Data Nets Wireless LL and Mobility

Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-1
Ch. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

Background:
! # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds #
wired phone subscribers (5-to-1)!
! # wireless Internet-connected devices equals #
wireline Internet-connected devices
" laptops, Internet-enabled phones promise anytime untethered
Internet access
! two important (but different) challenges
" wireless: communication over wireless link
" mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of
attachment to network
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
" CDMA
6.3 IEEE 802.11 wireless
LANs (Wi-Fi)
6.4 Cellular Internet Access
Mobility
6.5 Principles: addressing and
routing to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higher-layer
protocols
6.9 Summary
Elements of a wireless network
network
infrastructure
cell tower in cellular network (e.g. 3G or 4G)
access point
in 802.11
wireless LAN
wireless hosts
! laptop, smartphone
! run applications
! may be stationary (non-
mobile) or mobile
" wireless does not always
mean mobility
network
infrastructure
base station
! typically connected to
wired network
! responsible for sending
packets between wired
network and wireless
host(s) in its area
" e.g., cell towers,
802.11 access points
network
infrastructure
wireless link
! typically used to connect
mobile(s) to base station
! multiple access protocol
coordinates link access
! various data rates,
transmission distance
network
infrastructure
Characteristics of selected wireless links
Indoor
10-30m
Outdoor
50-200m
Mid-range
outdoor
200m 4 Km
Long-range
outdoor
5Km 20 Km
.056
.384
1
4
5-11
54
2G: IS-95, CDMA, GSM
2.5G: UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000
802.15
802.11b
802.11a,g
3G: UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO
4G: LTWE WIMAX
802.11a,g point-to-point
200
802.11n
D
a
t
a

r
a
t
e

(
M
b
p
s
)

hosts operate in
infrastructure mode
! all services via base station
(connects mobiles into wired
network)
! handoff: mobile changes base
station providing connection
into wired network
network
infrastructure
ad hoc mode
! no base stations
! nodes can only
transmit to other
nodes within link
coverage
! nodes organize
themselves into a
network: route
among themselves
Wireless network taxonomy
single hop multiple hops
infrastructure
(e.g., APs)
no
infrastructure
host connects to
base station (WiFi,
cellular)
which connects to
larger Internet
no base station, no
connection to larger
Internet (e.g. Bluetooth)
host may have to
relay through several
wireless nodes to
connect to larger
Internet: mesh net
no base station, no
connection to larger
Internet. May have to
relay to reach other
wireless node
MANET (mobile ad hoc netw)
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
" CDMA
LANs (Wi-Fi)
Mobility
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higher-layer
protocols
6.9 Summary
Wireless Link Characteristics (1)
important differences from wired link .

" decreased signal strength: radio signal strength
decreases as it propagates through matter (path loss)
" interference from other sources: standardized wireless
network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other
devices (e.g., phone); devices (e.g. microwave)
interfere as well
" multipath propagation: radio signals reaching the receiving
antenna by two or more paths because radio signal
reflects off objects and the ground
. make communication across (even a point to point)
wireless link much more difficult => powerful CRC
error detection & reliable data transfer protocols
! SNR: signal-to-noise ratio
" measures signal strength relative to
noise => larger SNR gives easier to
extract signal from background noise
! three different modulation schemes:
" amplitude modulation of a signal: change
the amplitude of periodic waveform to
encode information (QAM =
Quadrature amplitude modulation)
! SNR versus Bit-Error-Rate (BER)
" for given modulation scheme:
increase transmission power -> increase
SNR->decrease BER
but: little practical gain beyond certain
threshold, stronger signal costs more
energy (bad for battery-powered users)
10

20

30

40

QAM256 (8)
QAM16 (4)
BPSK (1)
SNR(decibels)
B
E
R

10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-4
! SNR versus Bit-Error-Rate (BER)
" for given SNR: choose modulation
scheme that meets BER
requirement and gives highest
throughput
" SNR may change with mobility:
dynamically adapt modulation
technique and rate to keep BER
low! (e.g. with SNR of 10 dB we have
to choose BPSK to avoid high BER)
" when sending at high bit rate,
differences in amplitude are low
=> errors while we sample the
signal
10

