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Kazakh Grammar
with Affix List

Karl A. Krippes
Introduction
Background on the Kazakb language
Phonology
0.1 Kazakb Orthography Phonetics, and Phonology
0.1.1 Vowel Harmony
0.1.2 Labial Harmony
0.2 Consonantal Assimilation
0.2.1 Consonantal Voiciog/Devoicing
0.2.2 Consonantal Voicing and Devoicing in Written
Kazakh
0.2.3 Consonantal Voicing and Devolclng In Colloquial
Kaukh
0.2.4 Assibilation/Gemination in Colloquial Kazakh
0.2.5 Sonorant Assimilation in Written Kazakh
0.2.6 Assimilation of Nasal Consonants in Colloquial
Kazakh.
0.2.7 Dissimilation of J1 n in Written Kazakh
1.0 Parts of Speech
2.0 Nominal Affixes
2.0.1 Nominative
2.0.2 Genitive
2.0.3 Accusative
2.0.4 Dative
2.0.5 Locative
2.0.6 Ablative
2.0. 7 Instrumental
3.0 Pronouns
3.2 Reciprocal Pronouns
3.3 PredicaUve Pronominal Affixes
3.4.1 Demonstrative Pronominal Adjectives
4.0 Postpositions
4.0.2 Postposl tions which Govern Other Cases
4.1 Adjectival/Adverbial Class
4.1.2 Derived Adjectives
4.1.3 Compound Adjectives
4.2 Adverbs
4.3 Quantifiers
4.3.1 Numerals
4.4 Degrees of Adjectives/Adverbs
4.5 Conjunctions
5.0 Interjections
6.0 The Verb System
6.1 Personal Verbal Affixes
6.1.1 Verb Conjugation
6.2 Tense System
6.2.1 Present
6.2.1.1 Simple Present
6.2.1.2 Present Continuous
6.2.1.3 Habitual
6.2.2 Future Tense
6.2.2.1 Definite Future -*MAK.
6.2.2.2 Indefinite Future *P
6.2.2.3 Negative Indefinite Future
6.2.2.4 Pluperfect *P + eAi
6.2.3 Past Tense
6.2.3.1 Simple Past
6.2.3.2 Past Definite
6.2.3.3 Negative Past Definite
6.2.3.4 Reported Past
6.3 Participles
6.3.1 Agentive *Y ill .bl
6.3.1.1 Relativizer
6.3.1.2 Nominal: Professions
6.3.2 The Indefinite Future Participle *P/ *M A C
6.3.2.1 Subordinate Clauses
6.3.2.2 Nominalization - Modification - Relativization
6.4 Gerunds
6.4.2 Past Gerund *II
6.4.2.1 Negative Present Gerund *M A H
6.4.3 Indefinite Past
6.4.3.1 Indefinite Past F AH,I.(A when
6.4.3.2 Indefinite Past Constructions after/since
6.4.4 Indefinite Future FA Hill A
6.5 English "to want"
6.6 Compount.l Verbs
6.6.3 Nuances of Compound Verbs with *ll
6.6.3.1 Imperfective Auxiliaries: Prolonged.
Repeated Action
6.6.3.2 Perfective: Suddenness or Thorough Action
6.6.3.3 Modal Usage
6.6.3.4 Inchoative Usage with the Present Gerund
*(A)H
6.7 Deverbal Affixes
6.7.1 Deverbal Affixes -T.biH,I(.biK,/-*F AH;IJ;.biK,
6.7.2 rAH,IJ;.biKTAH because
6.7.3 Deverbal Affixes *Y /*(.bl ) C
6.8 Conditional, Imperative, Subjunctive Mood
6.8.1 CondJt1onal * C A
6.8.2 Although, even though *CA ,I(A
6.8.3 Imperative Mood
6.8.3.1 Negative Imperatives
6.8.4 Subjunctive Affixes
6.9 eKeH/ KepiHeT/ oaifK,anaT seem
6.9.1 3KeH
6.9.2 KepiueT
6.9.3
6.10 KepeK need
7.0 Kazakh Afflx List
Selected Bibliography on Kazakb Grammar
Newspaper articles analyzed and quoted
List of Tables and Charts
0.2.1 Classification of Consonants
Consonantal Voicing/Devoicing
Sonorant Assimilation in Written Kazakh
Possessi ve Pronominal Affixes
Possessive Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Renexive Pronouns
Present/Future Pronominals (lla)
Simple Past Pronominals (lib)
Demonstrative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
0.2.5
3.0.1
3.0.2
3.0.3
3. 1
3.3. 1
3.3.2
3.4
3.5
3.6.
3.7
4.0.1
4.0.2.1
Indefinite Pronouns
Definite Pronouns
Postposi ti ons which Govern the Nominative Case
The Dati ve
4.0.2.2 The Ablative
4.0.2.3 The Genitive,
4.1.1 Simple Adjectives
4.1.2.1 Adjectival Deri vatlonal Affixes
4.2 Adverbs
4.3.1 Cardinal Numerals
4.3.2 Ordinal Numerals
4.3.3 Collective Numerals
4.4.1 Comparative Adjectives/Adverbs *P AK.
4.4.2 Superlati ve Degree of Adjectives Ea M os 1
4.5 Conjunctions
5.0 Interjections
6.0 Modals
6.1 Personal Verbal Affixes
6.1.1 Affix Sequencing In Verb Conjugation
6.2 Kazakh Tense System
6.4 Gerunds
6.6.1 Comparision of Simple and Compound Verbs
6.6.2 Verb Phrases
6. 7 Deverbal Affixes
6.8.3 Imperative Affixes
6.8.4 Subjunctive Affixes
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Introduction
This is a partial grammatical description of modern Kazakh based on
one sampling of written texts. The purpose of this description is to
provide a corpus-based, English-language grammar whi ch bridges the
gap between mere affix lists and tables of noun and verb morphology
on the one hand. and the more comprehensive yet derivative Russian-
language grammatical studies on the other.
The corpus for thi s study, though relatively small (8,899 words from
three newspaper articles, 1992. 1993, 1994), did prove adequate to
cover the major aspects of Kazakh morphology and symax. as well as
most types of verbal constructions. Some grammatical points are
quoted from fianaKaes. 6acKaKou. l{en.ec6aes ( 1962: abbreviated [BB &
K]) and Cirtautus (1974).
The accompanying affix list is a necessary feature of this grammar
which takes a morphophonemic approach to Kazakh morphology The
assimi lation rules for vowels and consonants. which are explai ned in the
phonology section, accomplish two functions: 1.) they allow the student
to systematically dedve the allomorphs from a morphophonemc by tbe
appli cation of the phonological rules, 2.) they eliminate the need to list
the 3-6 allomorphs for each affix or to include each allomorph in the
illustrative examples. Lastly, it should be noted that verb syntax is
treated throughout the verb sections rather than in a separate section.
The author wishes to thank Dr. Alma Kunanbaeva of the University
of Wisconsin at Madison, and Dr. Tangat Tangriberdi kyzy Ayapova of
the Kazakh State University in Almaty for verifying the accuracy of the
grammatical descriptions and my English translations of accompanying
examples. I also wish to .thank my coll eagues at the MRM. Inc.
Language Research Center for reading the first draft and making
suggestions for improvement: Dr. Allan Frank. Mr. Jack Jones, Dr. David
Zorc, Mr. John Murphy.
Background on t he Kazakb Language
Kazakh is the national and official language spoken by roughly 7 million
persons in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Katzner 1995: 136). Together
with major Turkic languages like Tatar and Kyrgyz, Kazakh belongs to
the IGpchak (Qipchak) group. The IGpchak and Karluk Turkic (i.e. Uzbek,
Uighur, and Salar) groups can be traced back most closely to the Middle
Turkic language of the Karakhanids, but more djstantly to the Oguz
group (e.g. Turkmen, Turkish, Azeri). In the modem IGpchak languages
a smaller layer of Western Iranian loanwords sharply differentiates this
group from either Karluk or Oguz. For example, in a sampling of 100
neologisms only 27 were ultimately of Tajik origin, and the rest native
Turkic coinages. Compare an average of 51% Iranian elements in the
total Uzbek lexicon.
The cognate language which is closest to Kazakh lexicall y and
phonetically is Kyrgyz. Although Kazakh and Kyrgyz have been dubbed
"virtual dialects of one another", the semantic and lexical gaps between
the two languages are substantial, as demonstrated by Tables 1-3.
Table 1 Semantic mismatches in Kazakh and Kyrgyz
Kazakb
a3aMaTTbtK. citizenship
aca6a toastmaster
6anaraT scolding
wic odor
K.apCbtnay to welcome
K.aTTay to layer
K.YPbtW wrute steel
ra6btC income
TOK.aJJ 1. mistress: 2. hornless
TOCY to wait
TYHJiiK smoke-hole covering
ryciM income
Ti36e chain
2
a.JaMaTTbiK boldness
aca6a flag
6anarar maturity
HC carbon monoxide
HapwbJJtOO to criss-cross
KaTToo to register
Kypq sharp
ra6btC voice
TOKOJJ hornless
rocyy to welcome
TYHJJ.YK north
TYWYM harvest
H13MC Jjst
Table 2 contains lexical gaps in which there is no phonetically,
morphologically, or semantically correspondi ng word in Kyrgyz.
Table 2. Lexical gaps between Kazakh and Kyrgyz
Kazakb
n.arJiapbiC crisjs
neM any to rest
MaMaHJibl K. specialization
MyrenJieK handicapped
o6a epidemic
MbiTY to forget
weMipweH cartilage
WbJfaHaK. cove
Kvr2vz
id.
3C aJl)) id.
id.
Maitbrn id.
'ly \la id.
YRYTYY id.
KCMHP'ICK id.
6yJJyll id.
From the khanate period until the 1920's, the Kazakh literary
language was a modified form of Chagatay, written in Arabic script.
This is the literary language used by slightly less than one million
Kazakhs in Xinjiang province of the PRC (Katzner 1995:136). After an
experiment with Latin script from 1928 to 1940, a modified Cyrillic
scri pt was introduced (Menges 1989:80).
In the early Soviet period, the northern Kazakh dialect spoken in
Orenburg and Semipalatinsk was designated as standard. It has been
suggested that the northern Kazakh dialect's small number of Arabo-
Persian loanwords and larger layer of Russian loanwords influenced this
choice (Olcott 1985:191). From the 1940's to the 1953, whereas the
trend in Soviet Kazakh Jexjcography followed the "internationalization"
or Russification trends in other Turkic languages, since the death of
Stalin in 1953 there has been a "renewed interest in finding ancient
Kazakh terms to replace vocabulary borrowed from Arabic. Persian ... ",
as well as "an interest in resubstituting Kazakh terms for Russian ones"
(Olcott 1985: 196). For example, in texts published between 1952 and
1964, we find an average of 4.27% Russian loanwords in scientific or
academic texts versus an average of only 2.33% in Kazakh literature (cf.
1966).
Since Kazakh independence in 1991. the activities of the
Terminological Commission have been more intensely focused on de-
Russifying the literary language. Consequently, the posr-Soviet Kazakh
literary language is distancing itself from its closest cognate language,
3
Kyrgyz. For example. Table 3 shows Kazakh neologisms correspond to
Russian loanwords in Kyrgyz.
Table 3. Lexical Gaps between Kazakb Neologisms and Kyrgyz
Russian Loanwords
Ka:takh
6eiiueracna vtdeotape
raJK.arap gasmask
Jei!Henep reured person
Keweu senes. system
K.blwa mustard seed
Mepeiircp laurear
epKetmCT civilizauon
Tent<. ymmaT passport
Kyrgyz
Bttaeo id.
npoTitBOra.J id.
neHCI10Rep id.
KO\tn!leKc id.
rop11uua id.
naypear id.
U"Bit.1JtJaultJ! id.
nacnopT id.
Nonetheless. despite t he time-depth of several centuries which
separate Kazakh and Kyrgyz., and the concomitant and more intense de-
Russificarion of the Kazakh lexicon than in Kyrgyz, there is considerable
mutual intelligibility between the two languages. The intelligibility is
great enough to allow a Kazakh and a Kyrgyz to hold a casual
conversation while speaking their respective languages (as observed by
the author).
4
0.1 Kazakh Orthogr aphy Phonetics, and Phonology
The letters of the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet and their phonetic
transcnpuon (in square brackets) are as follows:
AA (a) I en (z)
I
E6 (b] Ba (vj
rr I.RI Fr (y)
I
Ee [e) I
i [yo) 1KlK 131 33 [z] HH [iy) Ha_b')
Kx fk) [q) Jln (1] MJ.c [m)
HH (n] R11 (9) I
Oo [o)
I
9e(o)
nn IPI
Pp [r] I Cc [s) I
1'r (t)
r--
Yy [u) I
Yy [ii]
cpq, lfl _ Yy (uw; Ow]
-
Xx [kh) bb [h) [ts) tfq [e]
Wm lUn4 'b blhJ lil
u [i] b 33 [e] lOJo _[ylt)
jiB [ya]
Because Kazakh maintain combinatory rest rictions on vowels and
consonants in native vocabulary (i.e. except for Russian loan-words),
\'Owels and consonants may be classified as front or back, thus:
Front Back
Vowels en Ee [e] HB [iy] D [i) Aa [a) Ee !Yc;>l h1hl (I I
eo [oJ vv (uJ Oo [o) Yv [u]
10Jo [yu 1 jiB (ya I
Consonants rr 181 Ka: [kJ Fr [ \1 K. (q) XI (kh)
>'ote that Yy has two possible phonetic values. [uw) or [iiw). depending on
whether the preceding vowel is back or front. e.g. JC.VIiHy [quynuw) to
bathe' vs. Kyiley [kiiyeuw) 'husband' . Note also that both Russtan and
Kazakh CyrilUc )KlK have the same phonetic value [3], nod in KaUlkh and
colloqutal Russian IUm is a geminate consonant [U) (i.e. longer than m w
Lastly. si nce Sa (e] is found in Russian loan-words, it need not be
considered with front vowels.
s
Kazakh Grammar with AHix list
Phonology pertains to the combinatory behavior of the sounds of the
language. One way of grouping together variants of a single morpheme
is to designate 11n archetypical morpheme or affix called the
"morphophoneme". In order for the learner to be able to derive
variants from an archetyptcal form by the applicatjon of vowel
harmony and/or consonantal assimilauon rules, this grammar uses
morphopbonemes (capitalized and asterisked) for Kazakb affixes.
Learners with a background in another Turkic language may recogmze
that the morphophonemes are nearly the same as the affixes in Turki
languages which such vanation.
0.1.1 Vowel Harmony
The two types of vowel harmony, front/back harmony and labial
harmony, are assimilation rules which apply in tandem to the
combination of native Kazakh root and affixes. Some Russian loanwords
which were borrowed over one hundred years ago show the resull
0
vowel harmony, e.g. 6enen Ke bottle (<R. 6yTbtJ1Ka), caMaybtp samovar (<R.
c a B a p ). Whereas front/back harmony is a process of assimi lating the
qualities of vowel height (i.e. the relative position of the tongue to
produce the vowels). labial harmony pertains to the roundedness (i.e.
rounding of the shape of the lips) of a vowel.
In addition to the feature height mentioned ea.rlier, Kazakh vowels
may be classified according to roundedness as follows:
Unrounded
Rounded
Front aa, Ee, li
ee. vv
Back Aa, hiJ.r
Oo, Yv
Note that the g,.raphemes HB and Yy are acrually diphthongs
whose pronunciation as I H/ ill (iy] and YY / yy [i.iy] or :biHI I>IB fiy] and
YY / yy [uy] depends on the hetght or roundedness of the other vowels in
the root word.
