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TOUR110 REVIEWER

2014
LEC 1 TOURISM CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
WHAT IS TOURISM?
o The activities of a person travelling outside his/her usual environment for less
than a specified period of time and whose main purpose of travel is other than
exercise of an activity renumerated from the place visited.
ELEMENTS:
o CORE ELEMENTS:
Travel
Stay
o TECHNICAL ELEMENTS:
Location
Timeframe
Purpose
CORE ELEMENTS
LEIPERS TOURISM SYSTEM
o TOURIST GENERATING REGION
Where tourists come from
TRAVEL COMMENCES
o TRANSIT ROUTE REGION
Where tourists pass by
TRAVEL CONTINUES
o TOURIST DESTINATION REGION
Where tourists go to
TRAVEL CONCLUDES & STAY OCCURS
TECHNICAL ELEMENTS
LOCATION
o DESTINATION
Stay occurs at a place outside a persons usual environment
o LOCALE
A persons usual environment
Varies depending on a persons regular routine
Places visited several times monthly
Visited several times weekly
Visited daily
o A destination in the POV of tourist is often with curiosity, different from the locals
POV
o Curiosity gives rise to diff. activities from that of the locals usual activities.
TIMEFRAME
o Stay at a destination is temporary and short-term, with the person returning to
his/her origin w/in a given period of time
o Min. of 24 HOURS and a max. of 1 YEAR
> 1 YEAR = Expatriates, OFWs, Migrant Workers, <24 HOURS =
Excursionists, Transit Passengers
EXCURSIONISTS
Does what regular tourists do, NO OVERNIGHT STAYS AT
DESTINATION
VISITORS
TOURISTS + EXCURSIONISTS
o International tourists are monitored using VISAS, usually good for 30 to 90 days
o Visa exemptions are granted to certain nationalities
o Some countries grant COMMON VISAS (SHENGEN by the EU)
o PASSPORTS
Issued by country of residence
Required at all times
o VISAS
Issued by country of destination
Depends on foreign policy
PURPOSE
o Stay at destination can be for any reason except for permanent residence and/or
employment
o Main basis is TOURIST SPENDS AND DOESNT EARN
o SCOPE
INCLUDES TRAVEL FOR:
Holiday
Business
VFR (visiting friends and relatives)
Religion (Pilgrimage)
Events
Education
Health
EXCLUDES:
Immigrants and refugees
Expatriates and migrant workers
o Purpose is also monitored by visas and visas issued depends on purpose of travel
Separates those who travel for tour-related purposes and those who
travel for permanent residence and/or employment
TERMINOLOGIES
TRAVELLERS vs. VISITORS
o TRAVELLERS
People moving from one place to another in general
o VISITORS
People travelling to and staying temporarily at a destination
EXCURSIONISTS vs. TOURISTS
o EXCURSIONISTS
Visitors not making an overnight stay at a destination
>24 hours
o TOURISTS
Visitors making an overnight stay at a destination
<24 hours
DESTINATIONS vs. ATTRACTIONS
o DESTINATIONS
Place offering multiple attractions
Provides complementary services and facilities that enable visitor
activity to take place
o ATTRACTIONS
Sites and events of interest to visitors
May provide supplementary activities to enhance visitor XP
INTERNATIONAL & DOMESTIC TOURISM
o INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

TOUR110 REVIEWER
2014
Tourism activity between countries; TOURISTS CROSS NATIONAL
BORDERS
COUNTRIES act as tourist-generating and destination regions
o DOMESTIC TOURISM
Tourism activity within a country; TOURISTS CROSS LOCAL BORDERS
PROVINCES usually act as tourist-generating and destination regions
OUTBOUND & INBOUND TOURISM
o OUTBOUND TOURISM
Trips to other countries from a particular country
THOSE WHO ARE GOING OUT
Focus is on the country as a TOURIST-GENERATING REGION
o INBOUND TOURISM
Trips to a particular country from other countries
THOSE COMING IN
Focus is on the country as a TOURIST DESTINATION REGION
NATIONAL & INTERNAL TOURISM
o NATIONAL TOURISM
Overall tourism activity of a country
DOMESTIC + OUTBOUND TOURISM
Focus is on tourism demand BY A COUNTRY
o INTERNAL TOURISM
Overall tourism in a country
DOMESTIC + INBOUND TOURISM
Focus is on tourism demand FOR A COUNTRY
LEC 2 TOURISM AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD
STUDYING TOURISM
Not as established as a field of study
Just started in the 1970s
UP AIT was only founded in 1976
What does one study in tourism?
SOCIAL SCIENCE
o Social phenomenon stemming from the desire for travel and experiences
MANAGEMENT
o Economic activity translating to trillions of dollars annually

