Verify 88

Report ARD 11-12 December 2011
ADINA Verification Manual

ADINA R&D, Inc.
UTOMATIC
YNAMIC
NCREMENTAL
ONLINEAR
NALYSIS

ADINA
Verification Manual

Report 11-12

December 2011

ADINA R & D, Inc.
71 Elton Avenue
Watertown, MA 02472 USA

tel. (617) 926-5199
telefax (617) 926-0238
www.adina.com

Notices

ADINA R & D, Inc. owns both this software program system and its documentation. Both the
program system and the documentation are copyrighted with all rights reserved by ADINA R & D,
Inc.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

ADINA R & D, Inc. makes no warranty whatsoever, expressed or implied that the Program and its
documentation including any modifications and updates are free from errors and defects. In no
event shall ADINA R & D, Inc. become liable to the User or any party for any loss, including but
not limited to, loss of time, money or goodwill, which may arise from the use of the Program and its
documentation including any modifications and updates.

Trademarks

ADINA is a registered trademark of K.J. Bathe / ADINA R & D, Inc.

All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

Copyright Notice

8 ADINA R & D, Inc. 1995 - 2011
December 2011 printing
Printed in the USA

Table of contents

Table of contents

Introduction..............................................................................................................................1
A.1 Thick cylinder under internal pressure.......................................................................7
A.2 Axisymmetric shell with one end fixed under internal pressure................................9
A.3 Simply supported circular plate under pressure loading ..........................................12
A.4 Circular cylindrical shell under pressure load (shell element) .................................14
A.5 Circular cylindrical shell under line load (shell elements).......................................16
A.6 Circular cylindrical shell under line load (plate elements) ......................................18
A.7 Cantilever beam under tip loads, Hermitian beam element .....................................19
A.8 Cantilever beam under tip loads, iso-beam element ................................................21
A.9 Pinched circular ring, iso-beam elements ................................................................22
A.10 Pinched circular ring, Hermitian beam elements .....................................................24
A.11 Curved beam under out-of-plane load, iso-beam elements......................................25
A.12 Curved beam under out-of-plane load, Hermitian beam elements...........................27
A.13 Cantilever truss structure under concentrated load using skew systems..................28
A.14 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (plane stress) ......................30
A.15 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (plane strain) ......................32
A.16 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (3-D solids) ........................33
A.17 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (Hermitian beam) ...............34
A.18 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (iso-beam) ..........................35
A.19 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (plate) .................................36
A.20 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (shell) .................................37
A.21 Planar truss...............................................................................................................38
A.22 Tapered cantilever under tip load ............................................................................39
A.24 Folded cantilever plate under tip line load...............................................................43
A.25 Clamped square plate under pressure load...............................................................45
A.26 Clamped hyperbolic paraboloid under uniform pressure loading............................47
A.27 Simply supported square plate under uniform pressure...........................................49
A.28 Simply supported square plate under twisting .........................................................51
A.29 Rhombic plate cantilever under pressure load .........................................................53
A.30 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, two cubic shell elements .........55
A.31 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, plate elements .........................57
A.32 Pinched cylindrical shell, quadratic shell elements..................................................58
A.33 Pinched cylindrical shell, plate elements .................................................................60
A.34 Analysis of an assemblage of concentric fluid-filled cylinders, displacement-based
fluid elements...........................................................................................................61
A.35 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with top and bottom nodes ...........................63
A.36 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with constraints ............................................65
A.37 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with midsurface nodes..................................66
A.38 Cantilever beam, cubic iso-beam.............................................................................67
A.39 Orthotropic plate under pressure load (16-node shell).............................................68
A.40 Cyclically symmetric frame structure......................................................................70
A.41 Beam on elastic foundation......................................................................................72

ADINA R & D, Inc. iii
Table of contents

A.42 Perforated tension strip ............................................................................................74
A.44 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (plane stress)..............................................76
A.45 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (plane strain)..............................................78
A.46 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (3-D solids)................................................79
A.47 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (Hermitian beam).......................................80
A.48 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (iso-beam)..................................................81
A.49 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (plate).........................................................82
A.50 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (shell).........................................................83
A.51 Fundamental frequency of a simply supported plate, shell elements.......................84
A.52 Wave propagation in a rod.......................................................................................86
A.54 Cantilever subjected to ground motion ....................................................................89
A.55 Cylindrical tube under step loading .........................................................................91
A.57 Thick-walled curved beam under end load..............................................................93
A.58 Beam subjected to a traveling load ..........................................................................95
A.59 Frequencies of a triangular cantilever......................................................................97
A.62 Analysis of orthotropic plate, patch of 4-node plane stress and shell elements .......99
A.63 Pure bending of orthotropic plate, patch of two 8-node distorted shell elements ..101
A.64 Analysis of concentric fluid-filled cylinders, potential-based fluid elements........103
A.66 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (4-node shell)...........................................107
A.67 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, 4-node shell elements............108
A.68 Analysis of a flanged elbow...................................................................................109
A.69 Analysis of a rotating tubular shaft ........................................................................111
A.71 Frequency analysis of a tall water column with a free surface ..............................113
A.72 Transient analysis of a water column under compression, potential-based and
displacement-based elements.................................................................................115
A.73 Transient analysis of a piston-container-spring system.........................................117
A.74 Analysis of a cylinder oscillating in a water cavity ...............................................119
A.75 Analysis of a breathing sphere in an infinite fluid .................................................121
A.76 Transient analysis of an axisymmetric plate in water ............................................123
A.80 Response spectrum analysis of a simply supported beam (beam elements) ..........125
A.104 Clamped spherical shell under internal pressure....................................................128
A.110 Frequency analysis of a cooling tower using cyclic symmetry..............................130
A.111 A pentagon subjected to various loadings using cyclic symmetry.........................133
A.113 Multilayered simply-supported square plate under uniform pressure (4-node shell)
...............................................................................................................................134
A.114 Gravity waves and acoustic waves of water in a tank............................................136
A.115 Electromagnetic interaction between two conductors (beam) ...............................138
A.116 Harmonic and random vibration analysis of a simply supported beam.................140
A.117 Axisymmetric crack in a bar ..................................................................................143
A.118 Analysis of a cracked weld attachment..................................................................145
A.120 Failure of a composite shell (4-node shell element) ..............................................147
A.121 Plate subjected to acoustic noise............................................................................149
A.122 Floor response spectrum analysis of an inclined building, response spectrum load
...............................................................................................................................152
A.123 Floor response spectrum analysis of a building with sloped roof, time history load

iv ADINA Verification Manual
Table of contents

...............................................................................................................................155
A.124 Semi-elliptical crack in a half space, 3-D analysis ................................................159
B.1 Elastic-plastic analysis of a truss structure ............................................................163
B.2 Large amplitude oscillations of a simple pendulum ..............................................165
B.5 Cantilever beam in creep .......................................................................................167
B.6 Pipe whip analysis, direct integration solution ......................................................169
B.7 Pipe whip analysis, mode superposition solution ..................................................171
B.8 Uniaxial cycling loading solution for von Mises plasticity, isotropic bilinear
hardening ...............................................................................................................172
B.9 Uniaxial cycling loading solution for von Mises plasticity, bilinear kinematic
hardening with material rupture.............................................................................173
B.10 Cable under gravity load........................................................................................174
B.15 Cyclic creep analysis of a thick walled cylinder ....................................................176
B.16 Large displacement analysis of a simply-supported plate......................................178
B.17 Thermo-elastic analysis of a cantilever beam........................................................180
B.18 Analysis of an underground opening .....................................................................182
B.19 Static analysis of a reinforced concrete beam........................................................184
B.20 Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam ..................................................187
B.21 Large deflection analysis of a shallow arch...........................................................188
B.22 Eight-story building subjected to impact load using substructures........................189
B.23 Elastic-plastic analysis of a sand specimen under compression ............................191
B.28 Elastic-plastic bending of a pipe, with axial loading and internal pressure ...........193
B.32 Excavation of a tunnel ...........................................................................................195
B.33 Cable/frame structure with cable failure................................................................197
B.34 Elastic-plastic cantilever plate under end moment.................................................199
B.35 Cracking in a steel-lined concrete cylinder............................................................201
B.36 Buckling of an elastic-plastic spherical cap...........................................................203
B.38 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever beam, part 2..............................................207
B.39 Cantilever beam in creep (2-D plane stress, iso-beam), variable time step ...........208
B.40 Analysis of snap through of an arch structure........................................................209
B.41 Snap back of a bar structure...................................................................................211
B.42 Nonlinear response of a shallow spherical shell ....................................................212
B.43 Linearized buckling analysis of a stiffened plate...................................................214
B.44 Large displacement analysis of a stiffened plate with initial imperfections ..........216
B.45 Linearized buckling analysis of a circular arch......................................................218
B.46 Linearized buckling analysis of a column..............................................................220
B.47 Thermo-elastic analysis of a circular plate.............................................................222
B.48 Large displacement analysis of a cantilever subjected to deformation dependent
pressure loading.....................................................................................................224
B.49 Elastic-plastic analysis of a thick-walled cylinder .................................................226
B.50 Thermal buckling of a simply supported rectangular plate....................................228
B.51 Large deflection analysis of a cable structure........................................................230
B.52 Large displacement analysis of a thin cantilever subjected to end moment...........232
B.53 Elasto-plastic analysis of a rectangular shaft subjected to a twisting moment.......234
B.54 Elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model, isotropic hardening........236

ADINA R & D, Inc. v
Table of contents

B.55 Elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model, kinematic hardening......238
B.57 Analysis of Hertz plane strain contact problem.....................................................239
B.58 Rubber ring pressed between two plates, no friction .............................................241
B.59 Dynamic analysis of frictional sliding of a point mass ..........................................243
B.62 Analysis of Hertz dynamic contact problem..........................................................245
B.65 Large displacement analysis of a spherical shell (LDC method) ...........................247
B.66 Torsion of a squat rubber cylinder .........................................................................249
B.69 Pipe elbow under internal pressure with interaction effects ..................................251
B.70 Elasto-plastic uniaxial large strain solution, isotropic hardening...........................253
B.71 Elasto-plastic uniaxial large strain solution, kinematic hardening.........................255
B.72 Contact analysis of two concentric cylinders.........................................................256
B.73 Analysis of a single DOF elasto-plastic spring......................................................258
B.74 Creep solution using creep law no. 3.....................................................................260
B.75 Cantilever beam in creep (2-D plane stress, iso-beam), time step blocks..............261
B.76 Large displacement analysis of a thin cantilever subjected to end moment, ATS
method ...................................................................................................................262
B.82 Analysis of an orthotropic thermoelastic brick ......................................................263
B.99 Torsion of a squat rubber cylinder (Ogden material).............................................264
B.106 Belleville spring.....................................................................................................265
B.113 3-D plane stress elements with wrinkling..............................................................266
B.114 Multilayered elasto-plastic cantilever (8-node shell) .............................................268
B.115 Pre-stressed cylinder modeled with initial strains..................................................270
B.116 A slice of a Sandia pressure vessel ........................................................................272
B.117 Thermo-elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model, isotropic hardening
...............................................................................................................................275
B.118 Dynamic impact of two dissimilar elastic bars (2-D model) .................................277
B.119 Viscoplastic analysis of a thick-walled cylinder ....................................................279
B.120 A thin rod impacts a rigid surface..........................................................................281
B.121 Frequency analysis of a rotating blade...................................................................283
B.122 Analysis of a centre cracked plate with quadratic temperature distribution ..........285
B.123 Fracture analysis of an elastic-plastic CT-specimen..............................................287
B.124 Crack propagation in a 2-D specimen....................................................................289
B.127 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever (4-node shell), part 2 ................................291
B.128 Displacement controlled crack propagation, 2-D analysis.....................................292
B.130 Towing of a submerged sphere..............................................................................294
F.1 General Couette flow (2-D and 3-D elements) ......................................................299
F.2 Flow in a pipe (axisymmetric elements) ................................................................301
F.4 Flow in an annulus (3-D elements) ........................................................................303
F.5 Laminar flow between rotating cylinders ..............................................................305
F.7 Non-Newtonian flow between two parallel plates (2-D and 3-D elements) ..........307
F.9 No flow test............................................................................................................309
F.10 Flow in a converging channel (Hamel problem)....................................................311
F.12 Square wall-driven cavity problem........................................................................313
F.13 Natural convection in a square cavity....................................................................315
F.28 Flow in an annulus (3-D elements) B transient analysis.........................................318

