Kha DC02 Baseband Transmission

Baseband Transmission
Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: hhkha@hcmut.edu.vn
Chapter 2
2
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Content
1) Discrete PAM signals
2) Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
3) InterSymbol Interference
4) Nyquists Criterion For Distortionless Baseband Binary
Transmission
5) Correlative Coding
3
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
1. Discrete PAM Signals
The use of an appropriate for baseband
representation of digital is basic to its
transmission from a source to a destination
There are some different formats for the
representation of the binary data sequence
Unipolar format (on-off signaling)
Polar format
Bipolar format (also known as pseudoternary
signaling)
Manchester format (also known as biphase baseband
signaling)
4
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Discrete PAM Signal
2. Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Data signaling rate (or data rate) is defined as
the rate, measured in bits per second (bps), at
which data are transmitted.
It is also common practice to refer to the data
signaling rate as the bit rate, denoted by
where T
b
is the bit duration
b
b
T
R
1
=
6
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
In contrast, the modulation rate is defined as the
rate at which signal level is changed, depending
on the nature of the format used to represent the
digital data
The modulation rate is measured in bauds or
symbol per second
For an M-ary format (with M an integer power of
two) used to represent binary data, the symbol
duration of the M-ary format is related to the bit
duration T
b
by
M T T
b 2
log =
7
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Discrete amplitude-modulated pulse train may
be described as different realizations (sample
functions) of a random process X(t)
The coefficient A
k
is a discrete random variable
v(t) is basic pulse shape, centered at the origin, t = 0,
and normalized such that v(0) = 1
T is the symbol duration
( )
=
=
k
k
kT t v A t X ) (
8
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
9
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
To proceed with the analysis, we model the
mechanism responsible for the generation of the
sequence {A
k
}, defining as a discrete stationary
random source
The source is characterized as having
ensemble-averaged autocorrelation function
where E is the expectation operator
| |
n k k A
A A E n R
= ) (
10
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
The power spectral density of the discrete PAM
signal X(t) is given by
V(f) is the Fourier transform of the basic pulse v(t)
The values of the functions V(f) and R
A
(n) depend on
the type of discrete PAM signal being considered

= ) 2 exp( ) ( ) (
1
) (
2
nfT j n R f V
T
f S
A X
t
11
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Unipolar Format
Suppose that the 0s and 1s of a random binary
sequence occur with equal probability
For n = 0, we may write
2
1
) ( ) 0 ( = = = = a A P A P
k k
2
) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ] [
2
2 2 2
a
a A P a A P A E
k k k
= = + = =
12
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
= Sum(x^2*f(x))
NRZ Unipolar Format
Consider next the product A
k
A
k-n
for n 0
The autocorrelation function R
A
(n) may be expressed as
follows
| | ( )( ) ( )( )
4
4
1
4
1
0 3
2
2
a
a A A E
n k k
= + =
0 = n
=
4
2
) (
2
2
a
a
n R
A
0
0
=
=
n
n
13
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Unipolar Format
For the basic pulse v(t), we have a rectangular pulse
of unit amplitude and duration T
b
. The Fourier
transform of v(t) equals
The power spectral density of NRZ unipolar format
) ( sin ) (
b b
fT c T f V =
=
+ =
n
b b
b
b
b
X
nfT j fT c
T a
fT c
T a
f S ) 2 exp( ) ( sin
4
) ( sin
4
) (
2
2
2
2
t
14
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Unipolar Format
Use Poisons formula written in the form
We may simplify the expression for the power spectral
density S
X
(f) as