20

30

40

QAM256 (8)
QAM16 (4)
BPSK (1)
SNR(decibels)
B
E
R

10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-4
Wireless network characteristics
Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional
problems (beyond multiple access):
A
B
C
Hidden terminal problem
! B, A hear each other
! B, C hear each other
! A, C can not hear each other
=> A, C unaware of their
interference at B
A B
C
As signal
strength
space
Cs signal
strength
Fading problem:
! B, A hear each other
! B, C hear each other
! A, C can not hear each other as
signal strength decreases =>
interference at B
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
! uses: 3G mobile networks (UMTS, etc.)
! channel partitioning protocol
! unique code assigned to each user
! all users share same frequency, but each user uses
his own code to encode data
=> allows multiple users to coexist and transmit
simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are
orthogonal)
! encoded signal = (original data) x (code)
! decoding: sum of product of encoded signal and code
! divide time slot for transmitting a bit into many mini
slots
! view 0 are -1
CDMA encode/decode
slot 1 slot 0
d
1
= -1
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
Z
i,m
= d
i
.
c
m
d
0
= 1
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
slot 0
channel
output
slot 1
channel
output
channel output Z
i,m
sender
code
data
bits
slot 1 slot 0
d
1
= -1
d
0
= 1
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
1 1 1 1
1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
slot 0
channel
output
slot 1
channel
output
receiver
code
received
input
D
i
= !

Z
i,m
.
c
m
m=1
M
M
8x1/8
-8x1/8
CDMA: two-sender interference
using same code as sender
1, receiver recovers sender
1s original data from
summed channel data!
Sender 1
Sender 2
channel sums together
transmissions by sender 1
and 2
(-2-2-2-2)/8
(2+2+2+2)/8
CDMA: Code Division MA
Drawbacks:
- Synchronization of all users is required
- Multipath propagation: delayed copies of signal may be received which
are not orthogonal any longer!
- Near-far problem: nearby users will completely swamp far away users
(signal of users far away cannot be received correctly) => accurate
power control needed
- having J more codes, the bandwidth must J times larger
Main advantage:
- when using FDMA or TDMA for cellular systems, frequencies used in a
cell cannot be reused in adjacent cells (to avoid interference); in CDMA
one can reuse the frequencies