vi ADINA Verification Manual
Table of contents

F.33 Sinusoidal oscillation of a flat plate supporting a fluid..........................................319
F.35 Heat generated in laminar flow between two rotating cylinders (2-D elements)...321
F.37 Free-convection flow between two vertical plates (2-D elements) ........................323
F.39 Viscous dissipation in pipe flow (axisymmetric elements)....................................325
F.41 Natural convection in a porous medium................................................................326
F.48 Conjugate heat transfer in a pipe heated on finite length.......................................328
F.52 Flow past a cylinder, Re = 20, 40 ..........................................................................331
F.62 Fluid flow over a cantilever in a channel ...............................................................333
F.64 Round die-swell problem, Re = 23.7, C
a
= 3.568 ..................................................335
F.66 Draining of a circular tank by an opening..............................................................337
F.67 Analysis of two merging streams with moving boundaries ...................................339
F.69 Natural convection in a square cavity (2-D 4-node elements) ...............................340
F.76 Fluid flow over a tower in a wind tunnel ...............................................................341
F.77 Laminar flow over a backward-facing step............................................................343
F.78 Turbulent flow over a backward-facing step .........................................................345
F.80 A compressible fluid passing a flat plate (2-D elements) ......................................347
F.81 A compressible fluid passing a flat plate (3-D elements) ......................................349
F.82 Shock wave of inviscid compressible fluid in a channel .......................................350
F.83 Analysis of a free-falling parachute.......................................................................352
F.84 Radiation exchange between two concentric cylinders..........................................354
F.85 Radiation exchange between parallel square plates, transient analysis..................356
F.86 Analysis of two merging streams with mass transfer (NMASS=2) .......................358
F.87 Pressure drop in a pipe (plus mass transfer)...........................................................360
F.88 Slightly compressible test case 1 (load type: displacement) ..................................362
T.1 Frequencies of a water-filled acoustic cavity.........................................................367
T.2 Transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid .................................................369
T.3 Steady-state heat conduction in a square column ..................................................371
T.4 Steady-state heat conduction in a long hollow cylinder.........................................373
T.5 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever beam (part 1) ............................................374
T.6 Thermal eigenvalues and mode shapes for a conduction problem.........................375
T.7 Torsional rigidity of a square shaft ........................................................................377
T.8 Transient analysis of a semi-infinite corner subjected to prescribed temperature on
the boundary (using Euler backward method) .......................................................379
T.9 Transient analysis of a semi-infinite corner subjected to prescribed temperature on
the boundary (using trapezoidal rule) ....................................................................381
T.10 Semi-infinite region subjected to constant heat flux on the boundary (Euler forward
method) ..................................................................................................................382
T.11 Analysis of a semi-infinite solid subjected to internal heat generation (trapezoidal
rule)........................................................................................................................384
T.12 Analysis of a semi-infinite solid subjected to internal heat generation (Euler forward
method) ..................................................................................................................386
T.51 Transient temperature analysis of a slab................................................................387
T.52 Transient temperature analysis of a space shuttle ..................................................389
T.53 Solidification of a semi-infinite slab of liquid .......................................................391
T.54 Solidification of a corner region ............................................................................393

ADINA R & D, Inc. vii
Table of contents

T.55 Change in electric potential due to crack growth in a specimen............................395
T.56 Analysis of one-dimensional steady state seepage flow........................................397
T.57 Unconfined flow through a rectangular dam.........................................................399
T.58 Unconfined seepage through a gravity dam...........................................................401
T.59 Analysis of a semi-infinite region subjected to a constant surface temperature
undergoing two phase changes ..............................................................................402
T.60 Parallel plates, 3-D radiosity solutions ..................................................................404
T.62 Radiation exchange of two concentric cylinders ...................................................406
T.63 Unconfined seepage through a gravity dam, 3-D elements and constraint equations
...............................................................................................................................408
T.65 Unconfined flow through a rectangular dam, user-supplied model .......................411
T.66 Condensation/convection analysis of an axisymmetric structure...........................412
T.67 Radiant interchange between circular disks, axisymmetric elements ....................414
T.68 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever (4-node shell), part 1 ................................416
T.69 Solidification of a corner region, shell elements....................................................417
T.70 Solidification of a semi-infinite slab of liquid, ATS method.................................418
T.71 Radiant interchange of adjoining plates with opening angle 60...........................419
T.72 Radiation analysis of a cask with annular regions .................................................421
T.73 Analysis of the piezoelectric actuation of an aluminum structure .........................424
T.74 Consolidation analysis (plane strain) with ADINA-TMC .....................................426
T.75 Radiation analysis of a cask with annular regions and a shield .............................428
EM.1 Constant charge density source in a 2D E-plane....................................................433
EM.2 Constant current density source in a 2D E-plane...................................................435
EM.3 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields in a 2D E-plane ......................437
EM.4 Static EM-field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in a 2D E-plane .441
EM.5 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in a 2D E-plane..........443
EM.6 Static magnetic field due to constant current source on a 2D H-plane ..................445
EM.7 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields on a 2D H-plane .....................447
EM.8 Static EM field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in a 2D H-plane.449
EM.9 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in a 2D H-plane .........451
EM.10 Constant charge density source in 3D with free-form mesh .................................453
EM.11 Static magnetic field due to constant current source in 3D....................................455
EM.12 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields in 3D.......................................457
EM.13 Impedance boundary condition for harmonic analysis in a 2D E-plane ................459
EM.14 Impedance boundary with curvature for harmonic analysis in 3D ........................461
EM.15 Static EM field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in 3D.................465
EM.16 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in 3D..........................467
EM.17 Joule heating by harmonic electric field in a conducting block in a 2D E-plane...469
EM.18 Linear electric potential in a 2D E-plane ...............................................................473
EM.19 Magnetic vector potential on a 2D E-plane ...........................................................475
EM.20 Lorentz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a 2D E-plane
...............................................................................................................................477
EM.21 Lorentz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a 2D H-
plane.......................................................................................................................481
EM.22 Harmonic magnetic vector potential in a lossless material on a 2D H-plane.........485

viii ADINA Verification Manual
Table of contents

EM.23 Harmonic analysis by potential formulation on a 2D E-plane ...............................487
EM.24 Static potential based EM fields coupling with fluid flow on a 2D E-plane..........489
EM.25 Joule heating of steady electric current in a conducting block in a 2D H-plane by
potential formulation..............................................................................................491
EM.26 Lorentz body force by harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid on a 2D H-plane in
potential based formulation....................................................................................493
EM.27 Static 3D EM fields in potential-based formulation ..............................................497
EM.28 Lorentz body force due to 3D harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in the
potential-based formulation ...................................................................................499
Index......................................................................................................................................502

ADINA R & D, Inc. ix
Introduction

Introduction

The objective of the ADINA verification manual is to present solutions that verify
and demonstrate the usage of the ADINA system programs (ADINA, ADINA-T,
ADINA-F, ADINA-FSI, ADINA-TMC and the AUI). Since one of the aims is to
compare the analysis results with analytical and experimental solutions, relatively
small problems are solved.

Each verification problem is assigned an abbreviation of the form letter.number. The
letter denotes the type of problem as follows: A = ADINA linear problem, B =
ADINA nonlinear problem, F = ADINA-F problem, T = ADINA-T problem.
Generally problems that test newer features of the ADINA system are assigned higher
numbers. There are intentional gaps in the problem numbering.

Each verification problem is presented in the same order: problem description, finite
element model, problem solution, user hints, references and explanatory figures and
tables.

We intend to update the ADINA verification manual with additional problems as we
continue our work on the ADINA system. If you have any suggestions regarding the
problems presented in this manual, or have suggestions for additional problems, we
would be glad to hear from you.

Intended use of this manual

This manual helps to show you the wide range of features and options within the
ADINA system, and the types of analyses that can be performed.

To make full use of this manual, you must have access to the ADINA system. The
input data for each of the problems in this manual is provided along with the
programs of the ADINA system.

Running verification problems helps you to confirm that the ADINA system is
properly installed. You can gain familiarity and confidence in many of the features of
the ADINA system by choosing to run verification problems that exercise features
that you are interested in. You can use the verification problems as starting points in
setting up your own finite element models, for example to judge the types and
numbers of elements required, to judge the sizes of load steps, etc.
When you run a verification problem, you will see graphics produced by the ADINA
system. The graphics show the mesh employed and the problem solution. For many
of the verification problems, the graphics contain comparison solutions, so that you
can judge the agreement between the finite element solution and the comparison
solution.

ADINA R & D, Inc. 1
Introduction

For detailed instructions about running verification problems, see the Installation
Notes provided with the ADINA system.

General notes for ADINA-F

Any consistent set of units can be used in the definition of the ADINA-F finite
element models. Also non-dimensionalized quantities can be used to obtain the
solutions.

The symbols and dimensionless groups used for ADINA-F problems are listed here
for reference:

p
c
Specific heat at constant pressure

Kinematic viscosity= /
ij
e
Strains, i=1,2,3 or x,y,z

Density
i
f Tractions, i=1,2,3 or x,y,z

Surface tension coefficient
g
Acceleration of gravity

ij

Stresses, i=1,2,3 or x,y,z
h Convection coefficient

Vorticity, frequency
r
h
Radiation coefficient

Bi Biot number
k Thermal conductivity

Br Brinkman number
p
Pressure

a
C
Capillary number
i
q
Heat flux, i=1,2,3 or x,y,z

Ec Eckert number
v
i

Velocity, i=1,2,3 or u,v,w

Gr Grashof number
i
x
Cartesian coordinates, i=1,2,3 or
x,y,z

Nu Nusselt number
Thermal diffusivity= /
p
k c

Pe Peclet number

Coefficient of volume expansion

Pr Prandtl number
Temperature

Ra Rayleigh number

Fluid viscosity

Re Reynolds number

2 ADINA Verification Manual
Introduction

ADINA R & D, Inc. 3
Additional documentation

At the time of printing of this manual, the following documents are
available with the ADINA System:

Installation Notes
Describes the installation of the ADINA System on your computer.
Depending on the platform, the appropriate installation notes in pdf
format can be printed or downloaded from http://www.adina.com

ADINA User Interface Command Reference Manual

Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures Model Definition, Report
ARD 11-2, December 2011

Volume II: ADINA Heat Transfer Model Definition, Report ARD
11-3, December 2011

Volume III: ADINA CFD Model Definition, Report ARD 11-4,
December 2011

Volume IV: ADINA EM Model Definition, Report ARD 11-5,
December 2011

Volume V: Display Processing, Report ARD 11-6,December 2011

These documents describe the AUI command language. You use the
AUI command language to write batch files for the AUI.

ADINA User Interface Primer, Report ARD 11-7, December 2011
Tutorial for the ADINA User Interface, presenting a sequence of
worked examples which progressively instruct you how to effectively
use the AUI.

Theory and Modeling Guide

Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures, Report ARD 11-8,
December 2011

Volume II: ADINA Heat Transfer, Report ARD 11-9, December
2011

Volume III: ADINA CFD & FSI, Report ARD 11-10, December
2011

Introduction

Volume IV: ADINA EM, Report ARD 11-11, December 2011

Provides a concise summary and guide for the theoretical basis of the
analysis programs ADINA, ADINA-T, ADINA-F, ADINA-FSI,
ADINA-EM and ADINA-TMC. The manuals also provide references
to other publications which contain further information, but the detail
contained in the manuals is usually sufficient for effective
understanding and use of the programs.

ADINA Verification Manual, Report ARD 11-12, December 2011
Presents solutions to problems which verify and demonstrate the usage
of the ADINA System. Input files for these problems are distributed
along with the ADINA System programs.

TRANSOR for I-DEAS Users Guide, Report ARD 11-15,
December 2011
Describes the interface between the ADINA System and NX I-deas.
This guide is available in html format and is directly accessible from
the TRANSOR interface within I-deas. The use of TRANSOR for I-
deas to perform pre-/post-processing and ADINA analysis within the
I-deas environment, is described.

TRANSOR for Femap Users Guide, Report ARD 11-16,
December 2011
Describes the interface between the ADINA System and Femap. This
guide is available as a pdf file. The use of TRANSOR for Femap to
perform pre-/post-processing and ADINA analysis within the Femap
environment, is described.

ADINA System 8.8 Release Notes, December 2011
Provides a description of the new and modified features of the ADINA
System 8.8.

ADINA problems (linear analysis)

ADINA R & D, Inc. 5

A.1 Thick cylinder under internal pressure

A.1 Thick cylinder under internal pressure

Objective

To verify the stress and displacement variation of the axisymmetric element and the
application of axisymmetric pressure loading.

Physical problem

Fig. A.1 shows the cylinder to be analyzed. The cylinder is assumed to be guided so
that no axial displacement can occur and it is acted upon by the internal pressure.

Finite element model

The model consists of eight 8-node elements.

Solution results

The theoretical stress solution is given in [1] p.60:

( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 , 1 ,
y x z
a p b a p b
b a y b a y
| | | |
= = + = +
| |

\ . \ .
x y

The displacement in the radial direction can be calculated from the circumferential
strain:
( ) ( )
x x y
y
y
E
= = +
z

The ADINA numerical solution obtained is as follows:

Radial displacements:
y-coord. (m)

Theory (m)

ADINA (m)
0.5

4.766710
-5

4.766710
-5

1.0

3.033310
-5

3.033310
-5

Stresses:
y-coord. (m)

x
(MPa)

y
(MPa)

z
(MPa)

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
0.5

16.67

16.68

-10.00

-9.87

2.000

2.043
1.0

6.667

6.668

0.