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
m
b b
n
b
T
m
f
T
nfT j o t
1
) 2 exp(
) (
4
) ( sin
4
) (
2
2
2
f
a
fT c
T a
f S
b
b
X
o + =
15
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Polar Format
Similar to that described for the unipolar format, we find
that
The basic pulse v(t) for the polar format is the same as
that for unipolar format
The power spectral density of the NRZ polar format is
=
0
) (
2
a
n R
A
0
0
=
=
n
n
) ( sin ) (
2 2
b b X
fT c T a f S =
16
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Bipolar Format
The successive 1s in the bipolar format be assigned
pulses of alternating polarity
The bipolar format has three level: a, 0, -a
Assume that the 1s and 0s in the input binary data
occur with equal probability, we find the respective
probabilities of occurrence of these level are
( )
( )
( )
4
1
2
1
0
4
1
= =
= =
= =
a A P
A P
a A P
k
k
k
17
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Bipolar Format
For n = 0, we may write
For n = 1, the dibit represented by the sequence
(A
k
A
k-1
) can assume only four possible forms:
(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1). Hence we may write
| | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0
2
2 2 2
2
a
a A P a A P a A P a A E
k k k k
= = + = + = =
| | ( )( ) ( )( )
4
4
1
4
1
0 3
2
2
1
a
a A A E
k k
= + =
18
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Bipolar Format
For n > 1, we find that
For the NRZ Bipolar format, we have
| | 0 =
n k k
A A E
=
0
4
2
) (
2
2
a
a
n R
A
otherwise
1
0
=
=
n
n
19
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
NRZ Bipolar Format
The basic pulse v(t) for the NRZ bipolar format
has its Fourier transform as in previous cases
The power spectral density of the NRZ bipolar
format is given
( )
(
+ = ) 2 exp( 2 exp(
4 2
) ( sin ) (
2 2
2
b b b b X
fT j fT j
a a
fT c T f S t t
| |
) ( sin ) ( sin
) 2 cos( 1 ) ( sin
2
2 2 2
2
2
b b b
b b
b
fT fT c T a
fT fT c
T a
t
t
=
=
20
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Manchester Format
In Manchester format, the input binary data consists of
independent, equally likely symbol
The autocorrelation function R
A
(n) for the Manchester format is
the same as for the NRZ polar format
=
0
) (
2
a
n R
A
0
0
=
=
n
n
21
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Manchester Format
The basic pulse v(t) for the Manchester format
consists of a doublet pulse of unit amplitude and total
duration T
b
.The Fourier transform of the pulse equals
The power spectral density of the Manchester format
is given
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
sin
2
sin ) (
b b
b
fT fT
c jT f V
t
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
sin
2
sin ) (
2 2 2 b b
b X
fT fT
c T a f S
t
22
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
23
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
3. InterSymbol Interference
Consider basic elements of a baseband binary PAM
system
The input signal consists of a binary data sequence {b
k
} with a
bit duration of T
b
seconds
This sequence is applied to a pulse generator, producing the
discrete PAM signal
v(t) denotes the basic pulse, normalize such that v(0) = 1
The coefficient a
k
depends on the input data and the type of
format used
The waveform x(t) represents one realization of the random
process X(t)
( )
=
=
k
b k
kT t v a t x ) (
24
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
InterSymbol Interference
25
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Thit k Ht v Hr sao cho ko gy ra chng ph
P(t) l kt qu sau khi qua knh truyn <-- kin
26
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
The receiving filter output may be written as
is scaling factor
The pulse p(t) is normalized such that
( )
=
=
k
b k
kT t p a t y ) (
1 ) 0 ( = p
27
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
The output y(t) is produced in response to binary data
waveform applied to the input of the transmitting filter.
Especially, the pulse is response of the cascade
connection of the transmitting filter, the channel, and the
receiving filter, which is produced by the pulse v(t) applied
to the input of this cascade connection
P(f) and V(f) are Fourier transform of p(t) and v(t)
) (t p
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( f H f H f H f V f P
R C T
=
28
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
The receiving filter output y(t) is sampled at time t
i
= iT
b
The first term is produced by the ith transmitted bit.
The second term represents the residual effect of all
other transmitted bits on the decoding of the ith bit; this
residual effect is called intersymbol interference (ISI)
( )
=
=
k
b b k i
kT iT p a t y ) (
( )
=
=
+ =
i k
k
b b k i
kT iT p a a
29
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
thnh phn giao thoa
4. Nyquists Criterion For Distortionless
Baseband Binary Transmission
Typically, the transfer function of the channel
and the transmitted pulse shape are specified,
and the problem is to determine the transfer
functions of the transmitting and receiving filters
so as to reconstruct the transmitted data
sequence {b
k
}
The receiver does this by extracting and then
decoding the corresponding sequence of
weights, {a
k
}, from the output y(t).
Except for a scaling factor, y(t) is determined by
the a
k
and the received pulse p(t)
30
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Nyquists Criterion For Distortionless
The extraction involves sampling the output y(t)
at some time t = iT
b
The decoding requires that the weighted pulse
contribution a
k
p(iT
b
-kT
b
) for k = i be free form ISI
due to the overlapping tails of all other weighted
pulse contributions represented by k i
31
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
This, in turn, require that we control the received
pulse p(t), as shown by
where, by normalization, p(0) = 1
( )
=
0
1
b b
kT iT p
k i
k i
=
=
32
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
iu kin mong
mun
The receiver output
Which implies zero intersymbol interference (ISI)
This condition assures perfect reception in the
absence of noise
( )
i i
a t y =
33
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Consider the sequence of samples {p(nT
b
)},
where n = 0, 1, 2,
Sampling in the time domain produces
periodicity in frequency domain
Where R
b
= 1/T
b
is the bit rate
P
(f) is the Fourier transform of an infinite periodic sequence of