An affix that has a back vowel in its canonical shape will assimilate
to a front vowel if the last syllable of a root word contains a front
syllable, e.g. K9D much+ *-PAK. > Ke6ipeK more
6
Kazakh Grammar with AHix List
0.1.2 Labial Harmony
The three labial harmony rules apply to colloquial rather than to
literary Kazakh. and therefore are not reflected in the orthography For
the examples below, the harmonized form of the word is in square
brackets.
1 Back rounded vowels Oo. Yy assimilate the vowel blbt of the
followng syllable to become Yy. e.g.
opbllt place> [opyH). K. y.lbll:l foal> [I\.. y.'l)'H]. TOiiJlbt > [TOiiJly).
TYPJlbl stood > [TYPJlY]
2a Front rounded vowels 8e and Yy assimi late the front vowel l i to
become Yy. e.g.
O\tip life > [9Myp), yMiT hope > (yMyr), KYJ1Jli laughed > [KYJlJlY)
2b. Front vowels 8e and Y y assimilate the front vowel Ec to become
eo .. e.g.
IMCIL poem> eneH., KypeK shovel> [KypeK), Kepce if sees >
(11apce], Kyncc if laughs> [KyJlca]
Note 1ho1 1hese colloquial forms correspond 10 I he pronuneiauon forms of
Kyrsyz!!
0.2 Consonantal Assimilation
AssJmJi auon refers to the way that a sound adapts or changes to
c.onform to the phonetic features of a neighbonng sound. The two lunds
ol consonantal assimilation in written Kazakh are: 1.) voicmg/devotcing,
2. ) sonorant assimJiation. In conjunction with vowel harmony. these
rules pertam to the combination of roots and affixes.
0.2.1 Consonant a l Voici ng/Devoicing
The chnrt below shows that an affix beginning in a voiced consonant
IS auached to a noun or verb root which ends in either a vowel (i.e.
open syllable) or another voiced consonant. By contrast, an affix
begi nning in a voiceless consonant will only be auached to a noun or
verb root which ends in another voiceless consonant (i.e. closed
syllable) .
7
Chart 0.2.1 Consonantal Volcing!Devoicing
Verb OR Noun Root + Affix
I vowel or voiced consonant + voiced
2 vo1celess consonant + voiceless
Sonorants are a class of consonants which derive their name from the
fact lhat lhey are "sonorousM because they can propagate sound like
vowels. The distinction between sonorant and non-sonorant also
determines the behavior of lhe sound in assimilation and dissimilation.
We may also categorize the Kazakb consonants into voiced/voiceless
non-sonorant consonants and sonorants as follows:
Table 0.2.1 Classification of Consonants
1. Non-sonorant Consonants
voiceless n T K K; <P m c
voiced 6
A
r F BlK 3
II. Sonorant Consonants
M HI JJ p

0.2.2 Consonantal Voicing and Devoici ng in Written Kazakh
Voicing Rules:
1.) Consonants n n and 1{1{. VOICe to 66 and Pr respectively when:
a.) lhey occur intervocalically, e.g.
Metncn school> MeKTe6iMi3 our school. K. ynal\. ear> K. y.rrarbiM my enr,
8
Kazakh Grammar with Aflx List
b) they are in contact with voiced consonant of another word. e.g. some
compound words. e.g.
Maprauar bot< K.3H3T wi11g. K.apawara3 Eurosu"' bttttm < 1\.33 goost .
Devoicing Rules: .
1.) Consonants 66. fr and .il.:.t devotee to nn K.K. and T T
respect ivel y when they come in contact with an affix beginning with a
vo1celess consonant. e.g.
}f(3f) to burn> iK31\. Tbl p) to couse to burn. K. ynali. eor + .nA > k.. Y naK. Ta ;,.
tht tor
0.2.3 Consonantal Voicing and Devoicing In Colloquial Kazakh
The followtng rul es pertain only to spoken Kazakb. The
pronounciation vanant is in square brackets. In general, these rules
parallel lhe voicing rules for wriuen Kazakh.
Voicing Rules:
I. intervocalically
a. compounds, e.g. place-names
K.apaKe3 > [KapareJ), Tan.nhl K.opratl > [Tan!lbl roprau]
b. in syntacuc untts or phrases
ah. ewKi whrte goot > [ar ewtii]. K9H acnau sk) > [Ker acnau]
2. after a votced consonant
KyJ Kenni autumn come > [Ky3 ren.ni]. 6ip K.arap sevual > [6ip raTap)
Devoicing Rules:
I. after a vo1celess consonant. e.g. personal names
a. in compounds
.\iir6aii > }l{ycin6eK > [}KycinneK}
also historically Persian loanwords, e.g. ac\1311 sl.:)' > acnau
b. in syntactic units or phrases
1cen 6ana man>' kids > [Ken nana], 6ep bring it> nep]
9
0.2.4 Assibllatlon/ Gemlnatl on in Colloquial Kazakb
Fricatives r<P m c B JK 3 F) are sounds wh.ich allow lhe COnLinuous
passage of ai r during aruculauon. unlike stops [n T K 6 A r K, )
wh.ich close off the flo"' of atr Assbilation refers to lhe assimilauon of
sibilanLS (i.e. fncatives) Cc. >t\lt\ and 33. The geminated fricatives (1.e.
sibilant) w w or ant\ are formed from lhe assimi lation of Cc and 33
respectively when eilher of the pa1r comes in contact wilh a morpheme
or word beg1nn1ng with W w or it\ iii. Also. the voiced fricative 3J
devoices to us vo1celess counterpart Cc when followed by C c
C W/}f{ > WW
1\.0CWbl allendant > [1\.0WWhl ), 6ac waii K..ay to nod the head > [6aw
WaJ. 1K.ay]
r ae awn Jtont-road > [raw won). 6ac lK3K. side of the head> [6aw waK.)
3 + W/}f{ > HOt<
TaJwa having head scabs > (TaiUwa) , C93WC1i. verbost > [C9WW91l)
reJ Wblt\. lmrry out! > [TCUJ IUbll\.] , H93 wan]l bl noticed > [t<e ru UJ3J1Jl bl]
lKYJ lKbi Jl century > [Cy>H >l( biJl }, \1 3 lK3pfbiW icebreaktr > [My<
lKaprbtW)
3 + c > cc
1\93 ca.1y to glance > [t<ec ca.1yj. t<yJ caifbtH every awumn > [t<yc Cal1b1 H]
0.2.5 Sooorant Assimilation in Written Kazakh
If an affix bas a canon1cal or basic form in .1 .1 or H o , the ini tial
consonant of lhe affix wtll assimi late to .lll or T r depending on whether
the root ends 1n o vo1ced or vo1celess consonant. Affixes beginning w1lh
\1 \1 will likewise OSSimllate to either 66 or n n.
10
Ka.zakh Grammar with Aftlx List
Cbart 0.2.5 Sonor aot Assimilati on In Written Kazakb
JIAt' (plural) .I bl (adjective) '".I I \ \verbal izer)
voiced root ua't man x >
\t3H.biJ meamng an. sense x >
or vowel
uaM.lap men: X> atua) to
K. ypa .. ta formation \t atLbiJlbl understand :
+ x > K. ypaMa.1ap meaningful; K.apbiJ debt " >
formations 1\.. ypa\la fonnation h.apb13laH)
x > ttypa\1a.'lbt to owe
combined
vo1celess root
ttaJtaT wing + x > 1\..VP\ICT respe.ct or grass x >
ttaHarrap wings: X> K.yp;\tCTTI oTTa) to graze:
MeKTen school + x respected ttan cover + x >
> MeKTenrep
Kanr a) to cover
schools
"'MA_ldon tl._
Mt:H (with)
voiced root
HaH believe + x > K.anarrap wings
or vowel
uaH6a don't x > KanarrapMell
believe: with wings;
OTT a graze+ X > ttaHarrapbt its
T T ~ t a don't wings+ x >
graze ttauarrapbl \fCH
wi th its wings
vo1celess root
ifian close ~ x > K.auar wing x >
manna don"t close: K.aHaTOCII with a
it\aT lie down .. x
> )f(aTna don't lie
wing
down
II
0.2.6 Assimilation of Nasal Consonants in Colloquial Kazakh.
Nasals are a subgroup of sonorants (M H 8, ]. not including [n) and [p J
for which the air flows through the nose during aniculauon. The
following changes apply to the pronunciation [in square brackets] of
cenain syllablic combinauons and word combinations in the spoken
language
I. The consonant H 11 assimilates to \h1 an front of the labial consonants
66. nn. \ha. e.g.
cen6i da> wuk) > [C1?'16i). >Ka11neiiic > KCH MCH
mep ore and land > [KCM MCII mep]
2. The alveolar consonant II 11 assimilates to the velar lin. in front of the
velar stops KK/ rr and the velar fricatives e.g.
K.OH > (C.,Il rotij, CCII HiM > (CCil riM), TOHra > (TOH.ra)
0.2.7 Dissimilation of J1 J1 in Written Kazakb
Dissimilation refers to the behavior of a sound to become dissimilar to a
neighboring sound. The sonorant Jb always dissimilates to Jl.a when an
affix beginning in fin as attached to a root ending in this same
consonant. Persian loan-words such as Ke.1.n.e head (< *1<e.1.1e) and
M0.1Jl3 mulla_h (< Mo;ut a) show that the combination JJ.f'l is generally
not allowed an Kazakh. Therefore. the adjectival affix .rtbl and the
nominal affix Ilblf\. wall dassamllate to lbl and .lbll\. when attached to a
root word ending in .1.'1. Smularly. the plural affix *.1AP dissimilates to
.n.ap.
For example. 1\CCC;l illness +
6eClf<bl.1lbll\. five-year period,
instruments.
.1bl > 1\CCC.l.ili ill. il\bl.l )ear >
K.ypan instrument > K.ypan.aap
12
Kazakh Grammar with Affix Uat
1.0 Parts of Speech
The two basic morphological classes in Kazakh are verb and non-verb.
The dtsunction is based on the types of affixes that may be auached.
Otherwase. the distinction between nouns and adJectives for example is
largely syntactic, whereas many verbs are semantically adjective"
because they describe qualities rather than acuons.
2.0 Nominal Affixes
There are a total of ten inflectional affixes an Kazakh. These include
eight bas
1
c: plural. nominative, genitive, dative, accusative.
ablauve. instrumental. In addition, there are another four vanant
affixes used in combination with the possessive pronominal affixes (see
3.0. 1 ): possessive accusative. possessive dative, possessive locative,
possessive ablative.
2. 0.1
Nominative
The nominative singular is indicated by the absence of a suffix. The
nominative plural *JIAP obeys the same assimilation rul es as other
affixes, and can have either an initial voiced or voiceless consonant, and
it can have either a front or back vowel, depending on the kind of vowel
in the last syllable of the root word, e.g.
aypynap illnesses
men
3BTOOYCT3D buses
2.0.2 Genitive
aa.riMenep Stonb
aAen.o.ep women
aBTOKeJJiKTep vehicles
*HbiH. sbows possession and Jinks postpositions (see 4.0.2.3). e.g.
;nteJ1Aep-Aitf. K,OFaMALIK. JK.aFAaKhJ womens' SOCial
acKepu biHTbiMaK,T3CTbJK.TblB. JteniciMi agreement on mhlat') c:ooperauon
13
Kazakh Grammar with Affix Ust
2.0.3 Accusative
* H LI /(possessi ve accusative *R ); indefinite accusative (same as
nominative): recipient of an action or direct object of a transitive verb,
e.g.
a1KeM.z:ti Kepin seeing my elder s1ster (definite accusative)
aJKeM-e 6epin helping my elder sister (indefinite accusative)
6ar.z:tapnaM3ChiH 1K83hln writing their program (definite accusative)
6ipaeme KeKeaic C8Thiil any to vegetables (indefinite accusative)
2.0.4 Dative
* r AI( possessive dative *1>1 H A): indirect object. goal of action or
verbs of motion, instrumentality, e.g.
}KaM6Ltn-ra K,apail 3TTaBAJ>IK,. We set out toward Jarnbul.
)KaM6biJJ K,anachlBa K,apa.A 8TT8.B,tth1Jt,. We set out toward the city of Jambul.
V3a.K,K.a C03biJll'aH cecciDI a session which lasted a long time
COK,K,biFa 1KhlK.K,aB knocked down by the blows
2.0.5 Locative
*JJ;A (possessive locative: * HJJ;A): location of a state or process. time
expressions, e.g.
AnM8Tbt-.z:ta TfpaMhiB. I live in Almaty.
AnMaTbl K,anaci.I-H,I{a TVP8Mbm. I Hve m the city of Ahruuy.
Meu JCVl:l .z:te HaB >KeifMiH. I eat bread every day.
14
2.0.6 Ablative
* H AH: location of an action, action directed away from a goal;
degrees of comparison: cause or reason; by means of; object of ao
antransitive verb, e.g.
AnM8Tbi.z:t8R Ke.nreR MI.IP38 the gentleman who came (rom Almaty
On Me-BeB 8K,Ill3Cl>I Ken He has more
MXK,-Hi:u, K,bJ3MeTKepnepi-BeB 6acx,a emxiM no one otber than KGB officers
3KOHOMBX8nhiK, ,I{8FA8Ph1CT8R because of the econom1c k.tiW
Btan:Fau MeniMeT 6epy-AeR 6ac Taptbm by denying having given false
i nformation
Note that although most Kazakh grammars give * ,nA.H as the ablative case. this
form allows for the application or the same assimilation rules as the the
aceusauve.
2.0.7 Instrumental
The instrumental case has the canonical shape *MER, and obeys the
same consonantal assimilation rules as other affixes having initial M .
For example,
e3 Ke3iii.MeH Kepy to see with your own eyes versus
e3 K93i.Mi36eu Keprea6i3 we have seen wirh our ow11 eyes.
The three syntactic functions of the instrumental case in order of
frequency of usage arc: 1.) as a conjunction and for noun!i and verbs,
2.) a true instrumental with or according to for nouns, 3 .) the indirect
object of certain verbs
And/in addition to
Nouns
Kon6HB MeB 1\V'AbtplilldK,Tapw
Kolbin and his hangers-on
caK,IIDdJlap MeH lC}'PC8ln'Tap
15
militia men and cadets
).".leMOKpaTWI MeH :mapWUihUibiK,
democracy and glasnost
VJIJ.I3PLI MeH K;J>I3J.Iap&I
their sons and daughters
Introducing verbs in subordinate clauses
Con VJThi O]\Hf'aFa ... Jiaii:biK,Tbi 6aFa 6epfMeH
in addition to properly assessing ... that awesome incident
.D;ereHMeH
however (Ht. with what was said)
Instrumental/ Adverbial
With
coH:biJIMeH VPblll
beatine with a club
aT&m aJIT&m apiimea a63aJJ
we ought to write his name in. golden kllw
CHpeK Ke3neceTiH 1Kb1.11AaMJtl>IR, nea acblFbicn.m,.
We hurried along ID1ll. unusual swiftness
93 3Vl>I3A3pbiMeH MOH:hnQ:l.ay
to admit wjth his own words
According to/ by
... 60-biHIIIbt :maae 65-i.Hmi 6arrrapMeH IIIhlf'bm JKaTTbi.
[The case] is being reviewed jn accordance with the 60th and 65th
statutes ...
