COMPUTER

Computer is an electronic device or programmable machine that manipulates information or

data (input) and produces the result (output). It has the ability of storing, retrieving and
processing the data. It is composed of hardware and software in it.
Functioning

Input Devices Access the data
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Process the data
Output Devices- Produces the result
Storage Devices (RAM) Stores the result
Hope!! You understood this concept how computer access the data (input) and provides the
output using some major components. Explanation is given for each and every component at
below
HARDWARE
Term hardware refers to physical components or elements of the computer like keyboard,
Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Disk and Chips

SOFTWARE
Term Software refers to set of instructions that tell the hardware what to
do.
Software will be loaded from Disk to RAM (Random Access
Memory)
Some of the examples are Games, web browsers and word processors such as Microsoft
word
Can a computer run without software???
Yes, it is possible .But if u wants to create some documents and power points you need
some softwares.
For example if you want to create a document you need word processor
Software will give some additional capabilities to your computer
Confused????????

To prepare the Food, Vegetables are required and to preserve the Vegetables, a Refrigerator
is essential. Similarly to run a program Software is required and to establish the Software,
Hardware is essential.
Hope you understood this. Lets move to hardware components
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Internal hardware components
CPU
Mother Board
RAM
Sound Card
Video Card
Hard Drive
DVD
External Hardware components
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner
Monitor
Speakers
Input Devices (accesses the data)
Devices which helps us to interact with computer is nothing but input devices
Ex: Keyboard and Mouse
Output Devices (provides the output)
Devices which sends back the information to you is nothing but Output Devices
Ex: Monitor and Printer

Central Processing Unit (processes the data)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Central Processing Unit is also called as the Brain of the Computer or Main Processor
which controls all the systems inner functions.
It is very easy to replace because it is inserted into the socket and is not soldered onto
the motherboard
A computer may contain more than one CPU which is nothing but MULTIPROCESSING
Two main parts of CPU are
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU).
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU is also called as basic building blocks of Central
Processing Unit, which performs all arithmetic and logical operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division
Control Unit (CU): Control Unit controls the entire processing. It helps in the
communication between Memory and ALU

Memory (stores the result)
A place where we can store the data or set of instructions to access them while performing
the operations
There are two types of memories (storage devices)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory) is one of the storage devices which performs both read and
write operations. But RAM is Volatile in nature it loses the data when there is no power
supply. It is fast while programming when compared to ROM
There are two types of RAM
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
SRAM ( Static Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Main advantage of ROM is that we can easily alter the data or reprogrammable. Advantage of
ROM is Non Volatile in nature which does not loses any data when there is no power
supply. Motherboard may consist of more than one ROM chips.
Types of ROM
ROM- Read only Memory
PROM- Programmable Read only Memory
EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read only Memory
EEPROM- Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory
Flash EEPROM memory
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM) READ ONLY MEMORY(ROM)
Volatile Non-Volatile
Both Read and Write Only Read
Data is Temporary Data is Permanent(Reusable)
Faster While Programming Slower
High Cost Low Cost
Larger in Size Smaller in Size

OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS)
Operating System is a type of software that allows computer hardware to communicate with
software. A computer without OS is a mere machine
Ex: DOS (Disk Operating System), Linux, Solaris

Types of operating systems
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
GUI is an interface, which allows us to interact with electronic devices like mobiles, gaming
devices and Mp3 players using some graphical icons
Ex:Windows 98, Windows CE, System 7.X
Multi-user operating system
Application software which allows multiple users to access the computer with time sharing
system
Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000
Multiprocessor operating system
An operating system which supports the utilization of two or more processors on single
computer Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000
Multi-Tasking
An operating system which supports multiple processes at the time Ex: Unix, Windows 2000

Multithreading
This operating system will allows the software to perform some parts of program to run
concurrently
Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000