TOURISM AND OTHER FIELDS
o Archaeological studies
Discovery of archaeological and historical sites often lead to their devt
as tourist attractions
Enables tourists to better appreciate the past
o Architecture
Unique architectural features=higher touristic value
Tourism has also been a means of promoting the protection of heritage
sites
o Arts & Letters
Exposure to arts is a popular motivation for travel esp. to the well-
educated demographic
As intl tourism grows yearly, learning foreign lang. is necessary to
enhance visitor-host relations
o Asian Studies
Asia has emerged as one of the fastest growing tourist generating and
destination regions
Asians as an outbound market=getting wealthier; Asians as an inbound
destination=getting popular
o Business
Tourism XP is made possible by svcs and facilities mostly run by profit-
driven enterprises
o Economics
The tourism industry generates income, employment, investment, and
contributes significantly to the overall economic progress of most
destinations
Cuts across several sectors and is known for its multiplier effect
MULTIPLIER EFFECT
o A single $ that a tourist spends generates $3 for
the economy
Economic impacts of tourism:
DIRECT: Directly under tourism
INDIRECT: Doesnt cater directly, but still implt for tourism
XP
INDUCED: Spending under direct and indirects effect on
other industries
o Education
Evolved from the Grand Tours centuries ago to the exchange programs
today
Travel bridges the gap between what is taught in the classroom and
what happens in the outside world
o Engineering
Tourism devt in a destination is dependent on the availability of
infrastructure and facilities for tourist use
Increase in demand in tourism = increase in demand for construction
and technology
o Fine Arts
Famous sculptures and paintings draw tourists for many destinations
o Home Economics
Tourism is connected to the hospitality industry as it provides two basic
needs of touristsaccommodation and F&B, w/c are the 2 biggest
earners in the tourism industry
o Human Kinetics
Sports tourism has become an emerging trend (FIFA, Olympics, etc.)
Water, winter and other recreational sports have also been favourite
tourist activities
o Islamic Studies
Islam=fastest growing religion; Hajj=one of the largest pilgrimages
Disposable incomes of oil-rich M.E countries
o Labor & Industrial Relations
Tourism-labor intensive, service oriented; human capital is its most
important resource
Skilled personnel are necessary to provide front-line svcs


TOUR110 REVIEWER
2014
o Law
Crafting laws ensure that tourism devt is steered toward the right
direction and is fair to all stakeholders
Ranges from natl laws to local ordinances
TOURISM STAKEHOLDERS:
Tourists, local community, tourism businesses, other
concerned bodies
o Library & Information Studies
Research is a fundamental element in tourism marketing and planning
o Mass Communication
Media play a pivotal role in linking demand & supply sides of tourism
Stimulates the attention and interest of the market (DEMAND)
Makes or breaks the image and rep of the tourism product (SUPPLY)
o Music
Traditional and indigenous music appeals to tourists who seek
authentic cultural XP
Popular music is also celebrated through music festivals
o Public Ad & Governance
Destination mgmt w/c encompasses the entire tourism product is
normally taken care of by govt agencies with national tourism orgs
(NTOs) taking the lead
DOT->DOT Regional Offices->Prov. Offices->City/Mun. Offices
o Science
Eco tourism advocates the conservation of natural resources through
tourism activities
Sci. Studies determine envi. Impacts of tourism
o Social Sciences & Philosophy
Tourism causes social effects to the host community at the destination
brought about by constant interaction bet. Locals and visitors
o Social Work & Community Devt
Paved the way to alternative forms of tourism such as voluntourism
and community-based tourism
Awareness on social effects hassled to a more conscious effort to bring
benefits to the host community
o Statistics
Measure demand and supply sides of tourism
Enables formulation of effective management strategies for both sides
through marketing and planning
o Technology Management
Internet has become a powerful promotional and advertising tool
Growth in tourism requires more advanced technologies such as global
distribution systems (GDS) that deal with transactions between
tourists and businesses
o Urban & Regional Planning
Proper planning of suitable tourist attractions, activities, services, and
facilities enhances the visitor XP
Maximizes positive and minimizes negative effects at the destination



LEC 3 TOURISM AS A MULTI-SECTORAL INDUSTRY
THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
Comprised of different sectors providing complementary and supplementary services and
facilities that create and/or contribute to the tourist XP
EXPERIENCE: Main product being offered to potential visitors
COMPLEMENTARY SERVICES & FACILITIES
o Attractions
o Transportation
o Accommodation
SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES & FACILITIES
o Intermediaries
o Support Services
COMPONENT SECTORS
COMPLEMENTARY SERVICES & FACILITIES
ATTRACTIONS
o Sites and/or events of interest to visitors w/c may also include supplementary
activities that enhance their perceived and economic value
SITES: physical and long-term
EVENTS: social and short-term
o Can be derived from existing resources or by establishing facilities, depending on
tourism potential of destination
o EXISTING RESOURCES are usually managed by PUBLIC AGENCIES (govt, non-
profits)
Nature
Features and products of the earth, as opposed to human
creations
History
Affairs of the past that relate to a particular place
Culture
Ideas, customs, and shared behaviour of a particular people
o ESTABLISHED FACILITIES are managed by PRIVATE ENTITIES
Entertainment
The act of being provided with forms of amusement or
enjoyment
Recreation
Activities done as a means of refreshment or diversion from
work
Event
An organized occasion w/c gathers numerous members of
the public
TRANSPORTATION
o Allow for the movement of visitors from tourist-generating to destination regions,
complementing the travel segment of the trip
o Provides accessibility to the destination, bring the market to the product
o Also provides mobility within the destination
o Transport facilities may also serve as a transit route region for regions where there
isnt a direct link to their markets
AIR

