Electrical Machines-I

UNIT III
DC Motors


Prepared by,
Mr.A.Venkadesan,
Assistant Professor,
EEE Department,
SRM University

MOTORS
Function:
Motors are the electrical machines which convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
MOTORS
Motors
Working Principle
Whenever a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force.
The direction of induced emf can be found
using Flemings left Hand Rule
dcmotor 4
Direction of force- Flemings left Hand Rule Or
motor Rule
Illustration of Working Principle of DC
Motor
No torque
Case I
Illustration of Working Principle of DC
Motor
No torque
Case II
Illustration of Working Principle of DC
Motor
Case III
Torque, motor rotates in anticlockwise direction
Types of Motor
DC Motors
Separately
Excited
Self Excited
Shunt Series Compound
Long
Differential Cumulative
Short
Differential Cumulative
Shunt Motor and back emf
b
pN Z
E =
60 A
V>E
b
Back emf opposes the applied
voltage
N is small, E
b
is less, I
a
increases
As N increases, E
b
increases,
I
a
decreases
E
b
-acts as self governor
Back emf
Back EMF it makes the motor to draw
required amount of current from the supply.
Power Relationship
Condition for maximum power
Problem
The field and armature resistance of 220V
shunt machine are Rf=88ohm,
Ra=0.05ohm.Calculate armature power
developed when working
(i)As a generator, delivering power of 22 kw
(ii) As a motor, taking power of 22 kw.
Torque Equation
( )
done by this force in one rev,
2
done 2 2
Time Taken 60/ 60
2
,
60
2
;
60
m
m e b a
Torque F r
Work
w F r
Work F r N
Power F r
N
N
Power P T
N
P P E I T
t
t t
t
t
=
=

= = =
=
= =
Torque Equation
2
2
60
60
1
2
: ; tan
: saturation; Ia ; T
: saturation; is constant; T
b a
b
a
a
a
a
a
N
E I T
ZNP
E
A
P
T ZI
A
T K I
Shunt T I cons t
Series before I
After I
t
|
|
t
|
o |
o | o
| o
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
Problem
A dc shunt motor having Ra=0.24 ohm takes
an armature current of 80 A at 300 V. It has 8
poles and 800 lap connected conductors. Flux
per pole is 0.042wb. Calculate N and gross
torque developed by armature (Ta).
Power stages in motor
Motor
input
Eb Ia
Motor
Output
Cu-Loss
Friction &
Iron Loss
Losses
Rotational losses = friction + windage + iron
loss
Armature power-Rotational loss=Shaft power
wT
a
-P
r
=wT
sh
wT
sh
=wT
a
-P
r
wT
sh
= E
b
I
a
-P
r
T
sh
= (E
b
I
a
-P
r
/w)=P
out
/w




Condition for maximum
efficiency
Constant loss = Variable loss
Problems
A 4 pole 220 V lap connected DC shunt motor
delivers 12 KW. N=1000 rpm, Ia=60 A, Ish = 2A,
Z=500, Ra=0.12 ohm. Find
Total torque
Flux per pole
Rotational losses
Efficiency
Assume 1V/brush for contact drop.
Characteristics of motor
Electrical (Ia, Ta)
Mechanical (Ia,N) and (Ta, N)
Shunt motor (Ta,Ia)
Shunt motor (Ia,N)
Shunt motor-(Ta,N)
Series motor
Series motor
V is constant
Series motor cannot be
Started with no load.
Series motor
Compound motors
Compound motors
Compound motors
Applications
Applications
Starters
Need
Starters are used to reduce initial high current
Why motor draws high current
during starting?
b a a
b
a
a
E V I R
V E
I
R
=

=
At start Back emf is zero, Ia is large
Two point starter
Speed control
a a
V I R
N
|

=
Speed control for shunt motor
Field control
Armature control-I
a
R
a
drop
Applied voltage control
Method 1
Method 2 - Ward Leonard method
Shunt motor-Field control
At start, field rheostat is kept at
Minimum position,

Field resistance is less
Field current is more, flux is more.
Motor runs at rated speed

Field resistance increases, Field
current decreases, flux decreases and
speed increases.

Suitable for above the rated speed.

Shunt motor-Armature Control
Armature resistance is varied.
IaRa drop is varied.
If IaRa drop increases, speed decreases
If IaRa drop decreases, speed increases

Suitable for below the rated speed.

Applied voltage control method method 1
Applied voltage control method method 2
Speed control of series motor
Field control
Field divertor above rated speed
Armature divertor Below Rated Speed
Trapped Field Control
Paralleling of field coils
Variable Resistance in series with motor
Series Motor-field divertor
The series winding are shunted by a
variable resistance known as field diverter.

Any desired amount of current can be
passed through the diverter by adjusting its
resistance.

Hence the flux can
be decreased and consequently, the speed
of the motor increased.
Series Motor-Armature Divertor
A diverter across the armature can be
used for giving speeds lower than the
normal speed.

For a given constant load torque, if Ia
is reduced due to armature diverter, the
flux must increase (Ta=Ia ).

This results in an increase in current
taken from the supply (which increases
the flux and a fall in speed (N 1/).

The variation in speed can be
controlled by varying the diverter
resistance.
Trapped Field Control
Series Motor-Paralleling Field coils
Varying resistance in series with
the armature
Thyristor based control
Normally the three phase AC voltage is
converted into pulsating dc voltage using
three phase diode rectifier.
The output DC voltage is filtered using the
filter and it is given to DC motor.
The filtered dc voltage obtained from the
diode rectifier is fixed in magnitude.
Thyristor based control
To get variable output dc voltage, thyristor
(SCR) is used instead of diodes.


Thyristor
The gate signal applied to the gate is
varied (firing angle is varied)
to get variable output DC voltage.
Rectifier based on thyristor
Thyristor based rectifier fed DC
motor
Thyristor
(Rectifier)
With
filter
Three phase
AC Supply
M
Problem
Ia2=40A, N2=2930 RPM