delta functions of period T
b
, and whose strengths are weighted
by the respective sample values of p(t)
( )
=
=
n
b b
nR f P R f P ) (
o
34
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
That is
where m = i k.
Impose the condition of zero ISI on the sample
values of p(t)
| | ( )dt ft j mT t mT p f P
b b
t o
o
2 exp ) ( ) ( ) ( =
}

( )dt ft j t p f P t o
o
2 exp ) ( ) 0 ( ) ( =
}

) 0 ( p =
35
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Since p(0) = 1, by normalization, the condition for
zero ISI is sastisfied if
Nyquist criterion for distortionless baseband
transmission
( )
b
n
b
T nR f P =
=
36
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Pht 1 bit --> 1 xung
Ideal solution
A frequency function P(f), occupying the narrowest band, is
obtained by permitting only one nonzero component in the series
for each f in the range extending from B
0
to B
0
, where B
0
denotes half the bit rate
We specify P(f)
Hence, signal waveform that produces zero ISI is defined by the
sinc function
2
0
b
R
B =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 0
2 2
1
) (
B
f
rect
B
f P
37
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
( )
t B
t B
t p
0
0
2
2 sin
) (
t
t
=
( ) t B c
0
2 sin =
Ideal solution
38
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Ideal solution
39
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
There are two practical difficulties that make it
an undesirable objective for system design:
It requires that the amplitude characteristic of P(f) be
flat form B
0
to B
0
and zero elsewhere. This is
physically unrealizable because of the abrupt
transitions at B
0
The function p(t) decreases as 1/|t| for large |t|,
resulting in a slow rate of decay. This is caused by
the discontinuity of P(f) at B
0
. Accordingly, there is
practically no margin of error in sampling times in the
receiver
40
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Practical solution
We may overcome the practical difficulties posed by the ideal
solution by extending the bandwidth from B
0
= R
b
/2 to an
adjustable value between B
0
and 2B
0
In doing so, we permit three components as shown by
( ) ( )
0
0 0
2
1
2 2 ) (
B
B f p B f p f P = + + +
0 0
B f B s s
41
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Practical solution
A particular form of P(f) that embodies many desirable
features is constructed by a raised cosine spectrum
Rolloff factor
( )
+ =
0
2 2
cos 1
4
1
2
1
) (
1 0
1
0
0
f B
f f
B
B
f P
t
1 0
1 0 1
1
2
2
f B f
f B f f
f f
>
< s
s
0
1
1
B
f
= o
42
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Practical solution
nh i gia tc suy
hao v rng bng thng
Practical solution
The time response p(t), that is, the inverse Fourier
transform of P(f), is defined
A more general relationship between required
bandwidth and symbol transmission rate involves the
roll-off factor
( )
2 2
0
2
0
0
16 1
2 cos
) 2 ( sin ) (
t B
t B
t B c t p
o
to
=
44
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
) 1 ( 2
0 1 0
o + = = B f B B
5. Correlative Coding
It is possible to achieve a bit rate of 2B
0
per second in a
channel of bandwidth B
0
Hertz by adding intersymbol
interference to the transmitted signal in a controlled manner
Such schemes are called correlative coding or partial-
response signaling schemes
The design of these schemes is based on the premise that
since intersymbol interference introduced into the
transmitted signal is known, its effect can be compensated
at the receiver.
Correlative coding may be regarded as a practical means of
achieving the theoretical maximum signaling rate of 2B
o
per
second in a bandwidth of B
0
hertz
45
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
M ha tng quan
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
Consider a binary input sequence {b
k
} consisting of
uncorrelated binary digits each having duration T
b
seconds, with symbol 1 represented by a pulse of
amplitude +1 volt, and symbol 0 by a pulse of
amplitude -1 volt
This sequence is applied to duobinary encoder, it is
converted into a three-level output, namely -2, 0, and
+2 volts
46
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
47
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
The digit c
k
at the duobinary coder output is the
sum of the resent binary digit b
k
and its previous
value b
k-1
One of the effects of the transformation is to
change the input sequence {b
k
} of uncorrelated
binary digits into a sequence {c
k
} of correlated
digits
This correlation between the adjacent transmitted
levels may be viewed as introducing ISI into the
transmitted signal
1
+ =
k k k
b b c
48
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
The overall transfer function of this filter connected in cascade
with the ideal channel H
c
(f) is
( ) | |
b C
fT j f H f H t + = exp 1 ) ( ) (
( ) ( ) | | ( )
( ) ( )
b b C
b b b C
fT j fT f H
fT j fT j fT j f H
t t
t t t
=
+ + =
exp cos ) ( 2
exp exp exp 1 ) (
49
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
2
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
For the ideal channel of bandwidth B
0
= R
b
/2, we have
The overall frequency response has the form of a
half-cycle cosine function
=
0
1
) ( f H
C
otherwise
2
b
R f s
( ) ( )
=
0
exp cos 2
) (
b b
fT j fT
f H
t t
otherwise
2
b
R f s
50
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
The corresponding value of the impulse response consists of two
sinc pulse, time-displaced by T
b
seconds
( ) ( ) | |
( )
b b
b b
b
b
T T t
T T t
T t
T t
t h
+ =
t
t
t
t sin sin
) (
( ) | |
( )
( )
( ) t T t
T t T
T T t
T t
T t
T t
b
b b
b b
b
b
b
=
t
t
t
t
t
t
sin
sin sin
2
51
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Duobinary signaling
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
53
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling
The original data {b
k
} may be detected from the
duobinary-coded sequence {c
k
} by subtracting the
previous decoded binary digit from the currently
received digit c
k
It is apparent that if c
k
is received without error and if
also the previous estimate at time t = (k-1)T
b
corresponds to a correct decision, then the current
estimate will be correct too
1