STORAGE DEVI CES
We can simply say that the storage devices are
the places where the computer stores the data. If we want to save the files, they can also be
saved in hard disks. If you want to store the information in another computer, what is the
storage device used?? Lets start our topic storage devices.
Storage Devices are basically divided into three categories-Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary Devices. One of the Primary storage devices is Random Access
memory (RAM) and it cannot store data permanently (Volatile in Nature). Hard disks are
secondary storage devices, which are used to store the data permanently (Non-Volatile in
nature). Tertiary storage devices are removable mass storage devices that are used to transfer
the data on different computers (Portable in Nature). Best example is Universal serial Bus
(USB). Let see the detailed explanation of storage devices
Primary storage Devices: Primary Storage Device is small in capacity, located inside the
computer and lost its storage when the Computer is turned off. RAM is the main type of
memory in Primary Storage Device.
Random Access memory (RAM): RAM is often called as Primary storage device. It is
volatile because data is wiped out when power is turned off. Access rate in Ram is very high
as it is located very nearer to CPU. RAM is very expensive device. Main advantage is it
performs both read and writes operations. Data moved from secondary storage to primary
storage is nothing but Internal Memory or Main Memory.
Example: Suppose if you open a program or a file, data stored in the secondary memory will
be moved to primary memory. While you turned off your computer, data will be wiped off.
You can say best example as Browsing. While you are browsing, data will be stored
temporarily in primary storage devices and you may lose the entire data while Computer is
turned off.
Read only Memory (ROM): ROM performs only read operations. Data stored in ROM is
permanent and it cannot be edited. This devise is used for storing the data for life time
without any modifications.
BIOS and Cache is also other Primary Storage Device.
Cache Memory: One of the primary storage devices with high speed data access.
Binary Input Output System (BIOS): BIOS is one of the important devices stored on the
ROM. BIOS is responsible for checking the devices at Power on Time called POST ( Power
On Self-Test). Any malfunctioning in computer will receive the error messages.
Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary Storage Device is higher in capacity than Primary
Device, located in the computer and stores the data permanently such as software. Hard Disk
Drive is one of the main types of memory in Secondary Storage Devices. Secondary storage
is also called as External Memory or Auxiliary Storage.
Hard Disk: Hard disk is a Secondary storage device which is abbreviated as HD or HDD.
This is the main storage device that stores the data permanently, until it is deleted. Disk
controller is responsible for performing all actions in hard disk. These hard disks are made up
of Aluminum coated on both sides with magnetic material. Compared to primary storage
devices, these devices are much costlier to use. Nowadays these devices are used to store
personal data.
Tertiary Storage Devices are removable mass storage devices mainly useful for storing the
data in other computers, with portability in nature. We can USB as great example which
accesses and saves the data very easily. Storage capacity varies for based on the device
used. External Hard Drive, Floppy Disk, CD/DVD Disk and SD Card are also
considered as Tertiary Storage Devices. These types of devices are also called as off-line
storage devices.









IMPORTANT FAQ OF COMPUTER ABBREVIATION
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
BIT: Binary Digit
BIOS: Basic Input Output System
CPU: Central Processing Unit
CAD: Computer Aided Design
CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
CDAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Parallel Computing
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language
DOS: Disk Operating Systems
DNS: Domain Name System
E-MAIL: Electronic Mail
FAX: Far Away Xerox
FDD: Floppy Disk Drive
FORTRAN: Formula Translation
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
HDD: Hard Disk Drive
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
IC: Integrated Circuit
ISP: Internet Service Provider
JPEG: Joint photographic Experts Group
MAC: Media Access Control
MIPS: Millions of Instructions Per Second
MPEG: Motion Picture Experts group
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
MODEM: Modulation Demodulation
MS-DOS: Micro Soft Disk Operating system
NIC: Network Interface Card
OMR: Optical Mark Reader
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
SMS: System Management Server
SAP: Service Access Point
SONET: Synchronous Optical Network
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
URL: Uniform Resource Locator
VLSI: Very Large scale Integrated
WWW: World Wide Web
Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity
WAN: Wide Area Network
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
ZIP: Zone Improvement Plan

