Definition

Youngs modulus
axial
axial
T
E
S
=


Poisson ratio
lateral
axial
S
S
=
where axial
D
S
D

=
and lateral
L
S
L

=












Strain in each direction as a function of 3D stress
1. strain in direction 1 from stress in direction 1:
11 1
1
S T
E
=

2. strain in direction 1 from stress in direction 2:
12 22 2
S S T
E

= =

3. strain in direction 1 from stress in direction 3:
13 33 3
S S T
E

= =




2L
2D
L
L D
D
T
T
3
2
1
The total strain in direction 1 is:
1 11 12 13 1 2 3
1
( ( )) S S S S T T T
E
= + + = +
3D Hookes Law

1. Consider the relation between the strain and the stress in 3D
(i.e., stretching in one direction leads to shrinking in two perpendicular directions)
1 1 2 3
2 2 1 3
3 3 1 2
1
( ( ))
1
( ( ))
1
( ( ))
S T T T
E
S T T T
E
S T T T
E

= +
= +
= +
(1)
where
E = Youngs modulus, =Poisson ratio

2. By re-arrange the terms in (1)
1 1 1 2 3
2 2 1 2 3
3 3 1 2 3
1
((1 ) ( ))
1
((1 ) ( ))
1
((1 ) ( ))
S T T T T
E
S T T T T
E
S T T T T
E



= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
(2)
and solve for
1
T
1 1 1 2 3
( ))
1 1
E
T S T T T

= + + +
+ +
(3)
3. Calculate the sum of the equations in (2), we get
1 2 3 1 2 3
( )
1 2
E
T T T S S S

+ + = + +

(4)

4. Substitute (4) into (3)
1 1 1 2 3
( )
1 (1 )(1 2 )
E E
T S S S S

= + + +
+ +
(4)
where
2
1 (1 )(1 2 )
E E


= =
+ +

5. In matrix form
1 1
2 2
3 3
2
2
2
T S
T S
T S



+

= +


+


Conversion between (E, ) and ( , ):
1. Substitute 2
1
E

=
+
into
(1 )(1 2 )
E


=
+

2
(1 2 )

2. Re-arrange terms to be
2 2
2( )
2( )

=
+ =
=
+


3. Re-arrange terms to be
2 2
2( )
2( )

=
+ =
=
+


4. Substitute
2( )

=
+
into 2
1
E

=
+

2 (1 )
2 (1 )
2 2
2 3
2 ( )
2 2
2 3
( )
E
E
E
E

= +
= +
+
+
=
+
+
=
+




Bulk Modulus (B):
P P
B
V
V

= =

where
1 2 3
1
( )
3
P T T T = + + (Mean stress)
1 2 3
S S S + + (Approximated volume change)

1. 3D stress as function of 3D strain:
1 1
2 2
3 3
2
2
2
T S
T S
T S



+

= +


+



2. The sum in each column:
1 2 3 1 2 3
(2 3 )( )
3 (2 3 )
T T T S S S
P


+ + = + + +

= +


3. Bulk modulus:
(2 3 )
3
P
B
+
= =