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Materials and Method

In the chapter, the materials, tools and equipment employed in the execution of the
project work are identified and concisely discussed. The chapter also examined the method
adopted in carrying out the project work.
Identification of material, tools and equipment
The following materials, tools, and equipment were identified and selected for use in carrying
out the project work.
Material Source
Sawdust:

Ogo-Oluwa saw mill, Ado-Ekiti.
Palm oil sludge

Palm oil mill industry, Ago-Iwoye
Electric weighing balance

GCT, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti.
Mould

GCT, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti.
Crucible

Central Research Laboratory, Federal
University, Akure.
e2k calorimeter

Central Research Laboratory, Federal
University, Akure.
Lighter

GCT, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti.
Wire gause

GCT, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti.
Tripod stand GCT, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti.
Stop watch

GCT, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti.
Dryer

GCT, Federal polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti.

Sawdust or wood dust: This is a byproduct of cutting, grinding, drilling, sanding, or
otherwise pulverizing wood with a saw or other tool, it is composed of fine parties of
wood
Palm oil sludge or palm oil mill effluent: Is the voluminous liquid waste that comes
from the sterilization and clarification sections of the palm oil milling process.
Electronic weighing balance: an electronic balance is a weighing device that dignity
shows the weight of a substance which is used to determine mass.
Mould: A shaped cavity used to give a definite form to fluid or plastic materials or a
frame on which something may be constructed.
Crucible: A container, metal or refractory materials employed for heating substances
to high temperatures
e2K calorimeter: It is a device used to measure the quantity of heat flow in a
chemical reaction or a device to measure a heat change.
Lighter: A device that produces a small flame generally use for ignition
Wire gauge: This is a type of fine, woven wire that looks like netting. Its a variety of
scientific laboratory equipment that is used primarily in conjunction with other
equipment, most often as a support structure and heat diffuser.
Tripod stand: This is a three legged equipment generally used as a platform of some
sort of experiments that involves burning or having some object under the flame.
Stopwatch: A watch that can be instantly started and stopped by pushing a button and
used to measure exact duration of time.
Dryer: This is an equipment, container, machine, appliance or apparatus for
removing moisture by forced ventilation or heat.
AGRICULTURAL WASTE SELECTED FOR THE STUDY
Sawdust and palm oil sludge were selected for the study.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
In the execution of the project work, sawdust and palm oil sludge were processed into
compact briquettes through several processes. The following steps were taken.
Moisture Content Determination Test- The moisture content of a material or substance is
the amount of moisture present in the material, which is one of the very important tests
necessary in knowing the real quantity of a material.
100g of palm oil sludge was weighted on an electronic weighing balance, dried in the Oven at
100
0
C for 3 hours, and the final weight was taken as shown in table 1. The relative moisture
content is computed from this expression
W
I
W
F
x 100
W
I 1

Where
W
I
= Initial weight of the sludge
W
F
= Final weight of the sludge
TABLE 1
Sample No Weight of Wet Sample
(g)
Weight of dry sample
(g)
Percentage moisture
content(%)
A 33.11 11.70 64.66
B 36.55 12.63 65.44
C 30.34 10.83 62.20
Total 100g 33.16g 64.84


From the table above, for every 100g of the palm oil sludge used theres an average of
64.80g of moisture content
To calculate the weight of the dry sludge in 100g of the mixed sludge used in the execution of
the project, this expression is used.
Initial weight - moisture content
= 100g - 64.80
= 35.20g
Meaning that for every 100g of the palm oil sludge used theres 35.20g of dry palm oil
sludge.
Preparation of the Briquettes Samples
The briquettes sample with rate of their percentage composition as shown in Table 2 was
individually produced, using wooden mould and iron mould.
TABLE 2:
The percentage composition of the briquettes samples
X 0 10 20 30 40 50 40 30 20 10 0
Y 100 90 80 70 60 50 60 70 80 90 100

Where: X is palm oil sludge
Y is sawdust
To calculate for the actual weight of dry palm oil sludge in the sample palm oil mill sludge,
this expression was used.
R x 100
P
Where:
R = required sludge
P = Present sludge (which has been gotten to be 35.20g)
Sample A: for 0% of sludge
0 x 100
35.20
= 0%

Sample B: For 10% of sludge
10 x 100
35.20
= 28.41%
Sample C: For 20% of sludge
20 x 100
35.20
= 36.81%
Sample D: For 30% of sludge
30 x 100
35.20
= 85.23%
Sample E: For 40% of sludge
40 x 100
35.20
=113.64%
Sample F: For 50% of sludge
50 x 100
35.20
= 142.05%

Sample G: For 60% of sludge
60 x 100
35.20
= 170.45%
Sample H: For 70% of sludge
70 x 100
35.20
= 198.86%
Sample I: For 80% of sludge
80 x 100
35.20
= 227.27%
Sample J: For 90% of sludge
90 x 100
35.20
= 255.68%
Sample K: For 100% of sludge
100 x 100
35.20
= 284.09%
Drying of Briquette
The briquette sample were let dry under ambient condition for 48 hours to reduce their
moisture content naturally after which it was sun dried to remove the remaining moisture at
faster rate.
BURNING RATE
Tripods stand and wire gauze was arranged on a flat surface. Briquettes sample of known
weight appropriately 2.25g for each sample composition was placed on the wire gauze and
ignited with lighter, the rate at which its burns was determine with the different in their flame
as shown in fig 1.
IGNITION TIME: This is the time taking for the sample to be ignited which was monitored
by stopwatch as shown in table 3.
TIME TAKING FOR SAMPLES TO BURN TO ASHES
The time taken for each sample to burn completely to ash in the burning rate test was
determined through stopwatch and recorded with the weight of the resultant ash in Table 3.
TABLE 3:
Sample No % composition
of samples
Weight of
samples (g)
Rate of
burning
illuminated
(seconds)
Ignition
time
(seconds)
Ash weight
(g)
A 100:0 2.25 - - -
B 90:10 2.25 - - -
C 80:20 2.25 - - -
D 70:30 2.25 04.56 2.53 0.33
E 60:40 2.25 04.49 1.30 0.24
F 50:50 2.25 06.56 1.15 0.34
G 40:60 2.25 08.17 0.40 0.41
H 30:70 2.25 07.58 0.20 0.41
I 20:80 2.25 07.00 0.15 0.39
J 10:90 2.25 06.50 0.08 0.66
K 0:100 2.25 06.47 0.04 0.63

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