Homework #5: Chapter 22 (140903)

Concept Map: 10 points

Objectives

The Historical Context for Evolutionary Theory
1. Explain the mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Charles Darwin in On
the Origin of Species.
-decent with modification
-various habitats
-diverse modifications + adaptations
Charles Darwin proposed that evolutionary change was decent with modification. As
ancestral organisms adapted to different habitats, they underwent diverse
modifications and adaptations.
2. Define evolution and adaptation.
-changes that have transformed life on earth
-change to environment
Evolution is defined as the changes that have transformed life on earth. Adaptations
are changes to the environment.
3. Compare and contrast Aristotles scala naturae to Carolus Linnaeus classification
scheme.
-viewed species as unchanging
-certain affinities among organisms
-a nested classification system
Aristotles scala naturae viewd species as unchanging and recognized that there
were certain affinities among organisms. Corolus Linnaeus adopted a nested
classification system. It ascribed to their patterns of creation.
4. Describe the theories of catastrophism, gradualism, and uniformitarianism.
-boundary between strata =>catastrophe
-slow, continuous process of profound change
-geographic process does not have changes throughout history
The theory of catastrophism is a hypothesis that each boundary between strata
corresponding with a catastrophe. Gradualism is the theory of a slow, but continuous
process of profound change. Uniformitarianism is a geographic process that does
not have changes throughout history.
5. Explain the mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Jean-Baptiste de
Lamarck. Explain why modern biology has rejected Lamarcks theories.
-use and disuse
-inheritance of acquired characteristics
The mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck was
based on the ideas of use and disuse and the inheritance of acquired characteristics.


The Darwinian Revolution
6. Describe how Darwins observations on the voyage of the HMS Beagle led him to
formulate and support his theory of evolution.
-suited for environments
-birds same, but different
-adaptations of environments
-natural selection
Darwins observed that plants and animals are suited for their environments, he
found that birds were the same but different in species. He found evidence of the
adaptations of some environments. It strongly backed his idea of natural selection.
7. Explain how the principle of gradualism and Charles Lyells theory of
uniformitarianism influenced Darwins ideas about evolution.
-geological changes
-slow continuous processes
-small to substantial change
-apply to animals
The principal of gradualism and Charles Lyells theory of uniformitarianism
influenced Darwins idea that because the geological changes results from a slow
continuous process, the Earth must be more than 6,000 years old. It also inferences
that if small changes can accumulate to substantial change, then it can also apply to
animals.
8. Explain what Darwin meant by descent with modification.
-unity in life
-all organisms related
-various habitats
-diverse modifications
Darwin meant that there is unity in life, and that all organisms are related by descent
from an unknown ancestor. As the descendants lived in various habitats they
underwent diverse modifications.
9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time.
-finches
Darwin was convinced that species change over time after seeing a population of
finches on the Galapagos Islands.
10. Explain how Linnaeus classification scheme fit Darwins theory of evolution by
natural selection.
-hierarchically
-shared traits
Linnaeus was classified hierarchically by shared traits, enabling a system to identify
evolutionary kinship.
11. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observations that led him to
propose natural selection as a mechanism for evolutionary change.
-production of more individuals than environment
-inherited traits
-higher probability of surviving
-unequal
-survive and reproduce
-accumulation of favorable traits
Darwins first inference said that the production of more individuals than the
environment can lead to the struggle for existence. Darwins second inference said
that individuals whose inherited traits gave them a higher probability of surviving
and reproducing in a given environment leave more offspring than other individuals.
His third inference said that the unequal ability of individuals to survive and
reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over time.
12. Explain how an essay by the Rev. Thomas Malthus influenced Charles Darwin.
-capacity to reproduce
-characteristics of all things
Darwin realized the capacity to reproduce is the characteristics of all things after
reading Malthus essay.
13. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection.
-modification
-human intervention
-best adapted to environments
-tend to survive
Artificial selection is the modification of a species by human intervention so certain
wanted traits show up in the next generation. Natural selection is a process in nature
in which the organisms that are best adapted to environments tend to survive.
14. Explain why an individual organism cannot evolve.
-natural selection
An individual organism cannot evolve because of natural selection. It occurs through
interactions between individual organisms and their environments. Heritable traits
are either amplified or diminished because of natural selection.
15. Describe the experiments that supported Reznick and Endlers hypothesis that
differences in life-history traits between guppy populations are due to selective
pressure based on predation.
-colorful guppies
-non-colored ones
The predator was attracted to the colorful guppies rather than the drab colored ones.
Natural selection dubbed that the drab colored ones have a better chance of
surviving.
16. Explain how the existence of homologous and vestigial structures can be explained by
Darwins theory of natural selection.
-anatomical
-variations in a structural theme
-served important functions
Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations in a
structural theme. Vestigial structures are remnants or features that served important
functions in the organisms ancestors.
17. Explain how evidence from biogeography supports the theory of evolution by natural
selection.
-same origin
-adapted
It showed that organisms have the same origin but are adapted to their surroundings.
18. Explain the problem with the statement that Darwinism is just a theory. Distinguish
between the scientific and colloquial use of the word theory.
-hypothesis
Commonly theory is used by scientists as a hypothesis. Darwin proposed mechanism is
also theoretical.

