Question 7

When the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate, CH3(CH2)10OO3!a dissol"es

in #ater, it ionises to $orm dodecyl sulphate ion, CH3(CH2)10OO
%
and sodium
ion, !a
&
'
CH3(CH2)10OO3!a CH3(CH2)10OO
%
& !a
&
(he hydrocar)on part o$ the dodecyl sulphate ion #hich is hydropho)ic is
solu)le in grease, #hile the ionic part o$ the dodecyl sulphate ion #hich is
hydrophilic is solu)le in #ater'
*t the same time, sodium dodecyl sulphate dissol"es in #ater to reduce the
sur$ace tension o$ #ater, increases the #etting a)ility o$ #ater' (hus, the
sur$ace o$ cloth is #etted thoroughly'
+$ the #ater agitated slightly, the grease )egins to )e li$ted o$$ the sur$ace'
(his is caused )y the $orce o$ attraction )et#een the #ater molecules and the
negati"ely%charged , heads - '
.echanical agitation during scru))ing helps to pull the oil $ree and )rea/ the
oil into small droplets' (he droplets spread in the #ater do not coagulate and
redeposit on the sur$ace o$ cloth due to repulsion )et#een the negati"ely
charges on their sur$ace'
(hese droplets are suspended in #ater, $orming an emulsion' (he $oams cause
the droplets to $loat in #ater' (he droplets #ill )e #ashed a#ay #hen the cloth
is rinsed #ith #ater'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
a) 0escri)e the cleaning action o$ the agent in remo"ing grease
)) 1la)orate the aims o$ ma/ing alloy #ith speci$ic e2ample'
1' (o increase the strength and hardness o$ a pure metal
0uring ma/ing o$ steel, car)on atoms #hich are smaller than iron
atoms are added into iron atoms'
*s a result, the uni$ormity o$ the arrangement o$ iron atoms is
disrupted and it is more di$$icult $or the layers o$ the iron atoms to
slide o"er one another'
(his ma/es steel harder and stronger than pure iron'
1
1
1
1
2' (o increase the resistance to corrosion o$ a pure metal
*lloying helps to pre"ent the $ormation o$ o2ide layer on the sur$ace
o$ the metal'
Car)on, chromium and nic/el are added to iron to ma/e stainless
steel
1
1
1
3' (o impro"e the appearance o$ a pure metal
*lloying helps to /eep a metal sur$ace shiny'
*toms o$ antimony and copper are added to tin to ma/e pe#ter #hich
is more lustrous sur$ace than tin'
1
1
1
c) *ddicti"es added into a detergent
3ragrance .a/e the clothes smell $resh and clean
4iological en5yme 4rea/ do#n $at and protein molecules in
$ood stains' (he $atty acids, glycerol and
amino acids produced are solu)le in #ater
and are remo"ed during #ashing'
1'g' *mylase, lipase and protease
4uilders (o so$ten hard #ater' +n the presence o$
sodium tripolyphosphate, Ca 2& and .g 2&
in hard #ater are remo"ed' (his enhances
the cleaning e$$iciency o$ the detergent'
1'g' odium tripolyphosphate, !a 67 3 O10
4leaches 8emo"e coloured stains )y the o2idation
process' When the coloured stains are
o2idised, the colour #ill disappear
1'g' odium per)orate, !a4O2 ' H2O2 ' 3H2O
ta)ilisers (o pre"ent the $ormation o$ $oam #hich is
in e2cess, a$$ects the per$ormance o$
automatic #ashing machines
*ntiseptics 9ill microorganisms that cause diseases or
ordours
4righteners .a/e $a)rics appear #hiter and )righter
1'g' 4lancophor 8
0rying agents (o ensure that the detergent in po#der $orm
is al#ays in a dry condition
Question :
a) 12plain the e$$ect o$ "ulcani5ation on the structure and properties o$ ru))er
1
When sulphur atoms are added in
+n "ulcanised ru))er, the sulphur atoms $orm cross%lin/s )et#een long
chains o$ natural ru))er molecules
When the "ulcanised ru))er is strectched, the sulphur cross%lin/s pre"ent
the polymer chains $rom slipping past one another'(hus, "ulcanised
ru))er is stronger than natural ru))er'
When a stretched piece o$ "ulcanised ru))er is released, the cross%lin/s
1
1
pull the chain )ac/ to their original arrangement' (hus, the "ulcanised
ru))er is more elastic than natural ru))er'
(he presence o$ sulphur in "ulcanised ru))er increases the relati"e
molecular mass o$ ru))er' When the molecular si5e o$ "ulcanissed ru))er
increases, the ;an dar Waals $orces o$ attraction )et#een molecules
increase' (here$ore, the melting point o$ ru))er increases and this causes
"ulcanised ru))er to )e more resistant to heat'
;ulcanised ru))er is resistant to o2ygen in air' (his is )ecause the
$ormation o$ sulphur cross%lin/s reduces the num)er o$ car)on%car)on
dou)le )onds in the molecules o$ "ulcanised ru))er
1
3
1
)) tructure o$ aspirin and paracetamol
*spirin 7aracetamol
c) 4alance e<uation )et#een aspirin and sodium car)onate=
C>H:O? & !a2CO3
d) One aspirin pill consists o$ 0'32g aspirin' Count the "olume o$ 0'06 mol dm
%3
sodium
car)onate solution needed to neutrali5e one pill o$ aspirin'
(he $ormula o$ aspirin is C>H:O?
8elati"e molecular mass
@ (> 2 12) & (: 2 1) & (? 2 1A)
@ 1:0
!um)er o$ moles o$ aspirin
@
@ 0'0017:
1 mol o$ aspirin contains 1 %COOH
group'
Bet the $ormula o$ aspirin )e RCOOH'
1:0
32 ' 0
2 RCOOH & !a2CO3 2 RCOO!a &
H2O & CO2
1mol o$ aspirin reacts #ith 0'6 mol o$
!a2CO3
!um)er o$ moles o$ !a2CO3 needed
@ 0'6 2 0'0017:
@ 0'000:>
Csing the
$ormula, ,
; @ 17':
cm
3
1000
MV
n =
1000
; 2 0'06
0'000:> =
e) Compare t#o cells including the o)ser"ations and e<uations
*node +n cell *, )ro#n solid is produced at car)on 7
+n cell 4, iron metal )ecomes thinner
Cathode +n cell *, )u))les o$ colourless gas produced at car)on Q'
+n cell 4, copper electrode )ecomes thic/er #ith )ro#n solid'
1lectrolyte +n cell *, colourless solution turns )ro#n
+n cell 4, )lue solution turns green
1lectrolytic cell +n cell *, anode = 2 4r
%
4r2 & 2 e
%
cathode = 2 H
&
& 2 e
%
H2
;oltaic cell +n cell 4, anode = 3e 3e
2&
& 2e
%
Cathode= Cu
2&
& 2 e
%
Cu