumed in 1967 when a room, a kind of exedra, wa
found proj cring from the middl of the north side; there must have been a corresponding arrangement on the
south sid. The mo,t important r suits of the new excavation was the discovery of foundations for a small
temple at the west end of the peri tyle, figs. 547-548.
Onh a part of on corner of the building itself is preserved; this is the outer northwest corner constructed of
big poros blocks set on a strong foundation consisting of smaJi stones bonded in mortar. The foundation
trench s,2.20 2.60 m. in depth, ,vere cleared throughout and were found to contain remnants of similar founda-
tions. The tilling of the foundation trenches consisted of earth and white marble chips, deriving from a rework-
ing of the archit ctural members of the building after its destruction. The foundation trenches of the temple
deld d fragments of architecture .howing that the temple was in the Corinthian order.
The building appears to be contemporary with Hadrianic buildings: the careful way in ,,'hich the strong founda-
tiom are constructed, the use of poro for the exterior walls, and, in general, the lay-out of the building strongly
recaJi the methods of con truction employed in the Olympieion and in the Library of Hadrian. Perhaps this is
the temple of Hera and Zeus Panhelleruos which Pausanias (I, 18, 9) names among the buildings erected during
the reign of Hadrian. The passage in Pausanias is not entirely clear and has given rise to much discussion,
whether Hera and Zeus ,,'Cre worshipped in two separate temples or in one temple.
Before the completion of the excantions, any opinion about the identification of the building would necessarily
be of a provisional nature; nevertheless, we venture to identify the building with the Panhellenion. In his book
about Hadrian's acti,'ities in Athens, P. Graindor has collected the evidence for the founding of the council of
the Panhellenes by Hadrian in 125 A. D. and the building of the Panhelleruon in 131/132 A. D., the year of the
dedication ceremonies for the temple of Olympian Zeus (I. G. 1\'2 384). Festivals and contests, the Panhellenia,
were celebrated; representatives from all parts of Greece came together at least once a year in Athens and it is
probable that these gatherings took place in the building erected for that purpose beside the IIis os, between the
Olympielon and the Pythion, fig. 379.
Hadrian ,,'as e pecially honoured in Athens and he was giycn one of the epithets of Zeus, the epithet Panhel-
lenios (Epigraphical Ius. 2172, Hesperia 32, 1963, p. 73). The existence of a priest of Hadrian Panhellenio i
known from an inscription (I. G. IF 3626). In a fragmentary in cription (I. G. IF 3623) mentioning the priest
of the deified Hadrian, the epithet Panhellenios is restored after Hadrian's name. Furthermore, a passage in Dio
Cassius (LXIX, 16, 2) tells us that Hadrian himself allowed the Greeks to build the temple called Panhellenion in
his honour. Perhaps this would be the little temple in the colonnaded court which apparently was completed
circa 137 A. D. It is also probable that the Empre.s Sabina was worshipped a Hera in the same temple wher
the Emperor Hadrian was worshipped as Zeus. In any case, the cella is large enough to accomodate two cult
statues. The worship of Hera, who was thought of as the patron goddes, of matrimony, ,,'ould be appropriat
in this spot near the spring of Kallirrhoe, the source of water used in marriage rites.
The perist}le and the temple were destroyed when the Valerian circuit wall ,\as built (256-260 .-\.D.). The
wall followed the eastern and southern sides of the building; this new neighbour accounts for th campI t
demolition of the IIadrianic building right down to the foundations.
"'1. TOD, 42, 1922, pp. 167 180; ]lJD1'.I(Il,
Topographic, p. 101; GRAINDOR, I Jadrien, pp. 52 53,
102 111;]. Jf. OL1VI,R, Hesperia 10, 194J, pp. 78 82,
361 370;id., lles pcrl a 20, 1951,pp.31 33;].BLAlJJHI,
La religion romaine .\ l'arogce de l'cmpir , P ri
1955, pp. 178 181; .\. BF. ).\\11 " Th Altars of
J Jadrian in :\thens and Iladrian's P nh 11 nie Pro-
gram, Ilcsperia 32, 1963, pro 57 6.
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54H Plan or the tOlindatlOO' of the recunf'lIlar perlst\,1e and of the temple of Hera and Zeus Panh IIcml 1 I 1

PA TAl O,L113RARYO"
LIBR..\RY OF PA. T.\\. '0': In 1933, when the. \gora excayators were uncovering the section of the Late Roman
Fortification Wall south of the 'toa of Attalos, they found the inscribed lintel of the central entrance of the
Library of Pantainos huilt into th' east face of the wall, fig. 552. Since neither Pausanias nor any other ancient
,ource m >ntion, thi, the inscription is im'aluable for it documents the founding of the library.
W' I am from th in. cription that Titus layius Pantainos, hi son, and his daughter gave the outer colonnade,
th ristd and th libran' "'ith the book in it, dedicating them ro Athena Polias, the Emperor Trajan, and
th city of th .-\th nians. The in.cription also indirectly yields the information that the whole building was
r t d after 100 A.D.
In 1935, \\'h n the excayation reached deeper leyels, remains of a building were discovered on the ea t side of
the Late Roman Fortification \"all. l"ot only did the plan of the building with its peristyle and outer colonnades
agr e with the contenlc of the inscription cited aboye, but also the entrance to the building wa discoyered
iu. t behind the tinding place of the inscribed lintel which had originally been oyer the doorway.
The remains of the library are in relati\ ely good condition, especially the western sroa facing the Panathenaic
\\-a\'; the stdobate of this roa was later used as the foundation for a section of the Late Roman Fortification
, '
W'all. Th northern sroa has al 0 been preser\"Cd in good condition and to the north of it there is a road which
connected the Agora quare with the Roman Agora and the eastern part of the city. During the construction
of this road it became necessary to demolish the southern taircase of the Sroa of Attalos; at the southea t
corner of the roa a monumental archway marked the entrance to the Agora, figs. 549-550.
The main library building ",here the books were kept mu t lie farther ro the east of the peri tyle in rerrirory a
r
er
unexcayated. On the other hand, rhe room wesr of the peristyle appear to ha\'e no connecrion wirh rhe
library. The doors of these room open only onto the wesrern sroa and ro the Panathenaic \\-ay and rhese room
,,'ere used as shop and workshops. The eleyen rooms of the Southeast roa apparemly sen'ed the same
purpose. The Southeast Sroa was excanted in 1959 and 1965 and lies to the outh of the Library of Panrainos
along the Panathenaic \\'a\', fig. 554.
One of the most inreresring find which came to lighr durino- the excantion of rhe Library of Panrainos is an in-
scription gi\'ing the regularion for use of the library: "Books shall not be taken our of rhe library and ir shall
be open from the firsr to the i.,th hour," fig. 553.
JIfJaxr:. 18
7
9 80, pp. 15-17; T. L. HEAR, Hesperia 4,
1935, pp. 330-332; 5, 1936, p. 42; CH. PICARD, RA
12,1938, p. 108; B. D. MERITT, Hesperia 15, 1946,
p. 233,. '0.64; H. A. ON, Hesperia 16, 1947,
pp. 202203; A. W. PARSONS, A Family of Philo. 0-
phers at Athens and Alexandria, Hesperia uppl. 8,
1949, pp. 268-272; G. P. SITVLl'S, A Door ill from
the Library of Pantainos, Hesperia 18, 1949, pp.
269-2 4; H. A Hesperia 23, 19-4, P .
62-65; W'YCHERLEY, Testimonia, p. 150.
'OUTHE T 'TOA
H. A. THmlPsoN, Hesperia 29, 1960, pp. 34+--.'r;
R. R. HOLLO\\ .\Y, Exploration of the :outh ast tt.1
in the Arhenian Agora, Hesperia 35, 1906. pp. -
P \ IAIOS,lJHRARYOr 433
549 Sourh end of rhe Sma of AHalos and rhe Library of Pantatnos \\ ith the easrern entrance m rhe A.gora in berween.
Resmred.
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lion Wall of the third lJlIarler of the 3rd c. after ChrIst IllJIC,ltl"d I" h.llcillng.
PANTAINOS. I.IBHAHY OF
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551 Anra. Ionic column and 1:I11al,Ialllrt of lil\' !.limll "f Panlalll".,.
I' \'- I 1 IllR \R, 01
D dIC3.(()f\ m<cnpnon on th' ltm I of the emrance to the Llbran of Pamaino<, juSt after 100 A.D. "'>!ora I ;<4
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554 The Southeast Stoa on the Panathenaic Way. Around mid-2nd c. after Christ. Elevation, restored plan, and actual
state plan with restoration.
1'\]\,)'\1
555 ArchlllclUr.t1 member, 01 Ihl ~ o l l l h l l "lll,1 ll-U\ld in Ihe' J .He' Rllnl.ln I '>lllliCoHI"n \\ .lll
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556 lonic c<.>lumn and (:ntah!alllr(: or tht' StO,1 or tl1(: !llId 2nd r ..\IIt'1
"\NIIII'ON
p\ IWO : I IllIOg teign (117 11H \,D,) till' I'mpnor lIadll,ltI pla,ul fabulolJs at lilt di pI, al 1,1
the \Ih lilt the COlhII\IC!iPI1 ot \\ llt '" pi 1ll'l1dll 10 all w, II :IS l11agnift"Jlt ttmp]" and oth r rrullur
il1cludlo:' th,' coml 1'I I<lI1 or Ihe I, mp1l' 01 ()h I11PJ;IJI i' ('us, Ihe 'Ol1sllUCI iOI1 of Ihe I, mpk of ZtUS Panh lIlnio
,Ind 11'1.1, the nllllm,l1\ ot ,til Ihe gpds, the l-n I11n,lSlll111 11,lIn,,1 alll r th, l'mptror, Ihl' lihr;tn, the :ltjlJ
dUll, th' I p,UI III till S,l'red \\,1\, ,Ind .Ibo thl' CPthltllCliol1 01 Ill(' blldg" acros, Ihe.: I kusinian Klplll /}
\\ hKh I, lod.l\ In e'\cl'lIlJlI ,onditloJl,
t'I\l' 'It 'tIt tlnh thft\' 111'1 h,',e ,u,' not d, fJnill'II kllo'\, n: Ihe (J) mlLIslum of I Llelnan, Ih, Panh II< n
il,n, ,Ind th' n'mmon ,hrtn, ot ;Ill the gotb, the Pantheon ,IS it has tom, to Ix calleel 'J'hlrl'i no ddinite (\1
d nl'l ,I' \ t 1'01 Ihe ,itl' 01 Ih ' :' \ I11n,lsium; it \\ ,I' probahll ,II I.... \ nma rge (p, 140) . It hough th, ,it, ht hind Ihe
,,1 ,ugge,tul h\ I I. \, i, not I\l!l'd out. \\ l' idt.:nlif the Panhellenlon \11th tht huIld
In'Y llt,Cl)\ 'rtd or th' 011 mllt'lon (p, 129). The Dirt'CIOt or Ihl' \cropolis, C, Donuls, has r(centh IdcJlti-
It 'el th ' of a bUilding '\\ hi h he e'\ca\ ,lied ';ht of Ihe I Ihmr) or Ilaelrian s the Panth on, Ilg, 362,
In Ihe p,lst t\\eh e \ during the ere !ion of ne \ hllJlding" important an ient r mains h;1\e hten found
"I,t ot thl' Liblafl of I bdllan in tht.: Cll\ hlod on lhl' soulh ,ide 01 Adrianou tion oj
a 'II ut '\\all constructu! or Luge P,)IO, hlo,"'- are of p,ltli Ulal inle.:lc5t; on th' out r ra es the hlo ks ha'\e the
ruqicJtld tll:1tment. ltg, 557, \\ hlch IS sO chala tcristic of lladrjani htlildings, fig,. 324 and 531.
In 196 another seCllon or \\all butlt In Ihe S:1mc fashion \\'a, round on a lor,no. 78 drianou I.; il lin d up
'\\ ith thl . e tinm of \\ ;111 prl\ lOush di,co\ cr, d :1nd il \\ as possible to ,ho\l th:11 the) all belong d to the north
side of a large bill Iclinp;, ftg. 'i58, \lthoup-h th, dualb 01 Ih, plan or the building. r' at pre5ent 5till not known, the
piC" found In the saml ]110p'rt\ and th, unusual" "Ide round. rion projecting at the c. st nel,
probabh for p,rmit to conjeuule tbat lhe build1l1g \\ Ihrec-. remple \\,ith. I,rg cell. and
J. pOI' h:1t the la t end, The tempk faCing ,aq \\:h on the 'outh ,iele of an n.tr mtl) an i nt StrCet.
The iduHification of th tunpk .IS tht.: common of th, gods, .IS Pau,ania alb it (f, 1 , 9), ha, much 111
its L\\our. This unu.ual t,mpll' is of e'\traordin:1f1 . in', (\,n the Parthenon in its clim,n nd
the muhod of can, tructlon dJIl' it 10 th, laq Hal" ot r,WI1
The importance of rhis monument 11< \onel dispull .Ind th, '\\ holt ;lIta in \\ hi h It ,hould be . propri, tt'd
:1nd l'\ca\:1ted. P rhaps th,n h 'I' sculptuft or \\ould come 10 light, gil ing more intorm.
(Jon about the nature of the budding and pumming a flrmll id'l1tillc.ltion '\\ IIh th Panthton \\ hich had in it
a record of the and puhlic \\orb 'pol1soru! In I Lldri.\I1, :1' I'aus:1ni,1' ttlb u, in anoth" part oi hi
tour (I, 5, 5), There no other mUllion ot t mpll' bUI thr c III dedi ,111 (() other god ontain
rhe added phrase "to all rhL gocb" (1, C. 2802, 2914; \gor.ll 4')48, !!OPfllt/ 10, 1941, p, _55, no, 60)
ThL building. ppear, to h:1'vl escaped the llerullan ckqluction, 'J hl' norlh \\,111, in ,ltl\ (\ 'nt, must h,l\t' rt-
maincd standing to a great height and formed the onII I1lI ,II Ion of lh, I all Roman "ortill ation \\ all (p, 1(1),
ThiS can he clear" ,eUl in the ",\(;1\,11((1" lion at 72 \drtallo\l "I. the I all' Roman hlrtitl(.llIon \\ ,Ill
ahuts on the northwe,r corner of thl' huilding, Iig, 559.
II. \, "1l0 11''>/)''', Ile'pena 1,19')2, p, IH7; <'11\1.
D/lK, lIadricn, pr, 44, 5 56; J, II. ()IIVIIt, I kspui.\
10, 1941, r 255, , 0, 60; I. (-)t'\,'11 IlI,r, 17,
11)(>1 62. \"'H'. p, I', \\1 1\ !In),onfl 1,
I p,221 22,1;2,1%').rr,1 ;Id. I,Ar) I
pp I') 2\
4 III
1'1\ N'I'III'.ON
557 of th.: nurth wall of thl: l'anil1c'on (on a lot at 110. 7H \c1rtal1oL!
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all
lil"OIl) 1",i11 hy I 1;"I"all III I h. 1.1'1 \.11' "I hi, lllf'll I ,.11 ,lInl II 111.1111
ill 1,1,,, k. III 11 Il 11I11g,
I'\NI'IIION
55') \\ (lIrnlr or thl 1'.1I11hll>l1 (L l.l\.llul Oil I 1)J0plIn .ll no. -2 \d'I.IIl<l1l "I
Rom.11l1 Orllhc.ltlOn \\ .tli and ,11(1\", ollhe !1I""11,11,.1Illlll11t 01111.
R,ght
441
-tL
Pt\ TIII',ON
560 enion of the Pamheon north wall and cross-shaped pier (exca\'atcd at no. 78 Adnanou L).
P \ TIllO'J 443
-6') roundatloO'i of the porch of the Pantheon 'o;ca\ at d on a lot at no. L ~ -\drianou t..
563 ~ l l l l l r l ha l of K.u\ ~ 1 1 1 1 1 n1 I I I I J I
' .1r ) l 1 lin t lC' 1I111l1 L(l unO.h.. e ot t hl: P.lnth nil pllt l. h \\ Idth I. -0 m
I \Rrlll (1
<lII'ltU,llnll <)1 th Ii, I
\\ B ])111"1110' r Oil th,
P Rllll' \Lltl\ 1'1 IIlhl till, Ih '11\ '. h,l\ ' I, '11 lilt 1'11" ,ltd .Ihnlll Ih, d,II' 01 th,
n ad I Llltl'I, 11: th .1\,111.111, "d '111"' IL th' d,lt, <It I" H <. 1"11 III d 1\
1.Iis ,t'l 111"111"11 Itud\ .llId 111.lIh 1I1.lIi\.tI
Inl".,1 th'ht,tll',IIICll.lll1th,II.\I\"( Idell.llth Ilnll ..llih Illltlll.llhkllll1l'kl l llU.llh .tli d.
h.1 i I I . I d th II It 1'.lrth 11' 11, I h' I ,H,\\ fOlilld.III' 11 nl th, t'1111
1
,hI!, -(1-. '" 1.1111 I <)I,d 1\
I I It
" tI\l'1 ,.1\ .ni"111 lIt fh' ,gl .It 1I1l1l11!s \\ hi h \\.Id I cell h,al',d ul' .1
1
th tnul1da
. .1\ \.1 1.1. I 1 I
II 11' \\ I' lI'tIl" \\ 'tUdld n th' 11111 . I'h hllillg e0I1'1 II 01 I Ill' , (hll I, d,,1 til 11<1111 th, 1"11 Ila nil
" I "I tl" I, \11 d.ltl,'11 H"c '. 111111, Id \\ Ith the I'ros.1I hlkctlll.tI 11\(l11h II .ll1d th 1'011 ,h <lI11, 1',dll11 nt
'ul 'tu ,', I th' .1 ,tlh,h,h' 1II'k,II"1111' '.11'11, fh l' (lcn fr,mlhe tillillc I' not I.lte thall 4<)() H ( tim I'r<n Id
111 ' .1 t ,' ' ,.,,' f'lI th' ,Lit t "I \\ nlk 011 th Old r P.llthell<lll. fhe t ml'lc mUlt h.I\' I 11 <lMt d 1( t
, .
l.It'r tl.11 48:- I . ' .. th' I.It r",ItI k d.lte f,'r the dcm01lt 1011 ,I th' l-ieLltol111'edon 'In
r ',U' .1 hll th' I \\ entol\ It,t 1'1 48. 4:-;4 1 . . 1. T. P.3 4).
Thel' \\Cl,' IUll\ di,r'rent .lh,'Ul the t<llm "I' the <. ld r 1,llthellUI u ltil 19L \\ hcn B.Il.lhll lU\.\.(ukd
in r ':tOlll ,l: tll' 1,1.\11 of tll tel1ll,I'. llg 14. "11 the ( t' e\ itktl 'C 1'1' 11 th iound.ltionl.1l d lh 'UI \ 1\111':
I 1.lbl' ,11 llill'etllr.tlmal ri.tl. 'rhul II ".11 1111\" 11 tlul e\en it' th' ,011d ron s foundatil1ns. 31.?-9 - le, 111 ,
1 ,Id ,rigill,tllt b en l'l.mned i'l .1 l.llg"1 t mi,k. th \ I 1\ d ill i.lct .IS .1 kind or pl.ltiorm on ,,'bich .1 Imallc,
t' pi'. _(l.! 9 u ,61u n .. built. The 1111[ 't '1
'
\\.1
1
nud' 01 I .1l.1 Itm <tone. while the "e ond slq .llld th
It\ k,b.1t \\ r of II-hit Pentdie 11.\1 hk. \\ ,\I I ," th tel11l'1 Iud re.lch d the wh re th Iirlt .\Ild <ce 'nd
eulU1111 drul1s \\ er being: t III 1'1.1 '.Iud tl e 1"\\1: el III scs "I th d!.t \\ .111 \\T'C b 1I.1! !.tid. \\ hell It \\ ,II .Ib-
u tl\- cut short th S cund Ill\',I"H'n III th' 1 cr"I.ln" \\h" "I' -ul'ied tl I' .\erol'0li< in 4804-
1
1 ,C.. \\ rc k,
ine: .11 d th 110numcnt <,

The P.lrthcnun .md th other d SUu\ d t 11ll'le
l
\11'1' rLhuilt 0111t .Ift 1.1 e n" der.lble 1.11" ot' lime .1
1
th .111,
1'.1 I ng-r.ll1g:e building l'rogl.lml11e \\ nh Penklel .1< th lc.IJU ,I! "l,iril. Duong lhe \C.lf
l
,r 4.32 l.t
Iktinos. .md Ph iJi.ls crc.lted th I ,Ithuwn. thc IlWlt m.lJeltic .lIld I crt'ect I 10nUI 1 I1l l't' cl.I"Ic.Jl
times in \\'hich the chn's leph.mtin st.ltU of .\thel1.1 P.nthellu . to",!. h leull,tu-.J1 dcc'\I.lli,'n of the te(lrle
\'a< not comrleted until 43_ B.C. The \\'hole temple \\.1< I uilt III \\ hlte Pent bc 11.lllle "f the best 'lu.lltt\ .\Ild
rich sculptural decoration enh.lnced the ,III car.I1Ke of the .1 chnectule. fhe 'ClI1l'tur < of the t'ri 'e \\nl tl e
famous Panathenaic procession, the m t0l'es, .ll1d the l' dil11Ull I 'ldl'ture< thll11CS direetlt el'lll cct-
ed With the \\-orshipped in the temple.
The Parthenon \\'as a Doric peripteral aml'hiplo,tde teml,le. In "I'il of its millous st.IlC. \\'1' .11C 111 ,I 1'l
l
lll"1l
to restore its api carance from the imposin,l! ren .\lns \\hid h.IYC IUI\ IYed, Jig- 5(14. rhe leCl'llt uett"1
of the colonnade in the Cell.I is the doubtiull'0inl. for nnt 1'\ ell .1 sm.1l1 I'r.lgmcnt of n h.l< hect ['leI 'I \ cd.
In 1888. r, Penrose d 'I series of Doric .lrchiteclur.1l m mhos to the cell.1 cOll
1
nl1.l1lc: thc\ d" 111 ilet
deri\e lfom the Partbenon but, as \\'e ,1l.\11 e, th \ belong tn Ilmeb 1,lter rel',liL \: c.llh 'IS !1)1O 1 111'11\,"'1
conjectured that the Parthenon had heen d,1111a 'cd h\' lire in Ildlcnistic timc" .1 !'(lund tltc mid,_uJ l-Cllt II I \ I.C..
,
and that it had been repaircd ,Irlel \\-.lfds, .\ ne\\ olnnll'ldc el ected in tbc ed!.1 ,Illd .1 Ul'\\ I'.ISI'
made for the ult sl.l!Ue. G.P.St \ ens .Icepted the idea of the IiII' hilt thnught th.ll it h.ld "'CIIIll'd .1 ,'lIl1d
the middle of the 2nd centul) aller Christ. The \'idence, howc\ I, docs Jlot "'1'I'nrt eHhcl I, I Ih,' til '
-hlch hould, III m\ opinIon, b d,lted much !.tIer. Th.lt is I, S'". I ennsid r th.lt the Ilcllllt,llls '1'\ til' I,' tl1I'
P;ltthcllon in 267 \.0. and that it \\,1' IIp'lired mu h 1.ltCI in .(11 \.11. \\hclI the 1-'1111"'1'" 11111111 .'tl \t'\
\.D.) f' e<l.lbllshed th' old I .lg.1J1 religion ,IS the olltei.tI I 'ligion 01 the Il.lte.
Th, cmi fluted DOlle colllmns, the el iSl\1c hloL! s. the tligh(lhs. ,llId the 1'1'11\11'" hl",'ks \\Imlt .111' 'ltll "II
th \cHJroli .Inc! \\hleh h,I\'C 'WI' II IOllcelh .1"1,'11 d lnlhe {l,\lth'1I01l ,ell.l C\'!Ollll.I,k .\1,'. III Lilt. II Iklll'UC
.1 Din mf)()r IIpr,,,((I, hUI thn \\Cll' 1101 de'lglIl'd 101 lhe 1'.lItltl'I111I1. Ih\'1 \\"11' 11I.I,k 1111 ,\ 1Iltldlllg 11\ till
1<> ,r it (p. 2HI). 'fhe 111.1'''ll'' 111.11\' on these ,",hitelllll.tlI11l'llIh'\S shll\\ hl'IOlld.1 dlluht th,1t tlt'\ \'''111
IHJlll an<lthlf hllildin' .l1lel \\,,, 1\ IIscd 101 1(\1.l1lll1g the P.llthl'I1011 dUIIII.l: tlte 1l'11:lI ,.1 1111t,III; III \'1\1,1 \I'
in (Illlnt oldll tlte III.ISOII' J.tlwlll'li tlte hloel. \\ llh 11111".1 ktt ", d.III1\' tIl till' Itlt
1'/\ RTJ I ENO 445

e'l\tUf\ .Illt'[ Chri;,t. \\ hen the colonnade \\.b up in the ella, the Parthenon was reroofed and the cult
st,HUC b,l'C I 'built lor ,I ne\l' ,t,HlIe, lig. 564.\tthe ,ame time it seems that the doors were made narrower and
th' column C,lpit.ll, ( l th \\' >tern porch \\ hich had been injured by lire were repaired.
1'h' P,Hthenon w,,, comerled to a hristian church probably around the end of the 6th century. The change
\\ ,15 ffcctc 1 \\'ithout drastic alteration, fig. 576. The only serious tampering was in the cella where the central
column ,n the \I"st nd \I'a. remo\ ed and a sturdy arch introduced to support the entablature and the column
,1bo\ '. \\ hen the Parth non was wrecked by Iorosini on eptember 26th, 1687, a small mo que was built in
th' c 1l.1 \I'h re it stood until 1844, figs. 577-578. The recon truction and consolidation of the Parthenon
b '!2;an in 1 42 \I'h n orne of the column drums were et up in their original position, but the major work of
,
rcstor,ltion began in 1895, after the earthquake of 1894, when . Balanos began directing the work of recon-
truction \I'hich he continued until 1933.
OLDER PARTH NO{\.

