Plant Anatomy and Physiology

(BIO3602)
Dr. Ng Lee Chuen
PPSTM
Tel: 09-668 5050
Email: nglee@umt.edu.my
Plant Anatomy and Physiology?
Plant Anatomy
ANATOMY: study the structure of organisms.
looking at cells, tissues and organs
Internal structure of plants, especially at the
microscopic level (histology). microscopic level (histology).
Morphology: Study of the physical form and
external structure of plants.
Plant morphology is useful in the visual
identification of plants.
Histology: Study of the microscopic anatomy of
cell and tissue of plants.
Plant physiology
The study of the plant function and processes occur in
plant.
Plant physiology is a study of the plant way of life,
which include various aspects of the plant lifestyle and
survival including: metabolism, water relations, mineral survival including: metabolism, water relations, mineral
nutrition, development, movement, irritability (response
to the environment), organization, growth, and transport
processes.
The study from the moment of conception, zygote, until
the plants death.
Chapter 1: Introduction to
Plant Cell
Learning goal
Understand the cells, tissues and organs in plant
in relation to their functions in plant.
Learning outcomes
1. Describe the anatomy of plant in detail.
2. Explain the processes that involve by each cell
structure in plant.
Plants- What are they?
Plants
Photosynthetic eukaryotes.
Is autotrophic.
Existed possibly as long as 1.6 billion years
before the present time. before the present time.
Is non-motile (grow toward essential
resources eg: light, water and mineral
nutrients).
Include angiosperms (flowering plants),
gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants), ferns,
and bryophytes (mosses & liverworts).
From smallest to largest
plants
Individual plants of Wolffia arrhiza
(atermeal!, 1"2mm #ide
$ymnosperms% the tallest, larges and the
long"lived tress
Overview
of Plant
Structure
Plant Cell Animal cell
contains DNA
storage:
pigments,
acids,
respiration
transport &
modification
cell recognition,
transport
structural support
storage high energy
carbs.
protein synthesis &
transport of
materials
photosynthesis
transport
A
B

C
D
!
"
#
$
Organelles in plant cells
Cell wall
primary cell #all " cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
secondary cell #all " inside primary cell #all, cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin (complex alcohol polymer!.
&ell #all is mainly cellulose% beta"1,'"glucopyranoside
Organelles in plant cells
Cell wall
Cell %all
Organelles in plant cells
Cell Wall is a rigid, non-living structure
that surrounds the plant cell.
It provides physical support for the
cell.
It determines the cell's shape.
It protects the cell from osmotic
expansion.
Its most important components are
Cell %all
Organelles in plant cells
Its most important components are
cellulose (very strong), hemicelluloses
(link together the cellulose fibers) and
pectin (a gelatinous matrix).
All plant cells have a "primary wall,"
some produce a stronger "secondary
wall" as well.
Cell %all&middle lamella
Organelles in plant cells
'iddle lamella is an adhesive gelatinous (unction bet#een the t#o
primary #alls of t#o plant cells. It is cooperatively secreted by
ad(oining cells.
Small tubes that connect plant
cells to each other, establishing
living bridges between cells.
Allow certain molecules to pass
directly from one cell to another.
Organelles in plant cells
Cell %all& plasmodesma
directly from one cell to another.
These channels, penetrate the
cell wall and are lined with
plasma membrane, uniting all
connected cells with essentially
one continuous cell membrane.
Plasma membrane
Organelles in plant cells
)protects the cell
)regulates transport in and out of the cell
)provides anchoring for other cell parts
)allo#s cell recognition
)allo# for signal transfers
)provide a site for binding #ith other cells
&hloroplast
*esophyll
+ ,m
Chloroplasts
are the organelles in which photosynthesis
occurs.
absorb light energy and convert it to
chemical energy.