6yiip&IK,DeH by order of
16
Governed by certain verbs
na 6aTLipnbiK.nea aJIMaCTblpyFa
6oJIMaii,D;bl
Innocent martyrdom should not be replaced by heroism.
lKaH-JKancap&IMeH
we became famj}jar .l:titll. the entire situation
KOMMepqiDI.JihiK. iCTepMeH IIIVJ'blJIJ.Iam.ID
being engaged in. commercial activities
3.0 Pronouns
Pronouns substitute for nouns and take the same case affixes. There
are seven basic kinds of pronouns in Kazakh, which are explained
below.
In the second person, there are two sets of pronouns (informal and
formal). Informal is for a close or intimate friend or someone younger
than the speaker. Formal is for persons older than the speaker or
having a higher social status.
Table 3.0.1 Possessive Pronominal Affixes
singular person plural
-*M 1 -*Mb13
-*H 2 -*H.AAP (informal)
-*Hbl3 2 -*H.b13AAP (fonnal)
-*(C)bl 3 - * (C)bl.JIAP
17
Table 3.0.2 Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns correspond to Enghsh my, your, etc.

1
my
our
ceBiH,
2 ceHAep,ldB. (informal)
your
your

2 ci3AcPAiH. (formal)
your your
om.m.
3 OJiapAJ>m
h 1 s/her/r IS the 1r
A second group of personal pronouns can substitute for oouo
phrases and tnke case affixes as do nouns. These correspond to English
mine, yours, hers etc.
singul ar person plural
MeHi.Ki
I
m1ne
our s
ceHiKi
2 CCHAcp.ttixi
yours yours
d3Aitd
2 ci3Aep.ttixi
yours
yours
oaiKi
3
onap)li.K:i
theirs
When affixed to nouns. they signify X's or that which belongs to X,
*HIKJ (Hild/.D.iKi/Titd). Also note e3bl.l{iK one's own
18
Table 3.0.3 Personal Pronouns
These take the same case affixes as nouns and anclude the reflextve
and reciprocal pronouns.
singular person pl ural
MeR
1
613
t we
ceo 2 CCHACP
you
(Inf ormal)
you
cb Ci3Aep (formal )
you you
on
3
onap
he/she/it thev
There are, however, morphological irregularities in the declension of
pronoun, i.e.
MeH CCH on
gen. 'teuia
CCII Ill. OUblll
mv
your h1s/her/its
dat.
car au or au
to me
to you tO h1m/ber/it
ace.
ceui OHbl
me
you h 1 m/ber/1t
abl.
CCHCII O;taH
from me
from you from h1m/herlit
Joe.
ceu.ae OHAa
on me
OD you on h1mlher/it
19
Table 3.1 Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns are declined like other pronouns, e.g.
eJi Mi3.Qi H. of ourselves, eJiM.Qi myself [ace.).
si ngular person plural
esiM
1
83iMi3
myself ourselves
2
83_AepiH. ( informal)
yourself
you rse I ves
83i.R,i3 2 83.AepiH,is (formal)
yourself yourselves
83i
3
83.Aepi
him/her/itself themselves
3.2 Reciprocal Pronouns
The Reciprocal Pronouns each other, one another refer to a
previously mentioned subject.
6ip-6ipiuiH.
[gen.) of each other
. 6ip-6ipiH
[ace.] each other

[dat.) to each other
16ip6ipiHeH
[abl.] from each other
3.3 Predicative Pronominal Affixes
In the absence of a present tense form of the verb "to be" in English,
Kazakb adds predicative pronominal affixes to nouns or adjectives to
express a state of being, e.g.
ay.AapMamhiMhiH " I am a translator,"
K,f3HbiWTbi K,yaRblWTblMbiH "I am happy.'"
In order to simplify the rules for forming the various verb tenses,
the two types of predjcative pronominal affixes will be abbreviatiated
as IIa (Present/Future Tense) and Ilb (Simple Past). For example, eAi
was/were is conjugated with lib.
Table 3.3.1 Present/Future Pronominals (IIa)
si ngular person plural
*Mbm 1 *ML13
2
(i nformal)
*Cb13 2
(formal)
*W>I 3 *,Ubi
Table 3.3.2 Simple Past Pronominals (lib)
s ingular person plural
*M 1 *K
2
(i nformal )
*Hbi3 2 *Hbl3J].AP
I (fo rmal)
*,Ubi 3 *,Ubi
20 21
Table 3.4 Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns, corresponding to EngJjsh "this. that", have
an irregular paradigm:
6 )YJJ this OCbl this one con that on e
_gen. 6yUbHL- MYHbtH_
OCbiHbHL COR bill
dat. 6yraH
OCbifaH coraH
ace. 6Hbl - MHbl
OCbiHbl CORbl
abl. 6y.uaH
OCb!JlaH
co.naR/conan
loc. 6yH.na - MYH.Qa
OCbiHJla COifJla
inst. 6yRbtMeH -
OCbi MeH COHbJMeH
MVHbiMeH
We may also include with this class of pronouns that here,
Mb!Hay this here. CO Ra y that over there, Mine hue (take this!), and
pronouns of manner OCbiJJati that way, 6ynaj;j thus, this way, 6btnai:i thus,
this way, 6btnawwa in that way
22
Kazakh Grammar with Affix list
3.4.1 Demonstrative Pronominal Adjectives
These are derived from demonstrative pronouns and quaJjfy a noun, e.g.
such as that/this
6VHAaii like this <=
MbiHa..a;aH such, one such, such as this
such as rhat
one such
cou.o;aA-ax. this very one
Table 3.5 Interrogative Pronouns
These correspond to English who? what? where? Most take case affixes
as do nouns.
KiM who?
K,8H which?
K,aHCbl wbicb?
K,aHCbiCbi which one?
K,aH 1K3K,K,a to where?
K,aii 1K3K,Ta at, in where?
K,aH JKep.neH from where?
K,aH.na where?
K,aii,naH from where?
K,aH,naii what kind?
K,amaH when?
23
K,aJiaH bow?
R;aJiaiima how, in which
fashion; for what reason?
He what?
Here why?
Hen.m (colloq) why, for what
reason <= HaFbiii>
HeTKeH what lcind?
Heme how much, many?
HemiHmi which one (in a
series)?
Hemey how much (of it). bow
many (of them)?
Kazakh Grammar with AHax Ust
------------------------
Table 3.6. Indefinite Pronouns
6aF3bl some. c:erwn
6ip,lleMe $Omethmg.
anyllung: someone. anyone <=
6ipAeae:.
sometht na.
anythtng, someone. anyone <=
6ip,lleMe:>
6ipey anyone. someone
"'hu:hever
an,lleK,atn8H whenever
3JJAeHe whatever
some. a
few
an,lleHemey several. some. a
few
an,llex,aama however much
anythtna. nothing
<- AC.HeMe>
em none. any. not < .. hem>
em6ip any, none. no
eD.IK,8UA8 anywhere.
nowhere < eWJKep,lle>
eiJil(,aHCblCbl an)one. anyone
whosoever
no ktnd
ewx.iJ,t no one
nothmg
ennKep,lle nowhere
emK,aman never
to nowhere
24
tteu6ip someone in particular
KeA:6ipey someone tn
pantcular < Keii6ip>
KiM AC 6o.nca whoever it may
be
K.8RA8HAblP 6ip any one kind
K.8ilCbl 6ip anyone
x.aAcb16ipey someone.
IO)ODC < KCH6ipey t
uA6ipey>
K,B.llcl>J6ip yaK,bl'ITa anyume
nanea any, one such. one
certatn
hem (dtal) none, any. not
<- em>
heiiiltiM anyone, no one
< Cmx:iM>
Kazaktl Grammar with AffiX Ust
Table 3.7 Definite Pronouns
Like other kinds of pronouns, these refer to previously mentioned
nouns, and so must be declined like the nouns they replace, e.g
ap every
ap every other
ap 6acKama every other v.-a)
ap6ip each one
gpCSipey anyone. everyone
ap6ipiae to each one
apKiM everyone
of everyone
a plt,&HCbJ each kind
llpK,8BA8ii every ktnd, any
lund
gp K,aHW8 all. any (amount)
apK,8W8H every time
K8pim'ea/tte3 KenreH every,
eac:h
baMa.B (dtall alwayl, every
ume <= apUWa.H>
hap eac:h every < 3P>
bapx.iM everyone, e\erybody
.:.apKiM>
hapK,amaa (colloq) every
ume. anyume < apK.8W8B>
6ap1IhiK, all, everythmg.
toulhty: 6apnb1Fbl all of 11
6apma all. enure. everything
6apliibiJib1K. everythtng.
manifold
6apl all of (of it I them) 6api, 6apini.l\ [gen.]. 6apia [ace.]., 6apiae [ dat.],
6apiHeH [abl.], 6apiRAe [loc.]
4.0 Postpositions
Postposittons are a syntactic class which overlaps morphologically
wath other parts of speech. Although daffereot grammars may disagree
about how many there are in Kazakh, only those recognized as
postpositions in major Kazakh grammars are listed here. They may be
divided into three basic classes: those which govern the nominative
case. those which govern other cases on the noun (a.e. dattve, locative,
ablative), those which themselves take case affixes. The first class may
be subdivided into Lhose which govern a si ngle case affix on the
preceding noun, and those which do ooL
2S
Table 4.0.1 Postpositions which Govern the Nominative Case
4.0.2
apK,blnbl by means of, throuab
60iibJH,IJ.a along, through
6ypb1B before. ago
lK6BiHP.e/ Typanbi about. conccmmg
M8K.C8ThlHP.8 for the purpose of
C8HblH every
ymia for (the benefit of), m order
xaK.bmJia about. conc:emmR
Postposltlons which Govern Other Cases
Table 4.0.2.1 The Dative * r A
apnanrau intended for
6oAbiRW8 by, per, according to
FVJ)nbi like. similar to < x,ypnr.I>
p,eAin until. up to. as far as < weAl a>
K.aparaap,a accordana to
K;apail toward
regardless. despite
K,apc&J anti, ag11nst. contra
caihtec accordingly. tn accordance with, conforming to
TaM3H lldC. dJteCUOn
meiiin until, up to. far b < p,eiiia >
inrepi forward, ahead
26
Kazakh Grammar with AffiX Llat
Table 4.0.2.2 Tbe Ablative * H A H
6acK,a bes1des, except
6acTao/ Tapnm from (a ume): begmning w1th
6epi s1nce
repi m comparison with (1- albauve)
KeAiH after. afterwards. later
COB. after, afterwards. then
COB.bJP8 after, afterwards. then
CbipTK,aphl beyond. outs1de
TbJCK.8Pbl on the extenor. on the outs1de
Table 4.0.2.3 The Genitive *H bl H.
an,IJ.bJB,D.a in front: in the presence of
apac&IH,IJ.a among
apTbiM8 behind
8CTbl beneath I below it;
8CTb188H from under;
8CTblH,IJ.8
lK8HbiH,IJ.8
Ke3iume
beneath, downstairs; under, underneath
about. concerning
in the presence (of)
K6J1JICHC8, ICTOSS. over
KenJieoeR,iBeu from ICTOSs, from
K,ac near
naTBJKeci.HP.e as a result of
oiKipiume 1n the opmion of. accordmg to
peTiu,IJ.e through, by means of
TfCbiB,IJ.3 side, direcuon
TVC-TfCbiBaB from all around, from all over
ycriap,e above
imiup,e w1tbin. mside
27
4.1 Adjectival/ Adverbial Class
Adjectives have a dual syntactic role, functioning both as adjectives
and adverbs. There are two types of adjectives, simple (i.e. underived
and morphologically unmarked, e.g. colors and numbers) and derived
(i.e. derived from nouns or verbs).
Table 4.1.1 Simple Adjectives
aK. white; honest
a H., ran unwise
aH..K.ay naive
apbiK. lean
acK.aH eminent
aybtp heavy; severe
alllbiK. open
6a11y slow
6epiH solid, frrm
6yJbiK. corrupt
J(ypbiC correct
ereMeH sovereign
maK.Cbi good, fme
maK,biH
mana H.
manraH
near
alone; bare
false
ma11..a new
meH..iJI easy, light
moMapT generous
30P. huge
H;)pl old (person)
HeHeT sudden
Hecen sick
K.a3aK. Kazakh
28
K.aJibiH.. thick, dense
K.apa black, dark
K.aTTbi hard, harsh
K.bi3biK. interesting
HilllHeHTatl quite small
eTHip sharp
p113a content
CMpeH sparse
Tyren whole, entire
CYbllf. cold
ytlrbtp Uighur
Tally nearby
Te3 quick
Tell. equal
TOJibiK, full
Thill. untilled
ycaK. minced
lllYfbiJI urgent
4.1.2 Derived Adjectives
The following is a list of adjectival derivational affixes for nouns,
with examples following each. The Persian and Arabo-Persian (except
-H) nominal affixes are not included because they are fossilized forms.
Table 4.1.2.1 Adjectival Derivational Affixes
-*JThiK:
-*JThl:
juridical
MeMJieKerapaJibll\ intergovernmental
MeMJieKerriK of the state
pecny6JIHKaJibll\ of the republic
yJITapam.II!; international
yJITl'bll!; ethnic
mocpepJlbll!; pertaining to a chauffeur
3KOHOMHKaJibll!; economic
3TH}IKaJibll!; ethnic
apHayJlbi special
eKIIiHAi accented
:lKaHJibl convenient
:JKeprin:iK.ri local
contagious
3HJIH,U;bl h a r m f u I
KepeKri needed
H;3HFbiJ1bl sad
H;OJiaibibl h andy
K;blPJlbl sheared
M3H;bl3,D.l>l important
OH,U;bl nice, good
pyJlbi tri bat
CaHaJibl thoughtful
CHJIJ!;Tbl I ike
THiCTi
required
29
Table 4.1.2.1 Adjectival Derivational Affixes
-*I<bl:
-*IllbiJI:
-*Chl3:
-*JIAC:
- M:
-*,I(A.ii:
a.JIFaiiiK,Ll first
1KOFapFI>I upper, high
lKhiJIFhl y e a r s
o rd i o ary
uerisri basic
COH,Fhl recent
CbipTl\bl external
JliHwin religious
K.JlaWWbJn God-fearing
biPbiMWbJn superstitious
H<aHCbl3 lifeless
meaci3 sleeveless
K.aWfbtCbl3 untroubled
TaFAblpJiac having the same fate
TiJieKTec having the same wish
cepiKTec ally
KacinTec co-worker
3Ae6u 1i terary
M3AeBH cultural
ClUICH political
1KVAbiJll>IK.TaH fist-shaped
star-shaped
30
Kazakh compound adjectives involve: 1.) the same adjective
repeated (i.e. repuplication) for a more emphatic meaning than the
single adjective, 2.) two different adjectives, or 3.) a noun-adjective
combination, e.g.
Table 4.1.3 Compound Adjectives
ag;-1KayJibll(,TL1 wearing a white scarf
amm;-JKapJihl nervous
aJie}'MeniK-ncHXOJIOrHJIJJblX, socio-psychologica l
a1KiM-alKiM covered with wrinkles
ap K;HJibl every kind of
ap TVP.ni every kind of
E3HAaB-1K3H very simple
1KaB-EaK;Tb1 detailed, thorough
1Kep-aCTLl underground
caJITaK; -CaJITaK; fi It h y
TblM-TLipl>IC dead silent
31
4.2 Adverbs
Adverbs serve the syntactic function of complementing a verb in order
to describe the manner, place, or time of an action, e.g.