more details:
A. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication,
Addison Wesley, 1995.
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
" CDMA
LANs (Wi-Fi)
Mobility
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Summary
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
! different standards (802.11a/b/g/n)
! differ in modulation techniques used (=> different maximal
transmission rate) and in frequency range (2.4 or 5 GHz)
! all use CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision
avoidance)
! all have base-station and ad-hoc network versions
802.11 LAN architecture
! wireless host communicates
with base station
" base station = access point (AP)
! Basic Service Set (BSS)
contains:
" wireless hosts
" access point (AP): base
station
" ad hoc mode: hosts only
BSS 1
BSS 2
Internet
hub, switch
or router
802.11: Channels, association
! 802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels
at different (partly overlapping) frequencies
" admin chooses frequency for AP
" interference possible: channels can be same or overlapping
! host: must associate with an AP
" scans channels, listening for beacon frames (beacon =
Blinklicht) containing APs name (service set identifier =
SSID) and MAC address
" selects AP to associate with
" may perform authentication
" will typically run DHCP to get IP address in APs subnet
802.11: passive/active scanning
AP 2 AP 1
H1
BSS 2
BSS 1
1
2
3
1
passive scanning:
(1) beacon frames sent from APs
(2) association Request frame sent: H1 to
selected AP
(3) association Response frame sent from
selected AP to H1
AP 2
AP 1
H1
BSS 2
BSS 1
1
2
2
3
4
active scanning:
(1) Probe Request frame broadcast
from H1
(2) Probe Response frames sent
from APs
(3) Association Request frame sent:
H1 to selected AP
(4) Association Response frame sent
from selected AP to H1
IEEE 802.11: multiple access
! random access protocol as for Ethernet (carrier sense MAC)
! sense before transmitting
" refrain from transmitting when channel is sensed busy
! no collision detection during transmission!
" difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak
received signals that gets overwhelmed by sending signal
" cant sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading
" => once transmission is running, it is never aborted (as opposed to
Ethernet when collision is detected)
! optional feature: try to avoid collisions when several
nodes are transmitting at the same time
" goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance)
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
! SIFS= Short Inter-frame Spacing
" Time required for a receiving
station to sense the end of a
frame and start transmitting an
ACK (compute CRC etc.)
! DIFS= Distributed Inter-frame
Spacing
" sender waits before transmission
" If the medium is continuously idle for
this duration, only then a node is
supposed to transmit a frame.
" DIFS = SIFS + (2 * Slot time) where
slot time is 20s in 802.11b
sender receiver
DIFS
data
SIFS
ACK
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
802.11 sender
1 if sense channel idle for time period DIFS then
transmit entire frame (no CD)
2 if sense channel busy then
" start random backoff time
" timer counts down while channel idle
" transmit when timer expires
" if no ACK, increase random backoff interval
(binary exponential), repeat step 2
802.11 receiver
- if frame received OK
return ACK after time period SIFS (ACK
needed due to hidden terminal problem)
sender receiver
DIFS
data
SIFS
ACK
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA
sender receiver
DIFS
data
SIFS
ACK
Why not send directly when channel
is sensed idle?
Assume three senders, one is
transmitting and finishes
=> other senders both start sending
=> collision
With random backoff time, one of
the senders might send directly
while the other waits
When do collisions occur: same
backoff time chosen or senders are
hidden from each other (cant sense
whether channel idle)
Frame Tx
Frame Preparation
Listen to the
channel
Free?
Wait for IFS
Listen to the
channel
Free?
Initiate TX
Frame on
TX ACK?
TX OK
End
Backoff?
Inc.
Trials
Max
Retrans?
TX KO
Calculate
Backoff
Wait for IFS
Free?
Update
counter
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
decrement by
one slot time
EEE
PART 11: WRELESS LAN MAC AND PHY SPECFCATONS Std 802.11-2012
Copyright 2012 EEE. All rights reserved. 839
To begin the backoII procedure, the STA shall set its BackoII Timer to a random backoII time using the
equation in 9.3.3. All backoII slots occur Iollowing a DIFS period during which the medium is determined to
be idle Ior the duration oI the DIFS period, or Iollowing an EIFS period during which the medium is
determined to be idle Ior the duration oI the EIFS period, as appropriate (see 9.3.2.3).
A STA perIorming the backoII procedure shall use the CS mechanism (see 9.3.2.1) to determine whether there
is activity during each backoII slot. II no medium activity is indicated Ior the duration oI a particular backoII
slot, then the backoII procedure shall decrement its backoII time by aSlotTime.
II the medium is determined to be busy at any time during a backoII slot, then the backoII procedure is
suspended; that is, the backoII timer shall not decrement Ior that slot. The medium shall be determined to be
idle Ior the duration oI a DIFS period or EIFS, as appropriate (see 9.3.2.3), beIore the backoII procedure is
allowed to resume. Transmission shall commence when the BackoII Timer reaches 0.
A backoII procedure shall be perIormed immediately aIter the end oI every transmission with the More
Fragments bit equal to 0 oI an MPDU oI type Data, Management, or Control with subtype PS-Poll, even iI no
additional transmissions are currently queued. In the case oI successIul acknowledged transmissions, this
backoII procedure shall begin at the end oI the received ACK Irame. In the case oI unsuccessIul transmissions
requiring acknowledgment, this backoII procedure shall begin at the end oI the ACKTimeout interval (as
deIined in 9.3.2.8). An unsuccessIul transmission is one where an ACK Irame is not received Irom the STA
addressed by the RA Iield oI the transmitted Irame and the value oI the RA Iield is an individual address. II
the transmission is successIul, the CW value reverts to aCWmin beIore the random backoII interval is chosen,
and the SSRC and/or SLRC are updated as described in 9.3.3. The result oI this procedure is that transmitted
Irames Irom a STA are always separated by at least one backoII interval.
The eIIect oI this procedure is that when multiple STAs are deIerring and go into random backoII, then the
STA selecting the smallest backoII time using the random Iunction wins the contention (assuming all oI the
contending STAs detect the same instances oI WM activity at their respective receivers).
In an IBSS the backoII time Ior a pending non-Beacon or non-ATIM transmission shall not decrement in the
period Irom the TBTT until the expiration oI the ATIM window, and the backoII time Ior a pending ATIM
management Irame shall decrement only within the ATIM window. (See Clause 10.) Within an IBSS a
separate backoII interval shall be generated to precede the transmission oI a Beacon Irame, as described in
10.1.3.3.
Figure 9-12-Backoff procedure
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA
source: IEEE Std 802.11TM-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-2007)

Optional avoidance mechanism
idea: allow sender to reserve channel rather than random
access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames
! sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets
to BS using CSMA
" RTSs may still collide with each other (but theyre short)
! BS broadcasts clear-to-send (CTS) in response to RTS
! CTS heard by all nodes
" sender transmits data frame
" other stations defer transmissions