Contain: stroma (a fluid) and
Organelles in plant cells
Chloroplast
-uter
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
.hyla/oid
space
.hyla/oid
$ranum
0troma
1 ,m
Contain: stroma (a fluid) and
grana (stacks of thylakoids)
.hyla/oid
.he membrane is impregnated #ith
photosynthetic pigments
(chlorophylls,carotenoids!.
&hlorophyll is the green pigment that
captures light for photosynthesis.
1lastids that capture light energy from the sun to ma/e 2food34
contain chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells
.he plamid is a ma(or
organelle.
1lasmids are the site of
manufacture and storage of
important chemical compounds
used by the cell.
Leucoplasts
Colorless plastids
that store starch or
oil
Organelles in plant cells
Found in tubers
(e.g., Irish potatoes),
roots, leaves, grains,
fruits, and seeds.
Chromoplasts
Plastids that make & store
carotenoid pigments.
Found in red & yellow
peppers, tomatoes, flower
Organelles in plant cells
peppers, tomatoes, flower
petals.
Carotenoid pigments are
not water soluble, but it is
fat soluble.
Organelles in plant cells
Mitochondria
Double-membrane bound
Have their own ribosomes
and DNA
Inner membrane-larger
surface area surface area
Sites of cellular respiration
(process by which energy is
released from fuels such as
sugar)
Organelles in plant cells
Mitochondria
Power-house of the cell - energy
production
Cells requiring large amounts of energy have Cells requiring large amounts of energy have
numerous mitochondria.
Generates ATP from the oxidation of food
molecules.
Requires oxygen and gives off carbon
dioxide, called cellular respiration
With oxygen aerobic
Without oxygen - anaerobic
Organelles in plant cells
Nucleus
Organelles in plant cells
Nucleus
Usually the most prominent organelle.
Contains the genetic material of the cell DNA.
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein that
is diffusely distributed in the nucleus.
DNA can be seen as chromosomes only during
cell division.
Contains the nucleolus.
Nucleolar organizing area.
Contains the RNA molecules and proteins
necessary for formation of ribosomes.
Organelles in plant cells
Nucleus membrane
) 5ucleus is enclosed in a double layered
membrane
6 7lso called the nuclear envelope.
) 0eparates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
) 5uclear pores allo# for communication
bet#een nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
6 0mall openings in the envelope.
Ribosome
Sites of protein
synthesis (translation).
Two subunits; one large
and the other small.
No membrane-not true
Organelles in plant cells
No membrane-not true
organelles.
Some free, some
attached to the
endoplasmid reticulum
(ER).
Vacuoles
Organelles in plant cells
80 -90% volume of cell.
Surrounded by vacuolar
membrane: tonoplast (vacuolar
membrane!
Contain: inorganic ions, organic Contain: inorganic ions, organic
acids, sugars, enzymes and
secondary metabolites.
Hydrolytic enzymes: protease,
ribonucleases, glycosidases
Specialized protein storing
vacuoles protein bodies in seeds
Hydrolytic enzymes stored in lytic
vacuoles
Cytoplasma / cytosol
Extends bet#een cell
membrane, tonoplast and
nuclear membrane
Includes metabolically active
as #ell as inactive particles
except nucleus and vacuoles
Organelles in plant cells
except nucleus and vacuoles
-rganelles 6 the small
membrane"bound
components of the cell that
allo# it to function
&ytosol 6 the a8ueous part of
the cytoplasm outside of the
other membrane bound
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Single unit
membraned structure
Membranous sacs
and tubes
Organelles in plant cells
and tubes
Rough ER (has
ribosomes associated
with it) , Smooth ER
(lacks ribosomes and
is tubular)
Functions of ER
Produces all lipids, proteins required for the
synthesis of new cellular membranes
(membrane factory).
Provides space for storage of synthetic
product. eg. glycogen
Increases surface area of the cytoplasm for
Organelles in plant cells
Increases surface area of the cytoplasm for
metabolic activities.
Plays a role in the origin of plasmodesmata.
Transport (a type of cell 'highway' system),
intracellular exchange of materials.