=
k k k
b c b
k
b
k
b
54
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling Practical solution
Use precoder before the duobinary coding to avoid error
propagation
The precoder operation performed on the input binary sequence
{b
k
} converts it into another sequence {a
k
} defined by
1
=
k k k
a b a
55
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Duobinary signaling Practical solution
The resulting precoder output {a
k
} is applied to the duobinary
coder
The sequence {c
k
} is related to {a
k
} as follows
1
+ =
k k k
a a c
56
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
57
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Correlative Coding
Decision rule
<
>
=
volt 1 if 1
volt 1 if 0
k
k
k
c symbol
c symbol
b
58
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
6. Eye Pattern
One way to study ISI in a PCM or data
transmission system experimentally is to apply
the received wave to the vertical deflection
plates of an oscilloscope an to apply a sawtooth
wave at the transmitted symbol rate R = 1/T to
the horizontal deflection plates
The waveforms in successive symbol intervals
are thereby translated into one interval on the
oscilloscope display
The resulting display is called an eye pattern
59
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Eye Pattern
60
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Eye Pattern
The width of the eye opening defines the time
interval over which the received wave can be
sampled without error form ISI. It is apparent
that the preferred time for sampling is the instant
of time at which the eye is opened widest
The sensitivity of the system to timing error is
determined by the rate of closure of the eye as
the sampling time is varied
The height of the eye opening, at a specified
sampling time, defines the margin over noise
61
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Eye Pattern
62
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.
Homework
Problems: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Problems: 4.7, 4.8, 4.9
Problems: 4.16, 4.18, 4.19
Problems: 4.21, 4.25, 4.26
Textbook:
Simon Haykin, Communication System, 4
th
Edition,
John Wiley & Son, Inc. , 2001.
63
H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

Kha DC02 Baseband Transmission

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(f) is the Fourier transform of an infinite periodic sequence of

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