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Module 1: Introduction to
Networking Management
Overview
What is network management?
Why manage network?
Challenges in managing enterprise
networks
Network management areas
Implications for management
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What is Network Management ?
In general, network management is a service that employs a variety
of tools applications and devices to assist humannetwork of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network
managers in monitoring and maintaining the performance of
networks.
Network management means different things to different people. In
some cases, it involves a solitary network consultant monitoring
network activity with an outdated protocol analyser. In other cases,
network management involves a distributed database, auto-polling
of network devices, and high-end workstations generating real-time
graphical views of network topologychanges and traffic graphical views of network topology changes and traffic.
*Ref CISCO Systems Website http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/nmbasics.htm#xtocid4
What is Network Management
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Network management refers to the activities, methods,
d d t l th t t i t th ti procedures, and tools that pertain to the operation,
administration, maintenance and provisioning of networked
systems.
Functions performed as part of network management include:
controlling, planning, allocating, deploying, coordinating and
monitoring the resources of a network,
network planning, frequency allocation and predetermined traffic
routing to support load balancing,
t hi k di t ib ti th i ti d it cryptographic key distribution, authorisationand security
management
configuration management, fault management, performance
management, bandwidth management; and accounting
management
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Why bother with Network
Performance Management ?
Typical Performance Metrics
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
MeanTime to Repair (MTTR) Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)
Response Time
Speed
Percentage Availability
Reliability
Errored Seconds
Bit E R t (BER) Bit Error Rate (BER)
Voice Quality
Others ?
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When things Fail
This is an example of the case where if any one device or
process fails the whole device or process has failed.
When things Fail
This is an example of the case where if any one device or process fails
the whole device or process has failed.
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When things Fail
This is an
example of example of
the case
where all
devices
must fail for
the whole the whole
device or
process to
fail.
However !
Network Performance Management Costs Money
Administrative Overheads
Equipment
Links and bearers
Protocol Overheads
Processing and Software Overheads Processing and Software Overheads
Etc.
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The Process for Business Grade
Networking
(Cisco Systems, 2010)
Why Manage your Network?
Managing the network overall:
Investments in faster servers better protocols high speed backbones Investments in faster servers, better protocols, high-speed backbones
and virtualised services have turned yesterdays low-speed, data-only
networks into information technology platforms supporting a multitude of
business services.
The redundancy and rerouting designed into these networks has mostly
hidden actual hardware or circuit outages from end users.
Managing network performance:
The bigger challenge is how to address the often-persistent intermittent
li i d d i h h application degradations that represent a threat to revenue, customer
service and reputation.
The packets transporting business applications throughout a global
network can be leveraged for analysis to achieve the highest level of a
network operations maturity process.
The reward for using these packets as evidence and implementing a
mature management process for troubleshooting will be dramatic
reductions in mean time to restore (MTTR) application services.
(Haggerty, 2008)
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High Cost of Non-
Responsiveness
Corporations Can Lose Millions of Dollars in J ust One Hour If a
Mission-Critical Application Becomes Unavailable or Does Not Run
Correctly, Quickly or Completely
Business Average US$ Cost per Hour
Brokerage Operations $6.45 Million
Credit Card Authorisation $2.6 Million
Home Shopping TV $113,000
Pay-per-View TV $150,000
Catalog Sales $90,000
Airline Reservations $89,500
Tele-Ticket Sales $69,000
Package Shipping $28,000
ATM Fees $14,000
Source: Contingency Planning Research
How Much Management?
Todays computer and communications
ft d h d h l software and hardware have very large
amounts of management capability built in.
It is also possible to install additional
software and hardware and other tools for
the express purpose of more detailed the express purpose of more detailed
management.
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5 Challenges in Managing
Enterprise Networks
Lack of high-definition visibility
Aminute is an eternity for applications like automated market trading and waiting A minute is an eternity for applications like automated market trading, and waiting
for medical images to appear can impact treatment options
A unified network can no longer be managed as multiple traffic
silos
In the modern, fully converged IP network, voice, video and data compete for
common resources and can affect one anothers even if individual applications
seem to be working properly
You cannot manage what you cannot see
In dealing with service-oriented architecture-based applications, trouble-shooting
must start at the virtual service network level not the physical network level
Monitoring health of infrastructure elements is helpful
But also depends on the interaction and communications between network
elements
Must be able to identify business use vs. recreational use vs.
security threats
Recreational use often presents itself as legitimate traffic from users to a legacy
management tool
The Impact of Unmanaged
Services
Network Outages
Cost money directly Cost money directly
E.g. banks, airlines, transaction services
Cost money or Customers Indirectly
E.g. ISPs, Telcos etc.
Outages may ultimately cause an organisation
to go out of business
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Views of Network Management
CEO view
financial management of corporate comms network g p
management of orders, inventory, accounting information
CIO view
corporate budget
end-user perspective
providing more service with less money
End User view
require data comms infrastructure to be working at all
times
Outsourcing
Work does not stop when outsourcing to
S i P id Service Providers
No Service Providers will sign Unlimited
Liability Liquidated Damages contracts
Network outages can kill companies
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Network Management
Requirements
Fault Management
Accounting Management
Configuration and Name Management
Performance Management
Security Management
Fault Management
A fault is an abnormal condition that
requires management attention (or
action) to repair.
How do you define abnormal ? How do you define abnormal ?
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Setting the Threshold
It is important to set the threshold for alarm
indications to an appropriate level so that indications to an appropriate level, so that
significant faults and quality of service issues
can be dealt with without the network
manager becoming overloaded with the
relevant messages.
Excessive network management, and g ,
excessive network management messages
can actually degrade overall network
performance.