0.011

2.000

2.004

ADINA R & D, Inc. 7

User hint

$ By symmetry, no variation of stresses can occur in the axial (Z) direction. A linear
displacement assumption in the axial direction would therefore be sufficient and
the higher order displacement assumption in the axial direction cannot improve the
results.

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S. and Goodier, J.N., Theory of Elasticity, Second Edition, McGraw-
Hill, 1951.

Figure A.1

A.2 Axisymmetric shell with one end fixed under internal pressure


Objective

To verify the axisymmetric element under distributed loading when used for
axisymmetric shell bending problems.

Physical problem

Fig. A.2 shows the cylinder to be analyzed. The radius to thickness ratio is 20 so thin
shell theory is applicable. The cylinder is fixed at one end and it is loaded by internal
pressure. The cylinder is long so that the effects of bending at one end do not affect
the other end.


Forty-five 8-node axisymmetric elements with 33 integration are used to describe
the bending behavior. Since most of the bending is concentrated towards the fixed
end a finer mesh is used for that part. The loading due to the z-component of the
internal pressure is simulated by an axial pressure load.

Solution results

The behavior of the cylindrical shell under edge loading and internal pressure is
described for example in [1] p. 140.

Using

( )
( )
2
4
0
2 2 2
3
0
2 2
3 1
, ,
2 2
2
, ,
2
12 1
a
a i
a
P a
n M C
h
h a n
a
P P Eh
D T C
n C
| |
= =
|
\ .
C
P
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
=

where E = Young's modulus, = Poisson's ratio, a = mean radius, h = thickness, P
i

= internal pressure applied at radius
2
h
a , we obtain the radial displacement and
axial bending moment as

ADINA R & D, Inc. 9

( )
( ) ( )
4
0
0
1 cos sin
2
4
sin cos
nz a
nz
o
P
w C e nz n
n D
T
M M nz M nz e
n
| |
= +
|
\ .
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
, z

Note that the factor C is introduced to calculate equivalent loads acting at the
midsurface. The stresses in the axial and circumferential directions are

( )
3
12
,
2
a
zz x
M a y
P a wE
h a h

= + = +
x zz

We obtain the following results from ADINA:

Radial displacements:
Z-coord. (m)

Radial displacement (10
-6
m)

Theory

ADINA
0.025

2.91

3.74
0.050

9.51

10.73
0.075

17.41

18.72
0.100

25.08

26.31
0.200

43.21

43.72
0.300

45.53

45.81
0.400

44.29

44.61
0.900

43.75

44.11

The ADINA results are evaluated at the nodes on the mean surface of the cylinder.

Stresses at inner Gauss points:
Z-coord. (m)

xx
(MPa)

zz
(MPa)

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
.0014

9.91

8.82

33.0

32.2
.0063

9.22

8.69

30.5

29.8
.0111

8.68

8.66

28.1

27.5
.0139

8.42

8.51

26.8

26.1
.0188

8.05

8.16

24.6

24.1
.0236

7.80

7.87

22.6

22.1
.1188

13.3

13.8

5.05

5.14
.8972

20.0

20.4

9.76

9.76


User hints

$ The 8-node element describes the bending behavior quite well. The 4-node
element, which has a linear assumption on the displacement behavior in the radial
and the axial direction, would not be satisfactory.

$ The portion of most interest in edge bending of an axisymmetric cylindrical shell
extends approximately the length 2 ah in the axial direction. This portion
should, therefore, be modeled with a finer mesh.

$ In thin shell theory the pressure loading is applied at the midsurface of the shell.
For 2D elements, however, the pressure loading is applied at the element
boundaries. A correction factor C is, therefore, introduced in the formulas obtained
using thin shell theory in order to calculate equivalent loads acting at the
midsurface.

$ This example could also be solved using the axisymmetric shell element.

Reference

[1] Kraus, H. Thin Elastic Shells, John Wiley & Sons, 1967.

Figure A.2

ADINA R & D, Inc. 11

A.3 Simply supported circular plate under pressure loading

Objective

To verify the axisymmetric element under distributed loading when used for plate
bending problems.

Physical problem

Fig. A.3 shows the circular plate to be analyzed. It is a thin plate since the diameter
to thickness ratio is 20. The boundary of the plate is simply supported.


Ten 8-node axisymmetric elements are used.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is given in [1] p.56 as follows:

Center deflection:
( )
( )
( )
4
3
2
max
2
5
0.1739 10 m,
64 1
12 1
pa
Eh
w D
D

+
= = =
+

Moments:
( )( ) ( ) ( ( )
2 2 2 2
3 , 3 1
16 16
y x
p p
M a y M a y = + = + + ) 3

Stresses at X=0 and Y=0:
6 6
2 2 2
6
6
2
N N
123.75 10 , 123.75 10
m m
y
x
yy xx
M
M
h h
= = = =

The following results are obtained:

Center deflection (m)
Theory

ADINA
-1.73910
-3

-1.75210
-3

A.3 Simply supported circular plate under pressure loading

Stresses in element 10 (at Y = Z = 0):
( )
2
N m
xx

( )
2
N m
yy

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
123.7510
6

124.0210
6

123.7510
6

124.0210
6

User hint

$ The 8- or 9-node element should be used in order to model the bending behavior.

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S., Woinowsky-Krieger, S., Theory of Plates and Shells, Second
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1959.

Figure A.3


A.4 Circular cylindrical shell under pressure load (shell element)

Objective

To verify the membrane behavior of the curved thin shell element under distributed
loading.

Physical problem

The pressure vessel shown in Fig. A.4 is loaded by internal pressure. A section of the
shell subjected only to membrane action is to be analyzed.


We use one 8-node shell element extending 15 degrees and skew systems oriented in
the radial and circumferential directions for ease of applying the boundary conditions.
The axial loading is simulated by concentrated forces with magnitudes equivalent to
a consistent line load.

Solution results

The radial deformation and the stresses are
2
1 , ,
2 2
rad hoop
pa pa pa
w
Eh h h
| |
= = =
|
\ .

The ADINA numerical results are as follows:

( )
3
10 m w

( )
2
N m
rad

( )
2
N m
hoop

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
0.5041

0.5041

10.0

10.0

20.0

20.1

User hints

$ The quadratic shell element is chosen in order to approximate the circular shell.
This approximation leads to some very small variation in the displacement and
stress results since the curvature of the element varies slightly over the element.

A.4 Circular cylindrical shell under pressure load (shell element)

$ The rotational DOF systems at the boundary nodes are explicitly specified to refer
to the applicable skew systems.

Figure A.4


A.5 Circular cylindrical shell under line load (shell elements)

Objective

To verify the bending behavior of the curved thin shell element.

Physical problem

Fig. A.5 shows the circular cylindrical shell to be analyzed. It is acted upon by equal
and opposite line loads. The solution is sought for the part of the shell which is not
disturbed by end effects.


By symmetry, only a 90 portion of the cylinder needs to be modeled. All 4 boundary
faces have symmetry boundary conditions. In addition, the displacements in the x-
direction are zero.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is given in [1] p. 381 for a thin ring under equal and opposite
forces. A correction to account for the plane strain condition in the axial direction
gives
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
1 2 1 2 1
1 , 1
2 4 2 2
z y
bPr bPr
EI EI
| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .

where
z
is the radial displacement at the application of the load and
y
is the radial
displacement 90 from the load (along the Y-axis). The theoretical bending moment
is
2
cos
2
bPr
M
| |
=
|
\ .


( ) mm , 90
z
=

( ) mm , 0
y
=

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
-1.625

-1.625

1.492

1.492

A.5 Circular cylindrical shell under line load (plate elements)

(degrees )

Bending stress (MPa)

Theory

ADINA
0

2.180

2.180
90

-3.820

-3.827

User hint

$ The rotations at all nodes are referred to the local V
1
, V
2
axes. At the boundary
nodes, the V
1
direction is parallel to the X-axis. In general, it is recommended that
the reference system for rotations be set to either a global system or a skew system
for those midsurface nodes where the rotational directions need to be known.

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S., Strength of Materials, Part I, Elementary Theory and Problems,
Third Edition, D. Van Nostrand, 1955.

Figure A.5


A.6 Circular cylindrical shell under line load (plate elements)

Objective

To verify the bending behavior of the plate element when applied to a curved shell
structure.

Physical problem

The cylindrical shell to be analyzed is the same as in Example A.5.


Forty-five plate elements are used to model a 90 portion of the cylinder.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is the same as for Example A.5. The following results are
obtained with ADINA:

( ) mm , 90
z
=

( ) mm , 0
y
=

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
-1.625

-1.627

1.492

1.492

Bending moment, , 90
N m
m
| |
=
\ .
|

Theory

ADINA
-255.0

-275.9 (on side x=0 of model)
-251.3 (on symmetry plane x=0.25)

User hint

$ The membrane action in the plate element corresponds to a constant strain
assumption. Hence the membrane forces are constant over each element.

Reference


A.7 Cantilever beam under tip loads, Hermitian beam element

A.7 Cantilever beam under tip loads, Hermitian beam element

Objective

To verify the three-dimensional action of the straight Hermitian beam element under
end loads.

Physical problem

The cantilever beam shown in Fig. A.7 is loaded by a transverse end load and
moment.


The Hermitian beam describes the behavior of the cantilever using only 1 element.
The torsional constant J is set to

J = 0.229 0.02 0.01
3
= 4.58 10
-9
m
4

as given in [1] p. 53. The shear factor used for the calculation of the effective shear
area is
5
6
.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for the end displacement and for the end rotations
b
due to
bending and
t
due to torsion is [2]

( ) ( )
3 2
, bending , torsion
3 2
t
b t
S
M L PL PL PL
EI A G EI GJ
= + = =

The following solution is obtained with ADINA:

Displacements (mm):
Theory

ADINA
z

5.0003

2.5008

5.0003

2.5008


Rotations (radians 10
-3
):
Theory

ADINA
z

3.7500

2.8384

-7.5000

3.7500

2.8384

-7.4999

References

[1] Oden, J.T., Ripperger, E.A., Mechanics of Elastic Structures, Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 1981.

[2] Roark, R.J., Formulas for Stress and Strain, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1965.

Figure A.7

A.8 Cantilever beam under tip loads, iso-beam element

A.8 Cantilever beam under tip loads, iso-beam element

Objective

To verify the three-dimensional action of the straight isoparametric beam under end
loads.

Physical problem

Same as in Example A.7.


One 4-node element is used to model the cantilever.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is the same as given in Example A.7. The following results
are obtained:

Displacements (mm):
Theory

ADINA
z

5.0003

2.5008

5.0003

2.5007

Rotations (radians 10
-3
):
Theory

ADINA
z

3.7500

2.8384

-7.5000

3.7500

2.8188

-7.500

User hint

$ The 4-node isoparametric beam has cubic assumptions for all displacements along
the beam and can in this case describe the bending behavior exactly.


A.9 Pinched circular ring, iso-beam elements

Objective

To verify the curved isoparametric beam element under bending.

Physical problem

A circular ring of square cross section is subjected to equal and opposite concentrated
forces, see Fig. A.9. The thickness of the ring and the mean radius are the same as for
the shell in Examples A.5 and A.6.


By symmetry, only a quarter of the ring needs to be modeled. Four cubic iso-beam
elements are used.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is given in [1] p. 380 as follows:

3 3
1 2 1 2 1
, ,
2 4 2 2
z y
Pr Pr Pr
M
EI EI
| | | |
= = =
| |

\ . \ .

where
z
is the radial displacement at the application of the load,
y
is the radial
displacement 90 from the load (along the y-axis) and M is the bending moment at the
application of the load.


z
(mm)

(mm)
y
Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
-1.785

-1.786

1.639

1.640

M (N-m)
Theory

ADINA
-5.09

-5.09

A.9 Pinched circular ring, iso-beam elements

User hints

$ The ADINA results are obtained using three point integration along the centroidal
axis of each element. The four point integration results give about 4% less
displacements.

$ This structure is in a state of plane stress while the structures in Examples A.5 and
A.6 were in a state of plane strain. As for these previous examples the
corresponding 8-node 2-D solid element could also effectively be employed.

Reference


Figure A.9


A.10 Pinched circular ring, Hermitian beam elements

Objective

To verify the Hermitian beam element when applied to a curved structure.

Physical problem

Same as Example A.9.


Twelve Hermitian beam elements are used to model a quarter of the ring.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is the same as for Example A.9.

