Analog JSCC System

AN ANALOG JOINT SOURCE CHANNEL CODING
(JSCC) SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS OPTICAL

COMMUNICATIONS

A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by
SAM P JOSEPH
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
Master of Technology
IN
SIGNAL PROCESSING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BARTON HILL
KERALA UNIVERSITY, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
SEPTEMBER, 2014
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BARTON
HILL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this seminar report AN ANALOG JOINT SOURCE CHANNEL
CODING (JSCC) SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS OPTICAL
COMMUNICATIONS is the bonafide work of SAM P JOSEPH, submitted in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology Degree
in SIGNAL PROCESSING of the Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram.
Dr. N Vijayakumar
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Dept of ECE
Government Engineering College
Barton Hill
Sindhu N
SEMINAR COORDINATOR
Assistant Professor
Dept of ECE
Government Engineering College
Barton Hill
ABSTRACT
Free Space Optical communication links transmit information by laser light
through an atmospheric channel. They operate at frequency bands (around 300 THz)
where the spectrum is unlicensed. There is always a growing demand for optical
communication both in analog and digital system. Also an effective coding technique for
optical communication is less well developed. An Analog J oint Source Channel Coding
(J SCC) system is developed for wireless optical communication. Source symbols are
mapped directly onto channel symbols using space filling curves and then a non-linear
stretching function is used to reduce distortion. Different from digital systems, the
proposed scheme does not require long block lengths to achieve good performance
reducing the complexity of the decoder significantly. The paper focuses on intensity-
modulated direct-detection (IM/DD) optical wireless systems, where information is
modulated on the intensity of light wave and direct detection measures the light wave
power, which is similar to a square law detector in RF communications. The
nonlinearities of the real channel are studied and characterized. The objective in this
paper is to investigate the application of the Shannon Mappings in wireless optical
communications. A new technique that involves a nonlinear transformation is introduced
to the system model to improve its performance. The proposed system presents an
excellent performance, while requiring very small complexity.
iii
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
First and foremost I thank GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me the strength and confidence
to successfully complete this endeavor on time.
I am extremely grateful to a lot of people for the successful completion of this seminar
and I feel that it is my responsibility to thank those who have put in so much time and
effort to make my endeavor successful. Hence I would like to acknowledge their sincere
support and co-operation.
I am grateful to Dr. B. Anil, Principal, Govt. Engineering College, Barton Hill for
providing me the best facilities and atmosphere for the development and presentation of
my seminar.
I thank Prof. Dr N Vijayakumar, Head of the Department, Department of Electronics
Engineering, who has been a perpetual source of encouragement and support.
I am indebted to Prof. Sindhu N, Assistant Professor in Electronics and Communication
Engineering, for her valuable suggestion and ideas without which this report would have
been a tough task.
A sincere word of thanks to all my friends and family members for their support and
prayers offered which were inevitable for the successful completion of the seminar.
SAM P J OSEPH
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Acknowledgement iv
List of Figures vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Free space optics communication system 2
2.1 Free space optics (FSO): Challenges 3
3. Optimal mappings for joint source channel coding 5
4. Analog Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) 6
4.1 Analog J SCC using Shannon mappings 7
5. System model for AWGN channels 8
6. Channel analysis and characterisation 10
6.1 Channel attenuation and non linearities 10
6.2 Channel noise 11
7. Conclusion 12
References 13
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.4.1 Archimedes Spiral 7
Fig.5.1 System model for AWGN channels 8
Fig.5.2 Prototype to transmit data using analog J SCC 9
Fig. 6.1 Electrical equivalent of the system 10
Fig. 6.2. (a) Channel attenuation VADC / VDAC 11
Fig. 6.2. (b) Noise pdf for VDAC =0.015 V 11
Fig. 6.2. (c) Noise pdf for VDAC =0.75 11
Fig. 6.2. (d) Noise pdf for VDAC =1.50 V. 11
vi
An Analog J oint Source Channel Coding (J SCC) System For Wireless Optical Communications
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Our current "age of technology" is the result of many brilliant inventions and
discoveries, but it is our ability to transmit information, and the media we use to do it,
that is perhaps most responsible for its evolution. Despite new technologies, optical
network remains the most ideal medium for high bandwidth communications for true
connectivity. Fiber Optic connections are considered very secure. Data is transmitted as
