Revision: Complex Numbers

1. For any complex number z = a + b i, where a, b

are real numbers and i
2
= -1, then
i) a = Real part and b = imaginary part
ii) the conjugate is z* = a bi
iii) the modulus is
2 2
z a b = +
iv) the argument is arg z = tan
-1 b
a

v) the Argand diagram is











vi) The angle u is positive, if it is measure in the
anticlockwise direction and is negative if it is measure in
clockwise direction.

2. If a + ib is a complex root of a polynomial, then its
conjugate a ib is also a root of the polynomial.

3. The polar form: z = r ( cos + i sin )
Where r = z and = Argument
4. If z
1
= r
1
( cos
1
+ i sin
1
) and z
2
= r
2
(cos
2
+ i sin

2
)
Then
i) z
1
z
2
= r
1
r
2
[ cos(
1
+
2
) + i sin (
1
+
2
) ]
ii)

1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
[ cos( ) sin( )]
z r
i
z r
u u u u = +

5. By using De Moivres Theorem
a) The power of a complex number z = r [ cos +
i sin] is z
n
= r
n
[ cos n + I sin n ].
b) The n
th
roots of a complex number z = r(cos
+ i sin ), with n as a positive integer, is

1 1
2 2
cos sin
n n
k k
z r i
n n
u t u t + + | | | |
= +
`
| |
\ . \ . )

where k = 0, 1, 2, , n 1

Note
i) the modulus of the n
th
root is
1
n
r
ii) the argument of the first n
th
root is
n
u
and the
subsequent each n
th
root exceed the argument of
the previous root by
2
n
t
.
iii) all the n
th
roots of z lie equally spaced on the
circle with radius
1
n
r .







Exercise

1. If z1 = 2 + i and z2 = 3 2i , find
a) 2 z1 + i z2 [6+5i]
b)
1 2
z z [ 65 ]
c)
1
2
z 2i
1 i z
+
+
[
5 i
6 6
+ ]

2. The complex number z is such that z - 2z* = 3 -
3i, where z*.denotes the conjugate of z.
(a) Express z in the form a + bi, where a and b
are real numbers.
(b) Find the modulus and argument of z.
(c) Convert z in polar form
(d) Represent z and its conjugate in an Argand
diagram.

3. The two non-real roots of the equation z
3
+ z
2
+ 3z
- 5 = 0 are z
1
and z
2
. Find z
1
and z
2
in the form a
+ ib, and show that
z
1
z
2
+ z
1
+ z
2
= 3. [-1 2i]

4. The complex numbers z
1
and z
2
satisfy the
equation z
2
= 2 - 2 3 i.
a) Express z
1
and z
2
in the form of a + bi, where
a and b are real numbers.
b) Represent z
1
and z
2
in an Argand diagram.
c) For each z
1
and z
2
, find the modulus, and the
argument in radians.
[Z
1
= 3 +i ; 3 - i ;
1 2
Z Z = =2; Arg(Z
1
) =
5
6
t
; Arg(Z
2
)
= -
6
t
]
5. The complex number z is given by z =1 3i +
(a) Find z and arg z.
(b) Using de Moivre's theorem, show that z
5
= 16
16 3 i
(c) Express
4
*
z
z
in the form x + yi, where z* is
the conjugate of z and x, y R


6. Express in the form a + bi where a, b e R
a)
10
3 1
2 2
i
| |
+
|
|
\ .
[
1 3
2 2
i ]
b)
6
sin cos
3 3
i
t t ( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .
[-1]
c)
| |
3
1
4 4i
[
( )
1
1
256
i + ]
d)
( )
( )
5 5
8 cos sin
9 9
2 2
2 cos sin
9 9
i
i
t t
t t
+
+
[2 + i 2 3 ]

x
Z(a, b)
a
O
r
u
Real
axis
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

a
x
i
s


tan u =
7. Find the smallest positive integer values of p and q
for which

cos sin
8 8
cos sin
12 12
p
q
i
i
t t
t t
+

| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
[p=2; q=3]

8. Write down the five roots of the equation z
5
= 1 ,
giving your answers in the polar form with -t < <
t.
[Ans: cos cos
2 2 4 4
1 cos 0 sin 0; sin ; sin
5 5 5 5
or i i i
t t t t
+ + +

cos( cos(
2 2 4 4
sin( ; sin(
5 5 5 5
) ) ) ) i i
t t t t
+ + ]


9. a) Find the roots of w
4
= - 16i , and sketch the
roots on the an Argand diagram.
b) Find the fifth root of 3 i +
[ (b)
t t
t t + +
= +
( | |
| (
| (
| (
\ .
1
5
k
2 2
6 6
2 cos sin
5 5
k k
z i ,
where k = 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4 ]