B. H. HILL, The Older Parthenon, .\J \ 16, 1912, pp.
535-558; \". B. The Date of the Older
Parthenon, AJA 38, 1934, pp. 408-448; id., AJA 39,
1935, p. 508; \\'. E:.OLBE, Die 1\eugestaltung der Akro-
polis nach den Perserkriegen, JdI 51, 1936, pp. 1-64;
\". B. Jdl 52, 1937, pp. 3-13; \X'. DORI'
FELD, Zum Alter \'on Parthenon I und II, J dl 52, 1937,
pp. 14-16; A. TscHIRA, Zum Brand ,-on Parthenon II,
AA 1939, pp. 38-4
7
; id., Die unfertigen Siiulentrom-
meln auf der Akropolis \,on Athen, J dI 55, 1940, pp,
242-261; H. RIDl.-\:-'i'\, Die \'orperikleischen Parthe-
nonprojekte, Die .\ntike 16, 1940, pp. 142-154.
PARTHEl\:O:-'"
\. Der Parthenon, Leipzig 1871; \,.
DORI'FELD, Untersuchungen am Parthenon, /\;\1 6,
1881, pp. 283-302; PENROSE, Athenian Architecture;
W. KOLBE, Der Opisthodomos auf der Akropolis,
FuF 9, 1933, pp. 497-498; W. B. The Re-
pair of Athena Parthenos. A tory of Five Dowels,
A]A 38, 1934, pp. 93-106; W. DORI'FELD, Parthenon
I, II und III, A] A 39, 1935, pp. 497 509; G. P. STE-
VENS, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 471-486; . BALANOS,
Les Monuments de l' Acropole, Paris 1938, pp. 35-
87; G. P. STEVENS, Hesperia upp!. 3, 1940; id., Hes-
peria 11,1942, pp. 354-364; 12, 1943, pp. 135-143;
A. i otes on the Roof Tiles of the Par-
thenon, Hesperia Supp!. 8, 1949, pp. 259-267; K.
'0 TOU '.. lihi"(lI
1951; JI. \lnn:""1-, 1953/54/3, pp. 208 214; A.
'ISCHI RA, AA 1965, pp. 401 -428.
SC LPTURL
\X/.II. SCIlt'CHllARl)J, Die Entstehullg dc, Parthe-
Ilonfrieses, Jdl 45,1930, pr. 218 280; R. CARPLNII;R,
Hesperia 1, 1932, pp. 1-30; 2, 1933, pp. 1-88; B.
SCHWEITZER, J dI 53, 1938, pp. 1-89; 54, 1939, pp.
1-96; 55, 1940, pp. 170-241; G. RODEKWALDT, Kom-
position und Fugen an den Langfriesen des Parthenon,
Jdl 57, 1942, pp. 211-220; G. BECATTI, Problemi
Fidiaci, Milano, Firenze 1951; C. PRA CHKIKER, Keue
Parthenon tudien, OJh41, 1954, YALOl:-
Rl;" Klassisches Griechenland. Die Marmorskulpturen
des Parthenon, Munchen 1960; X. I\: \P.:>A1'A, 'Erf/ill.
1961, pp. 61-158; F. BRmnIER, Die kulpturen der
Parthenon-Giebel, Mainz 1963; id., J dI 0, 1965, pp.
266-279; .c. LA 'GLOTZ, Die Heroine imW'estgiebel
de Parthenon, Llei.<. 20,1965, pp.I-5; E. B. HARRISOX,
U and her 1\eighbor in the \X'est Pediment of the
Parthenon, s in the Hi tor) of .\rt Presented
to R, \\ ITn..OWl:.R, Bristol 1967, pp, 1-9; ad., _\thena
and .\.thens in the East Pediment of the Parthenon,
o\J \. 1, 196
7
, pp, 27-58; F. BRmDIER, Die
des Parthenon, 1967; id., A;\[ 84, 1969, pp.
103126.
o\THL"J,-\ PO\RTHbl'OS
\. \. \U', Die Gigantomachie am Schilde der Ath na
Parthenos, Jdl 55, 1940, pp. 90 169; S. RAS, BCH 68.
69, 1944/45, pp. 163-205; <I). "ll
rLa:ri; I {J'/I'(i;; nugf}f"OII TOl' (/)f/,){o,', '. t{}'il'OI 1950;
R. C.\RI'F. TTl R, The ike of \thena Parthenos, '/0:(,.,/11.
1953/54 Ii, pp. 41 -55; G. P. H 24,
1955, pp. 240 2
7
6; F. BRO\(\lI R, \then.! Parth no.,
Bremen 195'7; G. P. \ J Hesperia 26, 1 pp.
350 361; id., Hesperia 30,1961, pp. 1 H.. CHLORD,
\1\1 78, 1963, pro 156 1-2; \\., II. S( III CHH"RDT,
\nt ike Plastik II, pp. 31 5.t E. B. II RRI O. , H -
peria 35, 1966, pp. 10
7
133; Y., \1. rRO( , PI U
rehefs und P.lrthenosschild, Bochum 196' .
\Y, BCli 92, 1968, pp. 21 28.
446
,
/"'.,
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564 Above: the Okkr Parthenon, 4HH 4HO B.C. Centre: the I'arlhenon. 447 4.lt'l ll.C. Ikln\\: the'
Parthenon after the repair of 361 363 A.D.
1'.\ RTII r,)\.()N
-
565 The Parthenon sccn from the Propdala. Restored b\ G. P. Stc\"cns.
S(,(, I he I'anhc'non in
ItS prestllt ",ltl Sttll Irol11 Ihe l'ropdau,
I'\I(IIII'NC)
(,7 , 11,,11 "f II .. I"",,,hll"" .,1 II,. (>101., 1',1111" """, IHH 1\ (

101,
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571 Donc capital lrr'ffi the outn I'.lrthcnon col
f
1l1l1.td".
4 :
j'\I(1111 ()
P\RfIlT OJ\,
573 Del.tli of the WC\t IllC/l o( the 1'.lIthu1lJII Illlght J.(ll<; 111.
454
1',\1('1'111' ON
574 corn<:r of the Parthenon,
I'\RTJII!'<O 4::;5
<;7<; 'J he \ anakelCJn Alhen", Ihe do,e't (01" oJ Ihe 'l.llue of \thLJl,t 1',lllhLlHl\ I" I'hLldu', :-L'l\'lld l'l lId, IllL'rChll''-
I ktgln 1.041 m, alion,t1 \1",,129,
I TP"'Y- 01
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576 Transverse section and plan of the Parthenon as a Christian church, restored,
P\RTIII 0
457
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577 57B rhe Parthenon ,Irllr lhe lxplo'liln "I' 1687 anti thl' comtruclIl)fl ,)( .1 sm II m" qu' In th 11.
rCMorcd plan, and pl.I'lcr model. -\gor,l \1""
45
PlmlBOLOS OF TilE TWEI.VE GODS
PERtBOLOS OF TilE ,\L1'\R OF 1'11I'. T\\ ELV), GODS: The greater part of the enclosure in which the altar stood was
uncoy I' din 1891 wh n :t trench \\"as opened up for the construction of the Athens-Piraeus railroad. 0 cvi-
denc for th' identification came to lio-ht at the time and it was immediatelv co\'cred over with a laycr of grave!
J )
0.30 m. high, on \\'hich the railroad tracks were laid. The discovery of thc rest of thc precinct and thc identifica-
tion \\'ith the \It:tr of the Tweh e Gods '\\'as made by the gom excavators in 1934 when they found an inscribed
bas ill.filll. This marble base, adjoining the west side of the precinct wall, carries an inscription dated to 490-480
B.C. saying that "Leagros the son of Glaukon dedicated (the statue) to the Twelve Gods."
I am from (\'1, 54, 6-7) that thc Altar of the Twelve Gods was established in the Agora by
P isistratos, the son of Hippias and grandson of the tyrant Peisistratos, who was archon probably in 522/521
B.c. The altar was destroyed the Persians in 480/479 B.C. and was rebuilt without changes in the original
plan by the people of Athens chca 425 B.C.
The altar stood in the middle of a small shrine enclosed by a low precinct wall which consisted of a poras sill
supporting stone posts and parapet labs. There were entrances in the middle of the east and west sides and
H.\. Thompson has conjectured that in the second period these entrances were flanked by relief panels depict-
ing scenes from Greek legend. These reliefs, four in number, have survived in a great number of copies made
in the Roman period.
Fragments of the original poros altar are preseryed and it is likely that a round marble altar with reliefs of the
Twelye Gods also derives from the shrine, for it was found in 1877 in the vicinity of the precinct, figs. 579-580.
The Altar of the Twelve Gods was considered the central point from which road distances were measured
(Herodotos II, 7; I. G. 112 2640); for precisely this reason it had been placed at a convenient pot in the Agora,
that is to say near the Panathenaic Way and the point where the main arterial highways converged.
This altar also sen-ed as a place of asylum and probably because the protection of suppliants \ns such an es ential
parr of the cult in this shrine fram the 5th century B.C. onward, the goddess Pity came to be worshipped there;
she joined the Twelve Gods as the Thirteenth (Philostratos, Episl. 39, 70) and a special altar to her was set up
in the enclosure. In time the name Altar of Pity came to to the whole shrine and there is no doubt that
\vhen Pausanias was nearby, at the Stoa Poikile, he actually saw the Altar of the Twelye Gods which he calls
the }Jtar of Pity.
L. v. SYBEL, Z wblfgbtteraltar aus Athen, AM 4, 1879,
pp. 337-350; ]UDEICH, Topographie, p. 350; T. L.
SHEAR, Hesperia 4, 1935, pp. 355-358; ]. F. CRO 1E,
'b.7vinuot'EIjf-ta'i, AM 60/61,1935/36, pp. 305-307;
B. D. MERITT, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 358-359;
A. E. RAUBITSCHEK, Leagros, Hesperia 8, 1939, pp.
155-164; M. CROSBY, The Altar of the Twelve Gods
in Athens, Hesperia 8, 1949, pp. 82-103;
H. A. THOMPSON, The Altar of Pity in the Athenian
Agora, Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 47-82; id., I1esperia
22, 1953, pp. 46-47; G. Z(JN'!'Z, The Altar of Mercy,
Cnvied. 14, 1953, pp. 71-85; R. E. \'\\'CHERLEY, The
Altar of Eleos, CQ, . S. 4, 1954, pp. 1-1'-150:
TluouTI/OI/'on' 0('. T()', ;,. r'-j , t"otl,i
) '- -.; ... c ... (. . , ....
'AtJ/jl'(n I' {JW/IO" nv,' ,Iwc)nw 0f'(VI', .viOl' '. UlIl"(1/o,' l,
1955, pp. 195-202; id., '.ll'dtJ/UHl IdHY.C! (hoi:.
!lOU/IW" 6, 1956/57, pp. xF'-x::"; \,\\'CHERLFY, T 'sti
mania, pp. 119-122; R. E. \\'YCIlERLFY, CRH:-; 2,
1959, pp. 40-44; E. B. HARRISO " II 'sp 'rid 'S ,wi
Heroes: A ate on the Thrcc-l'igur' Rdi't's,
J lcsperia 33, 1964, pro 76 R2. '
1'1 HIJl()1 ()" ()J '1111. 'I\\' 1,1 VI (,()J)S
r'llvl (",c1"llghlllf,h<:I,gurl",lllp'l''l''\l'd,1 "'1 lull III ~ l 1\(.[>11111 t n ~ Ill.
:!I'"ll,d \111,_ 17' 1
<,7') <,KO 1('",,111 "It.lr 'III> 1I11
PIt\U v",1 hugl>1 O'l'l III
460
I'I,R11101 OS OF 'I'llI' 'I'WP.L I'. COOS
5 1 \V corner of the precinct \\ all of the Altar of thc Twel\'c Gods, from the west. Second perIod, fig. 584.
-
I
5H2 S\X >rrler (If Ihl pn:( JIll' \.tli of thl ~ l < lllll! plIlml .llll! Ihe I e.lgllls h.ISl, \gll"l I I l ~ \ Il'\\ 1""11 thl '<'Ilth.
IT
461
I T.
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T
583 Remains of the precinct of the Altar of the Tweh-e
Gods.
on
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584 Re tored plans of the precinct of the Altar of the Twelve Gods. Left: the precinct bUIlt in 522521 B.
the precinct rebuilt in 425 B.C.

'--l ~ I ~
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I"
Pllll.OPAPI'OS I\IONUl\ll,N'I'
IlllLOI' \1'1'0:' \10 T\IF, 'T: Philopappos was a great benefactor of the city of Athens, the Athenians
honoured him with a monument,t1 tomb, dated between 114 116 A,D" built on the crest of Mouscion IIil1.
Th' hill h,ld b' 11 within the circuit of the Themistoklean ity wall but at the time the monument was built
n'ith'r th' w,11I which had been destroyed bl Sulla in 86 13, C. nor the fort built by Demetrios Poliorketes in
_9413, . \\ 'IS standing al1\ longer, fig. 233.
Pausanias (1,25,8) :,lyS that l\lousaios had been buried on the hill and that later a monument to a certain Syrian
had b' 'n built on the same site. I Ie was r ferring to the exiled prince of Commagene, C.Julius Antiochus
who settled in .\thens and became an Athenian citizen of the de me of Besa, assuming various civic
and r ligious offices.
,
Th monum nt, measuring 9.80 X 9.30 m., contained the burial chamber and was built of white Pentelic marble
on a socle 3.08 m, high, made of poros and veneered with slabs of Hymettian marble, fig, 585. The north side,
which was visible from the Acropolis, was, in a way, the fa<;:ade and had rich architectural ornamentation. It
s ms that the monument stood almost intact at least as late as the mid-15th century after Christ when Cyriacus
of .\ncona on one of his \-isits to Athens copied all five inscriptions on the fa<;:ade (I. C. II2 3451 a-e). The three
inscrib d below the statues gi\'e the names of the personages repre ented. From them we learn that the central
figure was Philopappos of Besa, son of Epiphanes; on the left, Antiochus, son of King Antiochus; and right,
on the part of the monument now destroyed, King Seleucus Nicator, son of Antiochus. The two other inscrip-
tions were carved on tbe pilasters flanking the statue ofPhilopappos. They give his honours and titles; today
only the Latin inscription on the left pilaster survives.
In 1898 exca\'ations were carried out in the arca of the monument and in the following year work \vas done to
conserve it. In 1940, while we \.vere studying and dra\.\-ing up the monument, we undertook a small exploratory
excavation with H. A. Thompson.
T AIU-REVETT, HI, Chapt. V; FRAZER, Pausanias 1I,

pp. 32&--32R; A. }:K r \1:, JI'!ma. 1898, pp. 68 71;
1899, p. If!; J(I)I.ILII, Topographic, pp. 388389;
GR I UOR, Tibcre-Trajan, pp 166 169, 200 202;
1\1. SANT \ '(,ELO, II "'lonuJ11el1!o di r. Julim
Antiochos Philopappos in .\ten " ,\nnu'lrio, ...',
1941 1943, pro 1 3 2.3; lIo},mol/pol!'I'
122 123.
463
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8
5
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585 h i l o p p p o ~ :I.[onument, 114 116 A.D. Above: restored section. Below: r slOr c.I plans at I \ I d B.
1'1 I I I () I' \ I' I' 0 1\ ION lJ 1\11
I.
s
PHILOI' \PPO. \[0. l [1:-'" 1

587 \[onumcm or Phalopappos. back \ IC\\ ot the f.1S"adc. fif::. ~ 6
466
PNYX
PNYX: The purpose of the great semicircular area on the heights west of the Acropolis has, in the past, been
xplained by a number of different theories. The excavation of the G reck Archaeological Society in 1910 definite! y
confirm'd th idemit-lcation of the site as the Pnyx where the Assembly of the Athenian People convened. The
d tail d study of the histor\' and the architecture of the Pnyx as well as of the topography of the adjoining area
\\"as mad by 11..\. Thompson \\'ho carried out large-scale excavations at various times between 1930 and 1937
in collaboration first with K. Kourouniotis and later with R. L. Scranton.
The remains found in the big theatre-like area showed that the Pnyx had three main building periods. In the
t-lrst p riod, the natural hillside gently sloping downward to the north was used as the theatre cavea. The surface
was e\'ened off by quarrying out the hard limestone, while on the north side a straight retaining wall was built
to contain the earth filling brought in to create a level place for the bema, figs. 592-593. Facing the city, the
citizens stood or sat on the slope as Aristophanes tells us (Acharnians 19-33; Knights 754, 783; Wasps 31-33, 42).
It seems that stone or wooden benches were never used on the Pnyx.
This ,,'ork, dated around the end of the (jth century B. c., may be attributed to Kleisthenes. By the middle of
the 5th century B. c., at the latest, the area was known as the Pnyx, for at this time the marble boundary stones
with the inscription hoeor; IIvy.vor; were set up; one of these was found in 1853 on the terrace to the south of the
great rock scarp, fig. 588.
In the second period, the arrangement of the auditorium was very difFerent. A high semicircular retaining wall
,,"as built to the north; it supported an earth embankment sloping down to the south, that is, in the opposite
direction to the slope in the first period. The approach was via the two stairways 3.90 m. wide, abutting against
the semicircular wall; the bema was shifted to the south side, figs. 595-596. The citizens now sat with their
backs to the city, well sheltered from the north wind by the semicircular retaining wall and, more important,
their attention was no longer distracted by the sight of the Agora and of their houses and fields, as Aristophanes
ironically describes it in the Acharnial1s (425 B.C.). This new arrangement of the Pnyx, involving a new position
for the bema, can be dated to 404/403 B.C., because Plutarch records (Thcmistoclcs 19) that the shifting of the
bema occurred in the time of the Thirty Tyrants.
The Pnyx of the third period has precisely the same plan but on a larger scale. The great semicircular
retaining wall, still standing today, was constructed of great stone blocks quarried from the Pnyx area. The
quarrying operations partly destroyed the venerable sanctuary of Zeus H ypsistos (p. 569) and created rhe
great scarp in the rock, forming an obtuse angle in the centre of which the new bema \\'as carved out.
Great stone boulders were placed behind the semicircular retaining wall to relieye the wall of the thrust
of the enormous mass of earth filling heaped up to form the larger seating area of this period. The
entrance remained at the north; it was now a single monumental stairway 12 m. wide on the axis of the
Pnyx, fig. 599.
This remodelling is dated 330-326 B.C. and most probably belongs to the building programme which included
the construction of two great stoas bordering the south side of the spacious terrace above the bema, figs. 590 and
600. These stoas are not mentioned in the ancient sources and it is certain that they were never finished. Th ,"
were intended to shelter the people from unseasonable weather, places of refuge from sun or rain. They
bordered the terrace which was an integral part of the Pnyx from the end of the 5th century B.C. on,,'ard;
many of the preserved foundations for monuments on this terrace are of the classical period, if not carli r. The
most important of these foundations is 5.85 X 5.10 m., exactly on axis with the bema; most probably it may b'
assigned to the sundial placed on the Pnyx in 433/432 B.C. by the astronomer Meton (Hesperia I, 1932, pp. _0'7
211).
The big rectangular cutting above the bema for the altar of Zeus Agoraios also belongs to the third I eriod;
in Augustan times the altar was moved to the Agora and set up in front of the 1\1ctroon (p. 1(4). The big
cutting 19/13 m. between the two stoas was also of the third period; according to the CXCl\'ators it ""IS t h '
foundations of the propylaia for the whole architectural complex. Lykourgos "was in all likelihood the initi,llor
of the programme of the third pcriod, but the hard years which followcd pre\' nted the grc;\l programme from
PNYX 467
bing compl ted, for it becamc necessary to build on thc sitc of the staas a new fortification wall, the famou
in order to ,horlen the line of defence [or thc city on this side.
In Roman times the Pm:\. was no longer so imporlant and the Assembly of the Athenian People met in the
Th atr of (p. 538).
ClJRTlL', Pn) x und I-'::erameikos, Abhandlungen I, pp.
289-T9; J.:\1. CROW- J. T. CLARI;:E, The Athenian
Pnyx, PA A 4, 1885/86, pp. 207-260; K. KonOT"I-
.. IIQa%T. 1910, pp. 127-136; 1911, pp. 106-109;
1916, pp. 46-47; B. 'II 'Aftlll,a: TI/; IIIIt,-
IdT. 13, 1930/31, pp. 171-176; JUDEICH, Topo-
graphie, pp. 391-399; K. I-'::OUROUNlOTES - H. A.
THmlPsoN, The Pnyx in Athens, Hesperia 1, 1932,
pp. 90-217; H. A. THmlPsoN, Pnyx and Thesmopho-
rion, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 151-200; H. A. THmlPsoN -
R. L. SCRANTON, Staas and City \X'alls on the Pnp,
Hesperia 7, 1943, pp. 269-301; G. R. D.WIDSO T - D.
BlJRR Hesperia uppl. 7, 1943; J\IcDo-
NALD, J\Ieeting Places, pp. 67-80; E. JOQVIST, Pnyx
and Comitium, tud. Robinson I, pp. 400-411; H. A.
THmIPSO" Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 91-93; L. TAL-
COTT - B.PHILIPPAKI - G.R.EDWARDS - V.R.
GRACE, Hesperia Suppl. 10, 1956.
SHRI E OF ;\IETER
A. LKIAI:, 'EcprJfl. 1899, pp. 239-240; I1ATIArIA:-CO-
TIOTAOI:, 'EntYQacpa{, pp. 75-81; A. I1ATIArIA:->. '0-
TI 0 1':\0I:-I1AAAIOE, IIoUflWV 3, 1947/48, pp. 94-96.
SHRINE OF THE YMPHS
I.G. 12 854; K I1lTTAKHI:, 'E'f"tfl. 1852, p. 669, No.
1111; M. ERVIN, Geraistai :\Jymphai Genetl'Jiai and
the Hill of the ymphs, m.c!TWl' 11, 1959, pp. 146-159.
HRINE OF ZEUS
I.G. 12 863; K I1ITTAKHI:, 'Ecpl)f.l. 1852, p. 683, :\0.
1134-1135; HARRISON, Mythology, p. 108.
588 Boundary stone of the Pnyx circa mid-5th Co B.C. \\ idth 0.20 m. I. (,.
J2 882. "pigraphical [us. 10069.
N Y ~
589 Th<: Pnyx from lh<: J llil of Ihl Yl1lphs.
PNYX 469
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590 Plan of t h ~ Pnyx \\lth the unflnl,hed >loas, 330 326 B.C. To\\anJ thL Lnd (,f the 4th .... B.. th
across the >toa sites; circa 200 H.c.. IhL d'<llmb"",a (mulcatcU b ~ hat IlIng) \\.1' ,haltcut.uther ,lith.
I'NYX
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;92 first of the Pnyx, about the lnd of tht 6th c. H.C
plan.
I he Pn} x of thL third pLrtod IOdlcated by brok n 110

,
III
,
I he I'nyx ',f fir t ptrtod. Ht,t<Ired H< lion on the longJludll1al
.l I .
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594 Second pCr1(,d (If the l't1yx, 4(H/403 11,( . Hll.11111111' \I all .,n<l fOllnd,ltl(lI'" of lill l.l\tl III 'I ,It \I l\
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595 econd period of rhe Pnyx, 404403 B.C. plan of rh
of rhe rhird period.
PNYX
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598 The grear
retalnt ng wall of the third pcriod or the Pny".

PNYX
601 Ilead of Athena, ("urid 111 1911 next to the great stairway or the I'l1y'. STood c..trtC! ('Ill ,,\. I lelght 0.."10 Ill.
arional Ivl us. 3718.
1'()!\1I'L/()N
I'll II'I III 1111,1,1',111,1111,1 (J.2.'\)1,1I111llllolltl lilyllt /1)IIIIIOlll<lJiI( l'o/llplionwltjlhJII1H75wa io miJ(:d
\\1I1t Iltl '1ll'lS 01 ,I 11111 1<1 IIll' <l1'lo\llld hll\\illllllt(' 1)'l)}10l1 (,;1I1 anel Jill' (JaIl. 'lite main I la\atJOn
,II Jil( III \I II <10111 III IIP(, hI \ 11111111111 ,1I1l1 1'1 IC)2'l h\ I. I 1I1,Icr, ;Ind JJllhl hl'l dl(aoc h IJ.Ohly
.1l1e1 \\ IIIJII'IIIII \lito dll'l,hllld Jil( \\holl .1'1/1111111." hi IOI} of 1111 'lie.
lit, lit I 1'01111'11011 IS d,1I1d ,1I0"nd '10{J 11.( II(IWI\(', ',inll 1111 I'an:tlhlnaia Wlfl Islahlt hId in 5GG B.C.,
(I' 2) 1'1\1( 11011 .111 'lIlll 111111' Jill' III 01 .111 (;11111 I hlltldllig I II III IloJlIJlg ;IS a jJfI/l///C/flf/ '/ hI: <:pJ od of the
1I1111e1'lollllpp,llllt
o
<llIll'I'lltl 11'"\,"0/1111 ("Ialll PallaJilul:lJ:t('J111l1}didlSVI,57)kad U Ifllnfulhat
Jill I ,1.1 1'1(1," III oUI'ld, III! I ill ,ll1d 1111 llllUli wall 01 tltat pUlod, illlhl where the procc
10'1 \\,1 /1),11 h.dlld. II \\'n"d hI n,IIIII,", 1 IIllnl, for lit oldll 11lItldlllg to haH fJ(CUplld the ,ite flf the
lilli/WillI" (lll.lillh IIII 11lIIolI"I/1l1111 oilitl 'Jltll11llollc.ln \1I.all lind lltl gallS I' LXplainld onl} on the
.1 1I1111,"ollllt,11 IIHII 1t,ld hllll.111 lallill '1111111111 oil Iltl 'ill \\ilticlt lite huildu of th<: cil} wall of 479478
11.( 1001 11110 ,lll(nlnl alld IIII Illdl oms on th<: north and west
1<11 , \ ,IS ." 0 11'ld, \I III III \( ,1\ 11\ IlIg '1","11 I' fOI Ihl I phlhLs ",Ito WIle assign d to guard thl gat<:, and al,o
10 Ill," I Illl 11I'p,II.lli,,", 101 :l1Ic! 10,,111 Ih, gll,ll p"I(("io/1S of Ihl' r<:ligious f<: Ilvab, tbe I
.lIld Iltl [l,UI.llltlll.ILI 11'"11', Ihl Illo'l Ilt1pOILlIll. ThL' "IU:1I1' dining looms, six in numbu, contain<:d a total
01 II Sf' <11111111; lOLl( hI', fll'. (,f)2.
J)IIII1Il' Ihl JlI,111I 1'011 of iiI( !'o'lll'"OIi. lit, pl.!11 \\,IS !l1odi/ILd h} ,horlening the puistllc on th<: ide
.11111 hllll,hll" IItl!' .1 IIHlllllnllilLiI I" 01'1 lOll ,1 lal VL open "Iwlt <: t llnding from the Dip) Ion l'ountain
lIou'" 10 lit, , 1<1.111'" 11\').
\1111 lit, !'''1l11 111'11 Il.Ill It 111 ell IIIIIlei b\ ill H(, II.C. a III \\ huilding wa, cr 'ctcd on the site, in the
\1I101lilll pllll"l, fl- (,0(1 ',It, III) \,tli \,1' flot I.lIldil1,' al linK, hut n'Ul if thue w re no ell) wall
Ihl ',Ill', 11l\l!tlt
l
!" ,\'(11 Ihll'; IOll\Ulillllh ,ilU,llul oil IIII' !l1oltn high\\;lY', th' gat<:' ',\lreu'Ld tocon-
Illtl illl"l1lill'll,dfl( 'I'hll' it '((111, Iltal ,\ltlll Ihl Hom,1I1 Pompdol1 ',\.1' huilt th '\\hoJe eomrlL''I. offortitica-
11011' Ihl /)'1"lOll (,all .111c1 lltl ",I(lul C.lll '\\,IS pll'UHd, L Ctptil1gpuhap, IhcThlmJstokkan-
I (IIUtl)I.1I1 \\,tli 11
1
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Ill( sllol1 - !>lfll'If!JIJII/(I, fOUl Jill Ill' lilill, \I ,IS Itutil to Iltl \\lsl of 11 a' an oullr !lll(' of ekfen e.
',It, H0I11.lll 1'0111 pI 1011 11111' 10 1t,I\l hl'l1 cll tlo\(d IlllltL IhluILII1IIl\,I'ioll 01 '267 \.1), hut it \\',IS !tplac d
hI .111(\\ Oil thl ',1111 SIll IntltL ,lilt LUIlUl1 ,dill (1111 I, fi", 007.
()1I11, 1,'\,.17, I'lhl h_. \(101'.1'1.1(, B. ,( 111) II
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47
I'OMPEION
166
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1968
602 The Pompeion, circa 400 B.C., restored. Ill. Sacred Gate - IV. Dipylon Gate - 166. Dipylon Fountain 1[ou'c
167. Pompeion 168. Eridanos A. Rooms with fifteen dining-couches - B. Rooms with c1evcn dining- ouchc$
C. Rooms with seven dining-couches D. Altar of Zeus Hetkeios - E. Boundary stone of the moat of thena
F. Kc:rameikos boundary stone.
I'()\II'I'ION 1 )
603 Propl"ion :lnJ :.1. cornU" of thL CIa"'L,ll l'ompL1on CIlGI 400 B.C
J. CO, 11(', "Ithe P('II\t\ Ie 01 'hL' cJ.,'"r.t1 POlllpe"OI1,
PO\I!'I JON
(iOS Prtlpyl,," "r tht P'Iml" "H' bel"" c1ltn"II""11 IIf thl 1111111<1,1111111' III .1 ',Ill" hili It ,K"'" It til lill Ith l .1I1l1 l h'I'I.
fr"mlht: \\.
4 1
1967
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607 f'oundatiom of the PompclOo built In the 4th c., probably during the reign of lulian, 61 .'\63 .l.
606 The Roman Pompeion, circa 140 A.D. Restored plan of ground 1100r.
PROPYL \1.\
PROPYLAIA: \\'hen the testi\ .11 of lhe Greater Pall:llhenaia was eSlablished in 566 B.C. there surely must have
b n a basic change in the eharaCIl"r of lhe elltLlnce of Ihe l\cropolis. At that time the Mycenaean fortress gate
must n ~ b' n replaced h, .1 mOllumcntal eJ1lrancc, through which the Panathenaic procession proceeded to
th great altolr ot "\tht'lu. ('Olltell1poran de\'c!o[Jments on the j\;! ycenaean bastion may be cited in support of
this ,"".ie\c in _66 B.C. the alLlr of \thcna Nike was established on the Mycenaean bastion and the ground
I y I of th alt'lr shows that b) the time it was set up the whole upper part of the Mycenaean bastion, which
was of sun-dri d brick, and the neighbouring gate must have been demolished.
Th' old narro\\" zigzag road, winding up to the Acropolis from below the Ike bastion, was no longer a satis-
Llcton- means of ascent for the magnificent procession and the first straight ramp, ten metres wide, was built.
Parts of the pol)"gonal retaining wall for this ramp have been preserved; this wall, on axis with the Propylaia,
is dated in the 6th centur)" B.C., fig. 608. The exact length of the ramp is known, for its starting point is circa
ight)" metres west of the Propylaia.
The appearance of the area just outside the entrance was further changed by the construction of Building B
dated in the second half of the 6th century B.C. J. Bundgaard has rightly conjectured that it was erected 111
front of the entrance which explains why its poros architectural members were re-used in the foundations of
the Propylaia and also accounts, as we shall see, for the erection of the Pinakotheke.
The first marble Parthenon (the Older Parthenon) was begun in the short interval between the battle of Mara-
thon and the nan1 battle at Salamis. At this time the old entrance to the Acropolis disappeared completeI)"
and in its place the first monumental Propylaia (the Old Propylon) was built; the Persians destroyed it in 480 B.C.
The new Propylaia built by Mnesikles, begun in 437 and finished in 432 B.C., was aligned with the old ramp,
the ,,"".idth of which was almost doubled so as to equal the width of the central building of the Propylaia. In
order to hold the masses of earth for the enlarged ramp in place, a retaining wall was built north of the polygonal
retaining wall; the new retaining ,,-all, some of which still stands, was made of poros blocks laid in sloping
courses, fig. 609. The classical ramp was also eighty metres long; it apparently took its start where the 6th
century B.C. ramp began, probably at the juncture of the Panathenaic \Xlay with the Peripatos. Ftom the foot
of the ramp to the lowest step of the Propylaia there is a rise of 25 metres. Steps placed at intervals will have
made this steep incline easier to negotiate. But this sharp incline should not cause surprise, because the upward
stretch of the Panathenaic Way between the Eleusinion and the Kleps)"dra is also eighty metres long and has
exactly the same gradient, fig. 540.
The broad ramp leading up to the Propylaia is the only possible reason for the five door. Furthermore, the
""".ings on either side of the Propylaia were designed to frame the ramp. "\s regards the scheme of the two
""".ings, I believe that Mnesikles attempted to make only the fac;ades of the two 'wings symmetrical and that
he never intended two absolutely symmetrical buildings not only because the requisite space ,,"as lacking but
also because the wings were designed for different purposes, fig. 614. The south wing ,,'ith its open porch was
meant to make the shrine of Athena ike easily accessible, whereas the north wing, the Pinakotheke as it is
usually called, had an entirely different function. The entrance to the Pinakotheke was shifted off axis not, as is
commonly thought, for aesthetic reasons, but for a practical reason, so that dining-couches could be installed.
Both the dimensions of the chamber and the amounts of wall space available when the door is orf centre aUo\\
for a normal arrangement of dining-couches, such as in the dining-rooms (androns) of pri"ate hOllS s, figs.
618--619.
Pausanias calls the Pinakotheke an oikclllfl (1, 22, 6) and describes the paintings in it. Such a chamb r \\"t)uld
have been an admirable place for refreshment and relaxation for the pilgrims to the"\cropolis shrines, r ctlling
the lesche of the Knidians in Delphi or other buildings with a similar function in man)' other shrin s.
The Propylaia proper was the central building with the five doors; it was this part of the whole campI ''I. \\ hich
was copied with the same dimensions in the 2nd century after Christ in Elcusis, as the main entelnce to th'
shrine. Probably it w ~ only because Building 13 was there, evidently serving much the same purpose :IS th Pin.l-
kotheke, that Mnesikles conceived the plan of building two wings flanking the Propylaia on the Acropolis.
I'ltOI'Y LA I A 483
n\l' \lll,,'tudl'\ ollhe PIOPI!.II.I hl'gan inllic 1,1 llllllly:dll'l (lui\1. In 52 A.D, tlil marble l:urW:l} wa built
(I. (, nIp), \lllIk lill,1 the mid lllllull lhe ,lll,1 oUI,idl llil Pmpylaia fortlflld and the cropo!t
\1,1\ lOI1\lllld to ,I IOlltl", Jlllhl rl'lgll of V:detinl1 (251 2M) A.D.):1 I1lW tity wall built and al 0 a
,
\tlong" OUI\I'ork out\ldl Ihl' PIOI'I !.II,I \\ IIh lh' Ikull' ("IIC, fig. 4()2, and anolhu gall' lxlow the. 'ike ba tion
,
\I hlil' th' old \IIn 11.\('an 1l),ld h,ld I ,I"cd. 'I'hc I\lal'kl'lllnm in,cl ipti()n (I, C. 112 5206) n:fu" in my opinion,
to thl\e t\\ 0 g,lll". l'he indl\pln"dlk \ all'l \uppl) was 'elul'ld h} m am of thl to...lepsydra spring (1" 123) and
III ,I " .Illl\tllil hudt 1',I\l 01 lhl Pinakolheke 10 colkll the Inln\\utu lunning down of!lh \cropobs,
,
Thl l'1111.111ll lothc \ ropolt\ rlmaincd lhu, 1I11tiithe Franb uplurnl Alhens in 1204. The I ranks made great
11\ [hc huddlng .1J1d \ll'IC Ihc flr\l lo loIU\C ,uiou\ damagc, Grl.ll were done tn the mid-17th
llntUTl ,md contll1uld to 0C"1I1 ulltilthc \ealS of lhc Grcck \'V',II 01 Ind 'pendence. In 1833 when the Turkish
lell Illl lortl .'S, the \lork of (!ealing the Propylaia and 01" dCJ110Jbhing the mediaeval additions began.
(on\ln.llion and a p.lltial rcconstlUctioll \ITll hcgun hy . Halanos in 1909 and compklcd in 1963 bl .
t )r1ando\.
226, I' I'R 0, I l ,1\iI11I11ClrtC dcll'l Pin.lCOlcc.l dei
I mpdl'1 ,ull' \CJopoiJ d' \Icnc, \nnuario 11'14,
Il)}O pp 9 2.." .II DII( 11, '1'opograr hi , pro
212217, 22 (, I'. \II\IN\, Thc P riclcan
COUll 01 till \nopo!h 01 \thells, Hesperia
'i, 19 pp '" I H; Id., I k\pl'll'l Ie;, 19-+6. pr.'" 93;
I r :--110], D,III :--wnL in Cltek \lchile lur
I k'pCII.1 :--ul'pl H, 1
1
)49, pp. [ H,:--l Il\\ lllZI It,
I\lnl',il!t:s lind dlc I'l'likki'ch' l'l.llHII1l.!: dl \\e\t-
,lufg.1I1L:C\ /111 \krorolt" 1l'\I \("h 11 1I pr
116 12 ; 1)1"'''1001l, \lchillllllTCrp. 19H 2lh;HIII,
\lhlIlS, pp. 1,9 J(,.j; I, \. HI J)(, I RD, :\Inoi"l \.
\ (,relk \1 hltl'n .1\ \\ 01", hob nh.l\l [9. "'; . ,
()11I I J)O\, \ltl I, pp. I)"' 9H; I. ( . '('1111 RI, :\In sid,
1',lIchlll'lIo lkl 1'lOl'dei, ROIll,\ 1
1
)(>4.
IIlI RI \1 II, JI, (Iup!. \; \lIopok, pp.
121 IH1; Iv I 01 I, ")ull'l gr.lndl' ,rallnal,l dt'
l'ropilei dcll'.\nol oil d' \ll'nl', \nnali dl'II'ln\lItuLO
11, I H61, PI ' 27'i 29"1; l'rop) Llcn; \X DOll!'
III D. I)le Propylacn dn ""mpolis Ion \t1)l'n,
10, IHH'>, pp. 3H 'i6, 1"11 144; II. 1,011 1M" I'll 711"';
TIL 11""7M,fLUL '!I'llI'lI/IL,all 1>'}/' '7'/""', I,),r. IHH9, pp.
179 1')9; C. II. \XI J.l11l, The I'll 1'Lllck,IIlI'rol'llon
ofth "ropoils:lI thcn\,AJAH,I<)()'1,pp.1 70;"'.
\111i\\J\\Ol.., I/lIllxr. 1909, pp. 11"1 1(,(,; W. B. DI ,
IOOR, Thc (,ahle, 01 till' l'IOP\lal"1 ,II Athln'. '\ J"
14,1910, pp. 141 IX4; Id., Itl- Budding !\c(Olllll'
IJI. Thl' l'roP)I'll'a, AJA 17, [911, pp. "171 "I9H; 1'.
C;!IAINI'OI(, I:entrl'l' de l'Arropo!t: sou, l'llmpi'l',
Bel I 1H, 11)J4, pp. 272 2
1
)'i; '. \111i\\!\NOl.., 1,,1.,, I,
191'i, 1/",,,,,,,. PI'. 49 'iO; 'i, 1
1
)19, I/'""i,". pp. 2() 24;
W. B. DIN\MOOR, \uppltnll'l1l.lI) I'.x ':Lv,llion at till'
Elllr.ll1te 10 tilt Al.Iopolts, 1<)2H, A.l J\ n, 1(21), pp
101 102; R. 111'll/lI<" I,'cmlll an '('(,llIpl'lli llnd
llJonu01clllalen I'rol.\nhalltln, Idl 44, 1929, pp. 224
\ColUI'I' \ \10 1\11,1
\\. H. 1)1 The I\IOtllllllllll ot
\thl'l1" .\., \ .4. 1<)20, p. H ; lilli, \th
,
npp
ns. ' t
t
484
I'HOI" I \ 1\
608 Section of the polygonal