avoid data frame collisions completely
using small reservation packets!
Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange
AP
A B
time
RTS(A)
RTS(B)
RTS(A)
C
TS(A) CTS(A)
DATA (A)
AC
K(A) ACK(A)
reservation collision
defer
frame
control
duration
address
1
address
2
address
4
address
3
payload CRC
2 2 6 6 6 2
6
0 - 2312
4
seq
control
802.11 frame: four address fields!
Address 2: MAC address
of wireless host or AP
transmitting this frame
(sender: wireless host or AP)
of wireless host or AP
to receive this frame
(destination within subnet)
of router interface to
which AP is attached
(=> send to Internet; see
example on next slide)
Address 4: used only in
ad hoc mode
bytes
Internet
router
H1
R1
H1 MAC addr AP MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address 1 address 2 address 3
802.11 frame
H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
dest. address source address
802.3 Ethernet frame
802.11 frame: addressing
from the routers
perspective, the
AP is invisible
(ethernet subnet!)
now, H1 knows MAC adress
of source router
Internet
router
H1
R1
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address 1 address 2 address 3
802.11 frame
R1 MAC addr H1 MAC addr
dest. address source address
802.3 Ethernet frame
802.11 frame: addressing
address 3 allows the
AP to determine
correct destination
MAC address
frame
control
duration
address
1
address
2
address
4
address
3
payload CRC
2 2 6 6 6 2
6
0 - 2312
4
seq
control
Type
From
AP
Subtype
To
AP
More
frag
WEP
More
data
Power
mgt
Retry Rsvd
Protocol
version
2
2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
expected duration of planned
transmission (including ACKs)
when RTS, CTS or data is sent
frame seq #
(since frames may be
retransmitted if not ACKed)
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
802.11 frame: more
frame sent by access point
detailed specification: http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.11.html
802.11: mobility within same subnet
How does switch know which AP is
associated with H1?
self-learning (Ch. 5): switch will see
frame from H1 and remember which
switch port can be used to reach H1
H1 BSS 2
BSS 1
H1 detects weakening signal from AP1
" scans and finds beacon frames of AP2
" dissociates with AP1, associates with AP2
" remains in same IP subnet: keep IP
address and all ongoing TCP
connections
better solutions are currently being developed (so that switch is informed
when H1 disassociates/associates)
802.11: advanced capabilities
Rate adaptation
! base station, mobile
dynamically change
transmission rate (physical
layer modulation technique)
as mobile moves, SNR varies
! 2 unackd frames in a row =>
next lower modul. scheme
! 10 frames ackd in a row =>
next higher modul. scheme
QAM256
QAM16
BPSK
10

20

30

40

SNR(dB)
B
E
R

10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-4
operating point
1. SNR decreases, BER
increase as node moves
away from base station
2. When BER becomes too
high, switch to lower
transmission rate but with
lower BER
power management
! node-to-AP: I am going to sleep until next beacon
frame (power manag. bit in header)
" AP knows not to transmit frames to this node (buffers
frames!)
" node wakes up before next beacon frame (every 100 msec)
! beacon frame: contains list of mobiles with buffered
AP-to-mobile frames
" node will stay awake if AP-to-mobile frames to be sent (=>
has to send request to AP)
" otherwise sleep again until next beacon frame