Concept Map words:

artificial selection
biogeography
catastrophism
descent with modification
endemic
evolution
evolutionary adaptation
fossil
gradualism
homologous structures
homology
natural selection
paleontology
sedimentary rock
taxonomy
uniformitarianism
vestigial organ
Memorize the Word Roots
bio- 5 life; geo- the Earth (biogeography: the study of the past and present distribution
of species)
end- 5 within (endemic: a type of species that is found only in one region and nowhere
else in the world.)
homo- 5 like, resembling (homology: similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared
ancestry)
paleo- 5 ancient (paleontology: the scientific study of fossils)
taxo- 5 arrange (taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with naming and
classifying the diverse forms of life)
vestigi- 5 trace (vestigial organs: structures of marginal, if any, importance to an organism; they
are
Chapter 23 (due Friday 121109)
Concept Map: 10 points

17. Population Genetics
1. Explain the statement It is the population, not the individual that evolves.
-cannot evolve by itself
An individual cannot evolve by itself but, by natural selection, a population can evolve.
2. Explain how Mendels particulate hypothesis of inheritance provided much-needed
support for Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection.
-variations
Mendels particulate hypothesis of inheritance accounts for minute variations with a
population that is centered on natural selection.
3. Distinguish between discrete and quantitative traits. Explain how Mendels laws of
inheritance apply to quantitative traits.
-genetic locus
-different alleles
-vary
Discrete traits are determined by a single genetic locus with different alleles that
produce distinct phenotypes. Quantitative traits vary along a continuum in a
population. Quantitative traits are controlled by multiple genes, each segregated
according to Mendels laws.
4. Explain what is meant by the modern synthesis.
-evolution
-natural selection
-gradualism
The modern synthesis is a comprehensive theory of evolution, natural selection,
gradualism, and populations as the fundamental units of evolution.
5. Define the terms population, species, and gene pool.
-interbreeding
-similar anatomical
-the total sum of genes
A population is a group of interbreeding individuals of one species that live together in
one particular area. Species are groups that have similar anatomical characteristics. A
gene pool is the total sum of genes in a population at any given time.
6. Explain why meiosis and random fertilization alone will not alter the frequency of
alleles or genotypes in a population.
-gene pool
Meiosis and random fertilization alone will not alter the frequency of alleles or
genotypes in a population because the genes will keep going back into the gene pool.
7. List the five conditions that must be met for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium.
-large population size
-no gene flow
-no mutations
-random mating
-no natural selection
The five conditions that must be met for a population to remain in the Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium are a large population size, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating,
and no natural selection.
8. Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Use the equation to calculate allele frequencies
when the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population is 25%.
-p
2
+2pq+q
2
=1
-p+q=1, p=1-q, q=1-p
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is p
2
+2pq+q
2
=1. The allele frequencies are .5.
18. Mutation and Sexual Recombination
9. Explain why the majority of point mutations are harmless.
-non-coding regions
-no effect
-phenotype
The majority of point mutations are harmless because they only change the phenotype
and occur in non-coding regions where no proteins are made. Point mutation would
have no effect in amino acids.
10. Explain why mutation has little quantitative effect on allele frequencies in a large
population.
-somatic cell
Mutations occur in somatic cells most of the time and when goes away when the cell
dies, so therefore it doesnt get passed on.
11. Describe the significance of transposons in the generation of genetic variability.
-gene mutation
-non harmful
If when genes mutate through transposons isnt harmful, it will be passed on through
generations.
12. Explain how sexual recombination generates genetic variability.
-genetic backgrounds
-new combinations
Gametes have different genetic backgrounds, and sexual reproduction yields new
combinations in each generation.
19. Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow
13. Explain the following statement: Only natural selection leads to the adaptation of
organisms to their environment.
-natural selection
Natural selection allows for a better match between the organism and their
environment.