beams of light so no electromagnetic waves are generated. There are two distinct types of
optical communication
Fiber optics
Optical wireless based on FSO technology
Today optical fiber carries terabits-per-second to a vast host of users who are interested in
information in the form of voice, fax, video, documents, and web pages. But optical fiber
represents the upper limit of available bandwidth and high data transfer rates and it also
requires time to install the optical cables. Free-space optical (FSO) communication
technology can provide high data rate transfer and can be easily installed, moved or
reconfigured as needs change. FSO technologies are intrinsically secure because of the
line-of-sight requirement as well as the high directivity of the optical beam. FSO first
appeared in the 60's, for military applications. At the end of 80's, it appeared as a
commercial option but technological restrictions prevented it from success. Low reach
transmission, low capacity, severe alignment problems as well as vulnerability to weather
interferences were the major drawbacks at that time. Free-Space Optics (FSO) is a
fibreless, laser-driven technology that supports high bandwidth, with easy to install
connections for the last-mile and campus environments. It has been in use by the military
for a number of years primarily in naval ship-to-ship communications. Free-Space Optics
systems are starting to gain acceptance in the private marketplace as a solution to replace
expensive fiber optic based solutions.
Dept. of Electronics and Communication 1
CHAPTER 2
FREE SPACE OPTICS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Free-space optical communication (FSO) [7] systems (in space and inside the
atmosphere) have developed in response to a growing need for high-speed and tap-proof
communication systems. Links involving satellites, deep-space probes, ground stations,
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), high altitude platforms (HAPs), aircraft, and other
nomadic communication partners are of practical interest. Moreover, all links can be used
in both military and civilian contexts. FSO is the next frontier for net-centric
connectivity, as bandwidth, spectrum and security issues favor its adoption as an adjunct
to radio frequency (RF) communications. Free space optics or optical wireless is a
telecommunication technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit data
between two points. It is a line of sight broadband communication technology that uses
optical pulse modulated signals to wirelessly transmit data. Instead of the pulses of light
being contained within a glass fiber, they are transmitted in a narrow beam through the
atmosphere. Free space optics technology is wireless networking that uses light beams
instead of radio waves; it's laser-based optical networking without the fiber optic It's
based on connectivity between FSO-based optical wireless units, each consisting of an
optical transceiver with a transmitter and a receiver to provide full-duplex (bi-directional)
capability. Each optical wireless unit uses an optical source, plus a lens or telescope that
transmits light through the atmosphere to another lens receiving the information. At this
point, the receiving lens or telescope connects to a high-sensitivity receiver via optical
fiber. A free-space optical link consists of 2 optical transceivers accurately aligned to
each other with a clear line-of-sight.
FSO has drawn attention in telecommunication industry, due to its cost
effectiveness easy installation, quick establishment of communication link especially in
the disaster management scenario, high bandwidth provisioning and wide range of
applications. The range of frequencies where it operates makes FSO communication free
from licensing. With FSO communication, maximum data transfer rates up to 2.5 Gbps is
possible, unlike the maximum data transfer rates of 622 Mbps offered by RF
communication systems. Free-Space Optics (FSO) is a technology similar to fiber optic
cable infrastructure except that no cable is involved. The light pulses are transmitted
through the atmosphere in a small conical shaped beam by the means of low powered
lasers or LEDs. Free-Space Optic installations require line-of-sight availability between
the laser/receiver units which are called link heads.
Free-Space Optics is a wireless technology it does not have the nasty habit of
broadcasting to anybody and everybody. It instead transmits a very high frequency
narrow beam of light to a specific destination. Free-Space optical links uses intensity
modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), where information is modulated on the
intensity of light wave and direct detection measures the light wave power, which is
similar to a square law detector in RF communications. FSO involves the optical
transmission of voice, video, and data using air as the medium of transmission.
Transmission using FSO technology is relatively simple. An FSO link can be procured
and installed for as little as one-tenth of the cost of laying fiber cable, and about half as
much as comparable microwave/RF wireless systems. By transmitting data through the
atmosphere, FSO systems dispense with the substantial costs of digging up sidewalks to
install a fiber link. Unlike RF wireless technologies, FSO eliminates the need to obtain
costly spectrum licenses or meet further regulatory requirements.