Characteristics of Computer:
Computer is one of the major components that human being is depending now, do you know why human
beings are depending upon this computer? Let see some characteristics of computers
Speed: The difference between our memory and computers is speed, it is very fast in performing
calculations we can say within seconds.
Speed of the computer = (10
-6
MS) or (10
-9
NS)
Study Basics of Computer here
Accuracy: Computer will give the accurate results with any errors or bugs, if there is any error given
by computer it means the error is due to the human or inaccurate data, as output depends on input given by
user.
Storage capacity:
Data sent by the user will be stored in the CPU which is primary storage area CPU reads all the
instructions sent by the user and executes them as required.
In earlier days computers used delay lines, William tubes, or rotating magnetic drums, but these are
unreliable in nature.
This led to modern RAM (Random access memory) which holds the information when power is off and
also it is small in size, light but quite expensive at the same time
There are some more storage devices you are recommended study about them here
Study Storage Devices Material here
Reliability: Reliability is the main key factor of computer. Reliability is the advanced feature of the
computer, it helps to avoid, detect and repair hardware faults. This reliable system does not continue to
gives the results which is incorrect it detects and if possible it will the correct the corruption happened over
there.
Availability or Diligence: Computer is free form tiredness. It can work for minute, hours even for
a day without creating any error.
Some more characteristics are
Serviceability
Maintainability
No IQ
Power of remembering
No Feeling
Versatility
Automation
Some Important Definitions:
You must know difference between error and Bug as it is very important for your examination lets a have a
small discussion about them
Difference between Bug and Error is Bug is something that works incorrectly whereas error is something
that does not work at all
Bug: It occurs due to the fault in the program, which leads to unexpected result or output. A bug is
nothing but coding error.
A programming error that causes a program to work poorly, produce incorrect results or crash
Error: Error is due to the misunderstanding or misconception of the programmer about the software.
Defect: Simply we can say difference between the expected result and the actual result is defect
Fault: It is a condition that causes a system to fail in performing the required function.
DATA REPRESENTATION:
Data in computers are represented with two binary digits i.e. 0 and 1, computer is nothing but
electronic device which represents data in the form of electronic signal (pulse) zero means no pulse
whereas one means pulse.
One digit in the binary number system is called as BIT whereas set of 8 digits is called as BYTE
1 digit 1 Bit
8 bits or 8 digits = 1 Byte
Data in the computer is represented in bytes, Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB) and
Terabytes (TB)


Types of keys in Keyboard
Keyboard was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes. Keyboard is an input device, used
for entering data with the help of numbers, letters and symbols provided on the keyboard.
There are many types of keys on the keyboard they are.
Typewriter Keys (Alpha numeric, Punctuation, Special Keys)
Function Keys (F1, F2, F3.F12)
Enter Keys (Enter)
System Keys ( Print Screen, Caps Lock and Num Lock)
Numeric Keys (0, 1, 2..9)
Application Key
Cursor Control Key (Left, Right, Up, Down Arrows)
Some Important Keyboard Shortcuts
Ctrl + P -> Print the current page
Win -> Open or close start menu
Win + D -> Display the Desktop
Win + M -> Minimize all Windows
Win + E -> Open my computer
Win + F -> Find or Search box
Win + L -> Lock the keyboard
Win + R -> Open Run at startup menu
Ctrl + C -> Copy
Ctrl + V -> Paste
Ctrl +X -> Cut
Ctrl + Z -> Undo
Ctrl + C -> Copy
Ctrl + G -> Go to
Ctrl + S -> Save
Ctrl + W -> Close window or tab
Ctrl + N -> New Window
Ctrl + A -> Select all
Shift + Delete -> Deletes permanently
Home -> Top of the page
End -> Bottom of the Page