TOUR110 REVIEWER
2014
AIRPORTS
Legacy Carriers
LCCs (Low-cost carriers)
Charter Aircraft
WATER
PORTS
Cruise Ships
Ferries
Boats
LAND
TERMINALS
Trains
Buses
Car Rentals
o AIR
Airlines provide air transport services
AIRPORTS:
Most important gateway internationally and domestically
Where the tourist experience commences
Mostly publically managed, some are privately owned
They vary in terms of business models employed
SCHEDULED vs. CHARTER
o CHARTER: No regular flight schedule, special
flights to different destinations
TRADITIONAL vs. BUDGET
o TRADITIONAL: Legacy carriers
o BUDGET: low-cost carriers
HUB-SPOKE vs. POINT-TO-POINT
o HUB-SPOKE: selects several key destinations to
serve as the main hubs where their flights come
from (employed by Trad and LCC)
o POINT-TO-POINT: Literally point-to-point; direct
flights from one destination to another
Known for introducing unorthodox strategies aimed at profit
maximization
YIELD MANAGEMENT: What you do to maximize profit if
you have a fixed supply (ex. Airplane seats)
CODESHARE AGREEMENTS: Sharing of two airlines w/c have
routes that the other airline doesnt have
AIRLINE ALLIANCES: Organizations/alliances of airlines that
have the same amenities, facilities, svcs, etc. & also
synchronized schedules
Liberalization in the airline sector has seen these following policies
become commonplace:
PRIVITIZATION OF FLAG CARRIERS: flag carriers get sold to
private entities
AIRLINE DEREGULATION: Not monopolized, more carriers
were welcomed to open businesses and compete against
the flag carriers
OPEN SKIES POLICIES: other planes are allowed to fly over
the country even without landing; opening of their domestic
flight market to other carriers
AIR TRANSPORT
FREEDOMS OF AIR
Right of transit without landing
Right of technical stop
Right to set down traffic from home state
Right to pick up traffic bound to home state
Right to pick up and put down traffic between two foreign
states as an extension of routes to/from home state
Unofficial right to pick up and put down traffic between
foreign states via home state
Right to pick up traffic between two foreign states
Right to fly inside a foreign state, continuing to ones home
state
Right to fly inside a foreign state without continuing to ones
home state
o ACCOMMODATION
Provide lodging to the visitor while at a tourist destination
Complementing the stay segment of the trip
Increases the length of stay and spending at the destination
Known for practicing yield management as rooms are perishaDGETble
and has to be sold right away
Prices fluctuate based on the demand since supply is fixed
FULL SERVICE
Hotels
Resorts: accommodation facilities that also provides an
array of activities
Serviced Apartments: for longer stays; condotels
Timeshares: shared with other owners; can be used for a
agreed period of time
BUDGET
Inns
Motels: motorized hotels
Hostels: dorm-type accommodations
Homestays: homes owned by locals being rented out to
tourists
Have relatively low barriers to entry, w/c enable local businessmen to
put up small and medium enterprises (SMEs) offering such services
and facilities
Also a part of the hospitality industry along with MICE and F&B
SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES & FACILITIES
o INTERMEDIARIES
Act as distributors selling the tourism product on behalf of its producers
cutting down their production and operational costs
BUYERS (Tourists)DISTRIBUTORS (Tour operators & Travel
Agencies)PRODUCERS (Attractions, Transportation, Accommodation)
TRAVEL AGENCIES:
Assist tourists in booking flights and rooms as well as fixing
necessary docs
TOUR OPERATORS:
Create packages for tourists by integrating the diff
attractions of the destination

TOUR110 REVIEWER
2014
Have even lower barriers to entry
Faced challenges amid devt in technology
o SUPPORT SERVICES
TOURISM AUTHORITIES & BODIES
Ensures that the developments done at a destination not
only enhances tourist experience but also produces
economic gains for the locals
Inclusivity and sustainability were introduced to combat the
negative impacts of tourism
Functions include coming up with product devt strategies
focusing on:
o Destination marketing; demand or tourist-
oriented
o Destination planning; supply or destination-
oriented
Stakeholders (businesses, envi groups) play an influential
role in destination mgmt and assisting the govt
ACADEMIC & TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
Provide necessary human capital by means of:
o Skilled labor; frontliners
o Knowledgeable professionals; managers
Also contribute to the expansion of the field through
research
Expertise is also sought after by different sectors in the
industry
INFORMATION & COMM TECHNOLOGY
Technological advancements transformed the industry and
how it operates:
o Global Distribution Systems (GDSs)
o Online Sales and Marketing
o Social Media
Puts a premium on innovation, which spells the diff between
boom or bust
MEDIA
Shapes how a product is perceived by the market
Serves as medium for tourism marketing w/c creates
interest among potential tourists
AIDA MODEL
o ATTENTION INTEREST DESIRE ACTION
Serves as medium to express tourist feedback on the quality
of their tourist experience
Important since tourism product is intangible; cannot be
tested prior to being purchased

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