Table 4.2 Adverbs
awpbiK.Wa distinctly
aca extremely
a.K.btpbt finally
aMaJ1Cbl3 having no other
choice
very
barely, hardly
particularly
6yriH today
6yri Hri -TaH..ll,a nowadays
6ynaw thus
6wrai:1 thus
6btnai:fwa in that way
exactly. precisely
epeKwe particularly
epTe early
epTeH. tomorrow
epTeH.-aK.
mwi frequently, often
Kew.ne sometimes
Keweni-6yriH yesterday
and today
32
KyH.ni3 in the daytime
KyHi-6yriHre .nei1iH until
this day
K.a3ip now
K.aJip-aK. just now
K.aWTa anew
namCbi 3.llaH having no
other choice
MY n.n.eM entirely
completely
ueri 3iHeH basically.
generally
pyK.CaTbiMCH by permission
C<)JI rather, somewhat
Te3-apa.Qa soon
TCK only
4.3 Quantifiers
Quantifiers overlap semantically with pronouns of quantity like all,
each. Quanitifiers are listed separately here because, unlike pronouns
of quantity, they are uniflected (i.e. do not take case affixes).
a3 few
aJ.naran few
acTaM more than
6ipa3 some. few
6i pK.aTap several
6ipHewe several, some
4.3.1 Numerals
Numerals (cardinal, ordinal, collective) can be considered a
grammatical subcategory of quantifiers. In addition to cardinal
numerals, there are both ordinal numerals ending in *Hill:bl which
overlap morphologically with adjectives, and collective numerals which
overlap syntactically with pronouns.
Table 4.3.1 Cardinal Numerals
oip one
eKi two
ym three
T6PT four
oec five
anTbl six
.JKeTi seven
ceril eight
TOFbi3 nine
OH ten
OH 6ip eleven
OH ceri3 eighteen
6ip-eKi one or two
eKi-ym two or three
JKHLipMa twenty
0Tbl3 thirty
KblpLII\ fony
eny fifty
annhlc sixty
JKeTnic seventy
ceKcea eighty
TOK,CaH ninety
1KV3 hundred
eKi .JKV3 two hundred
Mblll, thousand
JKV3 hundred thousand
oip MHJIJlHOH one million
33
Table 4.3.2 Ordinal Numerals
oipiHmi first
eKiBmi second
ymimui third
Teptiumi fourth
oeciumi fifth
anTMBWl.I sixth
1K.eTiHmi seventh
cerisiumi eighth
TOFbl3blHIIIbl
ninth
>KHLlp MaCblHWLI twemieth
OTbl3blHWbl thirtieth
K,L!pK,Lmmhl fortieth
enyiumi fiftieth
aJJIILJCblHWLJ sixtieth
:>KeTniciumi seventieth
ceKceuiHmi eightieth
TOK,CaH:LIHWLI ninetieth
>Ky3iHnri hundredth
Table 4.3.3 Collective Numerals
eKey both, the
tWO
ymey the three
teptey the four
oecey the five
antay the six
lKetey the seven
34
4.4 Degrees of Adjectives/Adverbs
Table 4.4.1 Comparative Adjectives/Adverbs *PAK.
ap3aHblpaK, cheaper
epKiHipeK freer
KeifiHipeK later
OH;aiD.!paK, easier
Te3ipeK fas ter
Tepea.ipeK deeoer
Table 4.4.2 Superlative Degree of Adjectives EH, M os 1
eH; aJJFaJIIK,LI very first
ea. ueri3ri most basic
4. 5 Conj unctions
Conj unctions ar e sentential adverbs which introduce clauses and
sentences. The conjunctions and/or link clauses as in English. Here are
the main ones:
Table 4.5 Conjunctions
ai1TnaK.Wbl moreover
nevertheless
certainly. of course
at first. firstly
maybe, perhaps
6ipaK. however
erep if
erepAe if
and
COHAbiK. TaH that is why, for that
reason
HeMeCe or
ei1THeHi that is why, for that reason
COCbiH afterwards
cei:iTin thus
Tyrin not only
35
5.0 Interjections
Kazakb grammars recognize three semantic types of interjections:
emotional, stimulative, common expressions. These three semantic types
overlap slightly with two formal types of interjections: simple (hey: o h,
OM, ei:t oh, e, and complex (6apeKenni, Tatlip-ai1, accanyManei.fKyM.
Maccarau, RObtpMaM, aTTereH-ai1, oi1 aHT aTCbtH!).
Table 5.0 Interjections
Emotional
na, shame!, K.an
too bad, what a pity,
nah-nah. oho, oh, nai4-
naw, TJ yippee,

ai1/anblpaw what a pity,
ai1HanawbtH my dear,
6ar:fryCbtMai1 you poor
thing
Stimulative
con-con, ma.
TeKe, ap.i,
Moh-Moh. Kec-Kec (to a
camel), ayKiMayKiM.
wepewepe. nywar
nywaT (to sheep),
(to a
cow).
6.0 The Verb System
Common Expressions
accanyManei-1 ICYM,

xow, K.ai.fbJp, paxMeT,
K.yn, na6ooi4,
111a yes,
Iii li yeah
The Kazakb verb system is based on the verbal affixes attached to
verb roots and in combination with modals and auxiliary verbs. Verbs
can either be simple or complex. Verbal affixes indicate tense markers,
participles, gerunds.
Simple verbs consist of a root with either an open syllable (ending in
a vowel) or a closed syllable (ending in a consonant), which takes
inflectional affixes, e.g.
cer:fne- to speak> cewne- + j;j (present) + ci3 you > cei1newci3 yo
speak
maJ- to write > ma3 + a (present) + Mb13 we (present) > maJaMbl
we write
KeT to leave > KeT + ne (neg.) + .ni (past) + K we (past) > KeTne.n.il
we didn't leave
36
Complex verbs are composed of a noun or adjective plus an auxiliary
verb, e.g.
6ac TapTy to refuse, Tanan er y to dema,td, mayan 6epy To answer,
nai1JJ.anbt 6ony to be useful.
Compound verbs (see 6.6) consist of a main verb in eit her the
present or past gerund form plus an auxiliary verb which is marked for
person, tense, etc.
Auxiliaries are verbs which take affixes and are used in complex
verb and compound verb constructions, e.g.
MeH MyraniMJJ.i TbiH.llan OTbiPMbl H. I am On the process o.fi to
the teacher.
MeH ca6aK. Tbl TYCi He anMaHMblH. 1 can't understand rhe lesson.
Modals include predicates like seem (see 6.9.1), need, must which
are not reducible to verb roots and which, by their morphology, are not
distinguishable from nouns.
Table 6.0 Modals
a6Jan ought, should
6ap exist/have
eKeH seem
molt not exist/not have
meH it is proper
KepeH needs
37
K.ameT needs
nam is capable of
Ma>u6yp obliged ro
MYMKiH is possible
Tillie is required
6.1 Personal VerbaJ Affixes
There are two sets of personaJ affixes which are auached to lhe
verb, as follows (N.B. lhe conjugation formul as below these setS are
distinguished as na and lib):
Table 6. 1 Personal Verbal Affixes
I. Prese01, Future and Past Definite Tenses (IIa):
-*M:blH 1 *-Mbl3
-*CbiH, 2 * -CniH.IJ.AP
I ( Informal )
-*CDJ3 2 *-Cbi3,I:(AP (formal)
-*llbl 3 *-,I:(bl
II. Past Indefinite/Impera tive/Conditional (Jib)
singular per son plural
-*M 1 -*K
-*H. 2 -*H.llAP (informal)
-*H,.b13 2 -"' H,LI3,I:(AP (formal)
-*,I:(bl 3 *-llbl
N.B. The indefinite fucure does noc add a th1rd person affix
6.1.1 Verb Conjugation
Verbs are conjugated by addi ng any of the affixes for " T"
tense/aspect/ conditional ity/intention "II " person, "III"
interrogation/emphasis in the following formula:
[verb root-(positive or negative)-(transitive or intransitive voice)] + I +
II+ m. e.g.
K.aJaK. btna- u - a- M 1>1 11
culture)
I am becoming Kazakh (i.e. adapting ro Kaz.akh
38
Kazakh Grammar with Affix LIS1
Cba.rt 6.1.1 Affix Sequencing in Verb Conjugation
I + n + Ill
te nse person interrogation
condition all person emphas is
i mper ative
mood
intention oersoo
For example, ceiiney to speak
ce:Hne- + H + Mi3
verb root + present tense + person: We (will) speak
ceible- +K
verb root + past tense + person: We spoke
ceiine- + HI3 + Illi
verb root + imperative + person + emphasis: Go on and speak!
ceWie- + ri + M KeneAi
verb root + intention + person: I wanr 10 soeak
6.2 Tense System
The Kazakh tense system in table 6.2 includes three basic tenses
which roughly correspond to English: Present (si mple, continuous,
habitual). Future (definite, indefinite), Past (defini te, cndefinite.
reported). All tenses except for the Past Indefini te take the paradigm
lln of personal affixes.
39
Table 6.2 Kazakb Tense System
I.
Present: Simple Continuous Habitual
*AIE/H
*AThll.I
II. Future: Definite Indefinite Pluperfect
*MAK,
p
*P+ ew
III. Pas t :
Definite Indefinite Reported
*FAH *,D;bi *rrn.I
6.2.1 Present
The present tense consists of three variants: the simple, continuous,
and habitual.
6.2.1.1 Simple Present
In colloquial speech it has both a present and a future meaning.
Kazakh verb roots either end in a consonant (incl uding jod if) or a
vowel. Verbs ending in a consonant add H before the personal affixes in
the simple present. The present tense is formed from either the verb
root w/consonant + *A + lla or the verb root w/vowel + :A + IIa . e.g.
ceiine- + ii + Mi3 We (will) speak
caTLm an- + a + Mb.I3 We (will) buy
KeT- + e + Mi3 We (will) leave
6.2.1.2 Present Continuous
Present Continuous formed from the verb root + *Y.UA + Ila,
expresses repeated action, e.g.
IIpotcypOp ... con Kea,neri ygiMe-r, napTJUIFa K,:hl3MeT eTKeH 63piH
am.nrrayra AMP TVPan.m cLm:m 6imtiprne.
The prosecutor .. .is announcing his readiness to prosecute all of the
people who served the government and the party at that time.
40
K,a3ip .JKenrox.caa OK.BFaCLIHa JKaaa 6ara 6epinrea yaK,LITTa, 9AiJieTci3JJ;iK
TYPaJILI JK8K.CLI cea,nep Faaa aB:n.my,na.
Now that a new appraisal of the December incident has been made, only
good things are being said about the victims of injustice.
6.2.1.3 Habitual
The affix *A TbiH indicates a conti nuous, frequent action, sometimes
translatable as in the process of The habitual meaning is more
apparent in the following cases where it modifies a nouns, e.g.
att. anaTbiH K.yc hunting bird (i.e. bird which is for hunting)
Kip myaTbiH MaW!1Ha washing machine
Kip myaTbiH ;)Wen laundress
T3tlblpK.aHaTblH ewTett.eci moK. there's nothing to be surprised about
The negative form is *MAFfTbiH, e.g. (from BB & K 1962:347)
Oa JKLm 6yp1.m ,!(yiicea xaT TaBl>IMaH:Tbm e,n.i.
Ten years ago Duisen was illiterate.
,!(;m ocL.I Keg,qe Acx.ap Kence, Ca6m )\aTI'bJ K;HHa.JIMaiiTLIH e,n.i
If Asqar had come at that time, Sabit would not have been suffering.
6.2.2 Future Tense
The two future tenses in Kazakh are: definite and indefinite.
6.2.2.1 Definite Future -*MAK.
These carry the meaning of intend, plan to ... , and are added directly to
the verb roots, followed by the personal endings (BB & K 1962:347).
However, English translations generally only use will, rather than
intend, e.g.
6apMaK.nbJH I intend to go
KenMeKCill you intend to come
>KaJ6aK. (s)he intends to write
KyTneKni3 we plan on waiting
awmaK.Cbi3Jlap you plan (pl.) on saying
MiH6eKcill you (sg.) intend to ride
4 1
The negative is formed with eMeC plus a conjugated form of e,ll,i , e.g.
ma36aK. eMec e.IJ.iM I did not intend to write
When combined with 6ony, *MAK, denotes obligation, e.g.
0Kon K.a36aK. 60JI,ll,bl. They were supposed to dig a trench.
We also find *MAK, in certain fixed expresses, e.g.
moreover
6.2.2.2 Indefinite Future *P
The Indefinite Future usually includes the word will /would in the
English translation. This tense is formed as follows: root + *P + Ila.
MVMKiH, ovn oeJirici IllbiFap ...
Maybe, this will turn out to be an indication that he will be acquitted ...
When the Indefinite Future occurs in an embedded clause, it will
take the possessive affix in order to refer to its. subject (in the genitive
case). Also, if the Indefinite Future in an embedded clause is the direct
object of a transitive verb, it will take the accusative case, e.g.
... "Ona:H OOJIYbi MVMKiH eMec" canapbi
KaWK.
It is doubtful that some of them would shout "it wouldn't happen that
way" ...
iCTiH; HeMeH TbiHapbiH K;apanaHbiM oiJireH
at a time when an ordinary translator knew how the court case would
end
42
6.2.2.3 Negative Indefinite Future
The Negative Indefinite Future is also the negative indefinite future
participle. It is formed as follows: root + *MAC + Ila, e.g.
Tinri K;a:Jip KOMMYJIHCT, HHTepuaQHOHaJIHCT Ken a:HTa
K,o:HMac.
Especially now many people will no longer call him a communist or
internationalist.
6.2.2.4 Pluperfect *p + ep;i
The Kazakh pluperfect translates as would have. It is formed by
combining the indefinite future * P with the indefinite form of the verb
to be , e.g.
MeH OHbi KepceM, 6ip.IJ.eH TaHhiP eniM
If I had seen her, I would have recognized her at once (BB & K
1962:349).
oaTblp MYHllaH YlllbipaMaca, 6i3 ,ll,e g6iiiJTiH. 30pJiblfbiH K8pMeC
eniK.
If Batyr had not encountered such misfortune, we too would not have
been offended by Ebish (BB & K 1962:349) .
con ce3 ai1TbiJIMaca, 6acK.anaphiMbi3 o.IJ.aH KewiHri ce3.IJ.epni
ai1Ta Ma eniH? ... 6acH.anap.IJ.biH. ay3hiH aiiJTbiPMai1 KeTep Me e.IJ.i, HiM
6ineni?
Perhaps, if we had not said those words, wouldn' t others have said
different things later? ... who know whether others would have opened
their mouths?
43
6.2.3 Past Tense
6.2.3.1 Simple Past
The Simple Past with *A bl + lib indicates lbe speaker's direct
knowledge of on event, not hearsay or a reponed event.
Though in most grammars it is said to refer to "an only once-
occunng, completed action in the past", in actual usage it refers to
"present and future actions" (Ctrtautus 1974:151-4), e.g.
Alt. \leu yii.1eueriu 6o.1.!lbt \t Ha. I will get married (= was married)
6.2.3.2 Past Definite
The Past Definite *FA H specifies the completion of an action. It
corresponds to the present perfect tense in English. e.g.
aifTK..aHMblll I have said
KeTKeu6iJ we have left
6apraH.aapblll. you all have gone
When combined with 6o.1) to bt!come, the definite past part1c1ple
has the meaning of to pretend, give the appearance. to Je1g11 (BB & K
1962:287)
y Jt biK.. ran man\.au 60.1) to pretend to be asleep
6o;1y to play dead
Talfbl\tarau 6oJt) to pretend not to recognize (someone)
6.2.3.3 Negathe Past Definite
This tense s1gnifies completed acuon, and for emphasis never may
be added to the English translauon. The typical negative form of th1s
construcuon is as folJows: root+ *FAH + IJa + JKOK.