rcralntng wall of the ramp leading up to the Acropolis entrance, circa 566 B.C.
609 ectlon of the r [ j ~ retaining walloI' the ntmp Icading up In thc I\lncsiklcall PrOPI 1.11,1, <l.r 4:\2 n.r.
4 5
(,\0 Old I'ropv
l
oll ("llhl' 1\"01'01,,. 'UI\'IVIIIV ",,11011 01 11ll' S\\ '0111"1,
4 (i
PROPYL,\ 1,\
I
,

6i1 Old Propyl on on the Acropolis, buill 488 480 B.C., whIch swod until 437 H.C. Restored by C. P. Stevens.
612 \I')J,umellts "rthe A(r"p"los IlIlhe :lge, "'l'" 1""11 ill<' 1'1111',1.11,1. l{cslIlIl'd h, (;,1',
PROPYLAlA 47
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613 The ProP\ laia flanked by norrh and south \\ ings. Restored.
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614 The .\Ineslkleall Propylala with the temple of Athena Nike and the Agrippa :\[llllulllent. Brok n lin indicate
Old Propylon and the earlier shrine of Athena Nikc.
\
I'I{OI'YLA IA
615 Central entrance (,( the ProrylaJa with thl' Ionic column reconstlucted in t<)12.
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617 Central hall of the Propylaia in section and the falTadc of the north i n ~ in elevation,
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619 Plan of the Pmakolhekc with proposed arrangemenr of dining-
couches.
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618 Interior of the Pinakorheke, 437-432 B.C. Restored.
PROPYI,A I A
620 lomc columns flanking the central passage in the Propylaia.
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1\ t. 11 \1.1' I 1'1.\,- d h, 11\, lh 1"1Il'1
\1111111111"11. <It< It d III I 'H 1\ (
111 lh, I.. I '1'1.111<1 .. ) lh, I" l
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494 noi\ I A 1\ N I) A LJ GUS 'I' US
01' RO\l \ \1'<1) J\l'(;l'SI (fS: The roulld lemple of Roma and Augustus on the Acropolis is not mentioned
by nor bl ;Inl >1 the other literal')' sources whi h have come down to us. Jt became known only
th' arehilt'Ctllle and the dedicatory inscription /. C. 11
2
3173 which is carved on one of the
round It' blocks, hg. 625. The inscripl ion lies in [rOIll of the cast side of the Parthenon on the site where
Cy of \ncona sa\1 and first copied it in the 15th century after Christ. It is not known whether or not other
ar hitcclural of building were found at the same spot or were transported there from other parts
of th' \cropolis. In am' casc it is certain lhat in addition to the inscribed epistyle block at least two other
pistd . blocks wcre found in the same spot.
Th pr scn'ed architectural members make it possible to reconstruct completely in all details the plan of an
Ionic circular monopteral temple, with the greatest diameter 8.60 m., and with nine columns. Built entirely of
\I'hite marble, the building had one step and the stylobate on which the nine columns stood, faithful copies of
the columns of the Erechtheion. The inscribed epistyle was over the central intercolumniation which was wider
than the others and apparently faced east. The building had a steeply sloping conical marble roof, fig. 624. In
exactly that spot, in front of the Parthenon, a large square foundation, 11-12 m. to the side, has been preserved
and it \vas investigated by Ka"vadias and Kawerau in the course of the excavations of 1885-1890, fig. 626.
From that time on it has been bclieyed tbat this was the foundation for the round temple. The foundation consists
of two courses of large poros blocks deriving from another older building. Because of the steep slope of the hill
from north to south, a section of the foundation is supported on rock which has been levelled down for the
purpose, whereas the greater part of the foundation is supported by an artificial filling consisting of stones very
carefully set in place. for the date of the construction of the temple, it has been fixed with great precision as
after 27 B.C., since the inscription refers to the emperor by his title Augustus. Perhaps, indeed, the temple
was erected immediately after that year, as is generally believed. The construction apparently coincided with the
repair of the west side of the Erechtheion, a geison block from which was found built into the foundations of
the circular temple.
G. Der Tempel der Roma und des Augu-
stus auf der Akropolis von Athen, AntDenk. T, 1888,
p. 13; C.WVADIAS-KAWERAU, Akropolis, p. 102;
G. A.. SNIJDER, Sur Ie temple de Rome et Auguste
et l'Erechtheion sur l' Acropole d' Athenes, RA 19,
1924, pp. 223-226; GRAINDOR, Auguste, pp. 30-31,
180-184; ]l.JDEICH, Topographie, p. 256; B. PICK,
AM 56, 1931, p. 68; G. P. TEVENS, The Northeast
Corner of the Parthenon, Hesperia 15, 1946, p. 21,
figs. 1, 3; W. BiNDER, Das Quaderfeld vor Ostseite
Parthenon, LIck 22, 1967, pp. 21-24; id., Der Roma-
Augustus Monopteros auf der Akropolis in Athen
und sein typologischer Ort, Stuttgart 1969.
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623 Temple of Roma and AURuSlllS,
restored plan.
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624 at the b corner of the Parthenon \, ith the temple of ROt1l11 ,lntl Re,rorcd b\ G. P. StC\
(,2::; DedlC.""r} In'tnpllOn "n the ,lIthlllaVe of Ih<: t<:mplc of ROm,l ,1m] d,lted lu,t aftet H ( 1. ,. II' .
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.llltl
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\ ugu,t '"
')quarc fr,lJndalJon of the temrk of I(ollla and
frr,m the Inel the l'anhenll/1 pediment.
627 Irmic C'Jlumn and the cnt"hlat'"l' of the tl'mple or ](Olll,' and \ugll'tll', rc"tn'l'd In (;. 1',1\\ ''',Il' <'ll the h.""
of the architectural
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,'T.-\DlU:\!: the public works of Lykuurgos (Pseudo-Plularch, Decem Ora/Orll/II r/tlae 841 D; I. G. 11
2
457) was the P'ln.Hh naie st.ldl\ll11, huilt for the lrack cOl1lests held during the festival of the GreaterPanathenaia;
thes comp titium Iud fOll11Crh l. ken place in Ihe, \gora Square (pp. 2-3). The work seems to have been primarily
a matter of rerno\ ing carth in order 10 level off the gully which lay between the two hillocks by the
Ilissos rh er. \s in the easc of most Greek stadia it had a very simple scheme, consisting of a racetrack
(dromo,,) \\ here the contcsts \\ ere put on and a place for spectators (/hea/ron) which was rectangular
in phn \\ ith a gentle slope do\\ n to\\'ard the track and with a few rows of stone benches for onlookers. The
r.K track had a length of exactly one stade; apparently the term s/adioll came to be applied to the e!)tire structure:
the r.1C track and the seats for onlookers. The stadium should be dated circa 330/329 B.C. because an inscrip-
tion dat d to that year expresses public thanks to a certain Eudemos who donated one thousand yoke of oxen
for hauling operations during construction (I. C. 112 351).
Yarious repair done on the stadium are mentioned in other inscriptions, such as I. C. 112 677 dated to the last
quarter of the third century B.C. and 1. C. 112 1035 of the Roman period. As the result of remodelling or, to
put it more exactly, of the construction of a new stadium, done by Herodes Atticus in the interval between the
Panathenaia of 139/140 and 143/144 A. D., it assumed the form of a Roman stadium with the semicircular
sphendone and slightly cun-ed sides, and the whole auditorium accommodating fifty thousand spectators was
of white Pentelic marble. Philostratos (Vitae Soph;startll11 II, 1, 5) and Pausanias (I, 19, 6) both speak of it with
admiration aad describe it as one of the most beautiful stadia of their times.
Herode _\nicus may also ha,-e built a bridge 'with three arches across the llissos, preserved until 1778, and the
temple of Tyche on the top ofArdettos hill. Philo tratos (Vitae Sophistarll/II II, 1, 5) mentions a chryselephantine
tatue of the goddess of Fortune in the temple. The grave of Herodes should be on the opposite hill, east of the
radium. Perhaps the ruins of an oblong building are remains of his tomb, fig. 630.
The stadium soon came to be used for gladiatorial contests and wild beast fights; as we learn from Spartianus
(Vita Hadriani 19,3), Hadrian organized a hU.llt of a thousand wild beasts. In Late Roman tinles a real arena was
built, 54 X 33.36 m., ,,'ith a semicircular \\'all at the north corresponding to the sphendone at the south.
\\e do not know when the stadium was destroyed. Only a ,-ery few of the seats and a small part of the parapet
of the sphendone ha,'e been preserved; all the marble disappeared, the slopes of the hill were co,-ered over ,,'ith
earth and undergrowth, and the site once more took on its original appearance as a natural dell.
In 1869-1870 E. Ziller excavated the stadium and we o\.,-e to him the information ,,'e have about the ancient
stadium directly after it had been cleared and the plans showing how it looked at the time, fig. 629. Excantiom
and investigations continued for many years in order to clarify details needed for the extremely accurate recon-
struction. The restoration was done on the basis of Ziller's plans under the supervision of A. i-Ietaxas, subsidized
by G. Averoff, the modern benefactor of the city. In 1896 the stadium was dedicated on the occasion of the fir. t
celebration of the international Olympic Games.
JII, Chapt VII; ZILLER, . tadion;
\.\ \111 prj}.; 'j'r, JIrlVW'h,Vfli,;-"jV ETrJ.'\{OII %fll fli ,'JI w)rr,)
, .
(lvrl'1%rl/lrlt, 'AO;;vw 1870; II. I.OLLfNG, Irh. 1889,
pp. 5861; W. DiiRPIELIJ, AM 20,1895, p. 374; 21,
1896, p. 109; FRAZER, Pausanias II, pp. 205 207; A.
KOSTER, Das Staclion von Athen, Herlin 1906; C. I I.
WELLER, The or the Stadium at ,\th ns. B \1 \
3, 1911/12 pp. 172 17 ; GR \JNDOll, 1krode \tti lI:',
pp. 18l 184; JUDEICII, Topographic, pp. 41- 419;
D. WILLEllS, Zum Ilcrmcs Prop\ L\ins des .\Ibmcncs,
Jdl 82, 1967, pp. S() 65; (I. ,\.\Io:E.\:" I'll. 1,Ar. 2..\
1968, X!lOI. p. 84.
f\DIL\I
1,2 1 t tel urn, cellon (,t the phcnJonc nd the c: I ( ,de.. Ie Wled In 1 \)
500 STI\ 1)1 Uf\1
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629 RUins of the stadium uncovered in 1870. Plan by Ziller.
STADIUM SOl
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630 Plan of the stadIum budt by I 'erodes Atticus In 143/144 A.D. In front of the stadlLlIn, tht' hriJg OHr th lli,SStlS
constructed at the same time. To\\ards the w"t, the temrk of l\chc; to" .uds the l.1 I, the 'r.1\ c "i II rod .
502 STADIUM
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~ 3 Finds and part of the stadillllj fOlllld durin/? the l'XGlv'ltio'l) or IH(,<) IH70. I hoi \I II h ~ 1'./-t1ll'1.
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632 The stadium a found In 1
~ The bridge m-er rhe Ilissos builr in 143/144 A.D_ In from of the stadIum. SllJan and Re\-ett, 1751-1-53,
-
635 The modern bridge in front of IilL q:l,IIIII11, clt'lllol"hl'd "hl'l1 Ihl" II""" 11.1' HlInl 'H," 10 1<)(10.
STOA OF ATTALOS 505
S10\ ()I .\1'1' \LOS: Athcnaeus ( ,212 e, f) i. the sole source for the fact that the Stoa of Attalos was in the Agora.
During the excavations of 1861, the ru ins of a bui [ding uncovered on the cast side of the Agora were identified
,
a. th ,toa of l\ttalo. \\'h n the inscribed epistyle blocks of the building were found. The dedicatory inscription
giv s th name of th donor, "King ttalos, son of King Attalos and of Queen Apollonis" (I. C. 11
2
3171 and
,
.\gora I 6135). The in.cription refers to King Attalos II of Pergamon who donated the staa to the people of
-".th ns during his reign, 159-138 B.C.
The t\\'o-star y stoa is 11.42 m. high, 111.96 m. long, and 19.52 m. wide; each storey has twenty-one rooms.
\-ariou materials "'ere u ed in construction: ,,-hite Pentelic marble, blue-grey Hymettian marble, hard Piraeus
lim. tone. and conglomerate for the foundations. The colonnades which form the fa<;ade facing on the Agora
~ quar \\'ere built of 'white marble except for the steps and the stylobates of the two storeys which were of
Hym ttian marble. The interior columns and the door lintels were also of white marble. Hymcttian marble was
u ed for the toichobate, orthostates and string course of the front wall, and for the door jambs and the steps of
the stairs leading to the upper storey. The rest of the walls, the dividing walls of the rooms and the outer walls
to their full height including the cornice were of Piraeus limestone. Only the parapet of the upper storey had
painted decoration, blue for the interstices and red for the vertical lance-shaped lines in the central and framing
panels.
Parts of the stoa are in good condition and its \\'alls have been preserved to their full height at two points; the
square apertures in the \\'alls enable us to recover both the arrangement and the dimensions of the wooden
beams in the first floor ceiling and in the roof.
The rooms in both storeys \\-ere lighted through the doorways. The tiny windows 0.08 X 0.73 m. in the back
\\'all opposite ta the doors served only for ventilation. The big openings at either end of the stoa probably had
the same purpose: by creating air currents they ventilated the colonnades.
Stairways at either end of the stoa gave access to the upper torey. Each flight of stairs had 28 steps 0.228 m.
high and 0.325 m. wide.
The Agora Square slopes down toward the north and because of the great difference in ground level between
the south and north ends of the stoa it was necessaf\' to build a terrace in front of the stoa at the level of the
euthynteria. This lofty terrace, 7.33 m. wide, stretching from one end of the stoa to the other, set the building,
as it were, on a pedestal and created a great free space in front of it. The southern end of the terrace is at right
angles to the stoa but the northern edge is out of line because it followed the line of the outer wall of the
Square Peristyle, an earlier building on the site (p. 520). Traces of a fountain house have been found at the
south end of the stoa.
The foundations show that the stoa had originally been planned on a much smaller scale with a length of 78.64 m.
and with only fourteen rooms, 4.91 m. wide, fig. 636 B. Ho\\'cver, when the section shown in black on the
plan, A, was completed, it was decided to extend the stoa toward the south by adding four more rooms of smaller
dimensions and to construct outside stairways 2.21 m. wide, C. Before this project \Vas finished, however, a
new extension was planned, this time northwards with the addition of three rooms, 4.11 m. ,,-ide, fig. 636 D.
Thus the number of rooms on both floors reached a total of fort}-two; some of these were offices while others
were shops where various merchandise was sold.
The stoa was a prestigious place for setting up statues and portraits to the various benefactors of the city, a we
learn from decrees on inscriptions (/. G. II2 1043; Agora I 5990). Both the upper store, and the terrae could
~ m m o d t e large crowds and furnished an excellent vantage point from which to dew the cant sts and
festIvals celebrated in the Agora Square.
Many ?edestals for monuments have been found in front of the staa; the most important of th s wa, found n
the aXJS of the stoa. The surviving blocks show that this monument was similar to the grippa lonument,
fig. 622, and it was dedicated to King Attalos II. The Roman inscription carved on three of th block (I. G. III
4209; Agora I 6120 a, b) indicates that it was later rededicated to Tiberius.
In Roman times the stoa underwent certain alterations. When the Library of Pantainos \\"ll built outh f
506 S'I'O,\ OF 1\'1''1'.\ !'O:-
st(M, Ih' south Sl,lirw,ll \I.IS Il'11I,,\<'d ,llId ,I Ill'\\ slotir\\,11 I" 111(' UPPl'1 SIOIT\, was buill insidl' thl' soulhnn.
sllll!,'
In 267 .\,n, Ih' I1l1uh,ltI, IHullt thl' sl",1 .10\\ I\, The lksllU'lioll of Ihl' building \laS cOll1pklnlloward Ihl'
'nd o(th' ,Illl <"<'lliun ,111'1 (htl'l \\hllllhe S() calkd 1..11' R0Il1:!11 I:olliflcation \\all, fIg, 17, was built for Ihl'
eill 11 \I ,IS ,'Il'('llll Ihl' kllglh 01 11ll' frolll \\all wllh 11ll' shop doors and \I,IS ITinfol'lnl ,'ilh
Ihr" t,)\1 '( s,
Th' iml'(),;ing rl'll1,titls of the >!o,I,dHlIl' ground h;ld bee11 thought 10 Iwl()llj!; 10 IWO buildings, Ibl' POIktll'
.ull Ih' l;1 ,,' Ploknll, UI' Ulllil IX'll) \\hl'll Ihl' Cleek \rchal'ological SOcil'l1 h 'gan SUlk
,
, C,l\ .l!lons,
In 19,51hl' \1l1l'l'i',ll1,'eholll "fCl.ls,;ieal Siudil's, wilh II. \,Thompsoll as f1l'id dlrl'l'llll, Clrrtl,d oUllbl'
(ull '''Col I ,II iOIl ,ll1d S[ mil of [he ,;10;1 ;Ind [he l'a 1'1 in cOIlSI ruel ions \I hIch la I hl'nl':!1 h. i\ I Ihal Ii Il1l' t he areb iIl'CI,
',Tr,l\ los, undl'rtook [he rl'{;Ollslru'llon 01 Ih' sl'l.l ill I,l.l liS :Ind drawillg,; \\ hich sl'l'\'l'd as a hasis lor lhl' rl'Slora
tilHl nt[hl' building done in 1<)').1 II)S6 in ordl'l' 10 1'1'01 ide ,I Il1USl'UIll for the finds from [hl' \gora ":"CII':lIioIlS,
'iv, ":TW(jrfll';; IH60 IH(,l); !/(j'I)(,I,
1871 1903; J, I .. lJSSIN(;, Kong I\lIalos Sioa i I\lhl'n,
Kjohenhavn IH73; I:. I\I)I.J.II, Die Sioa des 1,i)lIigs
Attains %u Alhen, 31. P)'ogramm %um \\Iinekelm:lnl1S
fe t, Berlin IH74; R. BOliN, Die I,iillig I\II:dos
des Zwcitcn Zll Athen, Berlin IHH2; </).
/:'I-"I'. 1912, pro 17'i lHI; II. A. 'f'1I01\IJlSON, Arrham
2,1949, rr. 124 130; id., Jlespnia IH, Il)lll), pp.
226 229; IIJ, llJ'iO, rr. 31(, n(,; 20, 19'i1, PI" til) 'i1;
21, 1952, pro H'i H6; 23, If)'i'!, Pl'. 'i 'i7; 21, I') ,
pp. 59 61; J. TltAvr.m, de la
(Portique) d'Allall', BulIl'tin <1(' 1'1 :nioll
des LJlliversilL's ci des I":cnles dc Ilaull's 1:lud(,s Ie
Iklgiquc 7, 19.. PI'. 16; II. \. TIIl)\IPsn,.
II 'sl l'I'ia _ , Il) (), pp. (I() ()X; 2(). I() ." 1'1). I(l\ $)-;
I). i\11:.IIII'I', II 'sp '1"i,1 _(I, II) 7. PI'. HI HH; \\ )( III 1\
LI':)", T 'stimolli:l. PI'. ,1(1 17; I':, 1:1 \!'oI)11 I, 1,1 di
Attalo lll'll' I\gor.\ \tcnicsc, P,ll1,llli" H, I'l H, 1'1'
97 12(); II. ,\, Tlu)\IPsn " Tile ,I nf \11.11,), II ill
,\lill'lIs, PII, O. _, 19 Il; I':. \' 1t\IH 111'1)()J. \thCllS
Iiollors Ihe 1':ll1pl'I'llI Tilwrius, I k'p<'1i,l H. I'l <),11',
H() ()(). \X'. 1101 PI'NI H. 1,lI1ll illlll,(hel\ I ,Ipill'll hCI
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63- Plasrer model of rhe norch end of rhe Sroa of Analos. Agora
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64- ima wah lionhcad waterspour and anten". Restored
drawing.
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64 Lionhcad waterspouts from the Sima of Iill Sioa of Allalos.