2.1 Free Space Optics (FSO): Challenges
When light is transmitted through the air as in optical wireless systems like Free
Space Optics (FSO), it must contend with a complex and not always quantifiable subject -
the atmosphere. Free Space Optics (FSO) technology based wireless systems are not
without challenges[7]. The fundamental limitation of free space optical communications
arises from the environment through which it propagates. Although relatively unaffected by
rain and snow, free space optical communication systems can be severely affected by fog
and atmospheric turbulence. Fog is vapour composed of water droplets, which are only a
few hundred microns in diameter but can modify light characteristics or completely
hinder the passage of light through a combination of absorption, scattering, and
reflection. This can lead to a decrease in the power density of the transmitted beam,
decreasing the effective distance of a free space optical link.
There is a growing demand of optical communications for both analog and digital
systems. Rigorous fundamental limits of optical channels are still unknown, therefore
effective coding techniques for Optical Communications are less well developed. Hence
it becomes important to study the optical channel and develop new coding schemes.

CHAPTER 3
OPTIMAL MAPPINGS FOR JOINT SOURCE CHANNEL CODING

The Shannon separation principle [5] states that the optimal communication
system can be achieved by cascading optimal source coding and optimal channel coding.
It is well known that under some circumstances analog communications are optimal One
of the fascinating results in information theory is that, direct transmission of uncoded
Gaussian samples over AWGN channels is optimal. In that sense, it is said that Gaussian
sources are perfectly matched to Gaussian channels. It also yields the minimum mean
square error between source and reconstruction. This result demonstrates the potential of
joint source channel coding. Such a simple scheme with no delay provides the
performance of the optimal separate source-channel coding system.
In the practical problem of transmitting a discrete time continuous alphabet source
over a discrete time additive analog channel, there are two main approaches: analog
communication through direct amplitude modulation, and digital communication
which typically consists of quantization, error control coding and digital modulation. The
main advantage of digital over analog communication is due to advanced quantization
and error control schemes. However, there are two notable shortcomings: First, error
control coding (and to some extent also source coding) usually incurs substantial delay to
achieve good performance. The other problem is the level off effect due to underlying
quantization. The performance saturates as channel signal to noise ratio (CSNR)
increases above the threshold. Analog systems offer the potential to avoid these
problems. Among the few practical analog coding schemes that have appeared in the
literature are those based on the use of space-filling curves for bandwidth compression,
originally proposed more than 50 years ago by Shannon. Spiral-like curves are explored
for transmission of Gaussian sources over AWGN channels

CHAPTER 4
ANALOG JOINT SOURCE-CHANNEL CODING (JSCC)

J SCC[1] has recently emerged as a coding scheme that works purely in the analog
domain. In contrast to traditional digital systems where zeros and ones are coded and
transmitted, analog J SCC takes analog input symbols and generates analog channel
symbols without any processing in the digital domain. It is known that approaching
optimality requires infinite block lengths, which results in long system delays and high
computational complexity. Moreover, if the signal to be sent is analog, quasi-optimal
digital systems would require powerful vector quantization and source coding. Channel
codes are designed to protect data at a certain channel signal to noise ratio (CSNR). If the
CSNR increases, the channel codes will over-protect the data, which leads to low
efficiency. On the other hand, if the CSNR decreases, the channel codes will no longer
offer sufficient protection, and this can lead to a breakdown in system performance.
Our goal is to design low-complexity analog J SCC schemes that present low distortion in
lossy compression and graceful degradation when the channel conditions change.
Roughly speaking, source coding is a data compression process that aims at
removing as much as possible redundancy from the source signal, while channel coding
is the process of intelligent redundancy insertion which creates some kind of protection
against the channel noise. Recent developed techniques, known as Shannon Mappings
can meet our goal in both bandwidth compression and bandwidth expansion. This scheme
uses space filling curves to fill an n-dimensional space with a one dimensional curve to
create a mapping of R
N
R or R R
N
. By selecting the direction of mapping, one can
achieve N: 1 bandwidth compression or 1: N bandwidth expansion. This scheme has
shown surprisingly good performance when dealing with lossy compression in AWGN
channels, with a resulting distortion that is very close to the theoretical limit.