,IJ;yphlc ayAaprao lKOK,.
He did not translate correctly .
. . aopm.tK,TbJ Ken xepe JKOK..
I never saw much violence ...
44
6i3 COFblC)'F8 6apa liGlTK3RhiMLI3 EOC.
we were not go10g to get into the fight
However. an alternative negative construcuon places the personal
endmgs on the auxiliary rather than the main verb: root + r AH + JKOK..
+ Ila, e.g.
Meu K.Thl (ne KepreH >KOJUUdR
1 never o;aw Q. (or the others).
6.2.3.4 Reported Past
The H1stoncal Past * mbl indicates reported speech or hearsay. or an
event wh1ch the speaker has not actuall)' witnessed, *DTbJ + Ila. It as
conjugated as follows:
!WThiJT+ Ml>IH
I said

you said
(tnformal)
aMbiD+Cbl3
you said ( formal)
aAn.mT'Ibr
he/she/it saJd
aHTI.m+rrbiS
we said

you said
(informal )
a.iin.m+Cb13Aa p
you satd (formal)
aHn.m-1-11.1
tbev satd
However. in the English translation, reportedly or heard that . are not
usually ancluded, e.g.
6iJre 6ip lla6b1Jl Ke.'lin TyCTi, ciJ.:tiH. I!OJ1X03.!larbl IW) 6 K.. ypbiJlbi Cbl
TOti.,Tan 1\..a.JlbWTbl roii. pac na?
We heard the rumor (that) lbe construction of the club (house) at your
kolkhoz bas been stopped. is that true?' (Cirtautus 1974:156)
The phrase 6ip lla6bl.1 Kenin rycri (we) heard a rumor requtres use of
lbe gerund -o in the auxiliary part of a compound verb TOh. Tan
K.a.l biRTbJ.
4S
6.3 Participles
The three Kazakh modjfying participles are *Ym bl , * p / MAc and
F AHI MAFAH. All lhree can function nominally as subjects of a clause.
and take nominal inflections and adjectivally modify nouns.
6.3.1 Agentive *Y ill bi
The features of the agentive * Y ill bl are that as a relativizer it
signifies habitual action, or a profession for some animate objects, and
can modify both animates and inanimate nouns.
6.3.1.1 Rel at i vi zer
When modified by another adjective or with nomi nal affixes, *Y m bi
can be translated as the one who does, in reference to persons, e.g.
aH;riMe aiiT}'IIll>IJiap those who tell a story
6ylrpLJK, 6epyminep those who give orders
6.3.1.2 Nominal : Professions
Some participial forms of verbs may be translated by an English
noun rather than by a relative clause. Tbe most common examples are
as follows: aitLJnTa)'Dihl prosecutor, lKOK,Taymbl seeker, lKyprisymi driver
46
6.3.2 The Indefinite Future Participle *P/*M A C
The Indefinite Future affu *P has a dual present/future meaning (cf.
6.2.2.2). [t can be used in both subordinate and independent clauses or
form adverbs e.g.
Tinep-TineMec willy-nilly
6onap 6onMac scarcely. barely
ln subordinate clauses. it is governed by the main verb and can take a
nominal case affix. *MAC is the negative counterpart of *P, e.g.
KYMaB g,anM&c ywiH so that there wiU be no doubt
6.3.2.1 Subordinate Clauses
Subordinate clauses contain a verb stem with either in the deverbal
affix *Y, a nominalization with the definite past participle *FAH. or
the present/future *ThiH. The deverbal noun or the nominalized
verb will be linked to the main verb by a case affix. In general, the
ablative and instrumental cases express cause or reason; the other case
affixes are specified by tbe main verb or verbal construction in the
main clause. For example, a transitive verb will require the accusative,
whereas an intransitive verb will require either the accusative, dative.
or ablative. The genitive construction with a main verb in the
subordinate clause links the subject (i.e. in the genitive) and verb (i.e.
with the possessive affix) of the subordinate clause.
ln the following examples, the clauses how much had happened, how
many guards and cadets had been injured, and how many cars had been
set fire to contain nominaJized verbs in *F AH wirh the possessive
affix linking them to the subject of these clauses (i.e. the December
incident), in the genitive case.
The clauses have no case other than the possessive (and are
considered to be nominative) because they are the object of the passive
verb had been demonstrated. The nominalited verb phrase had been
demonstrated takes the accusative case because it is introduced by the
main verb phrase I know well.
47
Kazakh Grammar with AHix List
,[(ereBMeH, a.n:Famx,J.l 6enepne 1KeJJToK,can OK,lll'aChiBhlll, aaTIOKeciBAe
yxiMenre K,amna 1IIhiPhiii Ke.nreBi (1\BPaFau aABenep, B;onapbiJIF8.H MapMap
TaCTap, JKV11hlHFaH aFamrap, T.6.), K,IUIDla caJUnbUJap MeB xypca.BTrap)J;bll:\
mapax,aT a.nram.1, Heme M8WBB8Kblll eprear eai K&pcerinrema >KaK,chl
6ineMia.
However, I know well that it had been demonstrated to lhe goverment
in the front pages how much had happened (smashed windows. broken
slabs of marble, uprooted trees, etc.), how many guards and cadets W
been injured, and how many cars had been set fire to because of the
December incident.
Nomi nati ve (no case affu required)
... K;blJI1>1biCTbi icriR. am.mray K.OPbfibiHAJo1Cbm arnapy ymiB maK,btpbiJJ,P.J>JM.
I was called Cin order) to translate the conviction in a criminal case ...
can,gapAJ>I KepceTe aitbiiiKepnepAia, .K,I>lJJMbtcbma
epeKme MaR 6epinreai. onapAhJ K.OF&Ml'a I(apcbJ KeTepinreH 6ac6y3apnap
T8HbJTY CIUIC8Tbl >KaTE;aHbt 8Hbl!S e,gi.
By showing such statistics. it was obvious that the attributine of special
importance to the crimes of the defendants, making them out to be anti-
social hoodlums. part of the (government's) policy of denial.
Genitive or Possessive
The subject of a subordinate clause takes the genitive, while the
verb takes the possessive affix.
KepiHin TVPFau noneJJ,[\eMeffi cOTn.ta
the coun's acceptance of such glaring evidence
lCTia COHDlMhll\Tbl Aa.ib.J:a.ln,tJ<TaR nepeK.i, 38llCbl3 TGCiJIMeR OHLI 6ysy.qt>IH,
eJliK,aB;tl,all R,aJKeri JKOE; e.IXL
Because of so much preparation in the case. there was no need at all to
1lli.o....lJ. wi th crude, illegal methods.
JK&JIFaB M3niMeT 6epyiBia ce6e6i
because they 1ave false information
48
9JCiB:imrici K,a.JIFa 60JIJIFaB :JK8CT8pAJ>rB, Ti300WB, 6epinMereHi ,gen
oW1aii:MbiH.
I think that the regrettable pan of it was the fact that there was no
as:countin& for the blood-soaked youths.
lf no subject is specified, the verb of the main clause will st.i!l take
the possessive affix
K,a6ineri MeB Kepy f\36ineTi
the ability to remember and the ability
Dative
The verbs which govern the dative case of a subordi nate clause
include:
to be proper/to be improper, Renicy to agree to, Kipicy t o
begin/participate. K,8TbiCY to participate, T}'Pa KeJl)' to turn out/happen
9 3 oacbJM K.TSH xa.m.m. 6aTblpblB JKacayPa KeniCKiM KenMeH;qi.
In my own mind. 1 didn't want to a,ree to malc:e Q. a hero of the people.
CoB,I];biX.Tan na Ja3b[I(Cbl3 6aTl>lpJJbllQleB a.nMaCT&rpf!a
6onMaib:Q.I. d . h
For lhls reason, one should not replace innocent martyr om wJt
heroism.
... ay,napyFa KipiCTiM.
l began to translate ...
xpyra &aTblCTbiM
1 was jovolyed in beatine the militiaman
...K)'aci oonm ma ttengi.
turned out to be their witness ...
49
Kazakh Grammar with Affhc List
Accusative
When the nominahzed verb of a subordinate clause IS the direct
object of a transitive verb, the accusative case affix must be used, e.g.
TepeE\ 3ep'M'eyni IWlteT eTeTin
will make u necessw to Jnyewure (the case) thoroughly
Bipey.1ep onapra "K.alU.CTilH 6aTLipwft aTan.m 6ep)?li Tanan ereni ea.o;i
6ipeynep anaJVcl ecgepndm opHal)'ltbl apMillfJlll:A.!u,I.
Some of them will demand rhat they be given the mle of KHero of
Kazakhstan", and now some of them envision the of a monument
on the square .
... T9p8F8Cbl api 'K,IlpaA K,a363Jlan llta!)'.!Xhl K,aJKeTci3 ACD T86agbl.
The JUry chairman Uulru1 it unnecessary J.Q. wranle (the defendants)
further ...
OHbD! enreRiH Ka3i.Meu Kapreo
saw bjm dje with their own eyes
... tr,aA lKCp.Jle COICK.hll'8 .lKhJJQSam.tB K9J)QCTt aJlM8,!0.>1.
He could not point to where he was knocked down by the blows ...
Abl ative
Although the ablative generally translates as because , it is
sometimes governed by an intransitive verb, e.g.
COT iciHift. :JKVPri3inyi.BCB
because the court case 1s being tned
so
Kazakh Grammr with Affix List
.. 6iptlK. K,.TbiH, aTbiB K,ai'I:TanayAaB ays&J 6ocaMaiiTbJH KeominiK
8TbJB TaJ18D fMbiTbDl KeTe Me Aen K,Optr,aMhiH.
However, I fear that the majority, who do not get ured of repeaung Q's
name, will forget to demand (to know) the names of the apologjsts.
6.3.2.2 Nominalizatioo - Modification - RelatJvlzatlon
Nominlllization is a morpholog1cal means to linL. a subord1nate clause
to a main verb. The morphemes wh1ch are affixed to the verb of the
'iubordinate clause are either the detinue past paructple *F AH or the
present/future participle * T bl H , plus nominal case affixes. For
example.
1.) *FAH
Tant 6ip 6aAK,aFaBI>fM - conml>IB. Teprey lK\'MblCblHAa capeK
KCSAeceriH DeB
Another thine which I noticed is the unusual speed in the court council's
investigation .
. .aATeyip JKY3.llCJ'eB Tepreyminep ... iCTepiH Tel ap8A8 enti3yre TblJ)blC!(,8Hbl
aRI>rtr,.
It
1
s clear, nevertheless, 1hi1 hundreds of investigators had attempted
UL..I.I:Y. the1r ... cases quickly.
2.) -Tl>IH
. KfMAepre 15 lK.b1Jl 6epi.neTi.HiB 6ipuewe per ecriltiM
Several tJmes I beard that some of them would be given 15 year
sentences .
ISilJ!aJ1 1\0prayra 6onaThiBbiB con y8K,J>TTTa 6iny MYMJdu eMec.
Jt is not possible to know at this time how one should defend them .
... H;amna lKblJIFB COTTanaThiKhl a.HJo,m alh'bln8Ab1.
It was clearly stated for bow many years they would be scmenced ...
51
... 6ipaK, K,. TbiB. 8TbJH K,8ATan&yA8B ay3bl 60C8M8HTbJB KenminiK
8Tbm Tanan mp,i XMblThii1 Ket'e Me AeD
However, I fear that the majority. who do not get tired of repeating Q's
name, will foreet to demand (to know) the names of the apologists.
In additjon to nominalization. the paruciples *F AH and *TbiH
serve two other syntactic functions. modification and reJativization.
Modification
HAeJICbi MeK cucanma K8pcb11Db1lQQlBJlap
those who oppo.,ed the government's tdeas and policy
K,Ora.MFa Mpcbl KeTepinreK 6ac6y3ap.aap
anti-social hoodlums
rinMam 6onyra ... TaFaAbamanran E.JI.r
E.L.G. who was appojnted ... to be an interpreter
aJJ.qbm-ana J1&R:bflman Ken:reH E ayamapbl
the wilnesses' answers wbjch bad been prepared jn advance
Relative clause
.lKa3anayra s;antcK,aH,!J,ap
those who attended the sentencing
JO>Jpn.mra apanacgwap
those who were mixed up jn the carnage on the square
S2
Kazakh Grammar with Affhc List
6.4 Gerunds
Unlike participals. gerunds take no nominal or verbal affixes (i.e.
they are not declined or conjugated). There are nine gerunds. tncluding
two negattve forms in Kaz.akh. as follows:
Table 6.4 Gerunds
Present/ Past
Future
*n
Positive *AJH
FAH,AA
*FAH1IIA
*F AH + co}(!6epl
*MAFAH
Negative *MAll
6.4.2 Past Gerund *ll
The past gerund IJ marks actions in sequence, but 11 can also fonn
ad\erbtal expressions. not unlike English admllltdly. undtrsrandably
sequence of acuons. e.g.
Kyneu DbiDlAK .!Y!!!!!! Paiixama TaD 6epe,tti.
KuleJ 1Q2i. a lcrufe IUU! threatened Rajun <Cruutu5 t974 t S2l .
adverbial expressions, e.g.
6ip-6ipne!! one by one
6ec-6eC1'e!! ill fives
K,hl3bJK,CbJBbtn excite<fU (Cirtaurus 1974: ISS).
53
Kazakh Grammar w1th Affix List
6.4.2.1 Negative Present Gerund *M A H
The negative present gerund is translated as without. e.g.
y n.llC\tCii without mal.Jng a sound/s1lentl y
iJill 6in.aip,teii w1lbout leav1ng any trace (of him/her/them)
When used together with rasa only. the sentence is translated not
only ... blll, e.g.
OBbl QpAafn.IM eclue caJlbm J{aHa 1\0H:Ma.H. MhiB, enin, mm.
ripiJlrtB AtMOKpanUIJlbU\ KYJ)eC TapRXbma OBbllf, anm
a.nn.m-apirmea lKa3C3J(, a63an
Not only should the nation always remember him, hJU we should wnte
his name 1n golden letters 1nto the history of the democratic struggle of
our people who have had trials and LrJbulauons.
6.4.3 Indefinite Past
The Indefinite Past involves two constructions, one morphological
(i.e. affixing FAH.[(A to the verb root to express when). and one
syntactic (i.e. the affiX FAH plus a postposition coa. after or 6epi since).
6.4.3.1 Indefinite Past FA H.[(A when
This gerund designates incomplete or imperfective action. and is
translated as when, e.g.
.[(eMeK 6an.rp aTaraH oa Mbuva lftYbll(. a,.n3.M.Fa 6eprea.qe Faua a.niJJWK
opuaiUll>J
Therefore. only the title of hero is eiven to about 10 thousand
people will there be JUSIIce
Other ways of expressing when
time (e.g. 38M8B, Me3rin, Ke3,
participle F AH. e.g.
include modification of nouns denoung
yax,btT) with the past definite
aeMea TbmapbiB l(JlpanakbiM ay.napM8.IIlbJ 6inrea
at a lJme an ordinary translator would bO\\ the case will
end
54
)f{enrol(.cau OK,HTaCbma .llt8B,a 6ara 6epinrea vaJI',b!IT8
a new appraisal was made of the December incident
6.4.3.2 Indefinite Past Constructions afurlsinct
r AH can be followed by the postposition coa. aftu. 6epi sinct. e.g.