802.11: advanced capabilities
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
" CDMA
LANs (Wi-Fi)
6.4 Cellular Internet access
Mobility
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Summary
Mobile
Switching
Center
Public telephone
network
Mobile
Switching
Center
Components of cellular network architecture
! connects cells to wired tel. net.
! manages call setup (more later!)
! handles mobility (more later!)
MSC
! covers geographical
region
! base station (BS)
analogous to 802.11 AP
! mobile users attach to
network through BS
! air-interface: physical
and link layer protocol
between mobile and BS
cell
wired network
Cellular networks: the first hop
Two techniques for sharing
mobile-to-BS radio spectrum
(1) combined FDMA/TDMA:
divide spectrum in frequency
channels, divide each channel into
time slots (used in 2G systems)
(Having F different sub-bands and
T time slots, how many
simultaneous calls can be
supported?)
(2) CDMA: code division multiple
access (used in 3G UMTS)
frequency
bands
time slots
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
" CDMA
LANs (Wi-Fi)
Mobility
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Summary
Various degrees of mobility?
! spectrum of mobility, from the network perspective:
no mobility high mobility
mobile wireless user,
using same access
point
mobile user, passing
through multiple
access point while
maintaining ongoing
connections (e.g.
cellular access in an
ICE)
mobile user,
connecting/
disconnecting from
network using
DHCP (e.g. moving
to different room).
wide area
network
Mobility: vocabulary
home network: permanent
home of mobile
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)
permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
home agent: entity that will
perform mobility functions on
behalf of mobile, when mobile is
remote
Mobility: more vocabulary
wide area
network
care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
visited network: network in
which mobile currently
resides (e.g., 79.129.13/24)
permanent address: remains
constant (e.g., 128.119.40.186)
foreign agent: entity in
visited network that
performs mobility
functions on behalf of
mobile.
correspondent: wants
to communicate with
mobile
How do you contact a mobile friend:
! search all phone books?
! call her parents?
! expect her to let you
know where he/she is?
I wonder where
Alice moved to?
Consider friend frequently changing
addresses, how do you find her?
Mobility: approaches
! let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of
mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange.
" routing tables indicate where each mobile located
" no changes to end-systems
! let end-systems handle it:
" indirect routing: communication from correspondent to
mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to
remote
" direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of
mobile, sends directly to mobile
search all phone books
call her parents
expect her to let you know
! let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of
mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange.
" routing tables indicate where each mobile located
" no changes to end-systems
! let end-systems handle it:
" indirect routing: communication from correspondent to
mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to
remote
" direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of
mobile, sends directly to mobile
not
scalable
to millions of
mobiles
Mobility: approaches
wide area
network
Mobility: registration
end result:
! foreign agent knows about mobile
! home agent knows location of mobile
home network
visited network
1
mobile contacts
foreign agent on
entering visited
network
2
foreign agent contacts home
agent: this mobile is resident in
my network
Mobility via indirect routing
wide area
network
home
network
visited
network
3
2
4
1
correspondent
addresses packets
using home address of
mobile
home agent intercepts
packets, forwards to
foreign agent
foreign agent
receives packets,
forwards to mobile
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
source address is
permanent address
=> usage: see Mobile IP (later)
Indirect routing: moving between networks
! suppose mobile user moves to another network
" registers with new foreign agent
" new foreign agent registers with home agent
" home agent update care-of-address for mobile
" packets continue to be forwarded to mobile (but
with new care-of-address)
! mobility, changing foreign networks transparent: on
going connections can be maintained!
Indirect Routing: comments
! mobile uses two addresses:
" permanent address: used by correspondent (hence
mobile location is transparent to correspondent)
" care-of-address: used by home agent to forward
datagrams to mobile
! foreign agent functions may be done by mobile itself
! inefficient when correspondent and mobile are in
same network
1
2
3
4
Mobility via direct routing
home
network
visited
network
correspondent
requests, receives
foreign address of
mobile
correspondent forwards
to foreign agent
foreign agent
receives packets,
forwards to mobile
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
used for routing telephone calls to
mobile users in several mobile telephone
network standards, including GSM
Mobility via direct routing: comments
! more efficient if correspondent is in same or
close network
! non-transparent to correspondent: correspondent
must get care-of-address from home agent
" what if mobile changes visited network?
" how to inform correspondent?
1
2
3
4
wide area
network
1
foreign net visited
at session start
anchor
foreign
agent
2
4
new foreign
agent
3
correspondent
agent
correspondent
new
foreign
network
Accommodating mobility with direct routing
! anchor foreign agent: FA in first visited network
! data always routed first to anchor FA
! when mobile moves: new FA arranges to have data forwarded
from old FA (chaining)
! requires additional coordination among the foreign agents
5
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
" CDMA
LANs (Wi-Fi)
Mobility
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Summary
Mobile IP: indirect routing
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by
correspondent
dest: 79.129.13.2 dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by home agent to foreign
agent: a packet within a packet
dest: 128.119.40.186
foreign-agent-to-mobile packet
RFC 5944
Mobile IP: agent discovery
agent advertisement: foreign/home agents advertise
service for mobile nodes by broadcasting ICMP
messages (type field = 9)
=> mobile node gets care-of-address
Mobile IP: registration example
visited network: 79.129.13/24
home agent
HA: 128.119.40.7
foreign agent
COA: 79.129.13.2

mobile agent
MA: 128.119.40.186
registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 9999
identification:714
!.

registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999
Identification: 714
!.

registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999
Identification: 714
!.
time
ICMP agent adv.
COA: 79.129.13.2
!.

registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 9999
identification: 714
!.

now, FA knows
that it should
look for
datagrams with
COA and
forward them
decapsulated

more
details:
RFC 5944
Current state of Mobile IP
not widely deployed yet because:
! need for seamless handover is given for few
applications only (e.g. VoIP, video conferencing)
! handover is nice to have, re-connection is mainly
sufficient
! GSM (telephone) networks have their own mobility
solutions (indirect routing; phone number is
permanent, roaming number is COA)
! deployed in WiMAX networks (IEEE 802.16)
Chapter 6 summary
Wireless
! wireless links:
" capacity, distance
" channel impairments
" CDMA
! IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
" CSMA/CA reflects wireless
channel characteristics
! cellular access
Mobility
! principles: addressing,
" home, visited networks
" direct, indirect routing
" care-of-addresses
! case studies
" mobile IP

Data Nets Wireless LL and Mobility

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Wireless, Mobile Networks 6-1

Ch. 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

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