4.1 Analog JSCC using Shannon mappings [1]

The idea of using geometric curves for bandwidth expansion was first introduced
by Shannon in 1949. The name Shannon Mappings[1][5] was given by Ramstad in to
honor the idea from Shannon 60 years ago. Akyol et al. studied the optimal mapping
schemes for different bandwidth compression/expansion ratios and concluded that the
Archimedes spiral is very close to the optimal mapping scheme for 2:1 bandwidth
compression [5] when optimal decoders are used. In the literature, different types of
curves have been proposed according to the source distribution. In general, the idea is to
encode an N-tuple of i.i.d source symbols into K channel symbols and then transmit them
through a channel with noise variance 2N . It is known that for i.i.d zero mean Gaussian
sources 2:1 mappings using the Archimedes spiral can achieve quasioptimal
performance. The Archimedes Spiral can be described by the following parametric form:

The two source symbols (x1, x2) are mapped onto the closest point on the Archimedes
Spiral thereby generating the corresponding channel symbol represented by the angle .

________(4.1)
Fig.4.1 Archimedes Spiral

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM MODEL FOR AWGN CHANNELS

Fig.5.1. System model for AWGN channels

The system model [1] shown in Fig. 5.1 is utilized to transmit the analog symbols
through the AWGN channel. After performing the mapping described above, represented
by M(), a nonlinear function T
(), often called stretching function is used to reduce

distortion. The transformation T
2
() =sin()||2 shows good performance close to
OPTA. The parameter can be optimized together with to obtain better performance,
especially when the CSNR is low. Finally at the end of the encoder the normalization
constant K is used. At the decoder the received signal is first multiplied by the Constant K
and then ML or MMSE decoding is applied to obtain an estimated value X
^
. When ML
decoding is used X
^
is calculated by,

where X is the angle obtained after mapping X on the Archimedes Spiral and s is the
spiral-like curve. Therefore ML decoding can be performed by first applying the inverse
function T ()
1
on the received symbol y and then the inverse mapping. In IM/DD
systems the information of the signal is modulated on lightwave intensity at the
transmitter and is then recovered by direct detection of its power at the receiver. This
paper focuses on optical wireless channels where an electrical signal is transformed into a
light beam by a photodiode and then received by a photo-detector (either a photodiode or
phototransistor) which converts the received optical power back into an electric signal.

________(5.1)

Fig. 5.2 Prototype to transmit data using analog J SCC

The optical transmitter is driven by an electrical signal x(t) (input signal) that produces
the intensity I(t). This can be written as, I(t) =ax(t), where a is the optical gain of the
emitter. Since direct detection is performed by our system, the electrical signal produced
by the photo detector y(t) is proportional to the received intensity and can be written as y
=bI(t). If we take into account the channel response, the mathematical expression that
describes the received signal is y(t) =|abx(t) h(t) +n|, where the absolute values is due
to the fact that intensity cannot be negative, the product ab is unitless and the function
h(t) represents the impulse response of the channel [23].Where the absolute values is due
to the fact that intensity cannot be negative, the product ab is unit less and the function
h(t) represents the impulse response of the channel. The noise n is predominantly shot
noise generated by the high intensity ambient light and by the Central Limit Theorem it
can be modeled as signal-independent AWGN with variance
2
n. In our system model the
signals are considered to be bandwidth-limited over the operation frequency range and
the channel frequency response to be flat over that region. This leads to the following
simplified channel model: y(t) =|hx(t) +n|, where h represents the product ab. Since the
physical quantity x(t) is instantaneous optical power, this constrains all the transmitted
amplitudes to be nonnegative

CHAPTER 6
CHANNEL ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

Real wireless channels and semiconductor devices present nonlinear behaviours
that affect the performance of the overall system and represent a challenge at the
decoding stage. Signal attenuation due to the distance between transmitter and receiver is
also a factor to be taken into account since in some cases its effect can be severe and
affect the signal reconstruction. For these reasons having some knowledge of the channel
characteristics and behaviour becomes crucial in real communication systems.

6.1 Channel attenuation and nonlinearities:

The channel attenuation includes the semiconductor nonlinear effects in both transmitter
and receiver.