Sl.
No.
Description GENERATIONS
FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH
1 Period 1946-1959 1959-1965 1965-1971 1971-1980 1980 onwards
2 Memory Magnetic
Drum
Magnetic Core Micro Chip Semi
Conductor
Semi
Conductor
3 Components used Vacuum
Tubes
Transistors Integrated
Circuits (ICs)
VLSI Micro
Processor
ULSI Micro
Processor
4 Languages Machine COBOL,
FORTRAN
FORTRAN,
PASCAL,
ALGOL, BASIC,
COBOL
C, C++, Dbase Artificial
intelligence
5 Examples ENIAC,
EDVAC,
EDSAC,
UNIVAC,
IBM-701,
IBM 650
IBM 1620, IBM
1401, CDC 3600
IBM 370, UNIVAC
1108, UNIVAC AC
9000
Apple
Macintosh, IBM
PC
Desktops,
Laptop,
Notebook
FIRST GENERATION: (Vaccum Tubes)
In First Generation of computers Vaccum tubes were used to store data in the form of
propagating sound waves.
Memory: Magnetic Core is used as memory
Storage Place: Punch Cards
Language Used: Machine Level
ADVANTAGES:
Calculates the data in milliseconds
DISADVANTAGES
High power consumption
Large Size with less storage capacity
Generates heat very soon because of more number of vaccum tubes
Slow processing
Non-Portable
Some of the computers from first generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, IBM
701, IBM 650
SECOND GENERATION (Transistors)
In second generation of computers, vaccum tubes are replaced with transistors
Memory: Magnetic Cores
Storage Place: Magnetic Tape
Languages Used: FORTRON, COBOL
ADVANTAGES:
Small in size (By replacing vaccum tubes with transistors)
Calculates data in micro seconds
Portability
Reliability compared to first
Required Less Energy
Less Power Consumption
DISADVANTAGES:
High Cost
Punch cards are used
Some of second generation computers are IBM 1620, IBM 1401, CDC 3600
THIRD GENERATION (Integrated Circuits)
In this generation, Integrated Circuits are placed containing transistors, capacitors,
resistors.
Microprogramming, Parallel Processing, Multiprogramming, time sharing was introduced
in this generation
Memory: Microchip
Languages used: FORTRAN, PASCAL, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL
ADVANTAGES:
Smaller in Size
Better Speed
Low Cost
Input devices like Mouse and Keyboards are used
DISADVANTAGES:
Air Conditioner is required
Some of third generation computers are IBM 370, UNIVAC 1108, and UNIVAC AC 9000
FOURTH GENERATION (VLSI Microprocessor)
In this generation VLSI Very Large Scale Integration were designed which reduces the size
of the computer. It consists of millions of integrated circuits in it.
Graphical User Interface (GUI ), LAN, WAN was introduced in this generation
Languages Used: C, C++, Dbase
ADVANTAGES:
Low Cost
VLSI Technology
Internet Technology
Pipelining Process
DISADVANTAGES:
Latest Technology is required for manufacturing Microprocessors
Some of the fourth generation computers are Apple Macintosh and IBM PC
FIFTH GENERATION (ULSI Microprocessor)
In this generation Artificial I ntelligencetechnology is used. This computers work like a
human behavior. Scientists are working still on this stage. Computers of this generation will
think like a human brain.
ADVANTAGES:
World Wide Web is introduced with some of applications like Email
Notebook Computers were introduced
New Operating Systems like Windows 95/98/XP and Linux are introduced
Some of the fifth generation computers are Desktops, Laptop, Notebook