SIr;
650 Pergamene capital from the inn r colonnade of th
upper storey. copy.
J'O.\ 0 " \ l''J'A 1.0'-,
651 lomc c.lplul from the Innl'l colonn.Hk of the 10\\ It 'torq, reconstructl'd twm Ir.lcmll1t -\ 'I'm \111 ,
649 DoubiL lome column \\ ith capItal from the outer
colonnade of the upper store,. cop).
516
S 1'0 \ OF .\'1''1'1\1
652 Colonnades of the upper floor, from the south.
653 Colonnades and the shop doors o( the lower SlPrey, (rom the soulh.
STO \ or ATTALOS
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518
STO \ OF i\rrJ\1 OS
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liS!) rhc, \\ cornu ofthc of altcl til 1956. 1he th 1,)\\ 1 nght \t ,ll11<,d rl1
to light thl con'ttll ted III the of thl \lu'lum.
520
TO OF ATTALOS, EARL1F.R BUILDINGS
EARLIER BUILDI GS BE EATlI TilE STOA OF ArrALOs: An carly ccmctcry has bcen found beneath the lower
northern half of th Staa of :\ttalos and in the arcas immediatcly bchind and in front of the stoa; graves of the
1>r"cena an to Gcom tric pcriods \"crc found on the rock surfacc or hewn out of the rock.
Th r w r no stru tnrcs in this arca until the 5th century B.C.; the Agora Square extended to the east as far
as th sit, Jat r occupied by thc Roman Agora (p. 28). The carliest rcmains of buildings have becn found on
the sit' of the arlier ccmetery and arc datcd to the end of thc 5th or the beginning of the 4th century B.C., fig.
65'. Th y form a single complex bclonging to a civic building, probably a lawcourt, as may be inferred from
th r c ptacJe for ba]]ots prescl\'cd ill sitll, figs. 658-659. The dicasts' ballots were found in it, thus providing
firm yidcncc for the identification of at least one of the ancient lawcourts mentioned by Pausanias (1,28, 8-11),
PO]]lL'" (VIII, 117 ff.) and other authors and lexicographers.
Most of the lawcourts lay in the Agora area, both on the east side, where thc Heliaia probably was, fig. 5, and on
the west side south of the Tholos, where many dicasts' ballots have been found in the course of the excavations.
The court of the Areopagus must bc located on the h ill of the same name, while the Lawcourt at the Delphinion
(p. 3) and the Lawcourt at the Palladion (p. 412) should be south of thc Acropolis near the Ilissos.
The great Square Peristyle, 58.80 m. to the side, was built in the 4th century B.C. when Lykourgos was in
power (338-326 B.C.) on the ruins of the lawcourt found under the Stoa of Attalos; apparently it too was
designed as a lawcourt. The Square Peristyle is very carefully built of poros blocks with conglomerate founda-
tions. The building seems never to have been completed and after about two centuries its wall blocks and
architectural members were re-used in the construction of South Stoa II (p. 233). In the short interval between
the demolition of the Square Peristyle and the erection of the Stoa of Attalos (159-138 B.C.) a small building
partly overlying the southeast corner of the Square Peristyle was put up; it had five pairs of rooms and its
purpose has not yet been determined, fig. 657.
T. L. SHE.AR, Hesperia 6, 1937, p. 354; JJ. A. TnoMP-
SO , Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 320-326; 20, 1951, p. 49;
21,1952, pp. 99-102; 22, 1953, pp. 47 48; 23, 1954,
pp. 57 61; \X!YClIERLF.Y, TestimonLI, pp. 14b lr;
M. LANG, The Athenian Citizen, PH, o. 4, 1%0;
Agora Guide, pp. 76 7H.
S21
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658 The ix dieasts' ballots, dicast ticket and kleroterion ball, found in the ballot box, fig, 659. Agora i\Ius.
- --
659' Ballot-box in which the dicasts' ballots, fig. 658, were founJ. J\liddle of the 4th c. H,C,
\ 01' hUMI 523
01 I I \11. I': \ Jlrll\im (\', 9, I) 'I eaks of Ihe SlOa of during his general dl eu of th
tUll rion ot ,ttl." n ar Ih atrc" planl1l d a, a ,helter for the 'p and for rage scenery.
I \ 'n b tore the t"C.1\ .\lioll ot the rtnl.lin::., there had bten no doubt that thrrr was a brtween the Theatre
of Diol1l '0' and the Odeion of llerodes Aui u>, bUl it had been con,idered to be Roman. After the Greek
\r ha ologic.ll S )Cieri h.ld fllih cleared the remain, in 1877 1878,\\. Diirpfeld maintained that the building wa
,
of Iltllni'tie d.lIC and he attributed it to the Pergamclle k.Jng, II (197 159 B.C.). \t the arne time
Ph. \ r,aki, pro\ l d on the e\ idence of the architecture found ncar b) lhat the ,toa hac! two store) s and was of
the ,ame [\ p a, the Stoa of \tlalos. ow lhat the laller has been so meticulously we arc in a position
to conl1rm th' fact that the architectural clements of the two staas closely resemble each other and mac have
b n dc,igned b\ the same architect. The onh difference, which depends on the differing functions of the two
'to.l', is that the 'toa of l'umenes has no ,hops.
Th ::.toa \\ as placed along the line of the Peripalos road which fllns above it; in order to create a level site, the
builder, dug down to a great depth, 9 m. at the cast end of the back wall of the toa and 13 m. at the west end.
To hold the earth embankment in place it was necessary to con truct a strong retaining wall, reinforced with
buttresses connected b\ semicircular arches, fig. 660. The materials used in the \'arious part of the stoa were:
conglomerate, hard Piraeus lime::.tone, II) mettian marble and Pentelic marble, emplo) ed ju t as in the toa of
\ttalos.
the ends of the building e,t rior ,tain\'a) s led to the upper storer, fig. 662. The ea tern stairway \\'ent all
the \\'a) up to the Peripatos road, ,0 that the people in the upper ections of the Theatre of Dionysos could
reach the upper store, of the staa, while the lower part of the theatre communicat d with the colonnade of
the lo\\'er tore) \ ia the western parados of the theatre. For its entire length the stoa faced on a great open
quare, a kind of t rrace, 32 m. \dde, bounded on the; south by a retaining wall preserved for a considerable
stretch. \\'hen the Odeion of HerodLs \tricu, wa. built, the stoa was joined up to the Odeion and direct commu-
nication between the 1\\'0 buildings was obtained b) means of thc staircase in the eastern aisle of the Odeion,
fig. 500.
The toa of .G..umenes continu d in u,e unol thc middle of the 3rd centun after Christ ",h n it wa de tro,'ed
, ,
and the tones were uscd as building material for the construction of the Valerian \,'all (p. 161). Many of the
Doric column drums of this staa ha\ e becn Cound built into thal wall to the south of the \cropoli. at a eli tance
of 400 m. from the stoa, where thc\ ma, still be secn toda, in the lot at no. 30 \'c'ikou t. \ yen little of the
- ,
architectural material has becn found in the neighbourhood of the stoa; some P 'rg.lmcne capit,lls haye suryiv d
and one is e\'Cn intact, fig. 664.
k. Kor\1 1\\1) rH. """iAf"m.; 'I!iX. HTI1IU,{I1C:;
1865, p. s; uno, r. 8; id., I/UW<T. 1877, rp. 12 18;
L. KOIIL1'_R, [Iallenanlagc am del' \kropoli,
zu Athen, \:\1 1, 1878, pp. 147 IS4; J. I\II1UII'\,
Rcstes d'un roniquc au Sud de I' AsklC:'pil'ion, Her I
2, 1878, pro 584 586; \X'. DOIIPI I Ill, Die des
humcnes in '\then, AM 1\ 1888, pp. 100 102; id.,
AM 17, 1892, pr. 4S0 4SI; C11. 'H'IllIt. 1912,
pp. 17.3 182; V. VI III, II portico delto di rum 'n ,
\nnu.lrio 4 S, 1921 22, PI'. I' 12; Jl nUl II, Topo-
gr.lphie, pp. 94, 32S '\26; I. HI'I' 'I I 11.1,,1<1'. 1950,
p. 6S; I.. POI It (0, Cronologi.1 dt I portico p 0
\'Odeo di Erode \ttico c i "Porticus hun ni " ,
l\kl11htVcn. 31, 19 4, 1'1'.' 3; E.ll DR, P 11 di
8, 19'i8, PI'. 120; 1%1 6 , :\to"..
II \ \ I'll\, l,i,T.20, 196. , .\(,IIlI', pp .
-
-
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660 Back wall of the Sma of ~ u m e n e ~ with the great reL'lnlng \\',tli blhlnd II. \'ll'\\ (rom thc C3St.
STOA OF EUME ES 525
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661 Stoa of Eumenes, transverse section restored.
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662 Stoa of Eumenes (197-159 B. C.). Restored plan.
663 ection of the north wall and the retaining wall of the Stoa of uumenes.
664 PcrgamLnL olumn capital of thc of Icd ncarll !lIlact.
I "
"I () \ ()I I
III III lit, 1 lit IllII\IO'. \ mo,t lInll,ual huilding W<t, l:xcavat(;(1 In Iht northwest corner of the Agora
in 11)")1 .Ind 1911, III 1<)")6 Ihe imL,tlgatlon wa, compiLteci by If.A.Thomr,on who identified the building with
thL fl,I,1i io, \\ lmh, .1' he lonj<: ttlred, had abo been called the Stoa of Zeus Ueutherios after the statue
.1I1Ll alt.lr 01 IlL" I Iculhnlo' which had 'lOod in front of the ,lOa.
'J he IOllnd.llloll' of ,oft PlraLL" poro, and the lowt,t 'tlP of a,h grey marbiL on the south side arc all that
'III \ l\t' 1/1 rllil .Intl 1he whole north end of the ,toa wa, entirely de,troyed in 1891 when tracks were laid for the
\lhLIl' PIr.ILlI' r.lIlroad, fig. 665. The wal" were of roms from Aegina. Considerable fragments of the archi-
ILLILIr.d 1l1lmhLr' ha\l betn louncl; except for the pows triglyphs the} were all of white Pentclic marble with
lololirLd tlccoratiol1. The bllilding was roofed with terra otta tiles and the two central acroteria were also
llituracotta, a' (!<:,crlhed bi- Pau,anias(I, 3,1), the one representing Theseus throwing into theseaand the
olher 1).1\\ n carn Ing k.ephalm. j\ fragment of this latter acroterion was found during the excavations of the
LOa .1Ild .11,0 two marble ,Iallles of Ike, one "irtualh complete, the other in fragments, probably the corner
.Icrotlrla of Ihe redimults.
rh<: ,ro.l, which pcrhap' should hL numbered among th<: works of l\Jncsiklc , seems to have been started circa
430 B.C. Tht \\all pailllings inSl(k, howe\cr, citcd hy Pausanias as works of huphranor, must have been
<:XL UILd lust ,titer till hattie of Mantinea in 362 H.C. The ruaining wall behind thf' stoa, built to protect the
qoa walls Irom damp, I' oatld to the same lime.
Thl rem,lIm 0 a 6th ultun B.C temple found below the Aoor of the stoa and it altar found 15 metres to the
that thL: cult or Zeus had long been eSlabli,hed on the ite. The old hrine was .de rroyed by the
in 4801479 H.C. after \\hieh the whole arta ""as oc llpied by work hop. The only important building
on thc at IhiS lime IS the one found at thc northwcst corner of the staa, fig. 665; its function'i not yet known
but it apparullh rehuilt and used into Roman times.
In I>a " of lile IS an annex built on the axis of the stoa, dated to the early 1st century after Christ. It wa a
temple hOUSing imperial cult" such as the cults of \uguslu and, much later on, Hadrian, in as ocia-
lion wil h I.cus Zeus hleutherlo.,. Both the annex and the .,toa \\'Cre destro}cd b) the Herulians in 267 A.D.
527
.\ Lt licu"" BCH 66 67, 1942,43, pp.
274 298; R. I'. WH 1111\11 Y, The orth-West tea
01 the \thelli.\11 \gom, 6R, 1948, pp. 152-155;
I. TR \\ W', llespcria '>uppl. 8, 1949, pp. 3 9 390;
I'.. \. \ 1)[ 1\1'001, fill' Route of Pausanias in the
\thcnian \gom, \ Icspcria 18, J949, p. 128; l\lARTI "
I.'agor.\ grecque, pp. ">\9 322; \. '/I
",'}.rlrTTl )'(), '7rl},WCJI.,I/C1T/UI"XI/ /iI,m}.lxl/ I, '. Uhjl'cl/ 1952,
I. 64; I I. I,o! II, zum Th sellstemp 1 in
\then, Berlin 19'i., pp. 10 II; \\nHFRUY, T sti-
Illonia, pp. 21 11; (,. R. 1'.1)\\ \1m" He'r ria 26,19 ..,
pp, 13-+ 137; R. I'.. \\ \'( I\l'RIJ\', (;RBS 2,19.9, pp.
17 E. \"\Nlll'RI'(}()], Ro.lds at th orthw t
(orncr of lhc \thmi.lll \gora, II I' ri 2, 19 , p.
2H9; \gor.1 (;uidL', PI'. 61 64; II. \. THO IP
The nne to the Stoa of Z u in th th nian
\ k-speri.l 35, 1%6, 1"1'. 171 1H .
O!' 1\1.1'.I1'l'III'.R 10<'
R. I'll I.WI 1.1., 1bperia 2, 19')3, pp. 110 130; T. L.
",llJ.AI\, I('''perin 2, 191'\ pro 101 109,411 460; N.
Die ZeuSSlOf\ in der Agom zu Athen, Bull.
I.und 1()33'34, pp. 1 7; T. L. I ksperia 4,
1c),)'i, pp ')S4 ')1S, ')74 17(); 1, I C)36, pp. 2 1; O.
\XI 1\, Zell' lind 1'!)l1Ighhall' del' Athc'ncr gora,
OJil 10, IC)17, Beiillall, pro 91 100, II. \. Tllo\lP,O!'o<,
I k'ptria (', 1c)17, pp. 1 77,22S 226; '\. Rl I)LI'
WL:'lrand der Agora von Iht:l1, Jdl 11, 1918, pro
II S 12'i; CII. PIC AI\ll, La Ba,ikios d' J\th<:nt:'
L:I it-, "ha'lliqlles", RJ\ II, 1<)")8, pp. 132 )')3; id.,
I.c s aCrol('ft, dL I.l Ba,iklos L'I ccux dll "P,cudo
Thts<:ioll", Rt\ 12, 1918, pp. 'JS %; Dim/'I I Ill, All
\thcll II, pp. 14(, 167,207 21(); R. E. \\Yl IIIIU U,
Thc '>llla B.lsilli(l , J"'" <>0, 1
1
)40, 1'1'. 91 %; lJ.
KAIIH HIli, ZtllS 1I1ld k.onlgh All.. 1941,
PI' 92 I)IJ; R. MAR I'IN, 1..1 Sloa portilllles
52
STOA OF ZEUS ELUUTIIERJOS
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Christ.
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666 The Stoa of Zeus. Restored elevatIOn of fas-ade facing the Agora and plan.
" I () \ () I/.I l " I I I I I I I I I( I ( ) "
66- CornIce of the Inner \\ corner of the :,roa of /.cus. -\gora \ 49.
66 DOrIC C'Jlumn drum "I Ihe e,'".1 f,[ /.e" >. A'f"1.1 \ I ~ .
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670 PI as cr model oftht: buildings (!II dH V.CSI ",Ie of I1H' Age",!. SllOl1d l, aflll (hils!. \gnLt \Ius
533
'-TO \ Of ZI LS rLEl THf'RIOS
6-1 tame of "ike, acroterion of the 'roa of Zeu5, from the
south corner of the outh" mg. F nd of 5th c. B.C.
\gora :\lus. S 312.
672 Plaster model of the ~ t of /.eu5 I.kuthetlos. o\gol a \Ius.
STO \ \\'1'1'11 DINING-HOOMS
S1l)\ wnll Dl,'I.'l; ROl1\IS: South Sto'l 1 ,IS Ihe e,ca\alors call it, lies on the south side ofth.e Agora between
til. Fnn '.lkrl)ullos ,1t1d th' coni 'Ctlll.tl of Ihe Theseion, fig, 29. It was excavated by the Americans in 1952
:111 I ,I suppl 'mentan l',-ca\ iltioll in 1966 1967 made it possil Ie to recover the original plan of the build-
ing. S )11th Stl .1 11 W.1S built diagonally across the site of South Stoa I with its Roor level 2.53 m. lower than
th:lt l)! th ' old 'r huilding, part of which is thus completely obliterated. The remains of South Stoa I are preser-
\" i tl1 the south \\'her' it is clear of South LOa II.
S011th .'to,l I is dated to thc last quarter of the 5th century B.C. and like the other buildings of the south side
)1 th' \gor.l it is sit d ,,'ith its back \\'all along an old east-west road, about six metres wide, coming out at the
Pcirai' Gat . Th walls stand c\'er)'where on bedrock and are built of large blocks in the lower courses and with
sun,dri 'd brick abo\' ,except for the south wall which is entirely of poros blocks because it was also the retaining
wall for the road in back. Because of the great height of the road level in relation to the stoa it is very likely, as
H.\.Thompson has conjectured, that the stoa had a second storey. The architectural members of the stoa were
entir 1)' of poros; of these one Doric column capital belonging to the outer colonnade has been preserved.
The doors op ning on to the square rooms, 4.86 m. to the side, are not in the normal position on axis with
the rooms, they are ofr centre to the left. Since these rooms are just like the mens' dining-rooms with seven
dining-couches in private houses, in regard both to the positioning of the doors and to the dimensions of the
rooms, we may conjecture that the stoa rooms 'were designed for dining-couches and that they served as dining-
rooms and places of relaxation for the crowds of citizens who spent their whole day in the Agora. Just as in the
case of the three official mess-halls, the Prytaneion (p. 1), the Thesmotheteion (p. 2), and the Tholos (p. 553)
which played such an important part in the political life of the city, this stoa must have been a civic building
containing one hundred and five dining-couches, fig. 673, installed by the state as a public service to the Atheruan
citizen. The dining-rooms seem also to have been called "the tables" (trapezai) and it is probable that the ancient
authors are referring to these tables when they speak of Athenians chatting with tho e whom they found at
"the tables" in the .'\gora and ha,-ing discussions there, just as they u ed to do in the mens' dining-rooms in
houses.
In the course of time the building underwent many repairs and alterations and was put to other uses such as
offices or headquarters for various branches of the go,-ernment. The most important alteration ,,'as the construc-
tion of a staircase in the lobby of room 'VIII as a means of communication with the road in back and with the
second store\'.
,
H. A. Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 28-29; 23,
1954, pp. 39-45; TPATA01:, pp. 62-63;
Agora Guide, pp. 100-101; H. A. THOMPSON, Hespe-
ria 37, 1968, pp. 43-56; E. VANDERPOOL, ;'[etrono-
moi, Hesperia 37, 1968, pp. 73-76.
673 South Stoa I, last quarter of 5th e. H.C. Left: restored plan. Hight: existinl' rt'lllli,, l)f S()l.th S't) 1 . I .J
..., .. 'J. W n 1 r 'stor
plan of South Sroa II built on the "te in the first half of the 2nd e. D.C.
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675 Remains of the rooms in South SlOa I.
I'll h \ rltl 01' DIO YSOs 5 7
,
t u
rill \lRI INn :-1IHI1'.1 01 DION""O' ':1 I linn Hill,,; Tile "ite or the Theatre has h en known since the middle
o(til'ISth IHIII\: in IS.8 the Cre'e" \leil.H'nlngiell Sociely beg.111 e:l.c:l\a!lons which last d nearly an ntire
"l1tlll\, rhe '",l.l\,\!I011" h,l\e' hlOughl to ilght Ihe t1ll'alre .Ind lhe grealer part of the hrin of Diony )
I !'ulllelell' Il1tluding the t\\O temples nf 1)\nl1\,o, \\ hich Pallsanias (1, 20,3) saw in it. The older t mple ()
DleHI\"'" \\ hleill\llused the ,lllciellt (lilt ,tallie III Dio11\"()' I',kuthelells is dated to the 6th century H.C. The
l.ltel tellll'!l', \II11il ItTe11th d,lled to the 5111 e'l1tul \ II.C., contained Ihe chrysdephaJltine statue of the god by
\lblll m".
rh "tll hoi the the.ltre, in I' "pecl to the histol\ of the building and partl ularh th datingofth ,artou periods,
1'111 nud 01 elt,l'1ic re\ i"ton .IS I had occa,ion to ol)',el"\e in ]95], \\ hcn \;triolls IJnestigatlOns were made. In
1l)63, \\ he n P.l..... ,llligas \\ .IS supel"\ ising the \\ ork of landscaping this area, pOller} was found under the conglom-
er.ltt' 101lndatiom of till lat r temple, The pot"he rds prO\ cd that the tcmple ould not he older than the mid-4th
e'I1\lIn H.C. lunh 'rmore, all of th ongloml'l.lte \\ alls both in the shrine and in the theatre should be dated
It) the 4th centun 13 C
It i: not kno\\ 11 "ae[1\ \\ hen the cult of Dion\ 'os I kuthereu" was introduced to \th ns, The fir t structur s
in the "hrine ,Ire d.lled to the ",com] halfof the'6th cel1tun B, ,during the rule ofPeisistrato or, more likel!,
of hi, succe"sors, The old 'I' temple and t he semicircular reraining \\ all belong to this period (I). The emicircu-
I.tr \\ all was huilt 10 cre,lte a Ie\ ,I terrace fronting on the g ntle slope of the hill on \\'hich the crowds sat, a if
in a kind of open.air telt sterton, to \\ ,Itch the dancing and sll1ging \\ hich was a part of the cult of Dion! 0 ,
fig,
L'ntil lhe middle ot the 1[h centun H,C., the dr,lmallc and the musical contests probably \\'ere h ld in the .\gora
in the Orchestra (p. 3), around \\ hich high \\ ooc!en stands or bleachers \\' 're set up [or spectator..
\Ctef these \\ elOd n tiers of ,e.lh, the tAr;a a, .1l1ci 'nt authors called them, had collapsed during a perfor-
mance, 11 \\as deCided to budd a ne\\" theatre at th shrine 01 Diomsos l'leurhereus. The date oCthe collap.
of the d:.1'111 ,houlcl be associated ,\ ith the hudding hoth oj the thealre and the Od ion in P rikl s' time,
\1 hen both the dramatic and mu,i(al COIllc,t, wcre tramfe:rre:d trom the \gora to the south slope of th
\cropolis,
'so certain tr.lce of the 5th centufl H,(. the.ltre (ll) e I,ts e' cept lor .1 Ie\\ blocks r '-used in th 4th c nrur)
13 C. theatre oj I \kourgos, Thc 5th nntul\ H.(, Ihe.ltre: mu t h,nc heen \ n ,with a fc\\" ro,\" of
\\ooden and stone he:n he" placed on the: hlll tor the 'pectalOr" \\ atching the perfornunc s 011 th old semicir-
ular terra e \\ hich no\\ came to he called the orch st Ia, a [CI m prl'\ lou"h .'pplted onh to the Orche. tra in th
\gora (Photios, ';!!XllrrT!!IJ).
The orator L\ kourgo, is responsible lor the monllment.tI fOim 01 th' thutle" the ruin" of\\hich ar pr "en d
to the prcsent time, l'rom thai time on the hound.HIt" 01 the lhe.ltrt .Ind sllline \\ e're I 'arh distingui. h d 11\ a
penbolos wall en lostng the shrine, The north side 01 this \\ .tll. II 11, \\ .1S utIlI. eel .IS .1 retaining wall for th
orchestra 1<:\el whIch was ahout ') metres hlghel tlwn the shllne', .lt1d In .tll "Uh"C(]UUlI periods it cominu d to
be the dt\iding \\all hllwee:n theatre: and shrine, lig, (lse;.
The Ion!' Doric 'toa along the length oj the \\alll [ II \I.Is abo p.ut 01 the Ld,ouIg.l1ll'rogr.lmm ; in m\ opi-
nion it had two SWrn sand wa, hUllt t \.clu"h eh jOl the needs 01 tht ,hrtne'. [t 11.1' no Cllnne illl1 \\ith th' t
huiltling of the theatre, In reg;\Id to the t\\o (cmple, III tht shrine, \\e' m.l\ cllnjtlture th.lt .IS 3rh a. th 5th
century B,C. therc \\.IS lither a second temple 01 nme other (ult bllilding to houst' the dIn, lcphantin .t tu
hy Alk.tmene, alld th,lI altLT the' mid-4lh century H.C. Ihe statue \\.'" mO\cd to the' ne\\ ttmpl , Ther ar simil r
cases 01 classical cult Slatue's standing in temples 01 latn date as, fOt in,r.lntt', P.llls.lni.ls S.I\\ th' ult t tu t
Mothc'r of the (,ods hv '\vorakrllm In the llelkntstic l\1l'twon In the \gor.1 (p. "\ 2).
Ihe ohlong found.llions lacing the area in lroll\ of the Lill'I templt' heloIlg to .\n .lltar. This unu u itin f, r
the :lltar ht'ars Il.!lnc"" to lht fortth()lIghl de'\ oted to thl' reorganiz.ttioIl of tht shrin', so th t P
left In !ront oj thc' two and th, stoa for performing tIll' ""riolls rdi:ious nr moni s hi h P
had taken place on the' ,emicirnJl.lr t('rrace.
'1111' \'1'RI 01 DIO )OS
Th th atr' I \lilt hI LI kourgo, had .1 pnn10lnenr stage (fII), ;1 hea\ y rectangular foundation SUppOrt-
ing a sron' f.l).ld '. Th hrst l.lrge regular stage extending the whole width of the orche tra 'was bUilt around the
nd of th 4th c nmn H.C. (1\ ) .111:1 there considerable alterations during the Ilellenistic period (\').
In '6 H.C. ll)[h the th .!tre ,Ind the stage were heayil)' damaged during ulla's inyasion; a few years latc:r
\\- r' r p.lir' I. prol ah1l 1I that same king.\riobarzanes who rook care of the rebuilding of the Odelon of
P'ri 1 'S which had b 'en dlstroyed at the same tIme (p.
_\ro\ln 1 th' middle of the 1st Clnrun' after Christ an entirel" new tage (\'1) 'was built; the imcribed epistyle
, ,
from th c'mral mrance (I. G. IF 3182), dated to 61 62 A.D., tells us that the stage \\'as dedicared to Dion)' os and
th Emp ror .:\ero. It has not ,'et been ascertained \\,hether the stage ,\'as raised on a high podium ar thi time,
as \\'a- cu. tomary in the Roman period, or if it was on the le\'e! of the orche tra. In any e\'ent, in rhe reign of
Hadrian or, more likely, of Antoninus Pius in the middle of the 2nd century after Christ there was
a high podium in front of the stage; it possibly' had kneeling Silens in relief, later re-used in the bema of
PhaidrQs.
-\s early' a the 1st cemun' after Christ, the floor of the orchestra had probably been payed "'ith marble. The
gutter around the orchestra must also haye been coyered with marble slabs. The low thin marble parapet separat-
ing the orchestra from the theatre scats was, in our opinion, set up much later in the time of Phaidros. A pa sage in
a speech of the orator Dio Chrysostomus is responsible for the pre\'ailing opinion that the orchestra was u ed
as an arena and the parapet set up to protect the spectators from injury. Dio Chry'sostomus (XXXI, 121) harshly
criticized the Athenians for holding bloody' spectacles in the Theatre of Dionysos. The thearre, ho\\'e\'er,
could only ha\-e been used occasionally for such purposes, because the Panathenaic stadium \.yas much better
suired for gladiatorial contests and wild beast fights (p. 498).
The history' of rhe theatre as a theatre stops ,,'ith the Herulian inyasion in 267 .-\. D. The alterations carried our
by rhe archon Phaidros (VII) about a hundred and fifty years later appear to ha,-e had another purpose..-\t rhar
rime rhe fa<;:ade of rhe bema \\'as rebuilt and reliefs deri\-ing from a building of the Hadrianic period were set in
it. The lirtle stair\l'ay \I'as built, \"ith the in cription of Phaidros (I. G. 112 5021) on the topmost block..-\ small
building, possibly a stoa, \.vas built on the bema in front of the old tage. The remains of this building are the
foundation \\'alls marked X'P and TYon E.Ziller's plan. Since the large epistyle blocks \\'irh rhe .:\ero inscrip-
rion were built into them, they must be much later than the other walls of the stage building.
The bema is usually thought to be the proscenium, but the bema built by Phaidros eyidently had an emir 11
differem function. From classical times on, mainly in the Roman period, the theatre was used for th meetings
of the Assembly of the People. it is likely' that Phaidros renoYated the bema \\-ith this in mind
and th,us his bema \.yas intended specifically for the orators of the Assembly. The whole area of the stage and
orchestra seems to have been separated from the rest of the theatre at the time \I'hen the bema and rhe little stair-
way were built. Entrance to the theatre was controlled by doors in the parodoi and the marble pamp t \\'as
built around the orchestra. The marble parapet, in any case, must be contemporary \\'ith the bema because the
same mortar was used in both.
As Christianity came to prevail in Athens, a basilica with one nave was built in the eastern parodos of the theatre
at around the end of the 5th century after Christ and the orchestra was used as the basilica courtyard (aithriol/).
as appears from the fact that the phlale (VIII) was built into the orche tra floor. The heptagon incised on th'
floor and one column base is all that remains of the phiale (a kind of fountain). The ancient gutter aroun 1 th'
orchestra was converted into a reservoir for water. A wall, preserved on the outside of the parap't, W.IS built
to close off the courtyard, and the sculptures of the bema were concealed under a thick lay r of plast 'r.
In Byzantine times the whole thing was destroyed and around the middle of the 11 th century the Rizokastru
wall (IX) crossed over the ruins of the bema and the walls of the parodos. .
'1'1111 \ TIU" 01' DIONY:-'O"
53')
\. l'on.Ollll) '1''11111. IH62, pp. 9 I 102, 12H
I _09 _19, 222 22'. 2-19 2 2, 271 27
C
), 2H'i
\\. [)ORl'ltl D - " .. 1\11'( 11, 1),1' ,l?;Iiechi,chc
rlll',lt'r, \then IH96; \. hue "I II It" Die alt
,l?;tiechi'chc Huhnc, 1917; I'll ( II II 1\, Da,
DJ()!l\'o, Theater; O. Iho 11H, The 0\1 1 in the
Greck J'he,ltre, . tud. Capp" pp. 29 41; J. T. \1 I l.N,
On the \thelll,ln Theater beforc 411 B.C., L ni\ersll\
of Llll!ornia, 1 "0.6, 191', pp. 169 1""2; I 1. ,
DI Ihul?;c'chichte des Dion\ sosthcatcrs in \then,
\ \ 19r, pp. 26 51; R. \' \1 101', Promenade au
th':;itre de Diol1\ '0S, R L \ 42, 1940, pp. 36'i 376;
J. T. \tIl', On the Odeum of Pericles and the
Pc riclean Reconstruction 01 the Theater, Uni \ ersit,
of California, r O. 7, 1941, pp. 171 177; '\. V.
GI HI>; \ , Die neroni,che hOll' des Dion) sos-
theaters in \then, Jdl 'i6, 1941, pp. 163 177; O.
13Ro I I R, The Tent of Xer,es and the Greek Theater,
Lnhersin of California, 1 '\0. 12,1944, pp. 305 311;
\. \\-.PIC I AHI) C MBH1J)C,I, Th(;Theatn of f)j(JI1,
'LIS In \thLll', Oxford 1946; \X'. B. J)J ,\f'llIH, The
\ I hl'ni,tn Theater of the "fth (cotur;, Stud. Ro!Jin-
,on I, pp. 3()C) 330; I. Ti'\J \()_, ',,1 "'lrT""'f'll IV Tf;'
I1111' "rT"liUf) 1951 pp. 41 52; HILI.,
\thens, pp. 112 124; I. Ti'\ !'\<}_,
/i"m}./1<I/ TO" 1//JI'''rT'''1<')'! f"f'll' 195354 Ii,
pp. 301 316; T. 13. L. \\1 Jj'IIH, (,reck Theatre
Production, London 1956; R. \1 Sur deu
e pre sic)J1s techniques de ]'architecture grecque,
RLVPhil. 31,1957, pp. 66 81; .\1. BIJ HI R, Thdfi ton
of the Greek and Roman Theater, Princeton 1961;
T. B. L. \X J< H'>Jl,R, Griechische Buhnenaltertumer,
GiJttingell 1963; JI. KA,\.\/I 1,i,T. 18, 1963,
pp. 12 18; F. E. WINfER, Greek Theatre Production:
'\ Review Article, Phoeni" 19, 1965, pp, 99-110; 0\.
PI( IdRD-C\"IHRlJ)(,L, The Dramatic Festivals of
\thens, (hCord 1968
2
.
676
Theatre of D"mysos from the not!h, Se(ll from the Aero"ol is.
540
'I'llF.A'I'RE OF DIONYSOS
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677 Theatre of Dionysos, restored plam. I. The theatre in the second half of t he 6th c. B.C. II. The thl';ltre in the second
half of the 5th c. B.C.
Till, \TRh (W
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Tnpods H. Choreglc monument' C. !'oros nalsko, D. P(()b.lble sIte of th<: prop\ Ion \'. Donc
temple of Diunysos G. Later tcmple of Dlonysos JI. Great altar I. Snull altdr.
,
IIII \IHI 01 I>ION' .... O ....
-
679 !'oundatJons of the m,d4,h Co 11.(.. tllllple of 1);OIlI"" Ulllthl'Il'll', Illllll the ,
1111\IRIOfD!O Y ~
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'1' I 11\ \ '1' !( 1: () I' J) I () N Y ()
683 Theatre of Dionyso" view fn ,m I he caSi.