Fig. 6.1 Electrical equivalent of the system
The optical channel model can be represented by an equivalent electrical model. Thus,
the characterization of the channel is performed measuring electrical signals. The channel
attenuation coefficient h is obtained as h =VADC/VDAC, thereby h is represented as the
relationship between the voltage output of the DAC that controls the photodiode and the
voltage across the resistor R represented by VADC as shown in Fig. 4. For this experiment
VADC is a known dc voltage signal set by the microcontroller at the transmitter and VADC
is taken as the sample mean of a defined number of samples N taken by the ADC at the
receiver. When VADC is low the behavior is highly nonlinear since the devices are not
working entirely in their active region. However, as the VADC is increased the gain
remains relatively stable for VADC >1 V.

Fig. 6.2. (a) Channel attenuation VADC / VDAC , (b) Noise pdf for VDAC =0.015 V, (c)
Noise pdf for VDAC =0.75, (d) Noise pdf for VDAC =1.50 V.

6.2 Channel Noise:
The maximum likelihood estimators were used to calculate the sample mean and the
variance 2 of the received signal VADC. Despite the nonlinear behaviour of the channel
the noise variance remains almost constant throughout the entire dynamic range of the
device. The probability density function (pdf) of the noise distributions for different
values of VADC are shown in Fig. 5(b)(d). The pdf of the noise distributions for different
values of VADC are shown in Fig. 5(b)(d). It can be seen that at the receiver the real
noise resembles Gaussian noise, and for values close to 0 V, as in Fig. 5(b), the
distribution folds as a result of the optical channel constraints. This can be modeled using
a Chi distribution of order 1 (the distribution of the absolute value of a Gaussian
distribution). By approximating the system noise as zero mean Gaussian noise of the
same variance and taking the absolute value of the received signal, the system can be
modeled accurately and without any noticeable performance degradation.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

An analog J SCC communications system was designed for the IM/DD wireless
optical channel scheme for AWGN channels. Based on experimental results, obtained
using our prototype communication system, the IM/DD channel is characterized and its
capacity calculated. One of the goals was to study the applicability of analog J SCC in real
communication systems. Taking into account the nonlinear behaviour of the channel, a
novel analog J SCC scheme is proposed to transmit data over the optical channel. The
performance of the proposed scheme, in theory and practice, closely approaches the
theoretical limits for ML and MMSE decoding when the parameters of the system are
optimized. A new technique that involves a nonlinear transformation was introduced to
the system model to improve its performance. The proposed system presents an excellent
performance, while requiring very small complexity. The proposed system can be used
for image transmission by first taking samples of a set of images using compressive
sensing and then encoding the measurements using analog J SCC.


REFERENCES

[1] Sergio Matiz Romero, Mohamed Hassanin, J avier Garcia-Frias, Analog J oint Source
Channel Coding for Wireless Optical Communications and Image Transmission, J ournal
of lightwave technology, vol. 32, no. 9, May 2014.
[2] M. Gastpar, B. Rimoldi, and M. Vetterli, To code, or not to code: Lossy source-
channel communication revisited, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1147
1158, May 2003.
[3] Y.Hu, J . Garcia-Frias, and M. Lamarca, Analog joint source-channel coding using
non-linear curves and mmse decoding, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 59, no. 11, pp.
30163026, Nov. 2011.
[4] O. Freznedo, F. Vazquez-Araujo,M. Gonzales-Lopez, and J . Garcia-Frias,
Comparison between analog joint source-channel coded and digital bicm systems, in
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., 2011, pp. 15.
[5] F. Hekland, G. Oien, and T. Ramstad, Using 2:1 Shannon mapping for joint source-
channel coding, in Proc. Data Compress. Conf., Mar. 2005. pp. 16
[6] Y. Hu and J . Garcia-Frias, Optimizing power allocation in analog joint source-
channel coding, in Proc. IEEE 43rd Annu. Conf. Inf. Sci. Syst., 2009, pp. 7276.
[7] H.Henniger, O. Wilfert, An introduction to FSO communication, Radio Engineering
2010.


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AN ANALOG JOINT SOURCE CHANNEL CODING

(JSCC) SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS OPTICAL

(), often called stretching function is used to reduce

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