>KaCTaPAl>l oo6biJ)nap 6elt'lipreo
after the perpetrators have bloodied the youths
6ip JKVMa en:eo cos.
after one week had passed/one week later
6.4.4 Indefinite Future FA HID A
This gerund is translatable as rmtil, tit/, e.g.
AM8JJ lKOI\, aAJ,mxepnep.ni am.m KeTKeHIDe COT 38Jlbnl.lla 11.ABOK8TTap MCH
ailborraytnb1J18p (lKaBe MeR) K,IUJ,[(bl.
The public prosecutors and lawyers (and I) had no choice but to rema.n
in the couruoom llD.1il the defendants were led out.
6.5 English " to want"
English "to want" is expressed in the construction root +
"'FLJ + lla Ken- (lit. "the desire to ... comes''). e.g .
93 6aCbiM K..TaH X8JJldK, 6anrpbiB lUCA)!a JteJiiCKiM Ke!JM..mm.
Personally. I d1dn't want to aw;e to make Q. a hero of !he people.
ss
Kezakh Grammar with AHix List
6.6 Compound Verbs
The conslnlcUon known as the compound verb is a feature of c ~ n r r l
Asian Turkic languages whacb as not shared by Republican Turlosh.
Furthermore. because of the ''large differences between the use of
auxiliary verb forms in the various Turkic languages" (Scharniloglu
1988: 12). the studaes of compound verbs in Uzbek and Tatar quoted an
the bibliography lohould serve only as a guade rather than a model for
understanding the phenomenon an Kazakh.
The nearest semantic equivalent as the aspectual system of Slavac
languages \\.hich divides acuons anto perfective (i.e. completed acuon)
and imperfecltve (i.e. conunuous action). However, compound verb'>
express more vaned nuances than aspect. English phrasal verbs can
sometimes illustrate the differences between simpl e and compound
verbs. e.g. knock vs. knock down, break vs. break apart.
The basic shape of a compound verb is a main verb ending in the
past gerund, plus an auxiliary verb which is marked for person and
tense (usuall y present or simple past). The conuast between the simple
and compound verb forms is dcmonsuated iu table 6.6.1.
S6
Kazakh Grammar with Affix Llll
Table 6.6.1 Comparision of Simple a nd Compound Verbs
Sample Verb Imperfective form Perfect ave form
OKS to read Oltbln OTl>tpy to read 01\.hln Wbtry to read
completely
iHC) to eat men OTblp) to be eating \Hen 1\.010 to fuush eanng
wip)' to rot wipin iHaT) to be rotting wipin KCTY to be aU
rotten
aT) to shoot aTbtn iHaT) to shoot arbtn ncray/ mi6epy to
repeatedly shoot through
many to bum manbtn mary to be on mattbtll KCTY to bum up
fire
eny to die enin 6apa >Katy to be
dying
onin K.any to up and die
ywy to fly YWbln lf<YP) to fly yUJbHI Hery to fly off
around
57
The learner may have trouble distinguishing compound
constructions from verb phrases because of the varying functions that a
gerund can have: adverbial, conjunctive (linking another verb like
English "and"), or a complex verb or idiom, e.g.
Table 6.6.2 Verb Phrases
e-ry to mention (in passing)
artbtn Keny to bring .
an<.a blprbtn MiHy to mount a horse by jumping {on it)
ac14ipKeHe ceiiney to speak with disgust
K.a6arbt Tbtp>Kblft K.a..1y to be in a rage
KYH TYbtn Kene marbtp the sun is besinning to rise
KyreK)'Te capraJO weary of waiting (and waiting)
CaTha n any to buy-
Cbtranan ary to take aim and shoot.
reu.cene 6acy to stomp
recine H.apaw H.aJtY to look with a piercing glance
TiKren H.apay to look directl y/TiKenen H.apay to look
steadily
rau .. n na H.apay to look with surprise
YPbtn en-ripy to beat to death
6.6.3 Nuances of Compound Verbs with *ll
The auxiliaries used in compound constructions are listed below in
two main categories. Further explanation of their meaning is based on
studies by Schamiloglu (1988) and Nasilov (1978) with their glosses in
square bracket. The examples are mainly quoted from articles in
Khalyq Kengesi ( 1992), Egemendi Qazaqstan ( 1992), and Qazaq Oni
( 1992).
6.6.3.1 Imperfecti ve Auxiliaries: Prolonged, Repeated Action
There are six auxiliary verbs which express constant or processual
action: TVJ>-, >K.VP-, 6ap- , EaT-, xene JK.a'l'-, on.rp-
58
a. Typ- regularly, constantly, e.g.
Ara T3Hb1Mai1 TPCbt36a? \1en lKaK..I111MbiH ron
Father. dont you recoanize me? I am Zhaqija! (Cirtautus 1974: 157).
b. ;m:yp- constant, prolonged, e.g.
np01cypaTYpa IQ>l3MeTKepi lKeTenen a.ru.m ?KVPJJ,i
tbe baiHffs were leadina them in.
aJKhl1)8T3 aJIM8.A lK}'J)I'eB K&MeKIJiinep
tbe assistams who are (presently) unable to separate the tangled wires
c. 6ap- processual (gradual development of an action
in a given direction in space), e.g.
.[J,eMeK 1986 >Kbt!lrbt jl3 rapHxH.a ai1Hanbtn 6apaabt JJ.er eH
C93.
Therefore December 1986 is said to be becomina part of history.
d. ;m:a'l'- a process extended over a long duration [duration, repetition or
typicalness of action), e.g.
... 60-bJBIJlbi lKase 65-imni 6amapMeH IDbiFb11l JK.aTJ'bl.
The case beina tried according Lo articles 60 and 65 ...
JKacax;mbnn.t COK.JQ>D'a 1KbiFbDl JK.aTblpFaBhJH s:eaAepiMeu Keprea ttyenep
witnesses who saw with their own eyes the militiaman who was beina
knocked to the ground by the blows
e. Kene lKaT- processual [gradual development of an action
in a given direction in space], e.g.
JSYbffi Kene 1Ka'I1W! JKAC.aK,DlblHbD\ 61pi
one of the militiamen who was cbasin& the youths
6oii.nau une lK3TbD1
as be was aoin& along Zheltoqsan street
S9
f. OTbtp- processual
... TaJian }\Oii:biJibm OThiJ>Fa.Hbm OJiap lf<.aK,Cbl oi.n:eriH.
They know well what kinds of demands are beini made ...
em KeTeriuiH 6i.ne OTbipbDI
realizing that nothing will come from their efforts.
6.6.3.2 Perfective: Suddenness or Thorough Action
There are seven auxiliary verbs which express finality or
suddenness of action: :acioep-, WhiR;- , can-, K;aJI-, KeT- , K;OH- , TaCTa- .
a. mi6ep- finality [completion of an action in its full extent], e.g.
aTbtn mi6epy to shoot through
b. mblK,- finality [completion of an action in its full extent], e.g.
An ysiJriCTeB MaJK.iJJic armapaTbiH KeTepres KRBoonepaTop
Aa >KOK; oo.m.m IIILllcri>I
After the recess Cit turned out that) there was no camera man in the
courtroom to hold the camera.
eKiH:.iuJKe opaii... K;aBA8H K;a>KeT eKeHiB TaM am a 6iJieTiB
oo1Ibm Wbiiql>L
Unfortunately, ... Cit turned out that) there were persons who knew quite
well what the right answers were.
c. can- abruptly, unexpectedly [action to be directly followed by
another), e.g.
YHAeMei:i KOil CaJlllbll\,
we suddenly stopped talking
60
d. K,aJI- suddenness, abruptness [exhaustiveness, completion of action,
momentary action, suddenness of appearance, transformation of a
quality or characteristic], e.g.
...lta.JaK.CTaH TapHXbiH, K.aJaK. TiJliH OK.bJTYAblH. eJiHe manTaK. Tan
l{,(l.JI Jlbl K,.
We suddenly became reluctant to teach Kazakh history and Kazakh
language ...
93 iwiMiJ.neH ne 6enceu.ninep WbtK.nai:i K.anraH li<OK,.
Because of our efforts there are still energetic persons.
e. KeT- suddenness, abruptness [exhaustiveness of action with intensity
and suddenness; with verbs of motion, indicates action directed away
from speaker), e.g.
Car neu nporcypop eKi.Bmi eciKTeB on.IFbDI KeTTi.
The jury and the prosecutor suddenly went out through the second
door.
f. K,Ofl- precociousness [completion, exhaustiveness, momentary nature),
intentionality, decisiveness, e.g.
aiibumepnep,J:ti eCTepiBe J\OHMaH
not only did they remember the defendants. ru.u._ .. (i.e. at that moment
when the prosecutor asked them to point out the accused)
30p1IbiK;Tbl Ken Kepe
I have never seen much violence
g. TacTa- abruptly, unexpectedly [action to be directly followed by
another), e.g.
... ,o;en oeriH K,a}tTapbm TaCTaAbi.
suddenly turned back toward him and said ...
61
6.6.3.3 Modal Usage
The three auxiliary verbs combined with with main verbs in *n are
Kep-, an-, oep-.
a. xep- to try. attempt. e.g.
Kewipe Kep please excuse me
ai1Ta K9p please say
b. an- to do for oneself, e.g.
onrpbm aJIAbl. be took his seat
anch lKepnepiH om.m am.m
diuine a hole (for themselves) in loose soil
6eitueTacaara lK8.3hlii anbm
recordlne it on video-tape
MOHhiB.JJ.a.>.ta.H TYPblll aJI!tbl.
He WUUI. there (in front of the judge) and admitted nothing else
c. oep- to do for someone's benefit, to do on behalf of someone
lcri 8YJ18pbDI Oepy KepeK
I needed to translate the (criminal) case for them
... K,8.B.AaH 6ac-Klti.M:i oap exeJiia cypeTKe K;aparaa,l:\aif eTin a.ATbm
---
He told bjm what kind of hat they were wearing as if looking at a
photo ...
62
Kazakh Grammar with Affix L.lst
6.6.3.4 lnchoatlve Usage with the Present Gerund *(A) H
There arc six auxiliary verbs which require the present gerund
*(A)H: TVC-, 6ep-, lK83Aa-, an-, 6in-, oaCTa-.
a. Prolonged or intensified acuon Tyc- to do more, e.g.
OTbt pa rye remain seated
b. Continuation 6ep- to keep/continue, e.g.
cet1.1et1 6epy to keep speaking
... ambfK. T3.JIK.btnaHa 6epeTiH.
ll continues to be openly discussed ......
c. Nearness, failure lK83Aa- e.g
eJJe )f(a.JJJ.a.ll.bl (s)hc almost died
aiiTa )f(a3ll3.ilbl\l I almost said
)f(bJrbtna )f(a.J.!J.3.ll.blll. you nearly fell
d. Ability to do something an- to be able. e.g.
an:Fam:IO>Wl TYciHe aJIMa,qhlM.
at first I couldn't understand it.
e. Knowing how to do something 6in-
6apn:bll'bt eaqepiH lK&K;Cbf YCTaH oimti.
all of the youths knew how to behave themselves well
f. Commencement oacTa- to begin. e.g.
apanaca oaCTaFas lltaCTap
youths who staned to eet involved
63
6.7 Deverbal Affixes
Affixes for deriving nouns from verbs are called "deverbal affixes."
The six deverbal noun affixes (affirmatave and negative) are used in
nomanalization: namely to mark the verb of a subordinate clause. The
nomanalized forms take nomanal affixes which either agree an person
and number with the subject of the subordtnate clause or take a
nommal affix whJch as governed by the verb of the main clause.
Table 6.7 Deverbal Affixes
Affirmata ve
State/Process Acta on
*Y timeless, abstract
'"T.biH,I(biK r completeness
incompl eteness
Negative
State/Process Actton
*MAY timeless. abstract *MAC timeless,
abstract
*MAifrbiHJ].l>IK
*MAFAH,m,IK
incompleteness
completeness
64
6.7.1 Deverbal Afraxes -*TDIHAbiK, /-* FAH,ll.blK.
When a deverbal affix is added to ei ther the present future
participle or the definite past participle, it forms a subordinate clause
which expresses factuality and can be translated fact that ... " The
nominal affix -*,llbiK becomes when it takes the possessive *bl
: the possessive marker *bl refers bad to a subject of a subordinate
clause in the geniuve case: it also takes the possesstve accustive af the
nominalized verb is the object of another main verb. e.g.
1917 }f(bl!lbl 5-13 )f(CJITOK.,CaH.!l3 \aJII(,blllbllL y ,'lTTbiK..
eKiHwi h. etin. co11.1a i\naw napn11tCht eche
ancaK.. ta 6yn 6iJre Here h.acuCTTi 6o,1aTbtH1lbtrbtll aH.rapa,tbt J.
For example, af we remember [the fact. .] 1hAl between December 5- 13 an
1917. the second national congress took place and the A lash pany .w_u
formed by tbe Kazakh people, then we will sunntse (the fact of...) why
this month U. cherished by us.
6.7.2 *FAH,ll.biKTAH because
Thas nominalization introduces subordinate clauses, e.g.
PeAaKUIUI MaJ<anan xeH:imtep KeniciMiR caTbiJl anTaBAbJK.TaB, OHhl
Kemipin 6acyFa liCane orau cim'eMe JKacayra pVJ<caT 6epinMeil;ld.
Because the editor has purchased the copyright to the article,
reproduction and quotation of it are prohibited.
6.7.3 Deverbal Affixes *Y/ *(bl)C
The two maJO deverbal affixes have separate functions. Y is the
citation form an many dictionanes. Jt renects statts of being rather than
processes or actions, and it as used in syntactic constructions (see 6.3.2. 1
and 6. 10 for usage and examples). whereas those in (bi)C are merely
nouns deri ved from verbs, e.g.
napTIUI lKMKanbtCbllfl\a a the party session < lKHHan- to assemble
AeMOKpBTJUI.nbiK. t<;03Pam.tc democratic movement < K.Os ran- to move
65
Kaukh Grammar wtth Affnc List
6.8 Conditional , Imperative, Subjunctive Mood
Mood is a semantic verb category borrowed from Latin grammar. II
refers to the speaker's auuude (e.g. conditionality, possjbility, requests).
Although t he subjunctive and tmperative affixes may be classed
together on a semantic basts, they are listed separately here because of
their morphology
6.8.1 Conditional * C A
The conditional affix, root + *CA + lib, has both a conditionnl (i.e.
''if... bappens") and a temporal sense (i.e. "when ... happens"). Conditional
sentences can be tnLroduced with er epAe if; without ere pAe, *CA can be
Lranslated as either if or when, e.g.
9 nCe'l, 6ipre 9Jl.UiK
If I die, we shall die together (Cinaurus 1974: 153)
6.8.2 Although, even though * CA ,Il,A
Aml.JK,T8R8W biK, 8 KThJJI M8C8 A8 93AcpiHe K,a.B,Aali nnan K,ORhJJJbiD
OTLipFllJ!bm onap JKUCLI 6inerlH.