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685 Stage building of the Theal re of I \'c III. I'cri,)d nf 1.\ 1-nll rgo,
- V. Hellenistic period VI. Mid-lsI c. afler
1\'. I'nd of the 41h c. H.C.
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6R6 'The later fOrlunc\ of thc I heatrc of DUlJl""'. \'11. Ikginllll1g of thl Sth c. .tftl'r Chnst
c. after Chn\t I X. \I,d-Il t h l'.
'1' 111' \'1' 111': 0 I' I) I ON Y .... O ....
(jR7 GRS Re"ef ,Ia", Irlll11 all IIl1kl111"11 11111'"lllll"1I1 "I 11.1<111,1111, 111m'" " ""," lilt",' h 111.1 1'\
I'hatdrll' at the "q.!:lIll1ll1g IIf Ih" S,h (. .,fle, ( h",1.
I I II \ I 1\ I () I, I) I () \ S() S
'j'i\
(,')() (IInd.II ,dLl' "' Ii" <,illll1l "I 1)","1"'" I ,II 1I111lll'lI', dld",I'l'd hI I''''I\I-',''l'' ,lIhl \1'"11,,.11\11", 1lL-'gilt 12' 111
I, (, 11' 2'J4') 1\ h""1 I()() 1U .
'l'111'.'\'I'I{I'
'1'1101.0-; 553
'1'111 TIl()] tl, \\ a, c\.en atc I h\ !l1l' \n1<.'1 i an :-,dlOOI of( la"ical in 1933 and 1934 with further inv tiga-
tiom ill 1916 ami 1917, whclI dccp digging rC\'l'aled an oldu huilding of thc mid 61h entury B.C. which had
hecn (k,IW\ cd in thc PCI si.ln 01 480/479 H.C. and SCCIl1S to have 11lCll I('plac('d by the Tholos circa 465
B... fig. 693. l.lll\ .11IClcnt authors and le\.icographl'l s rcfci to thc Tholos which because it is round ha not onl}
heen scculch identiltcd but also flllni,hed a (I\.ld point for the identili ation of othu buildings in the Agora.
In th' ,lllCtull soutces it is u,uall) alkd Tholos, hut it is also namld Ixcause of th conical roof which
resembled all an ient parasol. The offl ial nam , however, was Prytanikon, a tum which applied to the older
IJlulding- undcrneath thc Tholos as well as to the entire area within the Tholos til losure. The ofhcial nature of
the olckr IJllllding- is ,ho\\n b) its pro\.imit ' to the 13ouleutcrion with whi h it forms an ar hitcctural unit,
. ?5? ?54
ltgs. _ .
The c\.rcnul diametcr of the Tholos is 18.32 m. The wall, 0.71 m. thi k, was jsodomic poros masonry for the
lower coU!',es and ,un-dried bri k for the upper courses, concealed under a la) I' of strong stucco, traces of which
hal c been pre,crvcd on the surrace of the poros wall blo J The special reature of the Tholos was its conical
roof, co\cred ,,\'ith tcrracotta roof tiks speciall\ dlsigmd ror the purpo,e, figs. 698-699. The large diameter
of the building necessitated the usc of ulterior columns to support the roof timb 'rs; the arrangement of the i
paras columns is unique.
The Tholos mall\ destru lions and repairs during its long history. Far!) on, around the end of the
5th centun B. ., the roof was de,tro\ cd; direct" after\\ ards, or at t he beginning of the 4th century B.C. ar
the late t, the walls were built up ancw and a new roof put on. Prohably at this time a string course of Hymettos
marble, 0.11 m. h1gh and 0.72 m. wide, was placed betwlen the course of sun-dried brick. uf\'iving fragm nl-
of this marble string course prescrve traces of attachment for window, and it is highl} probable that rhere
were at least two windows, one on either side of the door. This arrangement recalls the Pinakorheke in the
Prop)lala; perhaps in hath case. the \"indows hale something to do with the function of the building.
In Augu.tan times, the entrance embellished with a propy!on and the original floor of hard-pack d cla)
was covered with a mosaic floor of small hite marble chips. Tnthe j fadrianic period the Tholo was more ext n-
sivcly remodelled, tg. 697; the interior columns were remo\Cd and th floor paved "ilh slabs of Pent lic and
Il)'mellian marble. The removal of the columns certain!} must have creat d problems in rooling rh building,
especially since the constru tion of a dome must in all probabillt\ be ruled out.
Destroyed by the Jlerulians in 267 A.D., the Tholos rebuilt from the foundations in rhe 4th century aft I'
Christ. At that time the wall was reinforced by an e\.terior 0.70 m. thick, of ston 's and mortar.
In respect to the function of the Tbolos, both the inrormatlon from our ancient sources and the finds from
the excavations show that it was one of the most important buildlJlgs 01 the \gora. The chairmen of th Council,
the PIJ'/afielS, dined at public expense in the 'fholos and on the north side of Ihe ,[holos there was rhroughout
the centuries a Iiltle annex which ,erved as a kitehl n communi atinlY It h the Tholos h\ means of.l ,mall nrrancc
, "
at the north. The water indispensable lor Ihe nceds of Ih dIning room in the Tholos, was provided in
rhe beginning by w II. and later by a cistern S} stem. The official weight, .md mea,urcs, mal1\ of whieh han
been found tn the excavations, welc kept in the Tholos, fig. 701. In addition to these, it s(cms that \ acinus
standard models were set IIp in front of the Tholos, ncar the CI\ 1C OfflCes, a nurhlc tile modd, gil ing th
srandard dimen ions for terra olla roof tiles, has been found in the excavations, flp. 702 70.3.
According to the ancient authors, the pry/fillets not onlv dined in the Tholos, lhl also Ill.Hie sacrih C' nel
libations there. The cult associations of the Tholos arc sub,tantlaled b\ Iht sil\('r st.ltUtltcs which Pau,ani
mentions as being in the '1'holos; probahly tht:re was also an altar ill the middl'. But til(' n lo,ur
appt:ars to have been a sacred prt:Cll1ct, in w hi h the PIJ'/antis otlered \.1 rio\! s ,.1 ritins..\rt rnis Boul i . who
also had the (;pilhel of PhosphoTC)s, was the principal dIvinity worshippc'd in thl pTtcinct. 1.\ iel n fr m
linds indicates that the altar of Artemis was al the soutll(':Lst side of the Tholos. But other eli\ initi , r I
worshipped here, as one might inft I' from Ihc prylany denn's rdnring to sanititts to .\pollo PI' t t ri
Atht:na Archegt:tis and others.
TIIOI.OS
llesperia 4, 19)';, pp. 470 475; ROlli' II I,

pp. 117 117; II. A. TIIO,IP,O!':, The '[holos of \lhc:n
,Inti ils I'redl'ccssors, Ilesperia Suppl. 4, 1940;
\\IYC 11I'.IIL"Y, Testimonia, pp. 179 184; Agora Cuide,
pp.45 47; ,\1. M. CIIO,IlY, Weighls, Sleasures
and Tokens, '[he \lhenian Agora X, 1964.
5. ot
\'\ \Clb\ll I'll, .\rhen II, Pl'. 11. 1 0; I). 1.1 \ I, II
Pritan '0 e 1.1 Thn!os tli \rCl1L" \nllll;lrio () '7, 19_121,
pp. 1 2:>; J. ell IRHt) I \1", Tholos l'l [Jr\ lanel',
BC1I49, 1l)2:-. Pl'. \)11('11, Topographic,
pp. 346 3-1,'; '1', I. :-lll IR, IJespl'ria 4, 19-15, pp.
34: .'ot,'; I'. \ \"D1 RPOOI, Tholos and Pr)lanikon,
691 Remains of the western pan of I he Thol"s \Va".
'1'1101 OS
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694 The Tholos and, In I"rc)lll "I II, c"r1" , "lld lIl1Clllpll'''' \ Il"Il,'II1S, \ Il \I 11\"" Iht' :'1 ,
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700 tandard meas.ures for solids and liquids. Agora Mus.
,
701 Standard weights of bronze and lead, found in Ihe VICII1I1Y ,,! JllC rh"los .111<1 clse\\ hl"rl' 111 tht' \glll,1. -\g ,n lu
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Agora A 12H3 and A 1133. Photograph .md Il5torcd dr.l\\ lngs.
TIIRASYLLOS I'v!ONUMI\NT
.d virtually intact until the
THR SYLLOS 1\10 l': The choregic monument of Th rasyllos was preserve ,
" ' .'" I,' f h Acropolis by the rurks. The
\'\'
ar
ot Independenc , \\'hen It dest rOl'ed III 1827 du ring t 1e siege 0 t e
. . f C' [ A ona and Stuart and Revett
inscriptions on the monument h,l\ e been known since the lime 0 yrtacus 0 nc ,
. . , . I'd' I 'Id ' tl' stayinAthens(1751-1753).
made admIrable drawmgs ot the ,Irchttecture whtch the)' stu( Ie J11 (etal urJng 1elr
The only r'c nt studl is b, G.\\ cit 'r (1958) who identified and collected the scattered architectural members
and reo\' r d the ori"inl11 of the monument, fig. 705.
In 3_0319 H.C. Thra;dlos built the monument (1. C. 112 3056) high on the south slope of the Acropolis at the
geat artificial scarp, the kala/Ollie as the Athenians called the rock [ace which had been evened out vertically
during the construction of the Theatre of Dionysos by Lykourgos (Hypereides and Philochoros in Pollux IV,
,
123; Harpokration, y.QrQTO,lIlj). The fa<;ade of the monument screened the mouth of a cave which had appeared
when the cliff \\"as cut back to form the kalaloJlJe and it was placed on the uppermost rows of the theatre seats
about 30 metres above the level of the orchestra. Various choregic monuments were placed in other cavities
of the k.ala/oll/e, and to the west of the ka/a/ollle the foundations of a monument about 10 X 8 metres have been
preserved. This was apparently an important monument and in a way it was the counterpart to the Thrasyllos
monument, since the two are equidistant from the axis of the theatre. There are also many beddings in the rock
for tripod bases and there are two other important choregic monuments which are still standing: columns
with triangular capitals to support tripods. This part of the Acropolis slope high above the Theatre of Dion)'sos
was obviously a choice site for choregic monuments, visible from afar and at the same time accessible from the
Peripatos which crossed through the Theatre of Dionysos at a slightly lower level.
The original appearance of the Thrasyllos monument, as recovered by G.\Velter, differs from the form of the
monument seen and dra,,'n by Stuart and Revett, figs. 707-708. As a result of studying the cutting and other
traces on the floor of the ca,'e and the newly-found architectural members, \'(felter concluded that there had been
doors \\'ith jambs of Hymettian marble between the piers of the fa<;ade. Inside he found evidence for the back
wall of a small chamber, 6.20 X 1. 70 m. and 6 m. high. In describing the cave, Pausanias (I, 21, 3) notes the
tripod which stood on top and inside he saw a work of art representing Apollo and Artemis slaying the children
of i\iobe. In such a small chamber there hardly would have been room for sculpture and, as \\ryelter righth'
surmised, the composition must have been a painting 'I."hich with its many figures would ha,'e taken up the
whole back wall.
Fifty years later in 271/270 B.Q. Thrasykles, the son of Thrasyllos, placed the tripods 'l.duch he had won himself
on either side of his father's tripod. Tlus information comes from two inscribed bases (1. C. IF 30 3) d'ra,,-n
by tuart and Revett while they were still in place. The statue of Dion)'sos ,,'hich appears in the tuart and
Revett drawing and probably two other statues placed on cornices on top of the inscribed bases of Thras\'kle.
ae: apparently much later additions, set up when the theatre was repaired by Phaidros circa 400 A.D.
WIth the coming of Christianity the cave was converted to a chapel dedicated to the Panaghia Spilaiotissa. It is
ltkely that the wall between the piers with the tiny entrance was built at that time.
STUART-REVETT, 1I, Chapt. lV; I'.
,
IIEfJL Tijr; rov (-J']rLU ,,))., {o I} Ill' IJllI: (() ", 'A lJ ij I'UL
1851; E. REISCH, Zum ThrasyJ]osmotlulncl1t, AM 13,
1888, pp. 383-401; JUDEICH, Topographic, p. 15;
G. \'\'ELTFR D ' "fl, I
" as 1lasy !osmotlumcnt, 'F;q'lll.
1
11 419 42? . I ,
". . -, Id., D:lS chorcgischc Dcnkmal des
I hras) lIos, ,\,\ 1938, pp. 33 68 II -\ h
108 110. ' ILL" ten" pp.
'I'lrRASYLLOS MONLJMr'NT
704 RLm,lIIlS of thc .[ hr.lsyllos \[onumull In from or, he lOne.
Roman pLrlod to support tllpods. VIC\' flQm thc Sb.
bene: t\\O othu chnlcglc ll1tlt\Utll tlb, l"(.llUnltb (,)t th.....
.64
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705 Thrasyllos Monument, 320/319 B.C. Restored by G. Welter.
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706 Plan of the Monument.
I'll I( \"" 1 ()" 1\1 () LJ II N I
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tll,lIt .ll1d Rl\llt
66
TRIPODS, STREET OF
TREET OF THE TRIPODS: Of all the choregic monuments once standing along the Street of the only
the monument of Lvsikrates has sun'ived almost complete (p. 348). 1\xcavations cond ucted around the Lyslkrates
monument in 1921 by .\. Philad lpheus and G. \'\'clter and a lillie to the south in 1955 by 1. Miliadis revealed
the anci nt road, six metres wide, at a depth of three metres, and the foundations of seven bases on the west
side of the road. 1. J\liliadis excavated at the corner of Vyronos and EpimenidoLl Streets where a new house
was about to b put up; the bases he found have been left in place in the basement of the house, just as in the
case of anoth r choregic monument base found in 1874, at the corner of present-day Tripodon St. and Thespidos
,
St. north of the monument of Lysikrates.
, .
Th se finds not only pro\'e that there had been a road here, they also fix the line of the street for a distance of
110 m., fig. 710. All the bases found so far are sited on the west side of the street, where the ground level rises
sharply. On the other side of the street, to the east, there seem to have been houses, but it is not impossible
that monuments or other types of buildings lined the east side of the street. For example, on a lot on Vyronos
St., foundations of large conglomerate blocks were found overlying the remains of 5th century B.C. houses.
In antiquity, the Street of the Tripods was called the "Tripods" as Pausanias notes (I, 20, 1); it began at the
Prytaneion, i.e. at the Panathenaic \\'ay near the Eleusinion, ran 800 metres around the foot of the Acropolis
and ended at the propylon of the shrine of Dionysos Eleuthereus, near the theatre and the Odeion of Perikles
(Andocides, De M)'Steriis I, 38).
The Street of the Tripods, as the exca\'ations have shown, was a very ancient thoroughfare connecting the t"-'o
shrines of Dionysos: the shrine of Dionysos Lenaios where dramatic contests had earlier been celebrated and
the shrine of Dionysos Eleuthereus where the contests were celebrated from the 5th century B.C. ol1'l.\'ards in
the theatre erected for the purpose. Judging on the basis of information given by scholiasts and lexicographers,
I assume that the hrine of Dionysos Lenaios \Vas in the Agora Square. Consequently, it is no accident that
the choregoi set up the tripods which they had won in the contests along the length of the street connecting
the two old shrines ofDionysos. It is a striking fact that long after it became customary to set the tripods up
in the region of the theatre they continued to be set up in the Agora, probably along the Panathenaic \\'ay, appar-
ently continuing the older tradition, figs. 711 and 713.
From the 5th century B. C. onwards it was the custom to set up tripods on the Street of the Tripods. The e
bronze tripods, often gilded, were placed on separate bases or on small temple-like buildino-s. 1\1am' of the chore-
. b .
gIC monuments were decorated with wall paintings and sculpture and the treet of the Tripods was the .-\then-
ians' favourite promenade.
P. PERVANOCLU, Base triangolare agon i tica d' Ate-
ne, Annali dell'Instituto 33, 1861, pp. 114 122;
A. f1gW<T. 1921, pp. 2') 26; id., '/:'1/11/1.
1921, pp. 83-97; F. AA 1921, pp.
318-321; G. WELTER, Die Tripodcnstrark in Athen,
AM 47 1922 I 72 77 ) . .
'. ' 1p. ; ,t1DElCIl, fopogmphlc,
p. 183; VtlNDEI\POOL, :\J \ 61 1957 81'
rl' ' , p..... ,
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, ) . - 1'I h. Tnr:r).ln"HI
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, O/!lI'I'Ul/IUTr/ XIII Ill-Il//f'ill, '/:''7'1111. 1961,
159 179,
TR1POD ,STRffT or-
-09 Lysikrat s :\lonument, as it appeared around the mid-! th cenrut\, seen from the east. The road follows the route
of the ancient Street of the Tripod. Dra" n Lc Roy.
BYPONOI
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maIm of ,l 5th . 13.( . hou\Co
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<
TRIPODS, STIU,ET or
711 Inscribed ttl,ltlgubr ttipuJ b,lSI' flom the 'gorL
1.. 'lc 1st e. "fter Chris!. lleight 2.<)6 m. 1. C. 11' .1114.
. 1 ot a tt'l'pod in the Agora.
Triangular capita to supp t <
Heiaht 0.61 m.
to
712 Triangular b ~ e from the ~ t r c t or I he TllpOJS.
econd half of the 4th c. B.t. National 1\lus. 1463.
ZEUS IlYPSJSl'OS 569
'F 01 ZIt" This ,hrine is mentioned neither by the ancient authors nor by the lexicographers.
It bream hnO\ln in 1803 from in eribed plaques found in Lord Aberdeen's excavations near the bema of the
Pm x. Right in front of th niches hewn in the searp he found twelve votive reliefs inscribed with the name of
the god: L us I h psistos or simply II) psis lOS (1. G. 112 4798-4807).
Tho>e t\\'ch c relief ar now in the Briti. h luseum; four similar ones, now in the Berlin (1, G. II!
4 4 10) were found built into the \I'all of a house north of the Acropolis; other fragments came to light
in th ar a of the Pn) x during the excavations of K. Pittakis in 1852 and of E. Curtius in 1862.
During the large-scale e,cantions of the Pnyx conducted by B, A. Thompson in 1931, the plaque 1. C. II!
47 3 \I'as found; fil'e more turned up later on (Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 154-156). The inscribed votive plaque
found in 1931 in the Roman Agora (I, C. 112 4784) and five more found in the Agora Excavations (Agora I 3551,
r94, 4294, 5960, 6606) all doubtless came from the same shrine.
llrichs, \\'eIcker and Curtius originally maintained that the entire region of the Pnyx was sacred to Zeus
B) psistos, But after the assembly-place on the Pnyx became known it was thought that the shrine had been
establi hed there in Roman times when the site had 10 t its political significance,
:-\everthele s, the cult of Zeus H) psistos is evidently much older, and before the final remodelling of the Pnyx
in the third period, 330-326 B.C., the shrine had been established on the site. During the second period of the
Pnyx, the shrine \vas on the same site but more isolated and at a greater distance from the bema, fig, 595, Ir
was an open-air or roofed cella hewn out of the rock. orne of it urvived when the artificial scarp was created,
for the scarp follo\n the line of the south wall of the cella, figs, 714-715. Thus the floor of the older shrine, its
step and a considerable number of the niches abo\-e floor level have been preserved. The niches below the
floor lel-el of the older shrine and certainly orne of those above floor level belong to the later phase of the
shrine in the third period of the Pnyx. The big rectangulat niche in which the cult statue of the god was placed
probably dates from the Roman period, as do all the votive reliefs which have been discol'ered on the spot,
l\.R. COOK, Zeus If, 2, Cambridge 1925, pp. 876 878;
K. KOl'ROl I I. A. TIlOMP,ON, The Pny" in
Athens, Hesperia I, 1932, pp, 90, 193 200; H. :\.
THOMP\()N, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 154 156; 13. n.
1\fI..RI t 1, Hesperia 17, 194H, p. 43, ' o. 34; 2 , 1
p, 256, 1\:0. 40; 2(1, p, H9, o. '\ ; 29, 1
63, 0, 107 108.
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-15 hrine of Zeus Hypsistos. The VOlin: niches, (rom the e.l l.
ZEUS IlYPSISTOS
571
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716 Votive plaques from the shrine of Zeus Ilypsistos. British Mus.
ZE S IIYI'SIS'rOS
717 \'ori\'c plaquc dedlcared [0 Zcus fllpslsws. 0.20 by 0.10 m. I. C. ll' 4783. Agora \Ius.
srorcrool11.
718 Vorive plaque detilcaled 10 Zeus Ilypsisios. O.
srored in rhe Tower or the \X'imb.
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0.30 Ill. I. G. II' -1-78-1-. Prescnrh
/.1 :, I'll R \1 RIO:' 57
\t1 \R OJ .ILl' PIlR \ I Rlth \ D \ 1111 \ PI1I\ I Iitl I: J11 1937 In COUI't' of dlgglllg tor the tound tllm of a
public b.lth ne.lr \th'11.1 St., .It the of .Ind an in'lrlbcd altar bdon 'lIlg to a mall
,hrin of .Ind \then.1 Phr.1I1I.1 \\ .1' tiJUnd, fig. 721.
Th .1!t.!f, d.ltd in th' halt oC the 4th cent 1I II , or.1I thc of 3rd CCI1lUfl H.c. at th late t,
of four ot I h melli.1n marble and \\ found ill JlIII sct on hcdftlck 'll a (.kpth of 5.90 m. b lo\/.
th' 'nt ground Ie\ 'I. \ 'ploratoq "en aLion \\ .IS umkrtaken but due to the gr at depth of larth
tillin" l! \\ .1, not I o,sible to ti, the houml.ui s of the in \\ hich th altar had stood. Ilo\l'e\ cr, it em
'"
to h.n ' h' 'n nclos'd h\ a 'tIuare 01 a rectangular precinct wall of \\ hich on" the south\\ e't t'ormr ha been
found.
\\ h ru, the of Phratrios and .\thena Phratria in the l\gora had a (p.96), thi hrlne
.Ipp an; to hal e had none. the altar helongs to an Iml ortant shrine, \l'e mal deduce from It
position ncar one of the main ot the citl \\ hich, taking start at the northeast e"it from the .\gora,
leads to the Gate.
Th total length of this road \\'as 700 and the altar \\ situated on th at the half-wa) point.
The original \\ idth of the road could not be determin d but it to b en OHr five metres. B sid
the precinct \l'all of the altar, b 101\ the road, a large drainage canal was foul1d. \X'ere the canal to be prolonged
south\\-ard in a straight line, it would lead into the ri\'cr anc! in 1966 the continuation of th canal
\l'a found ncar the Eridanos on a property at no. 8 J\1iaouli 51.
The northern route of the r ad not been preciseh determined; most probabl) it branched ott not far from
the altar, one branch leading to the ",\charnian Gate (\'1) al1d the other !lading to Gare VII, tig. 219. Conglom-
erate foundations found ast of the altai arc aligned \\ ith thc branch of the road. These foundations
,
apparently belong to an important building sitld on the ste p" rising rock. Oth r foundations, found in 1910
on a propert) at the intersection of L\ ripidou and Pra"Jlelous ts., applar to be .ited along th sam road.
Ph. \'ersaki thought that these foundatIOns belong d to the tcmple of Hero, latro (Hero siclan), basing
his conjecture on the inscriptions (I. G. 112 839, 840) found 220 m. of the foundation, ill 1874. Th
finding place of these in cription, ho\\"e\ er, is kno\\n; they were found nur the int rs ction of and
\'orea t., that is to say ncar the building in 1937 \\'hich Jl \\ ould 1e natural to identify with th
. hrine of the Heros Iatros.
III RO:-' I \ I
II. h"l\!\ III
'W'/I'fl/()/' \ pp. 2(,2 2(,-; (,. IIIR'( H
I'IID, Ilertm, H, IH74, pp. lO l()(l; I. \. L,
Tox.lri,. Ilerll1l" 20, 1HHS, pro 41 ; cJl. II .. ,au:.
. '> II. A. THo'l.lp'oN, '\ orZeu'
and Athena Phratrio'> ewly /'ound in \then,>, J Ie're-
ria 7,1938, PI'. 612 62S; 'XY( 1111\11 Y, Testimonia, r.
52, o. 112; O. AAI'.3A"\I'II, I,/.r. 22, 1967, ,\flllI'.
PI' 100 102; 24, 1%9, pro 60 61. 1',) ;IU,)I' Tori '/HUH}.,. ;UTOOI', tFyl"I. 1910, PI'.
J{JI)I-I( 11, , p. r'lJ; " Y HI'R
ll1onia, p. 11 S. n. ,l47.
-270;
. -..
I. I W S 1'1 I It i\ 'I' It I () S
719 The altar as it was found; see fig. 721.
-- --

,
-.-
-
-
-

J
-'
720 The altar of Zeus Phr:urilJs and Alhen:l I'hl.llll:l. Agol.l ,\Ius. I (170'>.
/ I l S PIIR \'1 RIGS 575
080'
-
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nAATEIA KAPAMANOY
00.0 r A I H N A
o
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M.
721 Altar of Zeus Phratrios and Athena I'hratrla, Above: dr,l\vings in elevatioll, sl'Cllon, and pi n. B 10\\: dl
.how the location of the alt'lr and other [(,'mains which have been founo.
576
722 The civic center of Athens in the second century after Christ.
II. Peiraic Gate
E. Roman Stoa
Theseion
III. Sacred Gate
F. Basileios Stoa O. Pr\'t:ll1cinl1
IV. Dipylon
G. Stoa of the Ilerms P. ,\n.lkeion
V. Eriai Gate
II. Poikile Stoa Q. Shrine of AgLturos
VI. Acharnian Gate
I. Roman Stoa R. !'.\luheon
A. Pompeion J.
Basilica S.
(, \ ..,
i goranonllon
B. Monument of Euboulides
1<-. Ileliaia T. .ymlusium of Ptolemy
C. Makra Stoa
L. Library of Iladrian U. Diogcncion
D. Roman Stoa
M. Roman Agora V. Stoa of Rhomaios
577