Mechanical support to cytoplasm.
(!) differs from )!) in the follo%ing aspects:
Smooth ER Rough ER
No ribosome, devoid of
pores
Bears ribosomes and pores
Smooth Rough Smooth Rough
Peripheral, may be
connected to plasma
membrane
Internal, may be connected
to nuclear membrane
Synthesis glycogen, lipids
and steroids
Synthesis protein
Has vesicles and tubules Cisternae and a few tubules
Golgi apparatus
Most abundant in meristematic
and secretory cells.
Produce materials for export
(secretion).
Polarity
(cis-import vesicles from ER ;
Organelles in plant cells
(cis-import vesicles from ER ;
trans exports vesicles).
Site of processing and packaging
cellular components.
Vesiclesgolgi (cis-side)
release processed sorted
packaged re-released (trans
face).
Active in synthesizing many cell
component (carbohydrate).
'C)*B*D!(
Microbodies are a diverse group of organelles that are found
in the cytoplasm of almost all cells, roughly spherical, and
bound by a single membrane.
Two main type: peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
Peroxisomes: found in C3 and CAM plants, sites of
Organelles in plant cells
Peroxisomes: found in C3 and CAM plants, sites of
photorespiration, removal of hydrogen from organic
substrate, consuming oxygen.
RH
2
+ O
2
R + H
2
O
2
Glyoxysomes: present in oil-storing seed
Glyoxylate cycle enzymes; convert stored fatty acid into
sugar
Oleosomes
Oil accumulate in oleosomes.
Also called lipid bodies or spherosomes.
Surrounded by half-unit membrane:
Organelles in plant cells
Surrounded by half-unit membrane:
phospholipid monolayer.
9ipid bodies stained #ith 0udan. 0ome cells may contain
large amounts of storage lipids in vacuoles large : small.
.hese stain red #ith 0udan III.
The Cytoskeleton
Elaborate network of filaments that function to
give strength, shape and movement to cells.
Play fundamental role in:
mitosis, mitosis,
meiosis,
cytokinesis,
wall deposition,
maintenance of cell shape and
cell differentiation
Cytos+eletal: 'icrotubules,
'icrofilaments and ntermediates
"ilaments
Microtubules & microfilaments: macromolecular
assemblies of globular protein.
Microtubules:
Hollow cylinders 25 nm diameter. Hollow cylinders 25 nm diameter.
Composed of polymer protein tubulin.
Tubulin monomer: heterodimer of two similar
polypeptide chain ( and -tubulin)
Each having ~55 000 dalton
13 column tubulin monomer - protofilaments
Microfilaments
Solid, 7 nm diameter, globular actin or G-
protein.
Compose of single polypeptide ~ 42 000
daltons. daltons.
Consist of two chain polymerized actin subunit
intertwine in a helical fashion.
Intermediate Filaments
Helically wound fibrous elements, 10 nm
diameter.
Linear polypeptide monomer various types.
;unction of
*icrotubules and *icrofilaments
Cytos+eleton & fle,ible tubular scaffold of microfilaments.
maintains cell shape and pro-ides support.
anchors organelles & en.ymes to specific regions of the cell.
contractility and mo-ement /amoeboid mo-ement0.
ntracellular transport & trac+s for -esicle and organelle mo-ement by
motor proteins. motor proteins.
Cytos+eleton components:
'icrofilaments
solid protein /actin0 %hich is assembled at one end and
disassembled at the other end.
ntermediate filaments & rope&li+e fibrous proteins.
pro-ide structural reinforcement
anchor organelles
+eep nucleus in place
Microtubules - hollow tubes of tubulin (a globular
protein)
maintains cell shape.
anchor organelles.
movement of organelles. movement of organelles.
track for motor proteins.
Cilia and Flagella - involved in cellular movement.
composed of microtubules.
cilia - short, numerous, complex.
flagella - longer, fewer, less complex.
both arranged in a 9+2 pattern with dynein arms
projecting outward.