14. Explain the role of population size in genetic drift.
-variations
-recover
If the population size is small, there will be fewer variations between organisms and if a
catastrophe occurs the population will be able to recover quickly because the alleles
will not be very diverse.
15. Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
-genetic drifting
-reduction
-change in environment
-genetically represent
-individuals become separate from the larger population
The bottleneck effect is the genetic drifting from the reduction of a population due to a
change in the environment or disaster. It causes the survivors to no longer be able to
genetically represent the population. The founder effect is when individuals become
separate from the larger population.
16. Describe how gene flow can act to reduce genetic differences between adjacent
populations.
-increases movement of genes
-interbreeding
Gene flow increases the movement of genes from different population of species. If
there are more interbreeding, their genes start to become more similar.
20. Genetic Variation, the Substrate for Natural Selection
17. Explain how quantitative and discrete characters contribute to variation within a
population.
-continuum
-two or more genes
-single phenotype
-single gene locus
-different alleles
Quantitative characters vary along a population resulting in two or more genes acting
on a single phenotype. Discrete characters are determined by a single gene locus with
different alleles to produce different phenotypes.
18. Distinguish between average heterozygosity and nucleotide variability. Explain why
average heterozygosity tends to be greater than nucleotide variability.
-heterozygous
-genetic variation
-nucleotide
-gene differentiation
Average heterozygosity is the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous.
Nucleotide variability is the molecular level of genetic variation. Heterozygosity tends
to be greater than nucleotide variability because a gene can have a thousand
nucleotides but only one of those nucleotides can be enough to make two alleles of the
gene different.
19. Define a cline.
-graded change
A cline is a graded in character along a geographic axis.
20. Define relative fitness.
Relative fitness is the contribution of a genotype to the next generation.
a. Explain why relative fitness is zero for a healthy, long-lived, sterile organism.
-no offspring
The organism will produce no offspring for the next generation.
b. Explain why relative fitness could be high for a short-lived organism.
-sexually reproduce
A short-lived organism would still have to reproduce and passing their
geneotype to the next generation.
21. Distinguish among directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection. Give an example of
each mode of selection.
-one end
-extreme ends
-intermediate variants
Directional selection is natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the
phenotypic range like when a population changes. Disruptive selection is natural that
favors individuals at extreme ends of the phenotypic range like when populations of
finches different beak sizes made it difficult to grab seeds. Stabilizing selection favors
intermediate variants by acting against intermediate phenotypes like when babys
weights have a high or lower mortality than average babies.
22. Explain how diploidy can protect a rare recessive allele from elimination by natural
selection.
-exposed to natural selection
The recessive allele is only exposed when both parents have the same recessive allele.
23. Describe how heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection promote
balanced polymorphism.
-higher fitness
-depends
-declines when common
Heterozygotes advantage occurs when heterozygotes have a high fitness than both
homozygotes. In frequency-dependent selection that fitness of a phenotype declines as it
become common in the population.
24. Define neutral variations. Explain why natural selection does not act on these alleles.
-differences in DNA sequence
Neutral variations do not differ in DNA sequence in a positive or negative way. Natural
selection do not act on these alleles because having the trait will not affect the
populations success.
25. Distinguish between intrasexual selection and intersexual selection.
-direct competition
-choosy
Intrasexual selection is direct competition between one sex for the other. Intersexual
selection is individuals of one sex choosing their mate choice.
26. Explain how female preferences for showy male traits may benefit the female.
-good genes
-good phenotypes
Females prefer males that have good genes and showy phenotypes. It allows the female
to have a strong mate.
27. Describe the disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
-use energy
-half are producing
-longer
Some of the disadvantages of sexual reproduction are that it uses energy, only half of
the individuals are reproducing and it takes longer to reproduce.
28. Explain how the genetic variation promoted by sex may be advantageous to individuals
on a generational time scale.
-passed on
The more advantageous on trait is in one generation, the traits will be passed on
through many generations.
29. List four reasons why natural selection cannot produce perfect organisms.
-existing variations
-historical constraints
-compromised
-chance + natural selection
Natural selection cannot produce perfect organisms because it can only edit existing
variations, adaptations are often compromised, and natural selection and chance go
together.

average heterozygosity
balanced polymorphism
balancing selection
bottleneck effect
cline
directional selection
disruptive selection
duplication
fitness
founder effect
frequency-dependent selection
gene flow
gene pool
genetic drift
genetic polymorphism
geographic variation


Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
heterozygote advantage
intersexual selection
intrasexual selection
microevolution
modern synthesis
mutation
neutral variation
phenotypicpolymorphim
population
population genetics
pseudogene
relative fitness
sexual dimorphism
sexual selection
stabilizing selection


Memorize the Word Roots
inter- 5 between (intersexual selection: individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their
mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice)
intra- 5 within (intrasexual selection: a direct competition among individuals of one sex for
mates of the opposite sex)
micro- 5 small (microevolution: a change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of
generations)
muta- 5 change (mutation: a change in the DNA of genes that ultimately creates genetic
diversity)
poly- 5 many; morph- 5 form (polymorphism: the coexistence of two or more distinct forms of
individuals in the same population)