ALL ABBREVIATIONS
A
AAL- ATM Adaption Layer
ACL- Access Control List
ADO- ActiveX Data Objects
ADSL-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ADT- Abstract Data Type
ALGOL- Algorithmic Language
ALU- Arithmetic and Logical Unit
ANSI- American National Standard Institute
ARP- Address Resolution Protocol
ARPA- Address and Routing Parameter Area
ARPA- Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARPANET- Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
AS- Access Server
ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASM- Algorithmic State Machine
ASP- Active Server Pages
ASP- Application Server Provider
AT- Access Time
AT- Active Terminology
ATM- Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AVC- Advanced Video Coding
AVI- Audio Video Interleaved
AWT- Abstract Window Toolkit
B
BAL- Basic Assembly Language
BASIC- Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BCD- Binary Coded Decimal
BCNF- Boyce-codd Normal Form
BER- Bit Error Rate
BIN- Binary
BINAC- Binary Automatic Computer
BIOS- Basic Input Output System
BLOB- Binary Large Object
BNC- Bayonet Neill-Concelman
BPS- Bits per Second
C
CAD- Computer Aided Design
CAM- Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAT- Computer Aided Translation
CASE- Computer-Aided Software Engineering
CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access
CD-ROM- CD Read Only Memory
CIFS- Common Internet File System
CISC- Complex Instruction Set Computer
CLR- Common Language Runtime
CMOS- Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
COBOL- Common Business Oriented Language
COM- Component Object Model
CORBA- Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPS- Characters per Second
CPU- Central Processing Unit
CRC- Cyclic Redundancy Check
D
DAC- Digital to Analog Converter
DAO- Data Access Objects
DAP- Directory access protocol
DBA- Data Base Administrator
DCCP- Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
DCL- Data Control Language
DCOM- Distributed Component Object Model
DDE- Dynamic Data Exchange
DES- Data Encryption Standard
DFD- Data Flow Diagram
DFS- Distributed File System
DHCP- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHTML- Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
DMA- Direct Memory Access
DML- Data Manipulation Language
DNS- Domain Name System
DOM- Document Object Model
DoS- Denial of Service
DRAM- Dynamic Random Access Memory
DSDL- Document Schema Definition Languages
DSL- Digital Subscriber Line
DSL- Domain Specific Language
DVD- Digital Video Disc
DVD-ROM DVD Read Only Memory
DVI- Digital Video Interface
DVR- Digital Video Recorder
E
EAI- Extensible Authentication Protocol
EBML- Extensible Binary Meta Language
EEPROM- Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EFI- Extensible Firmware Interface
ELM- Electronic Mail
EOF- End of File
EOL- End of Line
EUC- Extended UNIX Code
EXT- Extended File System
F
FAP- FORTRAN Assembly Program
FAT- File Allocation Table
FAQ- Frequently Asked Questions
FDD- Floppy Disk Drive
FDDI- Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDMA- Frequency Division Multiple Access
FEC- Forward Error Correction
FHS- File system Hierarchy Standard
FIFO- First in First out
FORTRAN- Formula Translation
FPS- Floating Point System
FSM- Finite State Machine
FTTP- Fiber to the Premises
FTP- File Transfer Protocol
FXP- File Exchange Protocol
G
GB- Giga Byte
GIF- Graphic Interchange Format
GIGO- Garbage in Garbage Out
GIMP- GNU Image Manipulation Program
GML- Geography Markup Language
GUI- Graphical User Interface
GWT- Google Web Toolkit
H
HBA- Host Bus Adaptor
HDD- Hard Disk Drive
HD DVD- High Definition DVD
HDL- Hardware Description Language
HID- Human Interface Device
HP- Hewlett-Packard
HPFS- High Performance File System
HTM- Hierarchical Temporal Memory
HTML- Hyper Text Markup language
HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Hz- Hertz
I
IC- Integrated Circuit
ICE- In circuit Emulator
ICMP- Internet Control Message Protocol
ICP- Internet Cache Protocol
IDE- Integrated Development Environment
IDL- Interface Definition Language
IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
IGRP- Integrated Gateway Routing Protocol
IL- Intermediate Language