The following ADINA results are obtained:

Displacements:
z
(mm)

(mm)
y
Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
-1.785

-1.780

1.639

1.634

Bending moment at the point of load application:
M (N-m)
Theory

ADINA
-5.09

-5.09

A.11 Curved beam under out-of-plane load, iso-beam elements

A.11 Curved beam under out-of-plane load, iso-beam elements

Objective

To verify the three-dimensional action of curved iso-beam elements including torsion.

Physical problem

Fig. A.11 shows the curved beam to be analyzed. The beam is relatively slender and
fixed at one end. The other end is loaded by a concentrated force in the out-of-plane
direction.


Six 3-node iso-beam elements are used to approximate the 90-degree circular bend.
Solution results

The theoretical tip displacement in the direction of the force, torsional moment M
tor

and bending moment M
b
are ([1], p. 412):

( )
3
3
2 , 1 sin , cos
4 4
s
x tor
S
EI PR
M PR M PR
EI C
| | | |
= + = =
| |
\ . \ .
b
G

where . A comparison with results from ADINA yields:
4
0.141 C a =

x
(m)
Theory

ADINA
0.05

0.05

(degrees)

M
tor
(N-m)

M
b
(N-m)

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
0

100.0

99.9

100.0

100.1
30

50.0

50.0

86.6

86.6
45

29.3

29.3

70.7

70.7
60

13.4

13.4

50.0

50.0
90

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0


User hints

$ Torsional effects are very important in this example. The iso-beam element
contains special displacement assumptions for torsional behavior and the element
performs very well.
$ The constant curvature of the circular bend is only approximated by the 3-node
(parabolic) isoparametric beam elements. Since six elements are used for the bend
the solution still agrees very well with the exact solution.

Reference


Figure A.11

A.12 Curved beam under out-of-plane load, Hermitian beam elements

A.12 Curved beam under out-of-plane load, Hermitian beam elements

Objective

To verify the three-dimensional action of the Hermitian beam element, including
torsion, when applied to a curved structure.

Physical problem



Twelve Hermitian beam elements are used. The torsional constant J is set to

4 9
0.141 0.02 22.56 10 m J

= =
4

as given in [1] p. 53.

Solution results

The ADINA numerical solution gives a tip displacement in the direction of the force
of 0.0498 m. At 0 = , ADINA gives a torsional moment of 93.2 N-m and a
bending moment of 106.3 N-m. These differ from the analytical solution of 100 N-m
because the elements are straight; therefore the local axes of the built-in element are
not aligned with the global axes.

Reference

[1] Oden, J.T. and Ripperger, E.A., Mechanics of Elastic Structures, Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 1981.


A.13 Cantilever truss structure under concentrated load using skew
systems

Objective

To verify the truss element when used with skew coordinate systems.

Physical problem

A cantilever truss structure under concentrated end load is considered as shown in
Fig. A.13.


The truss structure is modeled with 2-node truss elements. The structure is inclined in
the global coordinate system so it is effective to employ skew coordinate systems.

Solution results

The displacement of the point of load application in the direction of the cantilever is:
2 9
3
1
1.125 10 m
i
iPl
hAE

=
= =

and the theoretical internal forces are

Element

Internal element force (N)
1

-10000.00
11

9000.00
21

1414.21

ADINA gives the exact solution for this problem.

User hint

$ The skew coordinate system used for each node is oriented in the principal
directions of the cantilever. The input concentrated force and all nodal results are
then referred to this coordinate system.

A.13 Cantilever truss structure under concentrated load using skew systems

Figure A.13


A.14 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (plane
stress)

Objective

To verify the plane stress element subjected to distributed loading and when
employing skew coordinate systems.

Physical problem

A cantilever beam of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a triangular distributed
load, see Fig. A.14.


Ten 8-node finite elements are employed. The upper face of the elements is acted
upon by a linearly varying pressure load. The model is inclined in the global
coordinate system.

Solution results

Using beam theory the theoretical solution for the end displacement is:

3
11 5
60 6
S
PL PL
EI A G
=

The following ADINA results are obtained:

End displacement (mm)
Theory

ADINA
-1.113

-1.110

Axial stress at fixed end (N/m
2
)
Theory

ADINA
40.0010
6

39.7710
6

The axial stress is evaluated in the element closest to the fixed end at the top surface
stress point.

A.14 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (plane stress)

User hint

$ The exact displacement solution according to beam theory for a linearly varying
distributed load contains the 5th power of the coordinate. Several 8-node
(parabolic) elements are therefore used to obtain a good approximation to the
analytical solution.

Figure A.14


A.15 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (plane
strain)

Objective

To verify the 2-D plane strain element subjected to distributed loading and when

Physical problem



Same as in Example A.14 except that plane strain elements are used. To obtain the
same theoretical solution as for the plane stress case of Example A.14 the following
material data is used:

( )
* 11 2 *
2
1 2
1.89349 10 N/m , 0.230769
1
1
E E
+
= = = =
+
+

where E and are the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio used in Example A.14.

Solution results

The same results as in Example A.14 are obtained.

User hint

$ Note that the thickness of the plane strain element is always equal to unity. The
pressure is, therefore, here acting on a 20 times wider cantilever than in Example
A.14, giving a factor of 20 times larger reaction forces than for Example A.14.

A.16 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (3-D solids)

A.16 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (3-D solids)

Objective

To verify the 3-D solid element subjected to pressure loading and when employing
skew coordinate systems.

Physical problem



Ten 20-node 3-D solid elements are employed.

Solution results

The ADINA numerical solution gives an end displacement of -1.111 mm and an axial
stress at the fixed end of 39.810
6
N/m
2
.

User hint

$ The midside nodes in the transverse direction of the beam are included in order to
model the anticlastic curvature. For a description of the phenomenon of anticlastic
bending, see for example [1] p. 175.

Reference

[1] Oden, J.T. and Ripperger, E.A., Mechanics of Elastic Structures, Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 1981.


A.17 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (Hermitian
beam)

Objective

To verify the Hermitian beam element subjected to distributed loading and when

Physical problem



Ten Hermitian beam elements are employed.

Solution results

stress at the fixed end of 4010
6
N/m
2
.

User hint

$ The Hermitian beam does not predict the exact displacement in this example since
its displacement assumption along the beam is a cubic polynomial while the exact
displacement varies with the 5th power of the axial coordinate. However, 10
Hermitian beam elements give a very good solution to this example problem.

A.18 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (iso- beam)

A.18 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (iso-beam)

Objective

To verify the isoparametric beam element subjected to distributed loading and when

Physical problem



Ten 3-node iso-beam elements are employed.

Solution results

stress at the fixed end of 4010
6
N/m
2
.

User hint

$ Note that the predicted displacements agree well with the analytical solution even
though 3-node iso-beam elements were used (with a parabolic displacement
assumption in each beam element).


A.19 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (plate)

Objective

To verify the plate element subjected to distributed loading and when employing
skew coordinate systems.

Physical problem



Twenty plate elements are employed.

Solution results

The ADINA numerical solution gives an end displacement of -1.101 mm. The axial
stresses at the elements attached to the fixed end are 38.6710
6
N/m
2
and 40.5210
6

N/m
2
.

A.20 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (shell)

A.20 Cantilever under distributed load using skew systems (shell)

Objective

To verify the shell element when subjected to distributed loading and when

Physical problem



Five 9-node shell elements are employed. All nodes have five degrees of freedom,
three translations (referenced to a skew coordinate system) and two rotations
(referenced to a local shell mid-surface coordinate system).

Solution results

stress at the fixed end of 40.0810
6
N/m
2
.

User hints

$ All shell director vectors are in this example generated automatically by ADINA.
Since in this example V
1
is parallel to the skew a-axis and V
2
is parallel to the skew
b-axis, we can conveniently express the boundary conditions for rotations without
explicitly specifying global (or skew) directions for the shell rotations. In general it
is, however, recommended to specify global (skew) directions for all shell nodes
with boundary conditions for rotations.

$ In this example, the local coordinate system for stresses is oriented in the principal
directions of the beam, since all shell director vectors are perpendicular to the mid-
surface. The stresses are therefore conveniently requested to be given in the local
system.


A.21 Planar truss

Objective

To verify the truss element when applied to a two-dimensional structure.

Physical problem

The planar truss structure in Fig. A.21 is considered.


Nine 2-node truss elements are sufficient to model this problem.

Solution results

The theoretical displacement solution is given in [1] p. 257. ADINA gives the exact
theoretical solution.

Nodal displacements (10
-3
feet):
Node

y-dir.

z-dir.

Node

y-dir.

z-dir
1

0

0

4

3.70

0
2

1.48

-4.38

5

3.00

-4.38
3

2.96

-2.50

6

3.59

-2.08

Reference

[1] Tuma, J.J. and Munshi, R.K., Theory and Problems of Advanced Structural Analysis,
Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw-Hill.

Figure A.21

A.22 Tapered cantilever under tip load

A.22 Tapered cantilever under tip load

Objective

To verify the shell element with variable thickness when used as a transition element
connected to a 3-D solid element.

Physical problem

A cantilever of variable thickness and subjected to a moment load at the end, see Fig.
A.22, is considered.


The model consists of two 8-node shell elements and two 3-D solid elements. The
shell elements use a cubic displacement assumption in the direction of the cantilever.

Solution results

Beam theory gives the following displacement solution along the cantilever:

( )
5
4
1 9 45
1 1
100 100 5.81 10
x x
x
| |
| |
= + |
|
|
\ .
\ .

The ADINA numerical solution is as follows:

End displacement (inch)
Theory

ADINA
-0.02468

-0.02462

User hints

$ Poisson's ratio is set to zero in order to simulate the plane stress condition
associated with beam theory.

$ The material law for the shell element is such that the stress in the thickness
direction is zero. The stiffness in the thickness direction of the transition shell
element is, therefore, negligible at the transition nodes. However, the adjoining
3-D element provides stiffness in the thickness direction.

$ The shell rotations (and moments) at the cantilever tip nodes are referred to the


global coordinate system. The applied moments at the end nodes are then ensured
to be acting about the X-direction.

$ Note that shell element midsurface nodes have no rotational stiffness about the
direction vector. For the cantilever tip nodes this means that the rotational stiffness
about the Z-direction is zero, so this degree of freedom must be deleted.

Figure A.22

A.23 Stiffened plate cantilever under tip load

A.23 Stiffened plate cantilever under tip load

Objective

To verify the use of the isoparametric beam element as a stiffener for the shell
element using rigid links.

Physical problem

A cantilever of channel cross-section is loaded by concentrated end loads as shown in
Fig. A.23.


One 16-node shell element is used. Each iso-beam node is coupled to the
corresponding shell node using a rigid link. Using this model, no shear-lag effects are
modeled, which allows an easy comparison with theoretical results from beam theory.
Poisson's ratio is for the same reason set to zero.

Solution results

The theoretical end displacement is
3
3
PL
EI
=


(inch)
Theory

ADINA
0.02508

0.02552


Figure A.23

A.24 Folded cantilever plate under tip line load

A.24 Folded cantilever plate under tip line load

Objective

To verify the use of transition elements to model an intersection between shells.

Physical problem

A folded roof structure is subjected to a line load at its tip and fixed at the other end,
see Fig. A.24.


Four cubic shell elements are used to model the folded roof structure. The
intersection between the two plane parts of the roof is modeled with transition shell
elements.

Solution results

The results compare well with the solution obtained in [1] p. 136 for a 2-D fine mesh
of the same structure.

User hints

$ The shell element stresses may be requested to refer either to the global X-Y-Z
coordinate system or to the local r s t system at each integration point. Note
that this local system for stresses need not be the same as the local r - s- t system,
which is used in the numerical integration of the stiffness matrix.

For the non-transition elements in this example the two local systems r - s- t and
r s t are the same since the shell normal vector is orthogonal to the midsurface
of the element and since the elements are flat and rectangular. For the transition
elements, however, the two systems are different.

Reference

[1] Bathe, K.J. and Ho, L.W., "Some Results in the Analysis of Thin Shell Structures", in
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis in Structural Mechanics, Wunderlich, W., et al.
(eds.), Springer Verlag, 1981.


Figure A.24

A.25 Clamped square plate under pressure load

A.25 Clamped square plate under pressure load

Objective

To verify the behavior of the cubic shell element subjected to a pressure load.

Physical problem

A thin plate with clamped edges under a pressure load as shown in Fig. A.25 is
considered. The load is acting in the negative Z-direction.


Because of symmetry conditions only a quarter of the plate is considered. Nine 16-
node shell elements are used for the finite element model. The model allows no
deformation in the X- and Y-directions and no rotation about the Z-axis.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for this problem is given in [1] p. 197 and the expression for
the central deflection is given as

4 3
2
0.00126 ,
12(1 )
pa Eh
w D
D
= =

where p = pressure load and a = side length.