Although not explicitly they well know what kinds of demands
would be put on themselves
... COTThJH, 6 aCTa Jl F8BhJH8 83 raua yaK,blT 9 TCe Ae E.JI. r . yJinic

... eyen thoueh yeey ljule time has passed since the court sesstoo started,
E.L.G. announced a recess
66
Ka.zakh Grammar wtth Affix List
--------
6.8.3 Imper ati ve Mood
There are three different imperative forme; tn Kazakh: 1) those
formed from the verb root by affixauon; 2) the stmple used as a
polite imperauve, 3) the familiar tmperauve which uses the affixes
.fbm, -' f bJJI or -ThJP (whtch follow the asstmtlauon rules for velar
consonants. see ... above).
Table 6.8.3
Imperative Affixes
Informal or familiar
Si ngular
Pl ural
root + *IDIH(biK)
*n.IJIA
Formal or Polite
Singul ar Plural
root + *(LI)Hbl3 *(bi)Elbl3.a,AP
6.8.3. 1 Negati ve Imperatives
In the Negative Imperati ve don't, *MA precedes the imperative affix .
The Emphatic affix *m bl can be added to the tmperative affixes with the
mearung of won ' t you ... ?
6.8.4 Subjuncti ve Aff'lxes
The subJuncti ve, also called exhortative, hortative or optative.
applies to the third person singular/plural * C bl H, first person
*(A) Hbi H and fLrst person plural *(A)Ii bl(K). It 111 equavalent to Enghsh
ltt. In the anterrogative it means may.
67
Table 6.8.4 Subjunctive Affixes
Person
Singular Plural
(a)WbtH/ (e)wiH I (a)wbtK./ (eJwit<
CbiH/ CiH m CbiH/ ciH
Examples, OHHaHbiK, let 's play, oapaHbiH let me go, OK.biCbiH let her read.
6.9 eKeHIKepiHe.n;i/oaH:K,aJia,IJ;bi seem
As in many other Turkic languages, a speaker will distinguish
personal knowledge from hearsay. The modal (see Table 6.0) eKeH and
the impersonal verbs provide an alternative means
to the Report Past tense affix *llTbi (see 6.2.3.4) to express hearsay or
to emphasize doubt or personal opinion.
6.9.1 eKeH
"Seem" allows the speaker to express doubt or opm10n. The past
tense can be expressed with either oonraa or and negation by eMec.
T., K., K. opbiC riJiia oipmaMa oiJie,qi eKeH
T., K. , and K. seemed to know Russian to some degree
... K,bi3MeTiHiH, epeKWeJiiri, 93 oap eKeBiB aiha
KeTKiM
I want to say that the duties of the translator uniqueness and
their own difficulty ...
oapJlbiK; eCTe ycray
MYMKiH eMec eKeBi 6eJiriJii.
It was certain that they could not pay attention to all of the issues in
the convicition case.
68
In some cases it substitutes for a stative verb "to be". Compare the
two variants of the following sentence, with and without a stative verb:
... onepaTopnap,qbiH, He ymiH K,a:>KeTTiK eKeHiH anramK,bi,qa TyciHe

At first I couldn't understand what they needed (recording equipment)
operators for. .. ]
without a stative verb, e.g.
. .. ae ymiH K;a:>KeTTiriH aJJFamK,br,qa TVCiHe
At first I couldn't understand the need for (recording equipment)
operators .. .
6.9.2 KepiHe.n;i
KepiHe.n;i 'seems' is the third person singular passive form of K9P-
to see, which can take the same tense and negation affixes as other
verbs. In addition, constructions with this verb can add ,I(AH like to the
verb of the embedded clause (second example), e.g.
19 3 7 :>KbiJIFbl KeH,eC COTbiHbiH, Myparepnepi ecKi
VMDITIIaFaH
It seems that the legal successors of the 1937 Soviet court have not
forgotten the old way of doing things.
)K.M. ;,Jii KaTepiJIMereaneH: KapiHep;i ne
It seems that J .M. still hasn't been promoted
6.9.3 oaH:K,aJia,IJ;bl
oaH:K,aJia)J;bl 'seems' is the third person singular passive form of
BAHK,A-to watch which can take the same tense and negation affixes as
other verbs.
acipece, OVJI "MoH:bra,qay Ke3eJtiH" 6eH:HeTacnaFa :>Ka3bill aJJbW, Kapce-rKeH
ya.K,biTTaH aHbiK, OaiiK,a.JJ,lQ.I.
It seemed particularly clear from the time that this "admission of guilt"
was videotaped and played back.
69
6.10 KepeK need
This modal can be translated as "is necessary/should/ought to". It
governs the nominative case and the subordinate verb is the deverbal
affix *Y
O_HLI 6ipi Ml.tp3a K.biM6aT6aes, R;asax, CoiQlJ>IlCTau
am.IllTay K,OpblTLIH,l(btc&m R;ll3al\ ,na.HI.m,gay KepeK 6o.IU'au.
One .or . the . murderers was apparently a Kazakb, Myrza Qymbatbaev.
That lS why lL was necessary to prepare the conviction case in Kazakh.
... C.,ni ypbiJI enTipreRiu 93
3YJ>l 3A8PbiMeH MoW.m.nay CQTi KliHO(Tene.nu.nap)-neuTac&ma-Tvcioinin
6apru.m, aJI;JlapaT xaoapnapblBa 6epi.nyi Kepeg cKeB.
Apparently, the "nationalist-hoodlums"' admission to the beating to
death of the people's militiaman S. needs to be vjdeo-taped and
broadcast on all the news channels ...
6ip eKeHiu eci.Mi3re a.JJcal\, onap.!Jbm. 6ip
.ne. (hpJ_ aJIJ\KlilMI MeH man6apnapblBbiB, Tyciu A9JJ 6ac-
RIJJ.M,QeH aB1'1>m 6epMereHi ... COTT&IB, Keltiniae KY.ItiK y.MaD'LJ Kepeg eAi.
If we remember that the wi ndow and the sidewalk are on the same
level, the fact that none of [the witnesses) stated precisely the color of
the and pants, like their bats, to have rajsed
suspAcJon m the rrund of the court.
lliblHbiB airrp.lM KepeK.
r should tell the truth.
lK8R;CbJ MaMaB >Ky3ere 8Chrpt'llllbm MOiit.m,qay KepeK.
A good specialist should admit that be bas carried out (his assignment)
70
Kazakh Grammar with Affix IJs1
7.0 Kazakh Affix List
Since the inflectional and derivational affixes in this preceding Kazakh
grammar are listed in their canonical form (instead of listing all
variants), the affix list is designed as a tool for beginning students to
identify variants forms of an affix.. Kazakh affues present a particular
problem for the learner because of lbe homophony (identified by a
superscript number) among variants of different affixes. Here aiJ
variants are referred back to their capitalized and asterisked canonical
form. Under the canonical form tbe student may find the combinatory
ruJes for the variant affixes.
-a dative nominal afflX (see r A)
*AttblK. first person plural imperative afflX: -enK, -th,JH;, -iiiK.
Aru,m first person singular imperative affix: -an bl n ,
-eiiiu, -itwu, -iiiu.(-aitblu, -eiii.u, -tibltt for verb roots ending in
a consonant; -liblu , -itiu for verb roots ending in a vowel)
*AP transitivizing verbal affix: -ap, -ep for verbs ending m -K,
T.
-6a interrogative afftx (see *MAl)
-6e interrogative affix (see *MAl)
-6eu instrumental nominal affix (see *MEH)
-re dative nominal affix (see *FA)
-re3 transitivizing verbal affix (see *I\A3)
-reit optative mood verbal affix (see r AA)
-reni defi nite future tense verbal affix (see *FAil hi )
-reu definite past tense verbal affix for voiced consonants of
the verb stem (see *fAR)
-rett.ne temporal verbal affix (see *F AHJ].A)
-r euAiK nominalizer (see *F AH,llLIK;)
-reuAiKTeH causal nominalizer (see *FA H,llLIK;T AH)
-remue indefinite future gerund (see r A HmA)
-ril adjectival affix for noun roots ending in a vowel or voiced
consonant (see *1\bl )
-ri2 voluntative mood verbal affix (see *Fbi)
-rine second person plural informal imperative affix (see
*FblnA)
-rip transitivizing verbaJ affix (see *KblP)
-rim deverbaJ nominal affix (see *Fbim)
71
*FA dative nominal affix: -a , -e, for nouns ending in a first or
second person possessive affix; -na , -ne, for nouns ending
in a third person possessive affix ; -re for nouns
ending in a voiced consonant.
-raJ transitivizing verbal affix (see *I<A3)
*FAit optative mood verbal affix expresses "if only someone
would do ... ": -Fait, -reti, for verb roots ending in a vowel or
voiceless consonant; ti , -Ken for verb roots ending in a
voiced consonant.
*FAJThl definite future tense verbal affix has the meaning of
"to plan to do something.": FaJibl , -reni for vowels and
voiced consonants of the verb stem; JI bl, -KeJii for
voiceless consonants of the verb stem.
*FAH definite past tense verbal affix: -Ken, -ran, -ren (-ran,
-ren for vowels and voiced consonants of the verb stem;
-Ken for voiceless consonants of the verb stem)
*FAH]l;A temporal verbal affix "when ... ": -renne, -Keune,
*FAH]l;hlK: nominalizer "the fact that ... happened":
-renniK for vowels and voiced consonants of the verb
stem; -KenniK for voiceless consonants of the verb
stem.
*FAH]l;hlK:TAH causal nominalizer "because ( ... happened)":
-rannLIM;Tan, -renniKTen for vowels and voiced consonants of
the verb stem; -KenniKTen for voiceless
consonants of the verb stem.
*FAHIDA indefinite future gerund expresses " until , till
before" : -ranma, -renme for verb roots ending in a vowel or
voiced consonant; -Kenme, for verb roots ending in
a voiceless consonant.
*Fbll voluntative mood verbal affix, "to want to ... ": Fbi , -ri , for
verb roots ending in a vowel or voiceless consonant; M;bJ ,
-Ki , for verb roots ending in a voiced consonant.
- r bi 2 adjectival affix for noun roots ending in a voiceless
consonant (see *I<hl)
-FbJJ for verb roots ending in a vowel or voiced consonant (see
*J<b13)
72
*FhiJIA second person plural informal imperative affix: FbJJia,
-rine for verb roots ending in a vowel or voiced
consonant ; - bl JI a , -Kine for verb roots ending in a
consonant.
-rblp transitivizing verbal affix (see *J<biP)
*Fblill deverbal nominal affix, to express "tool, machinery" :
-rblm, -rim, for verb roots ending in a vowel or voiceless
consonant; bl m, -Kim, for verb roots ending in a voiced
consonant.
*t:J:A locative nominal affix: -na, -ne for nouns ending in a vowel
or a voiced consonant; -T a , -Te for nouns ending in a
voiceless consonant; -una , -nne for nouns ending in a third
person possessive affix.
*1J:Ait adjectival affix "like, shaped": -naif , -neil for nouns
ending in a vowel or a voiced consonant; -Tail , -Te it for
nouns ending in a voiceless consonant-naif adjectival affix
(see *]l;Ait).
-nap nominal plural affix (see *JIAP)
-nac adjectival affix (see *JIAC)
-ne locative nominal affix (see *]l;A)
-neii adjectival affix (see *)l;Ait)
-nen ablative nominal affix (see *HAH)
-nep nominal plural affix (see *JIAP)
-nee adjectival affix (see *JIAC)
-nbJl accusative nominal affix (see *Hhl)
-nbJ2 adjectival affix (see * Jlhl)
*]l;bP recent past tense verbal affix: -nLJ, -ni fo: vowel.s and
voiced consonants of the verb stem; Tbl , TI for vmceless
consonants of the verb stem plus personal endings M, !-( ,
-1-(biJ, -K, 1-(biJnap.
nominalizing affix (see *Jihll<)
-nbll-( genitive nominal affix (see *H.bHO
*]l;biP transitivizing verbal afftx express.es :to cause to
become": -nbip, -nip for verb roots endmg m a or
voiced consonant; -Tblp, -Tip for verb roots endmg m a
voiceless consonant.
73
KaUkh Grammar with Affhc List
-ni1 accusative nominal afflX (see *Hhl )
-nil adjectival affix (see n bl)
-nil recent past tense verbal affix (see .11 bJ3)
-niK nominalizing affix (see *.'l bi.K; )
-AiKi possessive pronoun (see *HIKI )
-nip transitivizmg verbal affix (see * .!lbl P)
-Ail-\ geniti ve nominal affix (see *HhiH. )
-e dative nominal affix (see F A)
-eiiiK flfst person plural of amperative affix (see *ARbll\)
-epl indefinite future tense verbal affix (see *P)
-epl transitivizing verbal affix (see * AP)
-iiblK. first person plural of imperative affix (see
-iiiK first person plural of imperative affix (see *AtibiJ<)
-Ke dative nominal affix (see *FA)
-Ke3 transitivizing verbal affix (see *J<A3)
-Ke.ii optative mood verbal affix (see *FA U)
-Ke.ni definhe future tense verbal affix (see *F Anbi )
-KeH definite past tense verbal affix for voiceless consonants
of the verb stem (see *FA H)
-Keune temporal verbal affix (see *FA H.!lA)
-Kennhc nominalizer (see *FA H,ll bll\)
-KeuniK-reu causal nominalizer (see *FA H.!l LIJ<T AH)
-Keume indefinite future gerund (see *FA Hm A)
-Kil adjectival affix for noun roots ending in a voiceless
consonant (see *I< bl )
-Kil voluntative mood verbal affix (see *FLI )
-Kine second person plural informal imperative affix (see
*FbinA)
-Kip transiti vizing verbal affix (see *K hiP)
-Kim deverbal nomanal affix (see *FLI m )
*I< indefinite past tense fi rst person plural pronominal affix
( - K., K)
-K.a dative nominal affix for nouns ending in a voiceless
consonant (see *FA)
*I<A3 transitivizing verbal affix: -K.83. - Ke3 for verb roots
ending in a voiceless consonant; -raJ , -reJ for verb roots
ending in a vowel or voiced consonant.
74
Kazal<h Grammar with Aff1x Llat
-K.ali optative mood verbal affix (see r A R)
K.&Jtbl definite future tense verbal affix (see *FAn bl )
-K.an definite past tense verbal affix for voiceless consonants
of the verb stem (see *FA H)
-K.attna temporal verbal affix (see *F AH.!lA)
K.&HAbiK. nomioalizer (see *F AHALIK)
-K.&HAbiK.T&H causal nominaliLer (see *FAH.!lbiKTAH)
-K.anwa indefinite futtlfe gerund (see *FA H IDA)
*K.bJl adjectival affix: -K. bl , -Ki for noun roots i.n a
voiceless consonant; -r bl , -M for noun roots endang tn a
vowel or voiced consonant.
K.bll voluntative mood verbal affix (see *fbi )
*l<bl3 transitivizing verbal affix: l(. bi J, -rbl3 ( -K.biJ for verb
roots ending in a voiceless consonant)
K.biJta second person plural informal imperative affix (see
*FbinA)
*K.biP transitivi zing verbal affix cau.se to
become": -K. blp , -Kip for verb roots endmg tn a vo1cel ess
consonant; -rblp , -rip for verb roots ending in a vowel or
voiced consonant
K.biW deverbal nominal affix (see *FbliD) . .
n passive verbal affix: bill, -in for verb roots endmg m a
consonant -n for verb roots ending in a vowel.
JlAP nominal plural afflX: -nap, -nep aded to no.uns ending a
vowel or -p, -ii ; -nap. -nep for nouns endmg an a voaced
consonant; -Ta p . -Tep for nouns ending io a voiceless
consonant.