While this book has been in the press every effort has been made, right up 10 the last moment, to include in the:
bibliograph) all swdie published during that Lime which rclate to subjects covered in the Dictionary. Addition
and r visions in the tell.t and plans to conform to these new studies as well as any discussion ofthe ideas put forward
in them 'wa , however, not only difficult but tcchnically impossible. Neverthelc s, it has seemed advisable to in-
dud something here by way of supplement about the excavations that continuc to bc made in various parts of
th cin', espccialJ) thc great cxcavations of the Agora, and the important archaeological discoveries that have
emerged, at least such of them as contribute to the identification of the monuments and to a better understanding
of the topography of the ancient city.
AGOR \ (p. 1): In April 1970 the American chool of Classical Studies began large scale excavations to uncover the
buildings of the north side of thc Agora. The new program envisages the expropriation of large areas north of the
line of the Athens-Piraeus electric railway. This year's excavations, however, were confined to a narrow strip be-
tween the railway and Adrianou t., about 200 m. long and with a maximum width of 17 m.
0-
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57
SUPPLEMENT
[n th west rn part of thc CXGlvat d arca and at a dcpth of 5.50 m. bclow the surface of Adrianou St. part of the
Panathenaic \'\"a\' was uncovered, and likcwise part of the north-south street which passes in front of the buildings
on the west sid' 'of th ' .\gam. In thc triangu lar area formcd by these two streets the foundations of a large ci rcular
structur 1 Ill. in diamct'r wcrc discovcrcd, part of which had been found in 1891 in the railway trench, fig. 5,
no. _2. I formerly id 'ntified this circular structure as the Leokorion (Travlos, lfo}.eo()o/u,,-1'l, p, 41), but its date in
th fifth C'ntury aft r Christ, as shown by the recent excavations, does not suit this idea. The Leokorion, however,
mu t also have b en somcwhcre here ncar the Altar of the Twelve Gods and it is not impossible that it may have
b' 'n d 'stroycd by the circular structure. The most important discovery in this area, however, was the uncovering