The expression for the top surface stress at points C and D are:

2 2
C C D
2 2
6 6
0.0231 , 0.0513
xx yy xx
pa pa
h h
= = =

The following numerical solutions have been obtained using ADINA:

w (m)

xxC
(N/m
2
)

xxD
(N/m
2
)
Theroy

ADINA

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
-6.8810
-4

-6.9110
-4

-4.4910
6

-4.4910
6

9.9710
6

9.8710
6


User hint

$ Note that the 16-node element provide a reliable and accurate solution. If the
internal nodes are not used (i.e., the 12-node shell element is employed), the mesh
is much too stiff, i.e., the elements lock.

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S., Theory of Plates and Shells, Second

X
a
Y
C
Z
A
B
D
a
N/m
2
m
m
N/m
2
(thickness)
(pressure)
E = 2.1
.
10
11
= 0.3
a = 1.8
h = 0.01
p = 1.0
.
10
3
region
discretized

Figure A.25

A.26 Clamped hyperbolic paraboloid under uniform pressure loading

A.26 Clamped hyperbolic paraboloid under uniform pressure loading

Objective

To verify the plate element when used to model a curved structure subjected to
pressure loading.

Physical problem

The hyperbolic paraboloid shown in Fig. A.26 is considered. The equation of the
hyperbolic paraboloid is
( )
2 2
2 2
or
c c
Z X Y Z Y X
a a
= = .


Using symmetry conditions only one quarter of the shell (ABC, Fig. A.26) is
modeled with 36 plate elements. All elements are subjected to a uniform surface
pressure.

Solution results

Reasonable agreement with the solutions in [1] and [2] is obtained, but considerable
stress resultant jumps occur. If detailed stress results are required then a finer mesh
should be used.

References

[1] Connor, J.J. and Brebbia, C., "Stiffness Matrix for Shallow Rectangular Shell
Elements" Proc. ASCE, Vol. 93, No. EM5, Oct. 1967, pp. 43-65.

[2] Batoz, J.L., "Analyse Non Lineaire des Coques Minces Elastiques de Formes
Arbitraires Par Elements Triangulaires Courbes", Doctoral Thesis, Dept. of Civil
Eng., Universite Laval, Quebec, 1977.


A
D
C
c
a
a
Z, w
Y
B
h
a a
X
Y
All edges are
clamped
a = 50 cm
c = 10 cm
E= 2.85
.
10 kg/cm
4
2
h = 0.8 cm
n = 0.4
q = 0.1 kg/cm
2
X

Figure A.26

A.27 Simply supported square plate under uniform pressure

A.27 Simply supported square plate under uniform pressure

Objective

To verify the bending behavior of the plate element subjected to uniform pressure
loading.

Physical problem

A square plate with simply supported edges under uniform pressure loading as shown
in Fig. A.27 is considered.


Because of the symmetry conditions only one quarter of the plate is considered. The
finite element model consists of 64 plate elements. The model allows no X and Y
translations or Z-rotation.

Solution results

The theoretical stress solution for this problem is given in [1], article no. 30. The
expression for the deflection at the center of the plate is given as

( )
4 3
2
0.00406 ,
12 1
pa Eh
w D
D
= =

where p = pressure load and a = side length of the plate.

The bending moments per unit length at the center of the plate are

2
0.0479
x y
M M p = = a

The following results are obtained using ADINA:

w (m)

M
x
(N-m/m)

M
y
(N-m/m)
Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
1.68910
-4

1.67510
-4

30.7

30.5

30.7

31.0


Reference


Y
X
region
discretized
E = 2.1
.
10
11
N/m
2
n = 0.3
a = 0.8 m
h = 0.008 m (thickness)
p = 1.0
.
10
3
N/m
2
a
a

Figure A.27

A.28 Simply supported square plate under twisting

A.28 Simply supported square plate under twisting

Objective

To verify the twisting behavior of the plate element.

Physical problem

A square plate which is supported at three of its corners is shown in Fig. A.28. A
concentrated load acting in the negative Z-direction is applied at the free corner.


An irregular mesh with eight plate elements is used.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for this problem is a constant twist [1]. The central deflection
is 0.0624 in., the deflection under the applied load is 0.2496 in and the bending and
twisting moments in the whole model are M
x
= M
y
= 0, M
xy
= 2.5 lb-in/in. ADINA
gives the exact theoretical solution.

User hint

$ This example may be regarded as a patch test problem since the theoretical solution
is a constant twist. The ADINA solution obtained for the irregular mesh is exactly
equal to the theoretical value and the plate element has, therefore, the ability to
represent stresses due to a constant twist.

Reference

[1] Batoz, J.L., Bathe, K.J. and Ho, L.W., "A Study of Three-Node Triangular Plate
Bending Elements", Int. J. Num. Meth. in Eng., Vol. 15, pp. 1771-1812, 1980.


P
z
a
a
Y
X
E= 1.0
.
10
4
psi
n = 0.3
a = 8.0 in.
h = 1.0 in. (thickness)
P
z
= 5.0 lb.

Figure A.28

A.29 Rhombic plate cantilever under pressure load

A.29 Rhombic plate cantilever under pressure load

Objective

To verify the behavior of the plate element subjected to a uniform load.

Physical problem

A thin rhombic cantilevered plate under pressure load is shown in Fig. A.29. The
uniform pressure load acts in the negative Z-direction. The distribution of the
transverse deflection of the plate is to be determined.


A relatively coarse mesh of 32 plate elements is used.

Solution results

The transverse displacements at six locations, see Fig. A.29, predicted in the analysis
are given in the table below. Experimental values [1] are also shown in the table for
comparison. A further discussion of this example problem can be found in [2].

T ansverse displacem nt (in): r e
Location A

B

C

D

E

F
ADINA

0.304

0.199

0.113

0.121

0.056

0.023
Experimental[1]

0.297

0.204

0.121

0.129

0.056

0.022

References

[1] Clough, R.W. and Toucher, J.L., "Finite Element Stiffness Matrices for Analysis of
Plate Bending", Proc. Conf. on Matrix Meth. in Struct. Mech., WPAFB, Ohio, 1965,
pp. 515-545.

[2] Batoz, J.L., Bathe, K.J. and Ho, L.W., "A Study of Three-Node Triangular Plate
Bending Elements", Int. J. Num. Meth. in Eng., Vol. 15, pp. 1771-1812, 1980.


E
a
a
A B C
F D
q
a = 12.0
h = 0.125 in (thickness)
E = 10.5
.
10
6
psi
n = 0.3 q = 45.0
p = 0.26066 psi
X
Y

Figure A.29

A.30 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, two cubic shell elements

A.30 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, two cubic shell
elements

Objective

To verify the cubic isoparametric shell element when subjected to gravity loading.

Physical problem

A cylindrical shell roof subjected to gravity loading is considered, see Fig. A.30. The
shell roof is supported on diaphragms at the ends and it is free along the longitudinal
sides.


Due to symmetry, only one quarter of the cylindrical shell roof needs to be
considered. The shaded region in Fig. A.30 is modeled using two cubic isoparametric
shell elements. The symmetry boundary conditions are specified as follows: on side
BC, along side CD, 0,
x y z
u = = = 0.
y x z
u = = = The nodes corresponding to
the diaphragm side are fixed for translation in the Y- and Z-directions.

Solution results

This example problem has been used extensively as a benchmark problem for shell
elements. The analytical shallow shell solution generally quoted for the vertical
deflection at the center of the free edge (point B in Fig A.30) is -3.703 inches [1]
although some authors use -3.696 inches. A deep shell exact analytical solution
quoted is -3.53 inches.

The following results are obtained with ADINA:
u
z
(in)

rr
(psi)
point B

point C

point B
-3.605

1344.36

-61.80

User hints

$ Note that only two elements can be used to model this example problem resulting
in good agreement with theoretical results for displacements.

$ Since the shell curvature is smooth, all midsurface nodes not on symmetry
boundaries have rotations referenced to the V
1
, V
2
directions. Midsurface nodes on
symmetry boundaries have rotations referenced to the global coordinate system to


allow the deletion of selected rotational degrees of freedom.

$ Note that ADINA automatically handles the specification of midsurface vectors
that are used by the shell elements.
Reference

[1] Scordelis, A.C. and Lo, K.S., "Computer Analysis of Cylindrical Shells", J. Amer.
Concr. Inst., Vol. 61, pp. 539-560, 1964.

R
A
L
Y
diaphragm
X
f
j
D
E = 3.0
.
10
6
psi
n = 0.0
R = 300 in.
L = 600 in.
h = 3.0 in. (thickness)
f = 40
C
Shell weight = 90.0 lb/ft
2
region
discretized
B
Z

Figure A.30

A.31 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, plate elements

A.31 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, plate elements

Objective

To verify the plate element when applied to a curved shell structure subjected to
gravity loading.

Physical problem



As for the previous example only one quarter of the structure needs to be modeled. A
12124 mesh of plate elements is used.

Solution results

The vertical deflection at point B of Fig. A.30 is predicted to be -3.521 inches.

User hint

$ Note that even though a large number of plate elements are used, the displacement
solution for point B is still not as good as the solution obtained in Example A.30,
where only two isoparametric shell elements are used. One reason is that the plate
element is flat and the cylindrical shell roof is therefore approximated by straight
segments. Another reason is that the membrane action of the plate element is the
same as for a constant strain triangle. The membrane forces are constant over each
element, which limits the capability of the plate element to describe structures in
which the membrane forces vary significantly.


A.32 Pinched cylindrical shell, quadratic shell elements

Objective

To verify the membrane and bending behavior of the quadratic shell element when
applied to a curved structure.

Physical problem

The thin cylindrical shell structure shown in Fig. A.32 is analyzed for its static
response. The cylinder is freely supported at its ends and is loaded by two centrally
located and diametrically opposed concentrated forces.


Using the double symmetry of the structure and the load, only one eighth of the
cylinder is analyzed. One hundred 8-node shell elements are employed. The mesh is
refined around the point of load application.

Solution results

A comparison between analytical and calculated solutions for some displacement and
stress distributions using different mesh topologies is presented in [1]. The
theoretical solution is given in [2].

The following results are obtained using ADINA:

u
z
(in)

point C
Theory

ADINA
-1.642

-1.661

References

[1] Bathe, K.J. and Ho, L.W., "A Simple and Effective Element for Analysis of General
Shell Structures", J. Comp. and Struct., Vol. 13, pp. 673-681, 1981.

[2] Lindberg, G.M., Olson, M.D. and Cowper, E.R., "New Developments in the Finite
Element Analysis of Shells", National Research Council of Canada, Quarterly
Bulletin of the Division of Mechanical Engineering and The National Aeronautical
Establishment, Vol. 4, pp. 1-38, 1969.

A.32 Pinched cylindrical shell, quadratic shell elements

X
R
t
g
u
D
v
w
P
L
R
t
= 100 ;
L
R
= 2
Rigid diaphragm
support
(v = w= = 0) g
Rigid diaphragm
support
(v = w= =0) g
E = 3.0 10 psi
7
n = 0.3
t = 1.0 in.
Y
Z
C
B
A
region
discretized

Figure A.32


A.33 Pinched cylindrical shell, plate elements

Objective

To verify the membrane and bending behavior of the plate element when applied to a
curved structure.

Physical problem



As for Example A.32 only one eighth of the cylinder needs to be considered. The
finite element model consists of 576 plate elements.

Solution results

ADINA gives a displacement at point C of -1.619 in.

User hint

$ As discussed in Examples A.30 and A.31, a larger number of elements is required
in general when modeling a curved shell structure with plate elements.

A.34 Analysis of an assemblage of concentric fluid-filled cylinders, displacement-based fluid
elements

A.34 Analysis of an assemblage of concentric fluid-filled cylinders,
displacement-based fluid elements

Objective

To verify the behavior of the two-dimensional axisymmetric displacement-based fluid
element in a fluid-structure static analysis.

Physical problem

Five concentric fluid-filled cylinders are analyzed for an axial load applied to the stiff
end cap as shown in Fig. A.34.


Because of symmetry only one half of the assemblage needs to be considered in the
axisymmetric model. The finite element model consists of 100 4-node axisymmetric
structural elements and 100 4-node axisymmetric fluid elements. In order to simulate
the slip boundary conditions, fluid and structural elements are modeled with separate
nodes while the nodal displacements in the Y-direction for adjacent structural and
fluid element nodes are constrained to be equal. The stiff cap is simulated using rigid
links.

Solution results

An experimental solution for this problem is presented in [1] with pressure values and
standard deviations.

Cylinder

Pressure (KPa)

Experimental

ADINA
1

55.7 .4

51.1
2

45.2 .6

42.8
3

34.0 .5

33.3
4

25.3 .5

23.5
5

14.1 .4

12.7


References

[1] Munro, M. and Piekarski, K., "Stress Induced Radial Pressure Gradients in Liquid-
Filled Multiple Concentric Cylinders", J. of Appl. Mech., Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 218-221,
1977.