IM- Instant Messenger
IMAP- Internet Message Access Protocol
IP- Internet Protocol
IPC- Inter Process Communication
IPL- Initial Program Load
IPP- Internet Printing Protocol
IPX- Internet Packet Exchange
ISA- Instruction Set Architecture
ISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO- International Organization for Standardization
ISP- Internet Service Provider
J
J2EE- Java 2 Enterprise Edition
J2SE- Java 2 standard Edition
JDBC- Java Database Connectivity
JDK- Java Development Kit
JFC- Java Foundation Classes
JMS- Java Message Service
JNDI- Java Naming and Directory Interface
JNI- Java Native Interface
JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group
JRE- Java Runtime Environment
JS- Java Script
JSP- Java Server Pages
JVM- Java Virtual Machine
K
KB- Kilo Byte
KHz- Kilo Hertz
KBPS- Kilo Bytes Per Second
L
LAN- Local Area Network
LCD- Liquid Crystal Display
LCR- Least Cost Routing
LED- Light Emitting Diode
LIFO- Last in First Out
LOC- Lines of Code
M
MAC- Media Access Control
MAN- Metropolitan Area Network
MANET- Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
MDA- Mail Delivery Agent
MIB- Management Information Base
MICR- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIDI- Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIMD- Multiple Instruction Multiple Data
MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIPS- Million Instructions Per Second
MOSFET- Metal-Oxide Semi-conductor Field Effect Transistor
MPEG- Motion Pictures Expert Group
MTA- Mail Transfer Agent
MX- Mail Exchange
N
NACK- Negative Acknowledgement
NAT- Network Address Translation
NFS- Network File System
NOS- Network Operating System
NUMA- Non-Uniform Memory Access
NVR- Network Video Recorder
NVRAM- Non-Volatile Random Access Memory
O
OASIS- Organization for the advancement of Structured Information Standards
ODBC- Open Data Base Connectivity
OLAP- Online Analytical Processing
OLE- Object Linking and Embedding
OLTP- Online Transaction Processing
OOP- Object Oriented Programming
OPML- Outline Processor Markup Language
ORB- Object Request Broker
OSI- Open Systems Interconnection
P
PAN- Personal Area Network
PAP- Password Authentication Protocol
PDA- Personal Digital Assistant
PDF- Portable Document Format
PERL- Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
PHP- PHP-Hypertext Preprocessor
PPI- Pixels per Inch
PVR- Personal Video Recorder
Q
QA- Quality Assurance
QOS- Quality of Service
R
RAM- Random Access Memory
RDBMS- Relational Data Base Connectivity
RDM- Relational Data Model
RDS- Remote Data Service
RIP- Routing Information Protocol
RMI- Remote Method Invocationn
ROM- Read Only Memory
RPC- Remote Procedure Call
S
SaaS- Software as a Service
SAN- Storage Area Network
SAX- Simple Area for XML
SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCID- Source Code in Data Base
SDH- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDK- Software Development Kit
SMS- Short Message Service
SMT- Simultaneous Multithreading
SNTP- Simple Network Time Protocol
SOA- Service-Oriented Architecture
SOAP- Simple Object Access Protocol
SPARC- Scalable Process Architecture
SQL- Structured Query Language
T
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP- Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access
U
UDP- User Datagram Protocol
UHF- Ultra High Frequency
UI- User Interface
UML- Unified Modeling Language
UPS-Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL- Uniform Resource Locator
USB- Universal Serial Bus
V
VBA- Virtual Basic For Application
VBS- Visual Basic Script
VFS- Virtual File System
VHF- Very High Frequency
VLAN- Virtual Local Area Network
VLF- Very Low Frequency
VM- Virtual Machine
VoIP- Video over Internet Protocol
VPU- Virtual Processing Unit
VSAM- Virtual Storage Access Method
W
WAFS- Web Area File Services
WAN- Wide Area Network
WAP- Wireless Access Point
WiMAX- World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLAN- Wireless Local Area Network
WMV- Windows Media Video
WPA- Wi-Fi Protected Access
WWW- World Wide Web
X
XAML- Extensible Application Mark-up Language
XHTML-Extensible Hyper Text Mark-up Language
XSL- Extensible Style sheet Language
Z
ZIF- Zero Insertion Force
ZOI- Zero One Infinity