Accounting Management
Reasons for accounting management:
Internal charge backs on net ork se Internal charge backs on network use
User(s) may be abusing access privileges
and burdening the network at the expense of
other users
Users may be making inefficient use of the
network
The network manager is in a better position to
plan for network growth if user activity is
known in sufficient detail.
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Configuration Management
Concernedwith: Concerned with:
initialising a network and gracefully shutting
down part or all of the network
maintaining, adding, and updating the
relationships among components and the
status of components themselves during
t k ti network operation
Adds, Moves and Changes
Security Management
Concerned with:
monitoring and controlling access to networks
generating, distributing, and storing
encryption keys
access to all or part of the network
management information
collection, storage, and examination of audit
records and security logs
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Performance Management
Some typical issues of concern to the network manager
include: include:
What is the level of capacity utilisation?
Is there excessive traffic?
Has throughput been reduced to unacceptable levels?
Are there bottlenecks?
Is response time increasing ?
Are customers getting what they paid for ?
Network managers need performance statistics to help
them plan, manage and maintain large networks
Web-based Network
Management
User interface using web technology
HTML pages delivered via HTTP over TCP
platform independence
network management information stored on
web servers
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Key challenges
Shift to LANs and the Internet
Large scale move from using mainframes and terminals to PCs, LANs and the Internet.
Future of network management lies in the successful management of multiple clients andservers over Future of network management lies in the successful management of multiple clients and servers over
LANs, BNs, and Internet
Focus on integration of organisational networks and applications. Main
problems:
Not all LANs use the same architecture
More types of network technology used, the more complex network management becomes
Integrating LANs WANs and Internet Integrating LANs, WANs and Internet
Both LAN/Web and WAN managers to recognise that they no longer have total power
Must adopt a written charter to define its purpose, operational philosophy, and long range
goals
Must develop individual procedures to implement policies
(Copyright2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc)
Key Challenges
Integrating Voice & Data Traditionally, traditional voice and
data networks (e.g., POTS and LANs) were handled by
separate managers separate managers
Voice Communication Manager in Facilities Department:
Supervised telephone switchboard, coordinated installation and
maintenance of the voice network
Data Communication Manager (IT department):
Installed own data circuit, installed and maintained computers
Now, organisations realise benefits of integrating voice and
data management function data management function
Simplifies the network, and can lower network costs
Eliminates one department
Is now more typically found in network management
(Copyright2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc)
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Improving performance
General activities to improve performance that cut across the
different types of networks:
P li b d t S tti i it li i f t k Policy-based management-Setting priority policies for network
traffic in software and configures devices using QoS capabilities
in TCP/IP and/or ATM
Example-Manager: Sets videoconferencing traffic as the highest priority
since delays will have the highest impact on the performance of that
application
Server load balancing-Used to allocate incoming requests for
network servers and uses a separate load balancing server (or a
router/switch) with a special software
Service level agreements Signedbetweenthe organization Service-level agreements-Signed between the organization
and its service providers (ISP or common carriers)
Specify the exact type of performance and fault conditions that the
organization will accept
Examples-Availability must be 99% or higher
Maximum allocable response time must be lower than 2 minutes
(Copyright2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc)
Cost Management
One of the most
challenging g g
areas over the
past few years
Traffic growing
more rapidly
than the
budget
Managers are
forced to
provide greater
capacity at an
ever lower cost
per megabyte
(Copyright2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc)
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Sources of Cost
Total Cost of Ownership
(TCO)
A f h h A measure of how much
it costs per year to keep
one computer operating
Includes cost of
Repairs and
software/hardware
upgrades
Support staff (maintain,
install administer etc) install, administer, etc)
Training and technical
support
Time wasted by the
user when problems
occur
(Copyright2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc)
Implications for Management
Network management requires
A good understanding of networking technologies
A bili k i h d d An ability to work with end users and management
An understanding of key elements driving network costs
Requires special skill to explain the business value of the
networks to senior management
Needed to justify increased cost of management
Recommendations
Developstrongrelationships with only fewvendors Develop strong relationships with only few vendors
Purchase technologies that will provide strong network
management capabilities
Use powerful design and management tools-Saves money in the
long run
(Copyright2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc)
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References
CA (2008) Strategic Planning for Network and Systems
M t T hT tWhit P A il bl li Management, TechTargetWhite Paper, Available online: :
http://go.techtarget.com/r/4340222/3758610/1
Cisco (2008) Network Management Basics, InInternetworking
Technology Handbook, Available online:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/technology/
handbook/NM-Basics.html
Haggerty, E. (2008) Overcoming Todays IP Network
Challenges, Newsfactor.com White Paper, Available online:
htt // f t / t ht l? t id 013000FA05 http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=013000FA05
2E&page=1
Wikipedia (2008) Network Management, Available online:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management
References
Stallings, W, 2005, Section 19.1 Business Data Communications, 5th
edn, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey. edn, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey.
Cisco Systems Inc, 2006, Simple Network Management Protocol,
Internetworking Technologies Handbook, Chapter 56, Cisco Systems Inc.
www.Cisco.com.
FitzGerald, J and Dennis, A, 2005, Chapter 13 Business Data
Communications and Networking, 8th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
Jersey.
FitzGerald, J and Dennis, A, 2010, Chapter 12 Business Data
Communications and Networking, 10th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
Jersey.
T E Eddi B d M tt B 2006 C i f SNMP V i 1 2 Tang, E, Eddie, B and Matt, B 2006, Comparison of SNMP Versions 1,2
and 3;
WindowsNetworkig.com n.d,Understanding the SNMP Protocol -
www.windowsnetworking.com
CP3340 Communication Systems-SNMP Environment, www.scit.wlv.ac.uk