Line of symmetry
25.250
3.213
3.373
4.610
4.775
6.203
6.655
6.820
7.925
8.090
6.050
Stiff cap
Total load 2.04
.
10
4
N
Fluid (Light hydraulic oil):
Cylinders (6351-T6 aluminum):
Z
E = 6.895
.
10 N/m
10 2
n = 0.33
r = 910 kg/m
3
k = 1.64
.
10 N/m
9
2
Y(cm)

Figure A.34

A.35 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with top and bottom nodes

A.35 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with top and bottom nodes

Objective

To verify the isoparametric shell element with particular reference to the behavior
when top and bottom nodes are employed.

Physical problem

A cantilever beam with rectangular cross-section subjected to a concentrated force at
the free end is shown in Fig. A.35.


The beam is modeled using one 16-node cubic shell element with top and bottom
nodes. The element is cubic in the Y direction and linear in the X direction. The
boundary conditions are such that no deformation in the X-direction is allowed.

Solution results

Using beam theory the theoretical expression for the tip deflection is

3
5
,
3 6
S
S
PL PL
A bh
EI A G
= =

The theoretical tip deflection is -8.048 mm and the theoretical bending stress at the
integration point closest to the fixed end is 128.910
6
N/m
2
. The ADINA model
gives exactly these values (the deflection for ADINA is the average deflection for the
top and bottom nodes at the free end).

User hints

$ Examples A.35 - A.38 are included to clarify the behavior of the shell element and
compare with the corresponding results of the iso-beam element. A more effective
way to solve the physical problem would be to employ the 2-node Hermitian beam
element.


L
P
b
h
L = 1.0 m
b = 0.05 m
h = 0.1 m
E = 2.0
.
10
11
N/m
2
n = 0.0
P = 20
.
10
3
N
Y
X
Z

Figure A.35

A.36 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with constraints

A.36 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with constraints

Objective

To verify the isoparametric shell element with particular reference to the behavior
when top and bottom nodes are employed.

Physical problem



The beam is modeled using one 16-node shell element with top and bottom nodes.
The element is cubic in the Y direction and linear in the X direction. No
deformations in the X-direction are permitted and the top and bottom nodes at the free
end of the beam are constrained to have the same vertical displacements.

Solution results

The theoretical tip deflection is -8.048 mm, the theoretical bending stress at the
integration point closest to the fixed end is 128.910
6
N/m
2
and the theoretical shear
stress along the whole model at Z=2.88710
-2
m is -4.010
6
N/m
2
. The ADINA
model gives exactly these values.

User hint

$ By constraining the vertical displacements to be the same for the top and bottom
end nodes, the shell behaves as if midsurface nodes were used for this example.
The total number of degrees of freedom for a pair of top and bottom nodes is 6 and
the constraint reduces the number to 5. These 5 degrees of freedom may be
thought of as 3 translations and 2 rotations as for a midsurface node.


A.37 Cantilever beam, cubic shell element with midsurface nodes

Objective

To verify the isoparametric shell element when midsurface nodes are employed and to
compare with the results of Examples A.35 and A.36.

Physical problem



The cantilever beam is modeled with one 8-node shell element with midsurface
nodes. The element is cubic in the Y direction and linear in the X direction.

Solution results

The same results as in Example A.36 are obtained.

User hint

$ The one shell element model gives exactly the analytical results because the shell
element contains the cubic transverse displacement variation and the Timoshenko
beam theory shear stress assumption.

A.38 Cantilever beam, cubic iso-beam

A.38 Cantilever beam, cubic iso-beam

Objective

To verify the behavior of the cubic iso-beam element and to provide a comparison for
Examples A.35 - A.37.

Physical problem



The finite element model consists of one 4-node isoparametric beam element.

Solution results

The theoretical tip deflection is -8.048 mm and the ADINA model gives -8.040 mm.
The theoretical bending stress at the integration point closest to the fixed end is
183.410
6
N/m
2
; the ADINA model gives exactly this value.

User hints

$ Note that no shear correction factor can be specified for the iso-beam element. The
theoretical solution using a shear correction factor equal to unity is -8.040 mm,
which agrees exactly with the ADINA result obtained.

$ Apart from the effects of the shear correction factor, the results of the iso-beam
agree with the results of the shell element models used in Examples A.36 and A.37,
since the formulation of these two isoparametric elements is the same for bending
action in the single plane considered.


A.39 Orthotropic plate under pressure load (16-node shell)

Objective

To verify the bending and twisting behavior of the cubic shell element when the
material is anisotropic and the shell is subjected to a uniform pressure load.

Physical problem

A simply supported square plate under uniform loading, as shown in Fig. A.39, is
considered.


Because of symmetry only one quarter of the plate needs to be considered. The mesh
consists of 16 cubic shell elements. An orthotropic linear elastic material model is
used with the principal material axes a and b coinciding with the global coordinate
axes X and Y, respectively.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for this problem is discussed in [1], chap. 11. The expression
for the deflection w in the Z-direction takes the form of a double trigonometric series,

sin sin , 1, 3, 5, ..., 1, 3, 5, ...
mn
m n
m x n y
w a m n
a b

= =
= ,

and the expression for the coefficients a
mn
is given on page 371 in [1]. From this
expression the bending and twisting moments in the plate are easily derived using eq.
212 in [1].


Vertical deflection, w(m):
Location

Theory*

ADINA
C

3.54310
-4

3.59310
-4

E

2.52910
-4

2.56610
-4

F

1.93510
-4

1.96910
-4

A.39 Orthotropic plate under pressure load (16-node shell)

Stress (N/m
2
):
Location

Stress component

Theory*

ADINA
x

-9.99710
5

-1.00910
6
C (el. 16)

y

-9.82710
4

-9.87110
4

x

-7.58410
5

-7.66610
5
E (el. 15)

y

-7.14710
4

-7.18410
4

x

-7.58410
5

-7.66710
5
E (el. 14)

y

-7.14710
4

-7.18210
4

* The theoretical results include terms up to m = n = 29.

User hint

$ Note that a finer mesh is necessary when modeling this simply supported plate
when an orthotropic material is used than when an isotropic material is used. This
is evident from the large gradient of the
y
-stress occurring along the line A-C,
which in turn is due to the very small E-modulus in the Y-direction.

Reference


C
A
B
D
E
F
2c
2c
c = 0.03 m
h = 0.015 m (thickness)
p = 1.0
.
10
3
N/m
2
(pressure)
Y,b
X,a
E
aa
= 1.38
.
10
10
N/m
2
E
bb
= 1.15
.
10
9
N/m
2
E
ab
= 5.31
.
10
8
N/m
2
G
ab
= 1.17
.
10
9
N/m
2
region
discretized

Figure A.39


A.40 Cyclically symmetric frame structure

Objective

To verify the use of constraint equations when applied to enforce conditions of cyclic
symmetry.

Physical problem

The frame structure considered and the applied loads are shown in Fig. A.40.


Since the frame structure and the applied loading display cyclic symmetry, only one-
quarter of the structure needs to be considered. Four 2-node beam elements are used
to model one-quarter of the frame as shown, together with the following displacement
constraints:

v
17
= w
15
, w
17
= -v
15
,
17
=
15

As a demonstration the whole structural model with sixteen 2-node beam elements is
also analyzed.

Solution results

The solutions obtained from the four-element model and the sixteen-element model
are identical.

User hint

$ The cyclic symmetry option of ADINA can be used to automatically generate the
proper constraint equations.

A.40 Cyclically symmetric frame structure

fixed
q
q
15
P
P
P
P
P
q
17
b b b b
b
b
b
b
Z,w
Y,v
Frame structure:
A = 1.0
I = 8.33
.
10
-2
in
2
in
4
E = 1.2
.
10
7
psi
n = 0.0
p = 10.0 lb
b = 10.0 in
v
15
w
17
v
17
w
15
Quarter model
of structure:

Figure A.40


A.41 Beam on elastic foundation

Objective

To verify the capability to model a beam supported by an elastic foundation.

Physical problem

A beam resting on an elastic foundation is subjected to a concentrated transverse load
at mid-span, as shown in Fig. A.41.


Thirteen Hermitian beam elements are used to model one-half of the beam. Two-
node truss elements are used to represent the lumped stiffness of the elastic
foundation.

Solution results

The analytical solution for the beam on elastic foundation is found in [1]. The
following results are obtained with ADINA:

Deflection at mid-span (in)

Bending moment at
mid-span (lb-in)
Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
-1.634810
-3

-1.634810
-3

1.5310
4

1.4910
4

User hints

$ The differential equation for the beam on an elastic foundation is of the same form
as the differential equation for an axisymmetric cylinder, see Example A.2. The
finite element representation is, however, accomplished here by beam elements and
truss elements.

$ It is important to have a fine enough mesh close to the applied load in this example
since the significant displacements occur close to the load and decrease rapidly
with increasing distance from the applied loads.

$ The stiffness of the truss elements is calculated based on lumping the foundation
stiffness, so that half of the foundation stiffness under each beam element is
represented in the truss elements at each of the two end nodes. If an isoparametric
beam element with, say, 3 nodes were used, a consistent lumping of the stiffness

A.41 Beam on elastic foundation

would be recommended so that, for each beam element, 1/6
th
of the foundation
stiffness is attributed to the end nodes, and 4/6
th
to the midside node.

$ Note that a small positive (upward) displacement occurs for a few nodes. If no
tension can develop in the foundation, a nonlinear analysis could be carried out
using the non-linear elastic material model for the truss elements. The foundation
material would then be modeled to be elastic in compression but with zero stiffness
in tension.

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S.P., Strength of Materials, Part II, Third Edition, D. Van Nostrand
Comp., 1958.

P
L
2
L
2
h
b
Beam properties:
Foundation stiffness:
Y
X
region
discretized
L = 100 in.
b = 1 in.
h = 10 in.
n = 0.3
E = 2.1 10
6
psi
k
0
= 5.0 10
5
psi
Concentrated loads data: P = 1.0 10
4
lb

Figure A.41


A.42 Perforated tension strip

Objective

To verify the performance of the two-dimensional plane stress element when
employed to model stress concentrations around holes.

Physical problem

The rectangular perforated strip shown in Fig. A.42 is subjected to a uniform tension
at two opposite sides.


Using symmetry considerations, one-quarter of the strip is modeled with thirty 8-node
plane stress elements.

Solution results

The analytical solution for the stress
zz
at locations C and D in Fig. A.42 is given in
[1].

ADINA gives the following results:

S
zz
(N/mm
2
) tress
location C

l cation D o
Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
107.5

108.8

18.75

16.29

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Goodier, J.N., Theory of Elasticity, Third Edition, McGraw-
Hill, 1970, pp. 94-95.

A.42 Perforated tension strip

b
L
P
B
E D
A
d
Z
Y
L = 56 mm
b = 20 mm
d = 10 mm
h = 1 mm (thickness)
E = 7.0 10
4
N/mm
2
n = 0.25
p = 25.0 N/mm
2
C
region discretized

Figure A.42


A.44 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (plane stress)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the two-dimensional plane stress element in
frequency analysis when employing skew coordinate systems.

Physical problem

A cantilever beam of rectangular cross-section as shown in Fig. A.44 is considered.
The cantilever is the same as previously analyzed for a static load in Example A.14.


The cantilever beam is modeled using ten 8-node plane stress elements with a
consistent mass matrix. Since the model is inclined in the global coordinate system, a
skew coordinate system is used. The subspace iteration method is used for the
frequency calculations.

Solution results

The lowest natural frequency of a cantilever beam is given in [1], p. 108 as:

2
2
, =1.87510407
2
EI
f
L m
=

where m = mass/unit length. In this formula rotary inertia and shear deformations are
not considered.


Frequency (Hz)
Theory

ADINA
81.80

81.19

User hints

$ For a pinned-pinned beam [1] p. 181 gives the following expression for the ratio
between the frequency including rotary inertia and shear deformations and the
frequency including flexural effects only:

A.44 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (plane stress)

( )
( )
2
.
2
1 1
2
rot shear
flex
f I E
f L A
= +
| || |
| |
\ .\ . KG

where
( ) 10 1
12 11
K
+
=
+
for a rectangular section. Assuming the effects of rotary
inertia and shear deformation to be of the same order for a cantilever, we obtain the
following estimate: ( )
.
80.43
rot shear +
= f Hz. The ADINA solution for a consistent
mass matrix gives a higher value for the lowest natural frequency than this
analytical estimate.

$ Of course, the determinant search method can also be used and it gives the same
frequency results.

Reference

[1] Blevins, R.D., Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, 1979.

q
L = 1.0 m
b = 0.05 m
h = 0.10 m
q = 30
n = 0.30
r = 7800 kg/m
3
L
b
h
Z
Y
E = 2.0 10
11
N/m
2

Figure A.44


A.45 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (plane strain)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the 2-D plane strain element in frequency analysis
and when employing skew coordinate systems.

Physical problem



Same as in Fig. A.44 except that plane strain elements and a lumped mass distribution
are used. The determinant search method is used for the frequency solution.