north of and close beside the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios of a small stoa of the middle of the sixth century B. C. which
has been identified with the Basileios toa, long sought in this region, fig. 722, F.
In the eastern sector it was found that over the ruins of an unknown bui Iding of the fifth century B. C. there had
been built in the first century after Christ a stoa, fig. 722, I, whose dimensions have not yet been determined. This
stoa and the great Hadrianic building,], which is thought to have been a basilica marked the line of the buildings
on the north side of the Agora in Roman times. The stoa discovered earlier in front of the north end of the Stoa
of Attalos and called the I ortheast Stoa (p. 6) probably served as the facade of the basilica towards the Agora
square. Finally, as regards the other two early stoas, the Stoa of the Herms, G, and the Poikile Stoa noted for its
paintings, H, which are to be sought on the north side of the Agora, their position is now limited to the area be-
tween the two early roads one of which led to the Eriai Gate and the other to the Acharnian Gate, fig. 722.
A detailed report of the excavations and discoveries will be published shortly by T. Leslie Shear, ] L, the director
of the excavations, in Hesperia 40, 1971.
SHRI:"E OF ApOLLO PYTHIOS (p. 100): In 1968 the Third Archaeological District of Athens excavated in a lot on
Iosiph ton Rogon St. the continuation of the Hellenistic structure whose northeast corner had been discovered
the previous year (p.l00, G). The newly uncovered section of this structure, like the previous section, had built
into it cylindrical bases for tripods of choregic monuments, seven in number, of which five had inscriptions dating
around the middle of the fourth century B. C. (0. Alexandri, Lleh. 24, 1969, XQov. p. 50, and S. Koumanoudis,
XOQ1rIL%ai i:!;LYQacpai GaQY1l}.iw", LJeh. 25, 1970, pp. 143-149).
Gnl:"ASIDl OF PTOLEMY A)lD THESEION (p. 233): Further study of the buildings in the southern part of the _\gora,
fig. 303, in connection with the surviving testimony of ancient authors has shown that it is not possible to maintain
the hypothesis that the Gymnasium of Ptolemy and the Theseion were located here. H. A. Thompson, who ha
been especially interested in this matter, now returns to his old view identifying the archaic square p ribolos,
fig. 722, K, as the Heliaia while the other buildings, he believes, served the needs of other la\vcourts (H.\. Thomp-
son,LJei:r 16, 1960, Xcov. pp.17-19 and Agora Guide, pp. 206-208).
The general study of the Agora by H. A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley, to be published soon, will give us the
final conclusions on the identification of the buildings in the southern area, but we may perhaps e\'en now s ek
a more suitable location for the Theseion.
The sanctuary of Theseus, as Plutarch tells us (Tbeseus 36), was in the middle of the city, a point, that is, which
may be located a short distance south of the Roman Agora, fig. 722, . This spot agrees better with the few but
very instructive references in ancient authors that have been preserved. It was ncar the Thesmothet ion with
which it had close relations (Aischines Ill, l3; Aristotle,. J/b. Pol. 62,1), that is to sa)', in the area of the Old 1\gora
(Travlos, f10}.fO()(J/u><1'l, pp. 29,90). In this same area were also the shrine of glauros, Q, the ,\nakeian, P, and the
Prytaneion, 0, all of which Pausanias mentions immediatel)( after his description of the Theseion (I, 18, 13).
Furthermore, this location of the 'l'heseion puts it at a logical distancc frOI11 the Prop),laia of the .\cropolis and
makes more reasonable the trick which Peisistratos played on the Athenians in order to disarm them, a ston' told
by Aristotle (Alh. Pol. 15, 4). '
:0.1/1'1'11 l\ll N', 579
\ Il'V.IIlI, lill" 11ll.,I"'" til 1111 ('\""'1,1'.1"11101 l'ltll, IllY wllitll, a, w, IIl0W, was l1,ar til(' Thl (11)/1 (Plutarch,
Ihrrlll' Ie.. 1',11, 1111.1,',1'. ))'1 ,11,,"ld pI I II ,IJ " h'l'lal,dl,.I'ltlllh, ItlllllaIiAgIll.l,flg.722,'J,thal ill) .. y,ln
III, .111 I \lIlli' \l 1,,111 'I Ihl 1)101'11111011 (,\,11111,"1<'111, I J, .IIHIIII, of V,IO have !J((n lo{ tcd.
1111 I., 1,.1'1 II" JI)lly
Il 1.'1 tI I" 1111 '1'1" 111'"
1"d.l\ till dll,II .111,1 \\11I1l \1 \\lIl1ld pl.1I1 111(' ('ylllll,l,illlll ,>I Plol'I11Y illldlh, I)J'w(l1('iol1is(lJVUl(hdtil
11111\ I". ,1I1t1 Ih, II ''''"I ,lolli' ,I'.III,ly dO\\I\w,lIti f'''11l ,oulh 10 '''"lh. I, \('(111', hOWl V( I, thaI in ,1I111l11l1l) till:
dll,ll .1I(,lll.Id hlll,I,,,II,d \ h." I d('(ply IlllI,lh' hd',idl 'II l11,d 1,1 pl.ltl lor Ih( hllddill'. \\hln a
'"IHh 1.I,d'lL:,h, \lIH',dll"" ,'>1,101., .',I\H",.II'''"1vl''llgaIIOIlW:l'I1l.ld( wllllh h,,\\! dlhilllhi
1i11".1 1111\1, 111(1 .'I.,tllplliolllll,wlll,llw.I':I'd',p.I'lhl ll"IHhw'lI,walbIll H\lilnlllll hllddil1' \\ere
1,,111111 "Ill ""'''tI .1111 II III I"olilldl, I I" III Ihap" \'11'11 h\ tl1(' 11001 of Ihl 0 cdl 'd \"IH:ll1ol11iIHl, , which
l' I I",I" I I \'( d ,I' .' I" 01' I IIlIl I Illliit , I 1111' I 111 It 1l1l'.111 1\ gtI I ,I WII h I h" h1I dd III g' I 0 I 11(' l<I'I IJI i I .
11'" I" III "\111'1\ (1',' II) 111 1
1
1(,') IlIld,1 Ihl tlll<l 11,,11 of (, 1)1)111,1' Ih pll'ViIJlI,ly (X ,lv.llld Ul:,! \\.1
,11.11, d .IIIt1I'111 111 O'tll' .111t1 ,II lilt '.lIll1 11I11t I (.IV.,II'"I' W\1l lJllllll\II('<I who,' ai,n i, to c1lar aJJ lh rl:,t of
Ih' hliddilll' '\IIIIIIIl' tllh" III1IIP', till', \\1l11 111,1(1< II (1',11 Ih.lllh\ '1('," 1101Ih':I'1 '111 100111 of 111 lihran, wh,) e
dlllltl1 lOll' .11, 111'0 II 'lll,lIllll'lll.llh',111l 'lh,IIl\It" 'I'pol \1 hill' 11l:lrhk 1\." rlllndwhi hh.l,a,liJ,(hl
I I II l ,hI II'" I III aIl III .1 I II I I, ,I '10 Ill. III d 1.1 II II I I I. 'I' h, () I I hoi , .' III I, 0 II I III I hi, wa' ,11, 0 () 1I 11 tI, I a" cd \(, it h 111 J r bk
I.d, "I \.1111111' IIlIIII .11' II IIPlh I, II 1111 .lIld II' I'll ,II", I\ldlh "I ,hl (\lIl('1 '\.1 111.
I h, ,,1\1.1111,111 Ih,,'11l .'1'1""" III h,"1 h.,,1 IH 11l\\ "I '{.II, .lIld \\." (hVI I,d i!1lo lhr{l" ,iOIl' oIl a th lh,
.IIIH' wldlh, I 11\, I,) ''''II 111!0I11' 01'1' P', 0 (,,1111. \\ldl. '1'1", ('(,'el PO,ilioll of tll('" 'p' i, indl illulln Illll'
'",.lllh'd till lit, I 1,1111,' 11I\\1 1'1'1' ,lIltl h} ,I" 1".1\\ 1\1.11 0" tI" ,IOIl{ POIIH' (,.I)Olll,I', ',I,'"iIiCT/'
\, I') '0, P I '0. I I Illth,", "I, :-'\ 1111)1,"lld'"I. ,,,' flIIIIX"" ,\." til" rrJ" ' 1'\""(1""'. Ilh. _I, JII(,l),
PI,,11)7 I Ii, .mel \. foil 0\\, 1,\,,,,,,,,,,, tIl)''' II "I /11'/1'''. I,AI.} , I'no, PI'. I(,? Ie) ).
1 , II. ,11\(,1 (., II \ II \1 (p 110)' (llllhl '0111 It h.,,,1 1I1 tilt III ", ." .1 ""\'1111 { 01 IHO 111. .1" orthl' 11tlleh 01
'>1 1',11111 I III1PII Ii,t' 1(' \\1"110\\"" III II)r.H III Iltl ((1I11\( 01 hll",dll'l: '" \\ hllll'\' II1111nll.1111 .111 "lllr\'m.lil1' h,'IOl1g-
lilt' Ill.' 1.111" '1'1111111' lJlltol11.1I11111H', 1'I11'lsthl h,,,ldIl1" \ 1\.llldIlIIHll(,l) h (. '>l11l1h\\hl tllll1uj
.1' Ih, (.\11111,,,,,111101 11.111",111 I1It 111 Hill "I, 1',11' ,1111." 11\ I " IH'h'I)(" p. _ .intl \\. I)n'l Illd,
III,JI, IH')("I'P '1('\ 1(,1) ll'l 11111111110111\""1111 \\,1' IhOlll lit" hlltltlllli', .lllti "II
IIt,i'Il.'IIIt, 111111 h,(1t It (1.111 II lid It ( l\n."I'1"\IIJ.I\t'lll\lIlol,tlt I dl\"\\II"ltlH'IU\ll,i'11l11"Tt.1111
III I \',hll hll"', Ih, 101111 nl Ihl
1'It, 111111, n, 1.'lh" I Itt' IIJlII1,I.IIIO"'. '''IIIHII" d", I, ,It"" ,,,I 01.11"111\1, \\It"" llU"ld, dIIl1Ul,iol1' .Ift
C, I 111 111 \\ ltlill .111t! ,,\, , HI) 111 III II II!,I h, ,lllti ,It"" I, '"".1 l'IUI1 IHI h I I I .lIld \\ I 'I I'ill' ,I'I 'Idl nlth, huild
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'''IUt the \\.-'( .... , (Io"-rd h\ .l \\..,111 ,1IId.1 I.lll't HUlIll (I J'r.l\ln"". /"""'lU"(JI' IPl' !\"I"H1Ud;'(JP h'ultXTU
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10 1II)) II ,.1' fl)\IIHllh,'1 Ihl Wldlll of Ihl' 'Ill,' \l,," 11111 7 Ill, hlll 1\\ '" Ih.II, h'I.llI" 1I11l1h nt II \l.t, alloth r ,"
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'
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olth w,ld IIOllllh, ) )jp\'loo 10 Illl ellll,II11" III Ih,' ,\ '0111. 'I'h,' Ill' lh III milln d I 1 U 1\I
5 0
SUPPLEMENT
and among them will have been the i\lakra Stoa of the fifth century B. C. which we know to have been in the
.
Kerameikos (I. G. 112 968, line (4); it is also said to be ncar Kolonos Agoraios (Scholiast to Aristophanes, Bmls
997).
Regarding the width of the Panathenaic \\'a)', D. Ohly reckoned that in the early fourth century B. C. it was as
much as 40 m. (Irk 17, 1961/62, -"UOl'. 1'.17). This width, however, which may have been still greater, refers
to the s ction before the gates and the Pompeion, A, where the road probably formed a sort of open square. In
any cas the width of the road from the gates to the Basileios Stoa, a distance of 360 m., was not the same at all
p riods of antiquity. This is clearly shown by the excavations in the lot on Adrianou and Theseiou Streets where
in th sixth century B. C. the road did not exceed 10 m. in width while in classical times it reached 16 m. The
o-reatest width of 29 m. was reached in the fourth century B. C. but only 24 m. of this was actually roadway. From
b
th time of toas D and E in the first century after Christ, the width of the road was 20 m.
TOA OF ZEUS ELEUTHERIOS AND BASILEIOS STOA (p. 527): The most important result of the 1970 excavations
in the Athenian Agora was the discovery in the free space between the Stoa of Zeus and the Panathenaic \\fay of
a Doric stoa 17.72 m. long and 7.18 m. wide, fig. 722, F (T.L. Shear, Jr., The toa Basileios in the Athenian
Agora, 'Avd}.e=a 3, 1970, pp. 297-300). The new stoa was recognized as that mentioned by Pausanias (1,3, 1)
as being first on the right as one entered the Agora, namely the Basileios Stoa, an identification which was con-
firmed by a goodly number of inscriptions relating to the Archon Basileus found in front of it. It is constructed
entirely of poros stone except for its back wall which, at least in its foundations, is built of Acropolis limestone
laid in polygonal style. The main eastern facade of the stoa opened on the Agora and had eight Doric columns
between antae while on the interior there were four similar columns. The roof of the building had a double slope
and apparently ended at each of the short sides in a gable on top of which must have stood the terracotta statue
groups described by Pausanias.
The construction of the stoa may be dated in the middle of the sixth century B. C. and in the course of its long life,
until its destruction by the Herulians in 267 A. D., it experienced many changes and additions, the first of which
may be dated immediately after the Persian Wars. In 430 B. C. there was built just south of it and at a distance of
less than two meters another stoa, the Stoa of Zeus whose stylobate was three meters higher than that of the
Basileios Stoa. In the fourth century B. C. at each end 'of the principal facade there was added a small projecting
annex, similar to the projecting wings of the Stoa of Zeus. These annexes were designed for placing in cribed
stelai of marble as can be seen from the rectangular cuttings for their support. Various public documents were
inscribed on these stelai (Aelian, Varia Historia, VI, 1 and I. C. 1
2
115, lines 4-8).
The fact that this stoa is preserved in much better condition than other Ao-ora buildino-s has not onl\' permitted
b b
us to recover its architectural form almost completely but also to illustrate many of the functions \yhich it served.
It was the seat of theArchonBasileus, but it served on occasion to house the Council of the Areopagus (Demosthenes
XXV, 23), as a dining hall (Aristophanes, Ekklesiazotlsai 684-686) and as a lawcourt (Plato, Theaitetos 210 d, and
Eutlryphron 2a). Finally, in front of the stoa was the stone on which the archons took their oath when they assumed
office (Aristotle, Ath. Pol. 7, 1; Pollux VIII, 86. See also A. Keramopoullos, .Je},T. 12, 1929, pp.92-9' ).
OTE: For the translation of the Supplement and the Jntrocluction, 1 am indebted to the kindness of my colleague
Eugene Vanderpool. He has my very warmest thanks. .
,\ h.lton, p. IT
\c,ILlen1l. pp. 42 'iI, figs. 213, 417
\chlrn,H, pp. 104,159
\c11.1rni.lt1 C.llC, p. 159, fig. 219, \'1
\ch -IOL", p. 289, fig. r9
\crnpolis, PI'. 52 -1, figs. 213, 217
\unon, PI'. 198,213 214, fig. 281
\ li,ln, p. 5 0
\gathon ,lt1d Sosikr.lles, gra \ e of, fig. 391
\gcl.ld.J', sculptOr, p. T4
\gl.luros, PI'. 1,2, 52, 228,578, figs. 5,
91, 93, -22
\gom, PI'. 1-T, 28, 5-7, fig. 722; Old
\gora, PI'. 1, 2, 4, 28, 578
\gora of C1CSJr and -\uguStuS, PI'. 28 36
\gnrakrilOs, sculptor, p. 352
\gorJnomion, PI'. 37-41, 281, figs.
39,362, -22
\gr.l or \grai, Pl'. 112, 289, 340
\grippa, i\1. \'ipsamus: Monum nt of,
1'.483, figs. 91, 614, 622; OdelOn of,
1'1'.365-377, fig. 34
Agrippeion, see OdelOn of .\grippa
.\gryle, deme, p. 160
\iakos, altar of, p. 3
Aias, eponymous hero, fig. 275
Aigaleo , p. 41-, fig. 213
'\lgeus, PI'. 83, 234, fig. 275
Aischines, p. 578
Akamas, eponymous hero, fig. 275
Alctbiades, p. 198
Alkamenes, sculptor, PI'. 261, 53-
\Ikiphron, p. 180
,\ltars:
Alakos, p. 3
Aphrodire Hegemone, Demos and the
Graces, p. 79, figs. 102 104
Apollo Patroos, p. 96
Apollo Pythios, p. 100, figs. 132 134
Ares, p. 104, figs. 34, 139, 141
Artemis Aristoboule, 1'.121, fig. 164
Artemis Boulaia and phosphoros,
p. 553
Asklepios, 10 the \myneion, p. -6; 10
the .\skleplCion, 1'.127, fiR. 1-1
Athena, 10 the Academy, p. 42; on the
Acropo"s, PI'. 422, 482, fig. 91
\thena 1"ike, PI'. 'i3, 148,482, figs. 200,
205
B<>reas, p. 112
Boutes, p. 213, fig. 281
DJ<>OYsos Lleuthereus, p. 537, figs. 678,
690
in the LlcuSlOl(lO, p. 198
r'fOS, p. 42
IlephalSlOs, In the Ac,ldemy, PI'. 42,
300; in the f.rechthw>t1, p. 213, fig.
281
I DEX
Iler.tldes, p. 42
II ermes, p. 42
Ilermes, Aphrodite and Isis, p. 138
',ronos and Rhea, p. 335, fig. 438
J\lother of the Gods, p. 352
J\I uses, in the Academy, p. 42; by the
Ihssos, fig. 379
Pity, p. 458
Poseidon and Erechtheus, p. 213, fig.
281
Prometheu and I lephaistos, PI'. 42,
300
in front of the Propylaia, fig. 71
in the Tholos, p. 553, fig. 692
Thyechoos, fig. 281
Twehe Gods, PI'. 458 461, figs. 5,29
to 31, 34, 540
Zeus \goraios, PI'. 6, 104, 466, figs. 34,
146-148
Zeus Astrapaios, PI'. 91, 100
Zeus E1euthenos, p. 52-
Zeus TIerkeios, in the Kerameikos,
p. 302, fig. 602; 10 the Pandroseion,
fig. 281
Zeus Hrpatos, fig. 281
Zeus Mnrios or Kataibates, p. 42
Zeus Phratrlos and \thena Phratria,
PI'. 573 575, fig. 219; in the Agora,
1'.96
\mrneion, PI'. -6 -8, 2-8, 361
\ mynos, see Amrne\On
\nakeion, PI'. 1, 2, 578, figs. 5, -22
Andocides, PI'. 198, 566
l\ndron, see .Mess-halls
Andronikos of h.yrrhos, p. 281
-\nkyle, deme, p. 160
Anthemokriws, statue of, p. 180
Anthippasia, PI'. 2, 3
Antidosis, stele of, fig. 391
Antlgonls, tnbe, p. 210
Anllmachldes, architect, p. 402
\nllochus Ipiphane , PI'. 402, 403
Antiochus, eponymous hero, fig. 275
Anlloehus, son of Anllochus, p. 462
\nuope, stele of, PI'. 160,290, fig. r9
Antiphon, p. 100
Antistates, architect, p. 402
\ntonlOus PIUS, PI'. 242, 253
Aphrodite:
in the Askleplelon, p. 138
In the Gardens, on the north slope of
the Acrop"I", 1'1'.228 232, fig. 91,
No. 137; ncar 1he I"ssos, p. 228,
fig. 379
Ilegell1ooc, PI" 79 Al
Ouronia, PI" 79 81, figs. 31, 34
P.lnJclllos, PI'. I, 2, 4, Ii!':. 5
Apobatcs r,ICe, p. 3, figs. 26 27
581
Apollo:
Delphinlos, PI'. 83 90, figs. 379 380
I lypoakrajos, PI'. 2, 91 95
Lykelos, p. 345
Patroos, PI'. 91, 96 99, 352, figs. 5,
3031,34
Prostatenos, p. 553
Pythias, on the north slope of the
Aeropohs, pp. 91, 422, fig. 540; near
the lIissos, PI'. 100 103,578, fig. 379
Apollo: head found easr of the Olym-
pieion, fig. 384; wall palOllng, p. 562
Apollodoros, PI'. 1, 42
Apollonis, Queen of Pergamon, p. 505
AppIan, p. 387
Aqueduct of Hadrian, PI" 242-243
Arch of Hadrian, pp. 253-257, figs. r9
to 380
Archaic City \'{'all, pp. 158,162,261,332,
fig. 5
Archon Basileus, pp. 2, 580
Archons, PI'. 2, 91, 210
Ardettos, PI'. 160,289,498, figs. 213,21-,
219
\reopagus, PI'. 2,422,520, figs. 213,217,
219,540
res, pp. 104-111, figs. 34, 37
Ariobarzanes Philopator, pp. 387, 538
,\ri teides Scholia, PI" 2, 253
Aristomache, lekythos of, fig. 391
\ ristophnnes, PI" 417, 466, 580
,\ristophane Scholin, PI" 148, 210, 274,
323, 580
\ristotle, PI'. 2, 100, 210, 300, 345, 402,
5-8,580
\rrephoroi, PI'. -2, 228, fig. 91
Arrian, p. 352
\rremi<
\grotera, pp. 112 120, fig. 3'79
1\ nstoboulc, PI'. 121-123. fig. 219
Boubln nnd phosphoros, p. 553
Br.lUronin, pp. 124 126. fig-. 91
Delphlnla, p. 83
r p. 148, fig. 200
h..ll"stc .lOd \ristc, pp. 301, 302, figs.
417,423 424
\rtemls, wnll p,lillting, p. 562
\sklepielon. PI'. 12- Ir. fig. 91
Asklepieion Spring Housc, PI'. 52, 138 to
142, fig. 71
hklcp'L", PI'. -6, TS, s al 0 skl-
pICIon
\ssemhl\' of the Pcople, PI'. I, 2, 3, 466,
46-, 538
\ thena:
m the \cadem\. p. 42
\ rcheR liS, rr. 37, 553, or. p.
figs. 40 41
5 2
in the Ftcchth ion, p. 213, fig. _81
fmlll the FubouliJes MOllumcnt. lig.
Soil
in th' IIcph.1istcion, p. 261. fig. 348
Ilygici.l, p. 124, fig. 1
j 'ikc, pp. 148 fig. 71
at thc P,.ILtdion, p. 413
P.lrth 'nos, pp. 444. 445, fig.
I'hratri", s 'C Zeus Phr,1trios anJ \ thcn.1
Phr. tri.1
Poli.1S, pp. 2, 53, 213, 432
Prom.1Chos, PI'. 54, 55. figs. 88, 91
"\th n.1: hcaJ found on the Pnyx, fig. 601;
relief found in the i\cademy, p. 43
.\th naeus, PI'. 180, 505
.\thens, PI'. 158-179,289,392
.\ttalis, tribe, p. 210
Attalos II of Pergamon, p. 505
Attic Stelai, p. 198, fig. 260
Augustus, Emperor, PI'. 28, 365, 494, 527
Baccheion, p. 274, figs. 351, 353
Balaneia, see Baths
Barathron, p. 121
Basile, see Kodros
Basileios Sroa, PI'. 527, 580, fig. 722
Basilica in rhe Agora, p. 578, fig. 722
Barhs, PI'. 180-190, 340, 345, figs. 221,
379-380,391
Bekker, Anecdota Graeca, PI'. 332, 335,
361
Bema: in the Agora, p. 6, figs. 31,34; of
Phaidros, p. 538, figs. 687-689; of the
466, fig. 597
Besa, deme, p. 462
Beule Gate, PI'. 54, 161, 357,483, figs. 91,
462-463
Bion, gtave of, fig. 391
Blaute, shrine of, p. 2, fig. 5
Boreas, p. 112, fig. 379
Boukoleion, p. 2, fig. 5
Bouleuterion: PI'. 191-195, 553; in the
Old Agora, p. 198; Primitive, p. 191,
figs. 252, 255; Old, PI'. 83, 191,352,
figs. 5, 29-30, New, p. 191,
figs. 29-31, 34, 254
Boundary srones:
Academy, PI'. 42, 44, figs. 56-57, 417
Agora, PI'. 3, 5, figs. 5, 20 22
Apolio Patroos, p. 96
Asklcpieion, p. 127
Asklepieion Spting House, p. 138, fig.
187
Herakles, p. 274, fig. 355
Kerameikos, PI'. 5, 300, figs. 34, 102,
415 -416,602
Muses, p. 345, figs. 447 448
ymphe, 1'.361, fig. 465
'ymphs, p. 323, fig. 425
Pnyx, 1'.466, fig. 588
Sacred Way to Eleusis, p. 299, fig. 414
Sacred Way to Delphi, p. 91, fig. 117
Shrine, p. 332, figs. 435 436
INDEX
,[,e1ma of AI hena, pp. 158, 301, figs.
229,602
Tritopatrcs, fig. 395
Boulcs, altar of, p. 213, fig. 281
Bouzygion, p. 2, fig. 5
Brauron, p. 124
Bridge: of the Eleusinian Kephisos, p.
439; of the \lissos, p. 498, figs. 159,379,
630,634
Bryaxis, base of, figs. 24-25, 102
Caesa r, p. 28
Callaeschros, architect, p. 402
Caralogus Herculanensis, p. 413
en es:
Acropolis, figs. 67, 116
Aglauros, PI'. 52, 72, 228, figs. 91, 93
Apollo Hypoakraios, p. 91, figs. 91,
115-116,118
Asklepieion, p. 127
Attica, PI'. 361, 417
Klepsydta, p. 323
Pan, PI'. 417-421, fig. 91
Thrasyllos Monument, p. 562
Zeus Olympios, p. 91, fig. 116
Cemeteries, see Graves and Cemeteries
Chabrias, grave of, p. 301
Chaironeia, PI'. 159,299
Chalkotheke, PI'. 196-197, fig. 91
Charmos, p. 42
Choregic Monuments: PI'. 100, 562, 566,
578, figs. 130-131, 135-137, 678, 704,
710-713; Lysikrates J\[onument, PI'.
348-351, figs. 3-9, 709-710; Nikias
Monument, PI'. 357-360, fig. 91;
Thrasyllos Monument, PI'. 562-565
Churches in ancient shrines and temples:
l\sklepieion, p. 128, fig. 172
Basilica of Leonides, fig. 154
Cave of Pan, p. 417, fig. 536
Dionysos Theatre, p. 538
Erechtheion, p. 214, fig. 279
Hadrian's Library, p. 244
Hephaisteion, p. 262, fig. 335
Olympieion, p. 403
Parthenon, p. 445, fig. 576
Temple of Artemis Agrotera, p. 113,
fig. 156
Temple of Kronos ancl Rhea, p. 335
Thrasyllos Monumcnt, p. 562
Cicero, pp. 299, 300
City \ all: Archaic, pp. 158, 162, 261, 332,
fig. 5; Themistoklean, PI'. 143, 158,
160, 162,253,300, 402, 462, 477, figs.
223 224, 226; Long \\'alls, PI'. 158,
160, 161, 163, fig. 213; Kononian,
PI' 158,477, fig. 223; Ilellenistic,
pp. 158, 159, 160, 163, figs. 223,225 to
226,228,230; FortofDemetl'los Polior
keles, p. 462, figs. 232 233; Unf'"1 iri .J
Athens, 1'1'.161,163; Valc!'''ln, pp. 54,
B3, 100, 160, 161, 163,290,301,323,
403,429, 4B3, 523, figs. 130, 154, 3BO,
438; Late Roman, pp. 104, 161, 163,
199, 233, 234, 432, 506, figs. 37, 234 to
235,426,550,639; of Justinian, p. 162;
Rizokastro, pp. 387, 538, fig. 502
City Wall Gates: pp. 159 161,163
Acharnian Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, VI
Aigeus Gate, p. 83
Demlan Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, [
Diochares Gate, pp. 159 160, fig. 219,
vm
Diomeian Gate, pp. 83, 112, 160, fig.
219, X
Dipylon Gate, PI" 159, 180, figs. 219,
IV,602
Dipylon above the Gates, PI'. 160-161,
fig. 219, XIV
Eriai Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, V
Halacle Gate, 1'.160, fig. 219, xn
Hippades Gate, pp. 160, 402, fig. 219,
IX, 222
ltonian Gate, p. 160, fig. 219, XI
Kerameikos Gate, see Dipylon Gate
Melitides Gate, p. 161, fig. 219, XV
Northeast Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, VII
Peiraic Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, II
Sacred Gate, p. 159, figs. 219, III, 602
South Gate, p. 160, fig. 219, XIII
Thriasian Gate, see Dipylon Gate
Civic Offices, PI'. 6, 104, 553
Contests, PI'. 2, 5, 300, 498, 5T
Corinth, p. 365
Cossutius, architect, p. 402
Council, PI'. 191, 198, 580
Cyriacus of Ancona, PI'. 242, 461, 494,
562,
Daphni, p. 361
Dawn, p. 527
Delphi, PI'. 91, 482
Delphinion, p. 83, figs. 111, 113-114, T9
to 380
Demeter and Kore: YOtt \'e relief of, p.
289, fig. 383; see also Eleusinion and
Southeast Temple in the ,\gor:1
Demeter Chloe, shrine of, p. 2, fig. 5
Demetria and Pamphile, gra\ e relief of,
fig. 391
Demetrias, tribe, p. 210
Demetrios of Phaleron, archon, p. 199
Demetrios Poliorketes, p. 462, fig. 233
Demian Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, l
Demos, sec l\phrodite llegcmon'
Demosion em.l (St.lte BlIri;dpbc '),
pp. 159,299.300,301, 3l1-, figs. 219,
391,417
Demosthencs, pp. 91, 61, 5 0; hC;1J of,
fig. 446
Dellkalion, p. 402
DC'<ilcos, memmi.ll of, figs. 391, 411
\)exion, pp. 76, 278
Dexippos inscription, IiI'. 119
Diateichisl11a, pp. 159,392,46-:', figs. 219,
227, 590
Dlk.lI.lIeho,. p. 403
D,n C""",, p. 429
Dlo ( hn ""!OIl1l". p. 538
D,och.l1e, B.llh (If, p. 180, fig. r9; G.lte,
pp.159 160, fig. 219, \ III
Dlogefi<H'n, pp. 281, 5-9, fig. -22
DH)gcne, 1.1<'IIIU', pp. 42, 160
Di<>kle, Il1'CliptiOIl, p. 12-
D,<>m II, dcmc, p. 160
Diomel1ll G.ItC, I'p. 83, 112, 160, fil.(.
219. "\.
DHm) ,H>I1 III I Ilnnal, pp. 2-4, 332, figs.
219, 3-9, 435
D10n) ins, gray e monum nr of, fil.(. 391
D,onysiu' of 1bliearn.lssus, 1'.213
Dwny,o> f'leuthereus. pp. 301, 537;
Len,lios, Pl" 6, 566; reliefs of, p. 348;
statues of, Pl'. 365, 53-, 562
Dipylon: 1'1'.159,1 0, figs. 219, 1\', 602;
abo\e the Gates, Pl'. 160 161, lil.(.
219, Xl V; Fountain House, p. 302,
figs. 391 to 392; \ ases, p. 299, fig.
396-39-
Din p. r
Dorian inyasion, p. 52
Drain of the -\gora, p. 6
Dromos: of the -\cademy, p. 340; of the
.\gora, Pl'. 2,3, figs. 5, 18-19; ofKyno-
sarges, p. 340; of the Lykeion, p. 345;
Outer Dromos, sec Demosion Sema;
of the Stadium, p. 498
Dryphaktos, p. 412
East Buildlllg III the Pl'. 233, 234,
figs. 31, 34, 303-304
Eileithyia, temple of, p. 28
Eleusinian i\fysteries, Pl'. 112, 159, 160,
198,47-
Eleusinion, Pl'. 2, 198-203, figs. 5, 540
Eleusis: Arches, p. 253; Baths, p. 180;
Bridge, p. 439; Cave of Pan, Pl'. 361,
41-; hiera, p. 198; Kerykes, p. 12-;
Propylaia, Pl'. 253, 482; Roads, 253;
Telestcrlon, Pl'. 143, 148, 198; Temple
of Triptolemos, p. 199; Unification
with \thens, Pl'. 2, 143, 198
f.mpedo, p. 323
T::nneakrounos. In the Agora, p. 204, figs.
5, 29 31, 34, 269 273, 303; ncar the
liissos, p. 204
EnneaI'} lon, Pl'. 2, 52, 54, figs. 67, 71
"pIiyke,on, p. 2, fig. 5
Eponymous Heroes, Pl" 210 212, figs.
30 31,34
J'reehtheion, Pl'. 54, 213 227,494, fig. 91
Lrechtheus, p. 213, figs. 275, 281
Ercrria, agora, p. 28
Lriai Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, V
Lridanos, Pl'. 2, 299, 301, 345, figs. 213,
219,379,391,393,602
) .ros and Aphrodite, Pl" 228 232, fig. 91
Lros in the Academy, 1'.'42
I-.tymologieum Magnum, p. 76
INDI\X
I':uhoultdes, monument of, p. 422, figs.
540 542, 722
I udemos, p. 498
I'ukoltne, gLa\e ,el,cf of, lig. 391
1,umencs I I of Pergamon, p. 523, fig. 622
I.uphe, os, Stele of, fig. 40"
seulpt()!, 1010. 96, 527
Euripides, 1'10. 91, 417
Furysake,on, 1'10. 261, 262
I, useblus, p. 2
FOI t of Demetrios Poltorketes, p. 462,
figs. 232 233
Fountain Homes and Springs'
\cropolis, fig. 67
-\sklepieIOn, Sacred Spring, p. 127,
figs. 171, 178; Spring House, Pl'. 52,
138-142, fig. 71
at the Dipylon, p. 302, Ii,gs. 391 392,
602
Empedo, sec Klepsydra
Fnneakrounos, in the ,\gora, p. 204,
figs. 5, 29-31,34,269-2-3,303; near
the Ilissos, p. 204
hallirrhoe, Pl'. 204, 340,361, figs. 154,
130,267 268,379
Klepsydra, Pl'. 52, 323 331, figs. 91,
116
pring House, Pl'. 52, 72
to 75, fig. 6-
Nymphaion in the \gora, Pl'. 6, 104,
figs. 34, 3"
Panops, fountain of, p. 345
III the Roman \gora, p. 28
Round Fountain I louse III the Agora,
Pl" 6, 104, fil.(. 34
Southeast Fountain llou e in the
\gora, see f'nneakrounos
Southwest Fountain House in the
\gora, Pl'. 6, 204, figs. 29 31, 34,
269, r4, 303
III the Stoa of .\tulos, p. 505
Gaius talltos, archItect, p. 387
Gardens: of Ihe .\cadem\', p. 43, of
Hephaistos, p. 261, fig, 350; of the
Lykeion, p. 345; of Theopht.lsro', p.
345, figs. 219, 3"9
Gares: of Athena j\ rehcgetls, p. 28, figs.
40 41; BeulC Gale, Pl" 54, 161, 35-,
483, figs, 91, 462- 463, I [ippomachl.l
Gate, fig. 34; sec .1lso (It\, \\ all
Gates
Ge: Kourotrophm, p. 2, fig. 5; Ol) mpl.l,
p. 290, fig" 130, 3-9
GIants, 1', 365, fig. 488
Glaukon, p. 458
Graces, p. 148, fig. 200, sec "Iso \ph",.
dIU: IlegcnlOllC
Gr.I\'e, and (cmelcrle, p. 163
In the Academy, Pl'. 43, 44
on the Acropolos, figs. 67, 217
,outh of the Aeropol", Pl'. 289, 290,
figs. 67, 217, 219, 389 390
583
hetween Areopagus and I ndan"" pp.
2,4,5,261,520, figs. 5 17,217,219,
o. 246
In the herame,k"s, Pl'. 299 322, fill;. 217
In Kyno"rges, p. 340, fig. 21
beside the roads, Pl'. 158, 159, 160,289,
figs. 217, 219
Gymnasia'
\cademy, Pl'. 42 51, figs. 213, 417
Diogeneion, Pl'. 281, 5-9, fig. 722
of the Giants, Pl" 3, 233, 365, figs. 37,
471,488-489
of Hadrian, Pl'. 340, 439,
hynosarges, Pl'. 340 -341, 5-9, figs.
219, 379
Lykeion, Pl'. 345-347, figs. 219, 3'79
of Ptolemy, pp. 233-241, 506, 5-8 5-9,
fig. 722
Hadrian, rmperor: pp. 29, 180,210,290,
403,498, 527; Aqueduct, pp. 242-243;
.t\ rch, Pl" 253-257, figs. 3"9-380;
Bridge across the Eleusinian Kephisos,
1'.439; Gymnasium, pp. 340, 439,5-9;
Library, pp. 244-252, 579, figs. 38,
722; New City, Pl'. 161,253; Panhelle-
nion, Pl'. 429-431, figs. 379-380; Pan-
theon, pp. 281, 439-443, figs. 362, -22;
Temple of Olympian Zeus, p. 403
Hadrianis, tribe, p. 210
llagnousios, hierophant, p. 289, fig. 383
Ilalade Gate, p. 160, fi/!;. 219, XII
Halopedon, p. 3, fig. 213
Hanna on Parnes, p. 91
llarmodios and ristogeiton, see Tyrant-
slayers
J iarpokration, Pl'. 1, 160, 180,361
Hebe, statue of, figs. 142-143
llegeso, graY e relief of, figs. 391, 410
Ilcbdemcia, p. 42
llckademos, hero, p. 42
lIeLlte, sh,ine of, p. 302, fig. 391
llek.ltompedon, Pl'. 258-260, 444
Ilelo.lI.l, Pl" 6, 520, 5-8, fig. 5, 722
Ilcllenistic BuildIng In the \gora, Pl"
261,262, fiL(s. 31. 34
Ilcllcmstlc FortilicatIons, Pl'. 158, 159,
160, 163, fjgs. 223, 225 226. 228, 230
llepha"telOn, See T mple of I [epb.lisros
Ilephatsros In the \gllra, pp. 261 273,
figs.29 31,34,3";lt1the.\caJ n1\',1'.42
I [er.I, p. 429
llcr:tklcs
It1 the \eldem), p. 42
no"h of the \ 'Ofl, p. r4, Ii 5 219,355
\1
'k k '-4 J--
C;,I .1 n ..... pr. .... ....
.Il hI nOS.1I p. 340, ttp;. 442
I'.,nkr.ltcs, pp. rH 2HO, fill:. -9
tle',lkles, PCdllll nt sculptllr PI'.
261, rH, figs. -9, 85, 360 61
Ilueultus, p. 244
I!ermes, .Ihars of, pp, 42, 13 \ tn
rc Ioli', tig, 63
Herms, PI'. 2, 198
H roa, fe ti\';II, p. IT
Herodes :\!ticus, PI'. rs, 498; gr.I\'c nf,
p. 49 , figs. -9, 630
Herodotos, p. 458
lIeruli.lns, PI'. 3, 161,365, r8
He. tiatorion. sec \1 '5s-halls
He.\chios, PI'. 100, 159,300,323, 361
lIi11'ofthe Nymphs, 1'.159, figs. 213, 21-,
_19
Ilimerios, p. 2
Ilippades Gate, PI'. 160, 402, figs. 219,
IX, 222
Hipparchos, PI'. 42, 477; wall of, in the
Academy, PI'. 42, 44
Hipparete, memorial altar of, fig. 391
Hippias, PI'. 42, 100, 458
Hippodrome, p. 3
Hippokleides, archon, p. 2
Hippomachia Gate, fig. 34
Hippothoon, eponymous hero, fig. 275
Homer, PI'. 52, 143, 213, 233
Horologion of Andronikos, PI'. 281-288,
figs. 39, 49
Houses:
PrehistOric, p. 392; Neolithic house
near the Asklepieion, p. 52, fig. 67;
Early Helladic house in the Aca-
demy, PI'. 42, 44, figs. 52, 62, 417;
Aigeus' house, PI'. 83, 402
Geometric, p. 392; Sacred House in
the Academy, PI'. 42, 44, figs. 52,
62, 417
Classic, Hellenistic and Roman, PI'.
274, 289, 392--401, 566; figs. 219,
351,379-380,710
Hygieia, PI'. 76, 127
Hymenos, PI'. 160, 417, fig. 213
Hypereides, p. 562
latros, hero, p. 573, fig. 219
Ikria, PI'. 3, 302, 537
Iktinos, architect, p. 444
Iliad and Odyssey statues, PI'. 233, 234,
figs. 308-310
Ilissos: PI'. 112,204,278,290, figs. 154,
213, 219, 268, 379,441; Area, PI'. 289
to 298; Bridge, p. 498, figs. 159, 379,
630, 634; Crossing, p. 112, figs. 154
to 155, 379
Iobacchoi, p. 274
'Ir:r:#Z()') 't'ELZ[OV, PI'. 42, 44
15aios, p. 180
Isis, altar of, p. 138
Isthmonikos, bath of, PI'. 180, 332
Itonian Gate, 1'.160, fig. 219, Xl
JuOO, statue of, p. 233
Julian, Emperor, PI'. 43, 128, 444, fig
607
Justinian, Emperor. PI'. 43, 167.; City
Wall of, p. 162
Kalamis, sculptor, p. 96
Kallias, p. 53
INDEX
Kallikrales, ar hitect, 1'1'.112,149,444
,,",dlitl1.lchos' lamp, fig. 281
,,".dlirrhne, Pl'. 204, 340, 361, figs. 154,
130, 267 268, 379
Katagogion, p. 127
Katarome, p. 562
,,"ekrops, figs. 275, 281
Kephalos, p. 527
Kephisos, p. 43, fig. 213
Kerameikos, PI'. 299 322; Gate, sec
Dipylon; Inner Kerameikos, p. 300;
Outer Kerameikos, PI'. 42, 300
Kerameis, deme, p. 300
Kimon, PI'. 3, 158, 234
Kleinias, p. 112
Kleisthenes, PI'. 2, 191,210,301,466
Klepsydra, PI'. 52,323-331, figs. 91, 116
Kodros, Neleus and Basile, PI'. 332-334,
figs. 219, 379
Koile, deme, p. 392
Kolonos Agoraios, PI' 2) 79, 261,
figs. 213, 217, 219
Kolonos Hippios, p. 42, fig. 213
Kononian City Wall, PI'. 158,477, fig. 223
Kratinos, PI'. 91, 180
Kronion, see Kronos and Rhea
Kronos and Rhea, PI'. 335-339, figs. 154,
379-380
Kyloneion, p. 2, fig. 5
Kynosarges, PI" 340-341, 579, figs. 219,
379
Lakedaimonians, tomb of the, p. 301,
fig. 391
Lampon, decree of, p. 127
Late Roman Fortification Wall, PI'. 104,
161, 163, 199, 233, 234, 432, 506, figs.
37, 234-235, 426, 550, 639
Latrines, PI" 281, 342-344, figs. 34, 39,
362
Lawcourts:
Areopagus, PI'. 2, 520
at the Delphinion, p. 83, figs. 111
113-114,379-380
Heliaia, PI'. 6, 520, 578, figs. 5, 722
north of the Old Agora, p. 28
at the Palladion, PI'. 412--416, fig. 379
beneath the Stoa of Attalos, PI'. 520 to
522, fig. 29
Leagros base, p. 458, figs. 581-582
Lenaion, sec Dionysos Lcnaios
Leochares, sculptor, p. 96
Leokorion, PI'. 3, 5, 578, fig. 5
Leos, eponymous hero, fig. 275
Library: of the Gymnasium of Ptolemy,
p. 233; of Hadrian, PI'. 244 252, 579,
figs. 38, 722; of Pantainos, PI'. 432 to
438, figs. 34, 37
Livy, p. 300
Long Walls, PI'. 158,160,161, 163,fig. 213
Lucian, PI'. 91, 181
LUCIUS Caesar, p. 28
l.ykabCtlns, p. 242, figs. 213,217,219
Lykeinn, PI'. 345 347, figs. 219, 379
Lykourgos, PI'. 3, 96,332,345,466,498
520, 537
Lysikrates Monument, PI'. 348 -351
figs. 379, 709 710
I.ysimachides, grave of, fig. 391
Macedonian Fort, p. 462, figs. 232 233
Makra Stoa, p. 580
Mantinea, p. 527
Marathon, PI'. 53, 148, 417, 482
Marcellinus, PI'. 2, 161
Marinos, p. 128
Markellinos ioscription, p. 483
Markos Stallios, architect, p. 387
Marsyas, p. 43
Medea, p. 234
Megara, p. 253
Melanippos, architect, p. 387
Melite, deme, PI'. 121, 161, 274
Melitides Gate, p. 161, fig. 219, XV
Mess-halls:
Baccheion, p. 274, figs. 351, 353
Houses, p. 392, figs. 512-515
Ionic Stoa of the Asklepieion, p. 127,
fig. 171
Pinakotheke, p. 482, figs. 618-619
Pompeion, p. 477, fig. 602
Prytaneion, PI'. 2, 534
South Stoa I in the Agora, PI'. 534 to
536, figs. 29-30, 301
Stoa Basileios, p. 580
Thesmotheteion, PI'. 2, 534
Tholos, p. 553, figs. 692-693
Meter, shrine of, p. 467
.Meton, Sundial of, p. 466
Metraon: in the Agora, PI'. 352-356,
figs. 31, 34, 37; in Agrai, 1'1'.112,335,
figs. 154,379
Middle Stoa in the Agora, PI'. 233, 365,
figs. 31, 34, 303-307
Mint in the Agora, p. 6, figs. 29-31
l\Inesikles, architect, PI'. 124, 14 , 4 2,
527
Moat of the City \'\'all, PI'. 158, 159, 160,
301
]\<[onuments of:
l\grippa, 1'.483, figs. 91, 614,622
Artalos, p. 505, fig. 31
the Eponymous [leroes, PI'. 210 212,
figs. 30-31, 34
Euboulides, p. 422, figs. 540 54_. -22
Philopappos, PI'. 462--465. fig. 233
sec also Choregic Monuments
l\lorychos, house of, p. _89
Mother of the Gods, PI'. 35_, 5r
l\lousaios, p. 462
louseion hill, p. 462, figs. _13, 21-, 219
I\!uscs: in the Academy, p. 4_; ncar the
lIissos, fig. 379; in the Lykei(ln, p. 345,
figs. 447 448
l\[ yccn'lean Ascent to I he :\cropoh., p. 52,
figs. 67 68
INDP.X 585
1'1.,l.Ie.I, 1" 15H
1'1."", 1'1" 43, 72, 112, 11,0, 2fl') 332,
SHO
1'1 illY, pp, 3S2, 403
I'lul.lf< h, I'p. I, H3, 121, ISH, 1(,(J, ll!O,
213,234,345, 'H7, 413,46(,,498,57,
51')
I"ly ,pp. 4(,6 47(" IiI' 21 'J
I'o""k SI'),\, pp. \ S. 50(, 57H, fi;: .29 If'
31, 34, 722
1'"lclll.lrdl, p. 2
Poll ux, pp, 19H, 3(, I, 413, 520, %2, SilO
POly.lI1drlol1, "c.:c I)t.'tlli) 1011
I'olygnolo" p. 234
Pompcl!)I1, pp. 477 4Hl, II(S. 391, 540,
722
1'I >fI110" nrchlle t, p. 402
I'o,cldon I khk'JllIo" ,hnl1c "f. fi',
154,379
I'ro",elhcu" :tlt.cr or, pp, 42, 300
Prnpyl.l
A lOp"h" 'ec Propyl.lI'
\,kltp,elol1, pp. 12", 128, lig . 1 I,
181 182
Iloulculcllon, p. 191, fig,. 30 31, 34,
254
I'!cUS"1111l1, p. 19H, livs. 260, 265
Pnyx, p. 467
Shrll1e of nll"1y "s I .lcuth.. rcus, p.
s('6, 678
I'lIlpyl.II,I, PI'. 54, 4 2 493, fig. 91 ; Old
Prop} Inn, PI'. 148, 482, fit, 200,
610611,614
l',n"oml.lllll1, p. 213, tiLl;. 281
I'lIlltld"'Ill." PI' 159, 160, fig. 231
Pill enn" lo",b, nf, I' 2<)9, fig. 391
1"\I.llltioll, PI' I, 2, 4, 210, 534, S-8,
Ilv, 510,
I'n I lI1ti" I' 553
1"\IIIl,koll, 1'1' 191, 210, 553, fie:. 1,
252 251
P,,,k-IlI.ll'>, tI.be, 1" 210
1'1011111\ \' I Phllollit 1111, p. 231
1'\ 11111-:'" Is. "I' k 01, 1'. 299
'" Ih.II'>1 II, 1'. 'JI
1",hI0l1' nil llw IHuth \Inp<. ufthc \ co
poll'>, 1'1'. 'JI, 122, Ii", 116,540, Il< II
1111' III"''', PI'. 100 101, II '. r9
(lll""t,,t1lllllldill', 1'. 244,11 ,}21tll
121
H lI11p '" 110111 01 the 1''''1'\ 1.".1, 1'1', 54
IH!, Ill' , -I, (,(lK 609
HI'l"II . , I' 17H
Rhl I, '>I, to.. rClllO Illd Rhea
Rlwlllllo, 111'01,1'1" '1lI,59,h ,
R17I1k.,.,tllI,1'1' \8, 111. Ii" O_
Ro td \Ild SlIn r
IIIlh, \"d"Il1\,I'I',15I), 99.300,301,
\02, II' . 219, NI, 41
I II lIu \ for \\ h IN tr
PI'. lOO, 30 ,Ii 91 41
10 \Chtnl I" 1 t t
p. "h"'I<,,,,,, k,"v.", p. 429
1'.lnhclle'"llI', PI'. 42
1
) 411, fig, \7')
1',11\1..1 ,lit.." \l't' Illl,lkh" 1',1111..1.11(.'
1' . lInp" 1,,"nI.III 01, p.
1'.1111 tin"" 'I'i"" I:I.IVII", p. 412
1'.IIl1heoll, PI'. HI, 41'1 443, IIV'. 1(.2,
7 2
I'llIll", PI'. 91, 12,3(,1,41 I
1'.111 hmon, PI'. 25H, 2H I, 444 457, I 9 I ;
l" 1'.lIl1w'1(lIl, p. 25H; Oldu, I'p. 5\
441, 445, 7 I, %4, %7 570
I' "1.1'>, p, 192
1' . U,.IIl1.,."1'1'. I, 2H, 79 , fl3, %,100,104,
112,12,', 14H, 1(,0,161, 1')'),204,210,
213, 228, 233, 234, 244, 261, 2HI, 2H9,
2
1
)0, 30!, 323, 332. 15, 40,345,352,
3(,\ 37H, 3H7, 402, 413,417,422,429,
439, 458, 462, 4 '7, 4HZ, 494, 49H,
520, 527, 537, 533, %2, 5(,6, 57H, 57
1
),
5HO
1'1'1'.11 ("lle, 1'.159, fig. 219,11
I'ell'tho"" 1'.28
I'ti"",-"id"l'p. 2, 53, 15H, 5 7
Ptl " '1r,1l'", 1'1'. 2, 124, 15H, 204; Iht'
YounLl;t'r, PI'. 100, 402, 45H
I'tl.lrv,kon, 1'1'.52, 53, 91,124,127,
14H,4HZ,flv,.6667,70 I,II("OUI'
1'1'.52,91, flv'. 6
7
,"1
Pd,l .... Vd on, "oCt Pc.. 1.11 g-d.. oll
Ptl1leh, p. 417
PI" "lOln, 01 ,he Tw h t (,,,d,, PI'. 45H
,o461,I'l" 5,2'J 31,34,540
I'tllkl", PI' 3,53,1 5H, 301, 3fl ,441
I'u '1'.11 0', pp, 54, 22H, 52 \ %2, hf'" 67,
71,91,293 291
l'ulf)h, d<lon, p, H3
I'LIIJ,h:tnltll.l, 1'.5
Peri,chnln"m." p. 5
1'''<,>l.ln \\ .cr', pp, 3,5\ %, 121, 113, I IH,
15fl, 213, 444, 4H2
I'h.llIl",s, PI'. 117., 2H'J
Ph.,idrn" ;lJchnll, I' 51H
I'h.dewlI, p. 1(,0, Ill' 2 13
I'lll,d,.,." ,,"11"0',1'1" ') ?(, I 15', 111
I'I1I'n ydt'>, I' 2
I'hd,p \ 01 l,nd"IJ, I' )e)')
I'h""thn,,,s, PI'. 562
p"""p.lpp", M"I1lIl11tlll, 1'1'.
I",
ph""",-""" PI'. 91, %5, 3,H, 422, 15H,
49fl
Phdox<:n(),;. of, (Ig.
PIHIIIHIO, gl,iV(.' of, p. 01
Ph,,';, ", PI'. 100, % I, 5
I'ln.,h"lh" ,', pp. 4H2, SS I, (.lH ,,,
61'J, (,21
1'11.11 liS, Ill' 213; \ " .. n." "t P""", 1'.2(>1,
h""I".II""I'>, pp. 51, 15H, 11>1, "'
fOel"n, p. 1HO
PI 10kr,llt" ,lI1d ,\ pollodol 0'. .111.11 01,
hg. (.1)0
I'IIY, 1'. 45H
\hU,l\l<,ll1 Pdu_<.. on !Ill \(If)I'0II\, p,
(.
\hClIl.h. 111 ""PIIIW Iloll..,C, pp, C;), /2, 7S,
lILt () "'!
\U I \.'ll\ph: ....
lllll........ n ...
lIO, I I1Ipll''',p.
lkl 111'11\ lIH..' I tlhoullt.lc.: ... j\lnl1l11111l11,
It) <;j', p.'I.'I'<I,p. 14'>,I.f.\ 21 ,
i1ol1ll11l" ".".1 of/ell' I !rU.hll"", p.
, Ill' (, I
, .
".h", ", hOl1, 1" 2H
'hi" \IOl1llllKIlI,pp. 3S 160,In' ')1
".lIlht, p.
'1..,0.... gl t\ l of, fig, 179
"'o,.ht I,. (,.ltt', p. 15'>, f,l' 21'), \ II
'011 hI "I S,OI III Iht \V'''I, pp. (,,101,
5 H, It.' 14
\ 11 ph.1I01l III Iht \j.!OI.I, pp. 6, 104, Ii ".
34 r ,
}mphe, ,11II1le 01, pp. 361 1(,4, IW'. 71,
I) 1
\/llph', pp 13H, 2H9, 32\ 41 -, 4(. ,
\Ol!\e,"hd',IIl' J,3,19? 191.3H2,53H
Ode, 011 ot \V"I'P'" pp 3(,5 31', IW.
34; "f Jill odl' \ I "U", pp. 37H 3H("
523, fiLl; 91, "f I'enkb, pp. 37H,
I" 3
1
)1, ",91
O,kelll.ll . oil Ihe \, rope 01", PI'. 53, 4H2,
lif'" 1, HO H3
011<1." 'cc IIfJu,c,
O'IlCU', CpfJll>I1lOll'> hero, fW. 27S
Old \Ll;<lr.l, 'ec \gfJn
Old '1 elllpic of \,hCIl . , PI'. 143 147,
213,25H,/1('
Olymp' h,,,, IfJulmph",o, "f, fiV 3')1
OI>"'I)JCll'Il, PI'. 1Sfl, 2fl'), 290, 402 411,
liV' 3"'9 3flO
OI}l1lpl"ll, I' 91, IIf'. 116
Olyl1lh"" p. 15fl
Opl"hod'JIl1
0
', 1" 143
Or hc,\,., III ,hc Av"rd, 1'1'. 3. 361, 537,
(IV'. 5, 29
!'.d.IC'l r.1 of lhc A . dclIlY, p 42, ot to.. y-
1l,)'>.lfVC', p. 340, of Ihe I .} I ell >11, p. 345;
l,f'I .,urC.1 ,p. 332, IIV'. 219, 379,435
P.lldllllOll, p. 27fl
P"ll.ld""" pp. 4 I2 416, (IV 37')
P.II1, PI" ')1, 13fl, 2H'), 417 421, IiI'" ')1,
110, 37
1
), rei I( f "f, IiI'" 1')2 1'H. 3fl2,
3H(, 3H7, 53H
1'."1.I,hcn.,I.', pp. 2, 14H, 422, 477, 49fl
1'."l.llhell.1I1 A,"plllJl.'e, p. 2, f'g. 21
1'.111.11 hell.II' Pro, t.,.,ll Jll, PI'. 2, 2('/, 417,
422, 444, 4H2, 'W 540
1'.111 II hCIl.IIC Sh,p, pp 2, ') I, 422, IiI' 540
P"""II1I'll.Ill W.,y, pp. 2, 422 42H, 4H2,
57'J 5HO, IIg .29 31,34. 'il, 11(,,2(,0,
265, 544
P.tndu)f1, <:ptrnynHIlJ,\ II(, 10, flV 271)
I'andm ell"', pp. 2n, 214, Ill' . ')1, 2fll
I'anhdlc", ,1'1" 25\ 42'J
6
fmOl the .\gor.1 to the Hornall \"1".1.
pp. J7.432
fronl the to the ....
p. -6
10 th' B.lth of hthll\onikos. 1'. 1M)
.!round the 1 kllSlIlIOIl. 1'1'. 2. 1
1
)8.
ti '. 540
m FI'llSIS (S.tered \\.n). 1'1" 159.299,
11-. 439,tigs. 213, 21-. 391, 417
le.llhng to the G,lt s. pp. -9,121,159
t(1 161.244.289. 5-J
through 11.ldrians \ reh, pp. 253, 289
to holnnns llippins, pp. 159, 299, 302
to the f1gs. 213, 217
Pan"thm:lle \\'a)', pp. 2, 422 428,482,
579 580. figs. 29 31,34,91,116,260,
265, 544
Pwp.nos, pp. 54, 228, 523, 562, ligs.
67,71,91,293-294
to Phaleron, p. 160, f1gs. 213, 217
to Piraeus, p. 159
Prehistoric roads, p. 158, fig. 217; of
the Acropolis, pp. 52, 483
Sacred \\Cay, scc Road to Eleusis
to Salamis, fig. 213
beside the shrine of Aphrodite I lege-
mone, p. 79
from the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos
m the Agora, p. 274, fig. 351
beside the shrine of Kodros, p. 332
be ide the shrine of Zeus Phratrios,
p. 573
to ounion, fig. 213
somh of the South Sma I in the Agora,
p. 534
north of the quare Peristyle in the
,\gora, p. 3
tarting point for measuring road dis-
tances, pp. 299, 458
treets of Athens, p. 392
treet of the [arble Workers, fig. 508
Street of the Panathenaia, see Pana-
thenaic Way
treet of the Tombs, pp. 299, 302,
figs. 391, 408-409
Street of Tripods, pp. 1, 566 568, lig.
540
West road of the Agora, p. 578
Roma, PI'. 79, 494
Homan Agora, PI'. 28 36
Round Fountain I louse in the Agora,
pp. 6, 104, lig. 34
Sabina, p. 429
Sacred Gate, p. 159, figs. 219, I", 602
Sacred 1I',use in the Academy, PI'. 42,
44, figs. 52, 62, 417
Sacred Way (Hoad 1<, Elellsis), pp. 159,
299,302,439,figs.213,217,391,417
Salamis, pp. 53, 1411, 482
Sanctuaries, see Shrines
Sarapis: shrine of, p. 28; head of, p. 27B
Scleucus icator. p. 462
INDEX
Sill ines:
1\ "Lilli os, PI'. 1,2,72, 57B, Ii"s. 5,722
\myneion, pp. 76 7B, 27B, 361
\n.lkeion, pp. I, 2, fig. 5
\phrodite in the Gardens, on the
north slope of the Acropolis, pp.
228 232, fig. 91, No. 137; ne,II' the
lIissos, p. 228, lig. 379
\phrodlle Ilegemone, pp. 79 81
,\phrodite Pandemos, pp. I, 2, 4,
fig. 5
Apollo Ilypoakralos, Pl'. 2, 91 95
Apollo Lykeios, p. 345
Apollo Patroos, pp. 91, 96 99,352
Apollo Pythios, on the north slope of
I he Acropol is, PI'. 91, 422, figs. 116,
540; ncar the IIISS0S, PI'. 100 103,
578, fig. 379
I\nemis Ariscoboulc, 1'1'.121 123, fig.
219
Artemis Brauronia, pp. 124 126, fig. 91
,\rtemis Epipyrgidia, p. 148, fig. 200
J\nemis Kalliste and Ariste, pp.301,
302, figs. 417, 423424
l\sklepielon, PI'. 127 137, fig. 91
A thena in the Academy, p. 42
J\thena Nike, p. 148, figs. 71,200 202
Blaute, p. 2, fig. 5
Boreas, fig. 379
Bouzyglon, p. 2, fig. 5
ommon Shrine of all the Gods, sec
Pantheon
Demeter Chloe, p. 2, fig. 5
Dionysion in Limnai, PI'. 274, 332,
figs. 219, 379, 435
Dionysos Elcuthereus, PI'. 357, 537,
figs. 71, 91, 678
Dionysos Lenaios, PI'. 6, 566
Elcusinion, PI'. 2, 198 203, figs. 5, 540
Empedo, p. 323
Eros and Aphrodite, pp. 228 232, fig.
91
Eurysakeion, Pl'. 261, 262
Ge Kourotrophos, p. 2, fig. 5
Ge Olympia, p. 290, ligs. 130, 379
Graces, p. 148, fig. 200
llekate, p. 302, lig. 391
Ilemkles ncar the Agora, p. 274, ligs.
219, 355
Ilerakies Alexikakos, pp. 274277
Ilerakies at Kynosarges, p. 340, fig.
442
Ilerakles Pankrales, pp. 278 280, fig.
379
Kodros, Nelcus and Hasile, PI'. 332 to
334, ligs. 219, 379
J<..ronos and Rhe.l, pp. 335 339. fig.
380
Kyloneion, p. 2, lig. 5
I A:na if 111
1
Sl'l' shrinc of I)!OIl YSIIS I .l'l \'11 os
I.eokorioo, pp. 3. 5,' 57H, lig. 5
Meter on the Pnyx, p. 467
Muses, p. 345, figs. 447 448
Nymphe, PI'. 361 364, figs. 71, 'II
Nymphs, ncar the lIissos, p. 28'1, fig.
379; on the Pnyx, p. 467
Pan, on Lhe north slope of the Acro-
poils, pp. 91, 417 421, ligs. 91, 116;
ncar thl Ilissos, p. 28'1, fig. 379
Pan, Acheloos and the 'ymphs, p. 289,
lig. 379
Pandroseion, PI'. 213, 214, ligs. 91, 281
Pantheon, pp. 281, 439 443, fig. 362
Poseidon Ileilkonios, figs. 154, 379
Pythlon, sec shrine or Apolio Pythios
Sarapis, p. 28
Theselon, pp. 234, 578 579, figs. 5,
29 to 31, 34, 303 304, 722
Thesmophorlon, p. 198, fig. 5
Triangular shrine in the Agora, p. 6,
figs. 5, 29 31, 34
Trimpatres, PI'. 299, 302, figs. 391,
394-395
Skias, sec Tholos
Ski ron, p. 527
Skyros, p. 234
Sokrates, pp. 112, 160,289
Solon, pp. 1,2,143,158,198,299
ophocles, p. 76
Sophocles cholia, p. 42
Sounion, remple of Athena, p. 104, fig.
151
South Gate, p. 160, fig. 219, X III
South Scoa I In the Agora, sec LOa with
dining rooms
South Scoa !l in the l\gora, PI'. 233, 234,
534,figs.31,34,303304,6-3
Southeast Fountain !lou e in the "\.gora
(Enneakrounos), p. 204, figs. 5, 29 31.
34, 269 273, 303
Southeast Scoa in the \gOLI, p. 432, figs.
34, 554 556
Southeast Temple in the \gor." PI'. 104,
199, fig. 34
Southwest Fountain I louse in the \gor",
pp.6,204,f1gs.2931,34,269,274.303
South\\'est Temple in the I\gor", PI'. 6.
104, fig. 34
Spani"nLls, p. 498
Springs) sec Foutluin I louses
SlfLl"re ristyle: in the \clClcm), PI'. 42.
43,44. figs. 62, 417; ill th' \gOLI. p.
520, figs. 30,
Stadium. PI'. 498 504, figs. 219. r9
St.lndards, officLd, p. 55 ,figs. -00 -03
State HUl'l.dpl.lce. see Demos;,,,, Selll.1
Stele of the \m.IZtlIl \Iltiol e,l 1'.160,29(1.
fig. 379
Sl ih.lS, p. 274
Sl o.'s:
on I he 1l01l h Side of the 'gor.l, p. 5-8,
. 7'" Itg. __
illthe t\kslepit'ioll, Donc Sm.l, PI'. 12-,
128, figs. PI, 1-6 P-; IOIlIC Sto.l,
1'. 12'.1,<:,. ')1, ,,'"lh 01 ,he
'I"lll'k pI \,kl"ll1l",I" 12 ,11,<:. 1i I
01 \n,d,,,, 1'1'. SOS 519, fi<:" 11, 1,17
1l.l,dl'II",I'I'. 2-, SHO, 11<:.
\\ ah dl1\11l t- UltHl1..... pp. "1 t 16. Ill' ....
2') '0, 10 I
III till [hllll"" '1 hl,HI!, 1'1'. S3-, SJ8,
h 680
'nurh ()t th I Inl",It1HH1. p. 1l)(). fic.....
'60, 266
of [ \l1ll1 nl', PI" 52 526, fig,. ') I, 50D
pt 111l' IlunlS, PI" J, S. 5-8, fig" 29 III
11,3,1,-)2
\1 lkLl p. sso, fig, -22
\I,ddk III the \gOL!, PI'. 233, 165,
la!, 31,34,303 30-
'-m,he lSt Sto,l III rhe \ go, I, PI'. (',
104,5-8, fig. 34
\t ,he Pdl.lLlton, pp. 412 416
nor,h of the P.1I1,llhen.llc \\.1\, p. 579,
fig. -22
"'lI,h of the P.lI1.11hen.lic \\ .IY, p. 5-9,
f,g. -22
on rhe Pny., p. 466, figs, 590,600
POlkik, pp. 3, S. 506, 5-S, lig,. 29 31,
34, -22
of Rhom.lIos, pp. 281,5-9, fig. 722
ro"l,n rhe \gOI.I, \\ lIh
dllllllg roool';
ourh to.' ][,n the \gon, pp. 233, 234,
534,ligs.31,34,303304,6-3
outhe,"t t(U ,n ,he \gO!\, p. 432,
ligs. 34, 554 556
of Leus J.leuthertCI\, pp. 527 533,5HO,
figs. 29 31,34, r
pp. 28, 91,100,159,213,403
trotegelC\11, p. 6, figs. 29 31, 34
"treets, sec Roads aod Strett,
SUeIOI1lUS, p. 403
'>uidas, pp. 2, 42, 100, 210, 361, 37tl
"ulla, pp. 3, 104, 161, 301, 387, 403
'>und,aI of \lclOn, p. 466
"yncellus, p. 2
Sy nlJ,kismos, rp. 1, 158, 198
Taureas, pal,leslra of, p. 332, flgs. 219,
379,435
Tclemacho,>, p. 127
Tclm.l of AIhen.l, pp. 15R, 301, figs. 229,
602
'J emples
AphrodlCe Ollr.ln,." p. 79, ltg' 31,
34, 102
1\1'0110 DclphlnlC's .,nd All",,'" Del
phm,,,, p. 83, ligs. 106 112, 31') to
3HO
Apo"o I,ykci" , p. 345
AplJllo 1'., It'"", pp. 96 99, ltg'. 5,
30 31,34
Apoll'/ l'y.hlC", p. 100
Arcs, p. 104, fig. 34, 37, 13H, 140 115
rtemi Agrotera, PI'. 112 113, lie> ,
154, 156 163,379
INDI'.X
\"I'n,,, \Il"ol)(luk, PI', 121 123,
I II" 19
\,kkp,", "nd I I1I! 11'11, p. 127, ',g,>. 'H,
I ., I
""llh\\e" of til(' \,kltr,e,on Spr,"g
Ilou,e, p. 138
\,hl'n.. .ke, PI'. 112, 118 157, Iii' 91
\,hen,l.lI ,he p.dl.,d.on, p. 413
Deme,e, .Ind [,-ore, sec I .leu"n,on .Ind
"ou,he,lst Temple In the \go",
011,11,,,,, I'leuthellu'>, p. 537, lig,>.
679
D,on) '0'> I leuthereu, Ile.lr ,he \ .
dl'my, pp. 30 I, 302
I "t ,Ind \\ C'r Temples In the .\gor.l,
pp 104, 233, 231, riR, 34
I ,tletrhyu, p. 28
1'!eU',1I1,on, p. 198, figs. 260, 263 264
hcchtheion, pp. 213 227, fig. 91
I kk.llompedon, Pl'. 258 260
Ilcph.Il"o" pp. 104, 261 273, lig,>.
29 31,34,37
I Ie"I ,1I1d Leus 1'.1I1hellenios, Pl'. 429
to 431
1.1110'>, hero, p. 5-3
"-rll'H" .1I1d Rhe,l, 1'1'. 335 339. rig"
154, r9
\lo,her of the (,od,>, p. 352, ('<.:'. 5,
455 \56
l\"Il,ko, (,m.dl temple \, fi ''>. 202, 678
Old Temple of \,hen.l, pp. 143 117,
213, 258, fig. -1
P.llldrosos, p. 213, fi ''0. 91, 281
('.,mheon, PI'. 281,439 413, Ill'. 362
P.lIthenon, PI'. 258, 281, 447
fig. 91 , l r l'"rthelloll, I' 2SH, OIdLl',
Pl'. 53, 444, 445, Ii, -1, 564,
f{) 5-0
Ronu Illd \U,,"l""", pp. 49-,
fig. 91
"ourhe.lSt Tempk In the I, PI"
104, 199, lig. 34
"olllh",o'l lemple 'n ,he \gol', PI'.
6, 104, 1,<:. 34
TllplolemllS, p. 199
Tychl, p. 498, figs. 379,030
;.r,ell'> I'!cu,hLII"', p. S27
;.r,ells OIYl1lplllS, Pl'. 160,348, 4112 411,
429, lig. 380
ZCll,.lI ,he P,dL.dllJl1, p. 413
Z<.:u,,\ Phr,lIrl()c; and \thl'n.t 1>111,\111.1,
p. '>G, fie>,> 30 31,14,125 12',129
Th.... gel ... , lest 1\ .d, p. !00
'J hl.lln of D,,,n),,,,, pp 5r 5S2,
fi".91
Thl 1111" "kle.n ( 11 Y \\ .dl, PI" HI, 158,
100, 1(,2,253, 300,402,462, 4T, It' ,
223 224, 226
I h1111'"01<11", pp. \21, IS8
'I hLOph, . t,,,' (,.",len, 1', II's. 219,
37')
TIi"e,.,. fl>l,v.d, p. 234
587
The,elon, PI'. 234, 578 579, fig . 5, 29
11,31,34,303 j04.722
'I Ii"ells, pp. 1, 2, 211, 83, 15H, 198, 234,
253,261, 527
Thesrnophort"n, p. 198, fill. 5
'I he'>/ll,"hc, Ie, PI'. 2, 210
'1 h"n,o,hele,on, Pl'. 2,534,578, fj, 5
'I holo" SCe B,nh,
Tho!""pp. 534, 553 561, hg ,29 31,31
I h""k,,,>, tenlple "f, PI'. 104, 199.
150
'I hr.lSyh"ul"s, gr.lVe "f, p. 301
Thr.lSykles, ,,,n "fThr."yll,) ,1'.562
'I hrasyllo'> \!onumem, pp. 562 565
ThrtaSl.1n h.lse, p. 79, lig. 1lJ2
ThnaSian C.lle, sec D,p,lon
Thrones of pne'ts of l)IOIlY "S [ ieu-
thereus, fig. 684; in the 1 re hthel/lI1,
p. 213, lig. 281
Thucydldes, PI'. 1,91,100,158,204,289,
332,361,402,458,477
ThyechollS, altar of, lig. 281
Tiherills, hmperor, p. 505
TO\\'er of lhe \\'inel'o, see Horologion of
l\ndronikos
Traj,m, i'tnpetor, I' 4 2
Tr,lpe7li, p. 534
Tri.\Ilgll1.lr shrme m the \gora, p. 6,
h((s. 5, 29 31,34
Tnhes, p. 210
I npod" pp. 100, 562, 566
Tllprolemos lemrle of, p. 199; relier of,
fig 262
Tnton, 1'1'. 258, 365, 489
Tntop.llrc" ,>hnlle of, I' 02, fig,. 391.
391 39S
l'roj,11l [H)f'e, p. 124
.\ ",eh ('lIlls, Pl" 458 46J, fi.g,. 5, 29 31,
31, 510
Tyel" , temple of, r. 498, fIgs. 79.630
1') r.lm '011) e 1''>, PI" 3, S, 30 I, fiR', 5, 29
I nhllllfied \thms, 1'1'.161,163
\.dlll.lll, I ml'l'lllr, PI" 54,161
\ ,IIII,.1ll \\ .tll, 1'1" 54, 83, 100, 160, 161,
163,290, 30\, 323, 403, 429, 483, 523,
fll". 130, 1S4, ,80, 438
\ '", p. 361
\ .11 Ill, p. :>Rl
VIlIUVIUS, Pl'. 281,38-,402,403, S23
\\ ,1IC1r!ock' 01 \lldwl1,ko" e Ilolll.
Ing((Hl fit; III thl: \ 'Ot 1, p. 234
\\ ell, .I1l1u.,d ,Ill \llOpolt, PI'. 52, 323.
fi".6-
\\ 1I1ds, p. 18\, IIg . 36<> rs
\\ lng-lt.-,s \ Irtot (c \dun I. Ik
enoplton, PI' 2, 'OJ, ,45
:>'<1 I , 1'. ,Ij-
/,( II
\ 'or 11<1 ,1'1' 6, 104. 4 4, II . 146
III 14
\ '1'lu,o .1'1'. 91, 100
I IClnhcno PI" 2
5
H rkeios, in the Kerameikos, p. 302.
fig. 602; in the Pandroseion, fig.
281
Hypato., fig. 281
Hyp isros, pp. 569 5-2
lNDEX
I\lnrios or ,,"ataibates, p. 42
Olympic". PI'. 2, 91, 402, 403
at tbe P.lil.ldion, p. 413
Panbellenios, p. 429
Phratrios and Athena Phratria, PI'.
573-575, fig. 219; in the Agora,
p. 96
on the Pnyx, p. 467
Polieus, fig. 91
Soter, p. 527
I (, I ,1 1'1'. 2" " 444
24 1'. 14
91921" 143
IJ4 PI'. 1(,0, 11\0 312
11" p. 5 II
rp. 213,211
5 I' 1Hli
3
1
)5 p. 121 fJ' }
q5 I' 121
61 P WO, f,,, . 112 134
H51 p.46
H6, p.
H 4 1'. nH, Ii ' . 171,
HK2 1'. 1M" I'g. '>HH
1(7
1
) I iL' 110
I.r. /I (, I' 12
IZO l' 1')(,
1';1 P l
l
JH
103 I' 1.1
1
)
157 1'1' 31\ 49K
1(d l' . 1(,(j
3 I' 15
1
)
(, P 1
1
)K
91 1'. I')K
K3'J 1'.
Kill 1'. 5 3
KIll'. -I)
HIK 1'. }')8
I)OK 1'.-9
'JO
I
) 1'. -I)
1)56 1'. 231
1'.) 4
'15K PI'. 231, 2Kl, 5 I)
'J61l p. SilO
1)71 1'.
P 127
l' -9
100(, I' 233
100'J I' 233
102'! I' 213
1035 1'. 4'.!K
1041 p. 231
1013 1'1'. 233, 231, 50S
IIH6 p. 127
10-2 P 19K
W-K P I 'JK
1100 p. 2
1
j
11112 r 34U
12"2 p....(,
1253 p. (,
13(, p.2-4
143K I' 1'J(,
1M,5 p. 34lJ
1672 p. II)
1945 1'.345
211'J P 340
2292 p. 483
24'J5 rl'. ISH, 160 I U
I. (. II 2613 P 34\ I1g. 417 44!l
2(,15 Ii" 3
1
)5
p. lOll, Ii". 415
2624 1', 299, "g. 414
26") 1'. 22K, 294
)610 1'. 15H
2-76 PI'. 160. 23,
p. 100
2-'JH p. "9, Ilg\. 102 104
2H02 p. 439
p. 34\ /ig. 449
2!l91 fIg. 121
2!l93 Ilg 120
2894 "g. 122
2'.1 I "g. 119
2934 p. 439, fig. 382
2949 /ig. 690
3042 p. 34H
)055 p. 357, fig. 459
30'i(i p. 562, figs. 70S, 70H
3065 p. 100, f,g. 135
3066 p. lOll, f,g. 1 5
p. 100, /ig. 135
3(n) p. 100
083 p, 562, fig. 708
3114 Ill'
31Z0 p. 12H
"30 /ig . 24 25
31 1 1'. 505
31 3 p. 1<).1, fig. 625
l' 2H
,lIl2 1'. 53K
31k3 P r," .,. 4H, 50
,238 p 3
3251 1'. 2!l
33')1 P 3
7
,"" 51
,42(, r 3H7
312 1'. ,!l7
3415 P 2B
34 511'.4(,1
3602 l' I
3(,21 l' 4L
'
)
,626" 12
1
)
3HM p. 7'J
40')\) 1'. 402
4122 II;' (,22
42U9 p. 505
4224 p. 214
425K I' 312
4356 "'. lin
1\5') 11\6
43(,51' (J," 'JI)
11115 ". 76
43k ". 100
4402 " '. III
41'21" -(', I' .101
41241' (,
4435 p. 7v
589
p. 91,
fig. 117
p. 3,
figs. 21-22
p.96
p. 3
p. 300,
figs. 102,416
p.233
p. 569
p.505
p.505
p. 505
p. 569
p. 233,
fig. 310
p. 573,
figs. 720-721
p. 121
p. 3,
figs. 20, 22
p. 158,
fig. 229
p.300
p. 289,
fig. 383
p. 3-,
fig. 48
p.274
fig. 40-
pp. 42, 44,
figs. 56-5-
p. 2-4,
fig. 355
p. 332,
figs. 435-436
pp. 100, 5-8
p. 22 ,
figs. 295-29-
fig. 26
"?9
p. ::>-
p. 196
p.429
pp. 28 29
p. 340,
fig. 442
?-8
p. -I ,
figs. 356-35-
p. 361.
fig. 465
p. 340
figs. 368-375
p. -,
6gs. 18 19
p. 148
L'.S/,7. 20, 1965, ApOV. p. 69
L'.S/,7. 25, 1970, pp. 143-149
Hesperia 1, 1932, pp. 43-46
J lcsperia 4, 1935, p. 380
Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 154-156
Hesperia 7, 1938, pp. 281-289
Hesperia 32, 1963, p. 73
Hesperia Suppl. 13, 1970
llaTrayLexvVOitOUAOC;, 'Ei'rLypct,?CtL,
No. 12
llpClxT. 1953, pp. 54-57
llpClXT. 1957, p. 26
Raubitschek, Dedications,
D. 318
o. 326 328
0.329
Stuart-Reyett, J, Ch.lrt. Ill.
PI. XU-XIX
L'.S),7. 20, 1965, Xpov. pp. 52, 55
p.274
p. 432,
fig. 552
p. 458,
fig. 582
p.274
p. 432.
fig. 553
p. 3
p. 261
p. 569
p. 261
p.96
p. 569
p. 569
p. 439
p. 323,
fig. 425
p. 422,
fig. 544
AA 1964, p. 414
INSCRIPTIONS
Agora I 5476 I lesperia 12, 1943, pp. 237238
5510 lJesperia 37,1968, p. 63
6969 L'.S),T. 19, 1964, pp. 31 33
7039 Ilesperia 37, 1968, p. 63
6709 Hesperia 7, 1938, p. 616
5569 lIesperia 26,1957, p. 91, No. 38
5675 Hesperia 37, 1968, p. 63
5770 Hesperia 9, 1940, p. 267
AM 36, 1911, p. 121
AM 79, 1964, pp. 93-95
'AvcD,sX7Cl 1, 1968, pp. 101-102
Ai\I 7, 1882, p. 399
AJA 60, 1956, p. 267
AJA 64, 1960, p. 268
5952 Hesperia 16, 1947, p. 170, '0.67
5960 Ilesperia 17, 1948, p. 43, o. 34
5990 Hesperia 17, 1948, p. 29, o. 13
6120 Hesperia 28, 1959, pp. 86 90
6135 Hesperia 26, 1957, p. 83, No. 31
6606 Hesperia 26,1957, p. 89, o. 35
6628 Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 62-65
1749 Hesperia 5, 1936, p. 393, No. 10
2729 Hesperia 5, 1936, p. 42
590
3226 Hesperia 37, 1968, p. 63
3244 Hesperia 7, 1938, pp. 1-74
3551 Hesperia23, 1954, p. 526, No. 40
3625 Hesperia 7,1938, p. 94, No. 15
3706 Hesperia 6, 1937, pp. 106-107
3794 Hesperia29,1960,p.63,No.l08
4294 Hesperia 29,1960, p. 63, 0.107
4348 Hesperia 10, 1941, p. 255, 0.60
4773 Hesperia 10, 1941, p. 38, No.3
4963 Hesperia 18, 1949, p. 135
1597 Hesperia 5, 1936, p. 358, o. 2
1. G.l1 4457 p. 76
4545 fig. 192
4666 fig. 423
4667 fig. 424
47 3 p. 569. fig. -1-
47 4 p. 569, fig. ~
4-9 p. 569. fig. -16
4799 p. 569
4 00 p. 569
4801 p. 569, fig. -16
4802 p. 569, fig. 716
4803 p. 569, fig. 716
4804 p. 569. fig. 716
4805 p. 569, fig. -16
4806 p. 569, fig. 716
4807 p. 569
4808 p. 569
4809 p. 569
4810 p. 569
4960 p. 127
4982 p. 213, fig. 281, E
4984 p. 96
4994 p. 138
5021 p. 538
5022 fig. 684
5047 p. 79
5166 p. 213, fig. 281, E
5181 pp. 299-300, fig. 412
5182 pp. 299-300, fig. 413
5185 p. 253, fig. 326
5206 p. 483
5221 fig. 422
5222 fig. 421
6217 fig. 411
T. G.lV2 384 p. 429
C.T.L.llT
549 p. 242, figs. 312-313
Agora I 298 Hesperia 3, 1934, p. 64, No. 56
848 Hesperia 15, 1946, p. 233, No. 64

Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens - John Travlos

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Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens - John Travlos

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-.

First PublJshed 1971, New York.

\gOT,\ I ... 233

Phot:o \If lorcc

}' 'C.l \".uions X Y II 95

5-2 Photo .\lIson Funtz \ T

T'I'RA IT-S LAY" RS

29 The Agora around the end of the 5th c. B.C.

31 Agora circa the mid-2nd c. B.C.

4-. Temple of Zeus Phratrlos and

latrin, and th of Hadrian, fig. 39.

\GOR \ OF C \E .\R \r-;O \LGlJ TLS

\ (, () It \ () I' ( A J '. ~ AI( AN I) A LJ ( ; l J~ 'I' IJ S

AGORA NOM ION

H:LEPM0;" '.,") '. ':," - .6..Pn-ITTIOLTON bL\E.6.HMHTPIOYMAPA ,_.,' ._. ._ i ___

:;:; I r.Il.:mcnt "t I rt'"Jlt.l p lint d

58 Fragment of a vase in rhe Agora.

ing, destroying, and setting lire to the shrines.

6() Jh<...:A<J"{tpollsand<;;Ulrr,UIHIII1H)1I1.tl1 Illl.llpholll!-'1,lph, 1()'7.

top and 4 m. near the bottom.

les .\g1.1lI rides d' \lhclle'S, I\Cll 8,,19<>4, PI'. 655 b

Sn IRI RIVI IT,I,Chapt.ll;

149. RemainS of the carlv Christian

165 l'hr hold at nHr.lI]( 10 thL ILll1pk ()I \'i'lllhoulL.

B. ., , nOli. I I .:ult. throughom .-\wca w re tabli. h din.\then a an, tt r of political pedienc.

r' ' ., X '\r-n-I"'f"r'

240. Heros larros

"l<llflll 01 ,hl lily

1.. Shear, Jr., 11 'Sjxria 38, 1969, pp. 395-398).

24 General \Ie\\- of the baths In fig. 247, from the cast.

C. Steps "'"dIng In the 1'.1It11l'nnn.

II, pp. 257-258, 272-273; H. A THmll'SOl', Hesp na

26- 'ThL 'r>nng of "-allitrhoc on a black-figurcd h}dna, BrJlIsh .\Ius,

278 Above: elevations of the four sides of the I '.rechtheion,

2 3 The I...rcchthclOn, nc\\ from thc c ~ t

T "NT... t:, V[.,\T'tAl.

295 297 VOtl\'c

ILl j\ \) AND () \) \ S S I' \ S r \ r I I S

'\06 TcrracotlJ sima and amellxLs of the \lIddlc Sloa.

;'UUfj iut /-'" '. Toii' . If'!."UI'oi\ IIi.un H' 20

3 2 ~ rch of J ladrlan, dtl.lil \ll \\ ,,! I ) ~ "' ""11.

timcs. Thc visl.l \I ,IS Il\lll'h dllllllllshl'd III I klklllstlC IlIllCS

r, .... f, .. ' ,,/,<".,_'

III I'll \1" I ()"

of th ancient sculptor Ageladas.

He; 96, 102 Jl IlI'Jell, Topogral'hi .. p .. %; 1 . I .

351 of Ilcraklcs Alcxikakos. A and 13. I louses \'(Iorkshop

1968 I . . ..... '---_-'

,65 Plan or the Ilorologion of Al1dml1ik"s.

377 11,)(" "f the Ilorolog,on 01 Androlllko\

IOlnl e"tend d as far a, th llissos.

150. Shrine of P'"eidon llclik.,n,os

other, the gff,v'es of the '1\ rant-slayers and of J'leisthenes.

I. Grave relief of Hcgcso

180. Bound.lI\ stone of the \c,l<kl\1\

L. KeJl'.\IA"o),L'dl1:, 'J:'(Pllfl.. 1884, pp. 161 166; J. R,

tt}l)l IJI llit

1\ :,1f...R \'11:' i\10 l i\1I 1

archirccrural mcmbcrs from rhc :--'ikias '[onumcnr.

462 The Beule Gare on rhc Acropolis \\ irh

",t .. ' .......

()()I'.iON 01' A(,RIPP, 369

) l) I I() lor f\ (J RIP P,\