*nAC adjectival afftx: -nac, -nee for nouns ending in a vowel or
-p. -ii -nac, -nee for nouns ending in a voiced consonant;
-Tac, -Tee for nouns ending in a voiceless consonant.
-nep nominal plural affix (see nAP)
-nee adj ectival affix (see *nAC) . .
*.IThl adjectival affix: -JJbl, -ni for nouns endmg m a vowel; -llbl ,
-ni for nouns ending in a voiced consonant ; Tbl , -Ti for
nouns ending in a voiceless consonant.
75
*JThiK nominalizing affix: JtiK for a noun ending in a
vowel; QbiK, , JliK for a noun ending in a voiced consonant;
TbiK. , -TiK for a noun ending in a voiceless consonant.
-ni adjectival affix (see * J1 b1)
-niK nominalizing afftx (see *JlbiK)
*M first person singular possessive affix: M for nouns
ending in a vowel; -LIM, -iM for nouns endi ng in a consonant.
*MA' negative verbal infix: -Ma, -Me after vowels and voiced
consonants; -na, -oe after voiceless consonants.
*MAZ interrogative affix: -Ma , -Me nouns ending with a voiced
consonant affixes; -6a , -6e nouns ending with a voiced
consonant affixes; -na, -ne nouns ending with a voiceless
consonant affixes.
*MAR negative present gerund: - Mati , Meft for verb roots
ending in a voiced consonant.
*MAK. definite future verbal affix, with personal endings
added, expresses goal or intention: -MaK., -MeK.
*MAK,IIIbl intentional future verbal affix: -MaK,mbl , -MeKmi
-MaK,mLI intentional future verbal affix (see * M A J< ill hi)
*MAC negative indefinite future tense verbal affix: -Mac, -Mec
for verb roots ending in a voiced consonant: -nac, -nee for
verb roots ending in a voiceless consonant.
*MACTAH negative adverbal affix, translates as "without
doing ... ": -MacTa n , -MecTen for vowels and voiced
consonants to the verb stem; -nacTan, -necTen for voicel ess
consonants.
-Me' negative verbal infix (see *MAJ)
-Me2 interrogative affix (see *MAZ)
-Meii negative present gerund (see *MAtt )
-MeK definite future verbal affix (see *M A K)
-MeKmi intentional future verbal affu (see *MAK;IDbl)
*MER instrumental nominal affix: -Men, after vowels; -6en ,
-nen.
-Mec negative indefinite future tense verbal affix (see *MAC)
-MeCTen negative adverbal affix (see *MACT AU)
76
Kazakh Grammar with AffiX List
*Mbl3 first person plural pro. affix (for nouns, adjectives,
present tense verbs, numbers): -Mb13 , -Mi3, after voiced
consonants; -nLI J, -ni3 after voiceless consonants; -LIMLI 3,
-iMiJ for nouns ending in a consonant.
*Mbm fliSt person singular pronominal affix: MLIH, -Min for
nouns, adjectives, verbs, cardinal numbers after vowels
and sonorants, but -n&Ht, -nin after voiceless consonants.
-Mi3 first person plural possessive affix (see *M bl3)
-MiH first person singular pronominal affix (see *M bl H)
*Hl possessive accusative nominal affix.. .
*H1 intransitive or passive verbal affix: -bin, -u for verb roots
ending in a consonant; -u for verb roots ending in a vowel.
-n possessive accusative nominal affix (see *Hbl )
-ua dative nominal affix (see *FA)
*HAll ablative nominal affix: .,.au, -Aeu, for nouns ending a
vowel or a voiced consonant; -Tau, -Ten for nouns endmg
in a voiceless consonant; - nan, -uen, for nouns ending in a
third person possessive affix.
-nan ablative nominal affix (see *H A H)
-nJJ.a locative nominal affix (see
-nAe locative nominal affix (see
-ne dative nominal affix (see *FA)
-neu ablative nominal affix (see *HAH)
*HDlbl ordinal numeric affix:-nmLI , -uwi for numbers ending
in a vowel; LI HWbl , -iuwi numbers ending in a consonant.
-umi ordinal numerical affLX (see *HIDbl) . .
*Hbl accusative nominal affix: -ubi , -ni for nouns endmg 10 a
vowel; -JJ.bl , -ni for nouns ending in a voiced consonant;
Tbl , -Ti for nouns ending in a voiceless consonant; - n for
nouns ending in a IJT affix. . .
*HbiH. genitive nominal affu: . for ending m
vowel; -JJ. LIH, -Aiu for nouns endmg m a votced consonant,
TLII\, -Tit\ for nouns ending in a voiceless consonant.
-ui accusative nominal affix (see *Hhl)
*HIKI possessive pronoun: -niKi for nouns ending in a
-JJ. iKi for nouns ending in a voiced consonant TIKI for
nouns ending in a voiceless consonant.
-niu genitive nominal afflX (see
77
Kuakh Grammar with Aff1x List
*H.' second person singular possessive afflx: -J( for nouns
ending in a vowel; wtt, -i11 for nouns ending in a consonant.
*}(l second person singular informal imperative affix: ttbiJ.
J(i3 for verb roots ending in a vowel -Lil\LIJ. -il(iJ for verb
roots ending in a consonant.
*H.bJ31 second person singular polite possessive affix: -f\LIJ ,
-ltiJ for nouns ending in a vowel -LIJ(LIJ , -il(i3 for nouns
ending in a consonant.
*t(bl32 second person singular polite imperative affix: -bi J,
-QiJ for verb roots ending in a vowel -Li ttLIJ , -il(iJ for verb
roots ending in a consonant.
*H.bl3,1lAP' second person plural polite possessive affix:
J(LIJAap, J(iJAtp for nouns ending in a vowel; blttbtJAap,
-il(iJAtP for nouns ending in a consonant.
*l:lb13JlAP1 second person plural polite imperative affix:
-rtbiJAap, -ttbs.ep for verb roots ending in a vowel; -LIQLIJnap,
-iQi3nep for verb roots ending in a consonant.
J(iJI second person singular polite possessive affix (see *H.bl 3')
-uiJl second person si ngular polite imperative affix (see
*H,bl3l)
-ttiJnep' second person plural polite possessive affix (see
*}(hl3,1lAPI)
-ttbs.epl second person plural polite imperative affix (see
*biRI>l3,1lAP2)
-nat negative verbal infix (see *MA' )
-nal interrogative affix (see *M A 2)
-oac negative indefinite future tense verbal affix (see *MAC)
-naCTaH negative adverbal affix (see *MACTAH)
-net negative verbal infix (see *M A )
-ne2 interrogative affix (see *M A 2)
-neH instrumental nominal affix (see *MEH}
-nee negative indefinite future tense verbal affu (see *MAC)
-neC'l'eH negative advcrbal affix (see *MACT AH)
*DTbl casual past tense expresses a completed action and it
is used in the following cases: -nT Ll, -nTi for a verb root
ending in a vowel ; - bl nTLI , -inTi for a verb root ending in a
consonant.
78
Ka:zakh Grammar wi1h Al1ix List
-nTi casual past tense (see *DTbi )
-nbiJ first person plural pronominal affix (see * M bl3)
DLIH first person singular pronominal affix (see *M hi H)
-ni
3
first person plural pronominal affix (see *M bl3)
-niH first person singular pronominal affix (sec *M bl H)
*P indefinite future tense verbal affix indicates doubt or
supposition: -p for verb roots ending in a vowel; -ep for
verb roots ending in a consonant.
*PAK. comparative adjectival affix "more": -peK.
-peK comparative adjectival afflX (see *PAK) .
c deverbal noun affix expresses: -we. -ac for verb roots
ending in a consonant: -c for verb roots ending in a vowel. .
*0 reciprocal voice verbal affix: -LIC, -ic for verb roots endmg
in a consonant; -c for verb roots ending in a vowel.
*CA conditional mood verbal affix expresses "when, if, but":
-ca-. -ce follow the verb root and precede the personal
endings.
-ce conditional mood verbal affix (see *CA)
-cw person singular and plural affix (see : bl ).
-ci person singular and plural possesstve affix (see bl )
*Cbl3' second person plural pronominal affix: -cwJ. -ci3 for
nouns, adjectives, verbs, cardinal numbers.
*Cbi3l deprivative adverbial suffix "without":. CLIJ, -ciJ.
*Cbi3.1lAP second person polite plural pronommal
CLIJAap, -ciJAep for nouns, adjectives, verbs, cardmal
numbers.
*CbiH' third person singular imperative affix: -eLla, -ciH for
verb root.
*CblHl verbalizer (''to feel; to be treated").
*CblHT verbalizer (''to treat, consider"). . .
*Chill second person singular informal . pronommal affix.
-cwtt, -citt for nouns, adjectives, verbs, cardanal
-ci3' second person plural pronominal affix (see Cbl 3 )
.cj
3
2 deprivative adverbial suffix "without" .<see *Cbl 3
2
)
-ciJSltP second person polite plural pronomtnal affix (see
*Cb13,1lAP).
79
Kazakh Grammar with Affix USI
-ciul third person singular imperative affix (see *CbiHI )
-cin2 verbalizer ("to feel; to be treated;" see *CbiH2).
-ciHT verbalizer ("to treat, consider;" see *CLIHT)
-citl second person singular pronominal affix (see *Cbl H.)
*T transitivizing verbal affix for intransitive verbs ending in
or n.
Ta locative nominal affix (see *JlA)
-Tan adjectival affix (see *.UAH)
TilH ablative nominal affix (see *HAH)
-Tap nominal plural affix (see *flAP)
-nc adjectival affix (see *IIAC)
Te locative nominal affix (see *,[lA)
-Tett adjectival affiX (see *,UAH)
-Ten ablative nominal affix (see *HAH)
-Tep nominal plural affix (see *IIAP)
-Tee adjectival affix (see *IIAC)
Thtl accusative nominal affix (see *HbJ)
--rwl adjectival affix (see *IIbl )
-Tw3 recent past tense verbal affix (see *,[l bl )
-Tblli. nominalizing affix (see *II bll<)
genitive nominal affiX (see *HhiH.)
Tblp transitivizing verbal affix (see *,[lbiP)
-Til accusative nominal affix (see *Hbl )
-Til adjectival affix (see *IIbl)
-Ti3 recent past tense verbal affix (see * ,[l bl J)
-TiK nominalizing affix (see *II bll{)
-TiKi possessive pronoun (see *HIKI )
-Titl genitive nominal affiX (see *HbiH. )
-Tip transitivizing verbal afflx (see *,[l biP)
*Y,[lA continuative present tense verbal suffix ( -y.na).
-yne continuative presenl tense verbal suffix (see *Y ,UA)
*YIIIbl agenti ve participial affix:
*ill' third person plural verbal infix (for verb roots
ending in a vowel).
*UP reciprocal voice verbal affix expresses the actions by
more than one person, in groups. In the third person
plural it preceded the affix m : - him, -im for verb roots
ending in a consonant.
so
Ka.z.akh Grammar with AlflX List
*IIIbJl emphatic imperati ve verbal affix: -mt.t, -mi.
*IIIbP agentive nominalizing affix, signifies a doer or a
person's vocation or profession: Wbl, -mi (-mw for a verb
root containing any back vowels (a, 1>1 , o, y; -mi for a verb
root containing any front vowels (e, i, e, y)
*IIIhin adjectival affix: -rubin, -min.
-mi emphatic imperative verbal affix (see *illbJl).
-mil agentive nominalizing affix (see *illbJl)
-min adjectival affix (see *IDblii ) . . .
*bl person singular and plural possesstve afftx: -c. for
nouns ending in a vowel add; bl, -i for nouns endmg m a
consonant.
-w6bl3 first person plural possessive affix (see *M bl3)
*bO transitivizing verbal affix: - 1>1 3, -iJ that is for verbs ending
in-K, M.
-bin passive verbal affix (see . *
l>I M first person singular possesstve aff1x (see M )
-wu intransitive or passive verbal affix (see *HZ)
1 second person singular possessive affix (see *ll
1
)
-wtll second person singular imperative affix (see *1:(2)
-wul>I
3
J second person singular polite possessive affix (see
*l{bl3) . . 0
*biH;bl32 second person singular polite unperauve afflx: bUti>I J,
for verb roots ending in a consonant; -uwJ, for verb
roots ending in a vowel.
-wuwnapJ second person plural polite possessive affix (see
*t{bi3.[(API)
*biH,bi3JlAPl second person plural polite i mperative affix:
blftl>IJnap, -ittiJnep for verb roots ending in a consonant.
-wnm1>1 ordinal numerical affix (see *HIDLT)
- t.mTbl casual past tense verbal affix (see *OTbi)
-wcl deverbal noun affix (see *C
1
)
-t.tcz reciprocal voice verbal affix *C
2
). *
-i person singular and plural possesstve affix (see bl )
-i6i3 first person plural possessive affix (see *Mhl3)
-iJ transitivizing verbal affix (see *bl 3)
-in passive verbal affix (see n)
-iM first person singular possessive affix (see *M)
81
-in intr_ansitive or passive verbal affix (see *H2)
-iumi ordmal numerical affix (see *HIDhl)
second person possessive affix (see *IJ;l)
second person imperative affix (see *1{2)
second person polite possessive affix (see *l{hl31)
second person smgular polite imperative affix (see
*hll{hl32)
82

second person plural polite possessive affix (see
*l{hi3)1;AP1)
second person plural polite imperative affix (see
*hiH;hi3)1;AP2)
-inTi casual past tense verbal affix (see *IIThl)
-ic1 de verbal noun affix (see *C 1)
-ic2 reciprocal voice verbal affix (see *CZ)
Selected Bibliography
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70 Steps. Kensington: Dunwoody Press.
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CaJihiCThipMaJihl I>enrineynep. In: KaJaK.llla-MoHrOJI!lia Ce3niH.
Y JJaH6aThip.
oaJiaHaes, M.I>., H.A. I>acHaHOB, C.l{. KeHec6aes ed. 1962. CospeMeHhiM
Ka3aXCHI1i1 ll3hiH. <l>oHeTHHa 11 Mopq>ononMJ. AnMa-aTa. [BB & K]
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Means of Emphasizing Present and Future Actions". Central Asiatic
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Hrebicek, L. 1966. "Russian borrowings in Kazakh". Archiv orientalni .
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York: Routledge.
Kreindler, Isabelle T. ed. 1985. Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet
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Sociology of Language 40. Berlin: Mouton.
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83
MaXMY!lOB. x..x. 1989. Kpanmft QqepK Ka3aXCKoro R3btl\a.
In; X. MaxMyD.OB, r. K.aJaK.waOpbtCUJa CeJnit<. AmtaTbt.
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.leltcroul! a anraftc.Ku\ 113btKax (o CBR311 c npo6.1e,toli rnar0.1hHoro
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AJt\taTbt.
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to 10/2/88), Turkish Linguistic Society, Ankara, Turkey.
TyiiMe6aea. }f{auce&tr KaHceftrynbl. 1991. K.aJaK. rini. !ibtCK,awa
rpa\1\tantl\anhtK. 3Hbi!S. Tafb!U! . AmtaTbl.
Newspaper articles analyzed and quoted
Zhaqyp, Mamadiyar. "Aznmauyq Ar Aldynda Tanylady" , Egemendi
Qazaqstan 1992, Dec 16, p 3
Zheksenbaeva, BibigOI. "Aielge ainalghan erkek", Atamura 1994, Sept
15, p. 12.
Koshimov, Dos. "Zbeltoqsan Zhangyryq", K.halyq kengesi 1992. Dec. 18, p.
3.
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