To obtain the same theoretical solution as for the plane stress case of Example A.44
the following material data is used:

( )
11
2 2
1 2
* 1.89349 10 , * 0.230769
1 1
N
m
E E
+
= = = =
+ +

where E and v are the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio used in Example A.44.

Solution results

ADINA gives a fundamental frequency of 80.76 Hz.

User hint

$ An analysis using the consistent mass discretization gives a frequency of 81.19 Hz
which is exactly equal to the result obtained in Example A.44 (which should be the
case).

A.46 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (3-D solids)

A.46 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (3-D solids)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the three-dimensional solid element in frequency
analysis when employing skew systems.

Physical problem



Ten 20-node 3-D solid elements are used in the model. A consistent mass
discretization and the determinant search method of frequency analysis are used.

Solution results

ADINA gives a fundamental frequency of 81.16 Hz for motion in the Y-Z plane.
This is the second mode of the model.

User hint

$ Of course the subspace iteration method can also be used and it gives the same
results.


A.47 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (Hermitian beam)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the Hermitian beam element in frequency analysis
when employing skew systems.

Physical problem



The inclined cantilever is modeled using ten Hermitian beam elements. The element
stiffness matrices are calculated in closed form and the mass is represented in a
lumped mass matrix. The subspace iteration method of analysis is used.

Solution results


User hint

$ Employing a consistent mass matrix in this finite element analysis gives a
fundamental frequency of 81.15 Hz. Note that the consistent mass matrix for the
Hermitian beam element does not include contributions due to shear deformation.

A.48 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (iso-beam)

A.48 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (iso-beam)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the isoparametric beam element in frequency
analysis when employing skew systems.

Physical problem



The included cantilever beam is modeled using ten parabolic isoparametric beam
elements. The element stiffness matrices are evaluated using 244 Gauss
integration and the mass is represented in a lumped mass matrix. The determinant
search method of frequency analysis is used.

Solution results


User hints

$ Employing a consistent mass matrix in the finite element analysis gives a
fundamental frequency of 81.24 Hz.

$ Note that the shear factor for the iso-beam element is always equal to 1.0 and the
user has no control over it.


A.49 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (plate)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the plate element in frequency analysis when
employing skew systems.

Physical problem



The finite element model consists of twenty 3-node plate elements. A lumped mass
matrix is employed in the analysis, i.e. one-third of the element mass is attributed to
each element translational degree of freedom. The displacements are constrained to
be zero in the Z-direction. The subspace iteration method of frequency analysis is
used.

Solution results

ADINA gives the fundamental frequency of 81.16 Hz.

User hint

$ A more refined finite element model (40 plate elements) and a lumped mass matrix
gives a result of 81.61 Hz while using a consistent mass matrix for this refined
model gives a result of 81.76 Hz.

A.50 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (shell)

A.50 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (shell)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the shell element in frequency analysis when
employing skew systems.

Physical problem



Five 9-node shell elements are used to model the cantilever beam. The element
stiffness matrix is calculated using a shear factor of 5/6. A consistent mass
discretization is used. The subspace iteration method of analysis is employed in the
frequency solution.

Solution results


User hints

$ Employing a lumped mass matrix in the finite element analysis gives a fundamental
frequency of 80.59 Hz.


A.51 Fundamental frequency of a simply supported plate, shell elements

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the shell element in frequency analysis.

Physical Problem

Figure A.51 shows the simply supported plate to be analyzed.


Because of symmetry, only one quarter of the plate needs to be modeled. Four 8-
node elements are used. A lumped mass matrix is employed and the subspace
iteration method is used for the frequency calculation.

Solution results

The first natural frequency of a simply supported plate is given for example in [1] p.
258 as follows:

( )
3
1
2
2
12 1
Eh
f
a
h
=

The insertion of the numerical values gives f
1
= 12.00 Hz and the ADINA solution is
f
1
= 11.98 Hz.

User hints

$ Note that full integration (default) is necessary when a consistent mass matrix is
used since reduced integration (222) gives a spurious mode of very small
frequency for this example.

$ A consistent mass matrix gives 12.03 Hz for the fundamental frequency.

Reference

Reinhold Company, 1979.

A.51 Fundamental frequency of simply supported plate, shell elements

n = 0.3
a = 2.00
h = 0.01
r = 7850
m
m
a
a
kg/m
3
Region discretized
E = 2.0 10 N/m
11
2

Figure A.51


A.52 Wave propagation in a rod

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the truss element in wave propagation analysis.

Physical problem

A uniform bar free at both ends is considered, see Fig. A.52. An axial step force is
applied at one end of the bar at time 0.


The bar is modeled using ten 2-node truss elements. The explicit central difference
method is chosen for the time integration and a lumped mass matrix is employed.

The time step t is selected according to

e
e
L
t L
c E
= =

where L
e
= length of one truss element, c = wave velocity in the material, = mass
density and E = Young's modulus.

Since the step load is applied at time 0 it is necessary to specify the corresponding
acceleration using

1
1
P
a
m
=

where m
1
= mass at node 1, P = applied force and a
1
= acceleration at node 1.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for this problem is presented for example in [1].

A.52 Wave propagation in a solid


Longitudinal stress in bar, (N/m
2
)

Theory

ADINA
Before wave front

0.0

0.0
After wave front

-1.010
5

-1.010
5

The wave front can be seen in the ADINA solution to advance one element length per
specified time step, which is in agreement with the theoretical solution.

User hints

$ In this example with equal lengths of the truss elements the exact theoretical
solution is obtained by selecting the time step to be equal to the critical time step.
The exact solution would not be obtained using a smaller time step or if unequal
element lengths are used.

$ Note that the load vector input by time functions at the start of the solution is not
used in ADINA. Instead the load vector at time 0 is assumed to be
0
R
0 0 0
= + + R M U C U F

0

where and are the initial velocity and acceleration vectors, M and C are the
mass and damping matrices and
0
is a vector with the nodal equivalent forces
corresponding to the initial displacements. Therefore, the initial acceleration is
specified as described above to simulate the applied force at time 0.
0
U
0
U
F

References

[1] Zukas, J.A., Nicholas, T., Swift, H.F., Greszczuk, L.B. and Curran, D.R., Impact
Dynamics, John Wiley & Sons, 1982.

L
a
a
a = 0.1 m
L = 1.0 m r = 1000
N/m
2
kg/m
3
Y
Z
P
X
E = 2.0 10
9
P = 1000 N at time 0

Figure A.52


A.53 Wave propagation in a water column

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the three dimensional fluid element in wave
propagation analysis.

Physical problem

Same as in Example A.52 except that the rod is replaced by a water column with the
same wave velocity c.


Ten 8-node 3-D displacement-based fluid elements (without rotation penalty) model
the water column. A lumped mass matrix is used in the analysis and the explicit
central difference method is chosen for the time integration. The element stiffness
matrices are calculated using one-point integration. The time step and initial
conditions are selected as in Example A.52.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is the one presented in Example A.52.


Pressure in water column, p (N/m
2
)

Theory

ADINA
Before wave front

0

0
After wave front

1.010
5

1.010
5

User hint

$ In this model, the mode shape corresponding to the smallest period of the finite
element assemblage is not the one-dimensional compression that is analogous to
the truss element model. Periods that are smaller that this period exist, and if the
model is run for enough time steps, round-off error will cause the solution to
become unstable. The smaller periods can be removed by employing constraint
equations as in Example A.70.

A.54 Cantilever subjected to ground motion

A.54 Cantilever subjected to ground motion

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the beam element and the solution procedure for
mass proportional loading due to ground acceleration.

Physical problem

A water tower subjected to ground acceleration, as shown in Fig. A.54, is considered.
The time history of the ground motion is also shown in Fig. A.54.


One Hermitian beam element is used to model the tower and the water tank is
modeled as a concentrated mass. The transverse stiffness is set equal to the spring
constant k for the tower. Thus
6
3
3
2.7 10
EI
k
L
= = lbf/ft
and we select (for ease of computation) I = 1 ft
4
, L = 10 ft, E = 910
8
lbf/ft
2
.

The Newmark method of time integration is chosen with =0.25 and =0.50. The
time step size is 0.005 sec.

Solution results

The table below shows the calculated results for some time steps in the analysis
together with the analytical solution and results reported in [1].

Time (s)

Transverse displacement, u(t) (ft)

Analytical

Ref. [1]

ADINA
0.010

0.000214

0.0002

0.000239
0.020

0.00169

0.0017

0.00173
0.030

0.00551

0.0055

0.00554
0.040

0.0113

0.0114

0.0113
0.050

0.0174

0.0176

0.0174
0.075

0.0255

-

0.0254


User hints

$ Note that a ground acceleration in the negative X-direction corresponds to an
applied mass proportional loading in the positive X-direction.

$ Note also that the X-Y-Z system is moving with the ground and we obtain a
response measured in this moving system. Therefore, to obtain, for example, the
absolute acceleration response (which is measured in a fixed system) it is necessary
to add the ground acceleration time history.

Reference

[1] Clough, R.W. and Penzien, J., Dynamics of Structures, McGraw-Hill, 1975, pp. 102-
105.

a = 32.2
0
lbf
.
s
2
/ft
ft/s
2
u(t)
M
k
0.025 0.050
a(t)
a(t)
M = 3000
Y
X
a
0
t (s)
k = 2.7 10 lbf/ft
6

Figure A.54

A.55 Cylindrical tube under step loading

A.55 Cylindrical tube under step loading

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the two-dimensional axisymmetric element and the
use of direct time integration.

Physical problem

A cylindrical tube initially at rest is subjected to a uniform circumferential line load at
its midspan at time t=0
+
, as shown in Fig. A.55.


Using symmetry considerations only one-half of the tube is modeled with sixteen 8-
node axisymmetric elements. The trapezoidal rule (the Newmark method with
=0.25 and =0.50) is employed in the analysis to obtain the step-by-step dynamic
response. A step size of 10
-5
sec. is used and the solution response is evaluated for 70
steps in the analysis. A consistent mass matrix is used.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for this problem is presented in [1]. The computed
displacements agree well with the theoretical solution.

User hints

$ The trapezoidal rule is unconditionally stable, and the time step size is therefore
selected based on accuracy considerations only. Note that a time step for use of the
central difference method would be considerably smaller.

$ The numerical value of the density must be entered in consistent units (in this case
lbf-sec
2
/in
4
).

$ In direct time integration, all modes of the finite element model (including poorly
modeled high frequency modes) can contribute to the solution. In this solution, the
high frequency oscillations seen in the velocity and acceleration time histories are
most probably inaccurate.


Reference

[1] Reismann, H. and Padlog, J., "Forced Axisymmetric Motions of Cylindrical Shells",
Journal of The Franklin Institute, Vol. 284, No. 5, Nov. 1967.

D
L/2
L/2
Y
P
L = 18.0 in
D = 6.0 in
h = 0.3 in
n = 0.3
h
P
Z
r = 3.66 10 lb-sec /in
-2
2 4
E = 3.0 10 psi
7
P = 1000 lb/in at time 0

Figure A.55

A.57 Thick-walled curved beam under end load

A.57 Thick-walled curved beam under end load

Objective

To verify the behavior of the cubic isoparametric beam element when employed to
model a thick-walled curved beam.

Physical problem

A thick-walled beam clamped at one end and subjected to a concentrated tip load, as
shown in Fig. A.57, is considered.


Two 4-node isoparametric beam elements are used to model the beam.

Solution results


Tip deflection, w, (in)
Theory [1]

ADINA
-5.3610
-3

-5.3110
-3

At the integration points closest to the fixed end, ADINA gives

Radius (in)

Axial stress (psi)

Theory [1]

ADINA
10.208

-73.42

-74.13
10.990

-26.79

-27.04
12.010

24.50

24.93
12.792

58.61

58.99

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Goodier, J.N., Theory of Elasticity, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill,
1970, pp. 83-88.


h
R
P
Y
b = 1.0 in
h = 3.0 in
R = 11.5 in
E = 1.0 10
6
n = 0.0
P = 10
psi
lbf
Z

Figure A.57

A.58 Beam subjected to a traveling load

A.58 Beam subjected to a traveling load

Objective

To verify the mode superposition analysis procedure and the force arrival time option
when applied to a model employing Hermitian beam elements.

Physical problem

The simply supported beam shown in Fig. A.58 is subjected to a constant magnitude
force traveling across its span at a constant velocity.


The model consists of twenty equally spaced Hermitian beam elements with a lumped
mass distribution. The dynamic response of the beam is calculated using the mode
superposition analysis with one mode. To model the traveling load the time function
and arrival time options are used in ADINA.

Solution results

The analytical solution for a one mode approximation is given in [1].


Time (s)

Mid-span deflection, u
y
(in)

Theory

ADINA
0.04

-0.0152

-0.0160
0.08

-0.1080

-0.1071
0.12

-0.3103

-0.3053

Reference

[1] Biggs, J.M., Introduction to Structural Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 315-318.


Y
v
P
L
X
0.04 0.08 t [s]
1
F(t)
L = 480 in
EI = 2.0 10 lb-in
10
2
n = 0.0
r = 0.1 lbf-sec /in
2
4
PL
3
48 EI
= 1
v
.
t
Time variation of load for each node:
v = 600 in/sec

Figure A.58

A.59 Frequencies of a triangular cantilever

A.59 Frequencies of a triangular cantilever

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the plate element in frequency analysis.

Physical problem

The triangular cantilever plate shown in Fig. A.59 is analyzed for its free vibration
response.


The finite element model consists of seventy-two 3-node plate elements. A consistent
mass distribution is employed in the analysis and the natural frequencies are
calculated using the subspace iteration method.

Solution results

In the table below, the six lowest natural frequencies predicted by the finite element
model are shown. The analysis results using ADINA are also compared with the
predictions given by a higher precision element and experimental results [1].

Mode

Natural frequencies (Hz)

Experimental
results

Higher
precision
element

ADINA

1

34.5

36.6

36.6
2

136.0

139.3

140.1
3

190.0

194.1

199.4
4

325.0

333.8

339.0
5

441.0

455.4

478.3
6

578.0

593.2

626.7

Reference

[1] Cowper, G.R., Kosko, E., Lindberg, G.M. and Olson, M.D., "Static and Dynamic
Applications of a High-Precision Triangular Plate Bending Element", AIAA Journal,
Vol. 7, No. 10, Oct. 1969, pp. 1957-1965.


L
h = 0.155 10
-2
L = 0.254
E = 2.0685 10
11
r = 7840
n = 0.3
m (thickness)
m
45
Y
X
N/m
2
kg/m
3

Figure A.59

A.62 Analysis of orthotropic plate, patch of 4-node plane stress and shell elements

A.62 Analysis of orthotropic plate, patch of 4-node plane stress and
shell elements

Objective

To verify the orthotropic material model in the patch test of 4-node plane stress and 4-
node shell elements.

Physical problem

The orthotropic plate is loaded in-plane by biaxial tension and shear, as shown in Fig.
A.62.


Two patches of five 4-node shell elements and plane stress elements are used.
Material constants for the shell element correspond to those of the plane stress
element.

Solution results

The theoretical solution is given in [1].

The displacements of point B are as follows:

u (m)

v (m)

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA

2.0307710
-6

2.0305110
-6

2.7531410
-6

2.7534610
-6

A constant stress state of
x
=
y
=
xy
= 1 corresponding to the applied loading is
obtained in all elements. The solution for strains is the same as the analytical
solution. Hence the patch test is passed.

User hints

$ For the shell element additional loading conditions would have to be considered to
prove that the element passes all patch tests.

$ The patch test is also passed if a materially-nonlinear-only analysis is performed.


Reference

[1] Jones, R.M., Mechanics of Composite Materials, Scripta Book Company, 1975.

L
Y
F
y
S
a
L
= 30
b
S
S
F
z
Z
F = 0.5 N
y
F = 0.5 N
z
B
S
S
F
y
F
z
S = 0.5 N
E = 1 10
b

7
n
ab
= 0.2
E = 9 10
c

6
n
bc
= 0.10
L = 10 m
d = 0.1 m (plate thickness)
G = 8 10
ab

5
E = 2 10 N/m
a
7 2
N/m
2
N/m
2
N/m
2
F
y

Figure A.62

A.63 Pure bending of orthotropic plate, patch of two 8-node distorted shell elements

A.63 Pure bending of orthotropic plate, patch of two 8-node distorted
shell elements

Objective

To verify the orthotropic material model in the patch test of the 8-node (MITC8)
shell element.

Physical problem

The orthotropic plate shown in Fig. A.63 is subjected to pure bending conditions.


Two 8-node shell elements are used and consistent bending moments are applied at
the nodes to produce constant bending within the elements.

Solution results


Point

Vertical displacement

Theory [1]

ADINA
A

0.07875

0.07875
B

0.07510

0.07511
C

-0.09405

-0.09405

A constant stress field corresponding to pure bending is obtained.

User hints

$ The patch test is passed for the 8-node shell element, provided the element sides
are straight.

Reference

[1] Jones, R.M., Mechanics of Composite Materials, Scripta Book Company, 1975.


L
L
b
M
y
a
C
M
y
B
A
Thickness = 0.1 m
L = 10 m
b = 30
M = 6 N-m
y
E = 2.17391 10
aa
7
E = 4.34783 10
ab
6
E = 1.08696 10
bb
7
G = 8 10
ab
5
G = 8 10
t
5
N/m
2
N/m
2
N/m
2
N/m
2
N/m
2

Figure A.63

A.64 Analysis of concentric fluid-filled cylinders, potential-based fluid elements

A.64 Analysis of concentric fluid-filled cylinders, potential-based fluid
elements

Objective

To verify the behavior of the two-dimensional axisymmetric potential-based fluid
element in a fluid-structure static analysis with multiple fluid regions.

Physical problem



Because of symmetry only one half of the assemblage needs to be considered in the
axisymmetric model. The finite element model consists of fifty 8-node axisymmetric
structural elements and fifty 8-node axisymmetric potential-based fluid elements.
The stiff cap is modeled using rigid links.

The potential-based fluid elements are divided into five element groups, one group for
each fluid region. Fluid-structure interface elements are used to couple the solid
elements and the fluid elements (these interface elements are automatically generated
by the AUI).

Solution results


Cylinder

Pressure (KPa)

Experimental [1]

ADINA
1

55.7.4

51.3
2

45.2.6

42.9
3

34.0.5

33.4
4

25.3.5

23.5
5

14.1.4

12.6

User hints

$ It is necessary to enter the density of the fluid even for static analysis.


Reference

[1] Munro, M. and Piekarski, K., "Stress Induced Radial Pressure Gradients in Liquid-
Filled Multiple Concentric Cylinders", J. of Appl. Mech., Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 218-221,
1977.

A.65 Frequencies of a water-filled acoustic cavity using ADINA

A.65 Frequencies of a water-filled acoustic cavity using ADINA

Objective

To verify the two-dimensional potential-based fluid element in ADINA when used for
frequency analysis.

Physical problem

The natural frequencies of the acoustic cavity shown in Fig. A.65 are to be
determined. The cavity is bounded by rigid walls and filled with water which is
assumed to be inviscid.


Four 8-node planar potential-based fluid elements are used to model the water in the
cavity. The modal stresses are calculated by ADINA so that the AUI can display the
modal pressures.

Solution results

The theoretical natural frequencies are given by [1]

2 2
, , 0,1, 2, 3,...,
n m
c m n
a b
c
| | | |
= + = =
| |

\ . \ .


Natural frequency (rad/sec)
Theory

ADINA
9132

9166
15220

15277
17749

17846

User hints

$ Note that there is one rigid body mode in the solution.

$ This problem can also be solved using ADINA-T, see Example T.1.


Reference

Reinhold, 1979, pp. 337-341.

Water
Rigid boundary
a
b
a = 12 in
b = 20 in
k = 3.16
.
10
5
r = 9.35
.
10
-5
(bulk modulus) psi
lb-sec /in (density)
2 4

Figure A.65

A.66 Fundamental frequency of a cantilver (4-node shell)

A.66 Fundamental frequency of a cantilever (4-node shell)

Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the 4-node shell element in frequency analysis
when employing skew systems.

Physical problem



Ten 4-node shell elements are used to model the cantilever beam. The subspace
iteration method of analysis and a consistent mass discretization are employed in the
frequency analysis.

Solution results


User hints

$ Employing a lumped mass matrix in the finite element analysis yields a
fundamental frequency of 81.17 Hz.

$ Both the first and second mode natural frequencies are in good agreement with the
analytical solution.

$ If incompatible modes are not used in the shell elements, the second mode natural
frequency is in good agreement with the analytical solution, but the first mode
natural frequency is considerably higher than the analytical solution. This is
because the first mode is modeled using the in-plane membrane action of the shell
(linear displacement interpolations), which is too stiff when modeling in-plane
bending, whereas the second mode is modeled using the out-of-plane bending
action of the shell.


A.67 Scordelis-Lo cylindrical roof benchmark problem, 4-node shell
elements

Objective

To verify the 4-node shell element for use in modeling cylindrical shell structures.

Physical problem



As in Example A.30 only one-quarter of the structure needs to be modeled. 144 shell
elements are used.

Solution results

The vertical deflection at point B of Fig. A.30 is predicted to be -3.626 inches.

User hints

$ Using the 4-node shell elements, the effect of mesh refinement on the obtained
solution for the vertical displacement at point B is shown in ref. [1].

Reference

[1] Dvorkin, E.N., Bathe, K.J. "A continuum mechanics based four-node shell element
for general nonlinear analysis", Engineering Computations, Vol. 1, March 1984, pp.
79-88.

A.68 Analysis of a flanged elbow

A.68 Analysis of a flanged elbow

Objective

To verify the pipe element for modeling the in-plane bending behavior of a flanged
elbow.

Physical problem

Fig. A.68 shows the flanged elbow problem considered.


Only one half of the pipe elbow (from A to C, see Fig. A.68) is modeled because the
ovalization boundary conditions are symmetric about the mid-point C and the elbow
is subjected to a constant bending moment. Six 4-node pipe elements are employed.
The boundary conditions are

$ At point A: Fixed displacement, rotation, in-plane ovalization and warping.
The zero-slope-of-pipe-skin constraint is applied.

$ At point C: The zero-slope-of-pipe-skin constraint is applied.

Solution results

The flexibility factor for the pipe is given by
3
2 a E
f
M R

= where is the rotation at
point B. ADINA gives the following result:

Flexibility factor, f
Experiment [1]

ADINA
1.80

2.06

Reference

[1] Whatham, J.F., "In-Plane Bending of Flanged Elbows", Proceedings Metal Structures
Conference, The Institution of Engineers, Perth, Australia, Nov. 30 - Dec. 1, 1978.


45
R
C
B
A
Z
Y
R = 250 mm
= 12.5 mm
2a = 275 mm
E = 200 GPa
= 0.28
2a
M
M = 5000 N-mm
X

Figure A.68

A.69 Analysis of a rotating tubular shaft

A.69 Analysis of a rotating tubular shaft

Objective

To verify the option of consistent mass centrifugal loading in the analysis of rotating
axisymmetric structures.

Physical problem

A long hollow cylindrical shaft rotating with an angular velocity of 10000 rad/sec is
considered (see Fig. A.69). The cylinder is assumed to be guided so that no axial
displacement can occur.


Due to the end boundary conditions and the applied loading, the zz-component of
strain is zero along the entire length of the shaft and therefore only a unit length of the
shaft is discretized. Eight 8-node axisymmetric elements are used to model the shaft
in the radial direction. Consistent mass centrifugal loading is employed.

Solution results

The analytical solution is given in [1]:

( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 0
0 1
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 0
0 1
2
1 3 2 1 2
8 1 3 2
1 3 2
,
8 1
i
xx
i
yy zz xx yy
r r
r r r
r
r r
r r r
r
| | +
= + +
|

\ .
| |
= + + = +
|
\ .

The displacement in the radial direction can be calculated from the circumferential
strain:

( ) ( )
x xx yy z
r
r
E
= = +
z



Y-coord (in)

Radial displacement (10 in)
-5

Theory

ADINA
0.16 2.0912 2.0912
0.25 1.7054

1.7053
Y-coord
(in)
(psi)

(psi)
yy zz

ory

(psi)
xx

The The T
0.16

1470

1471

0.

2.8

490.1

491.2
0.25

767.4

767.6

0.

0.7

255.8

256.1

ADINA ory ADINA heory ADINA

User hints

$ The numerical results are not as good when lumped mass centrifugal loading is
employed.

Reference

[1] Wang, C.T., Applied Elasticity, McGraw-Hill, 1953.

E = 1.0 10 psi
7
n = 0.33333
r = 2.54 10
-
4
w = 10000 rad/sec
r = 0.25 in
o
r = 0.16 in
i
X
Y
lb-sec /in
2 4
Z
w
r
o
r
i

Figure A.69

A.71 Frequency analysis of a tall water column with a free surface

A.71 Frequency analysis of a tall water column with a free surface

Objective

To calculate the natural frequencies of a water column with a free surface using the
two-dimensional potential-based fluid element.

Physical problem

The two-dimensional rectangular cavity, shown in Fig. A.71, is filled with water with
a free surface. The water is analyzed for its natural frequencies.


Four 8-node planar potential-based fluid elements are used to model the water in the
cavity. No structural elements nor fluid-structure elements are used. All nodes have
velocity potential degrees of freedom except the nodes on the free surface where the
velocity potential degrees of freedom are deleted. The modal stresses are calculated
in ADINA so that the AUI can display the modal pressures.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for the natural frequencies is [1]

2 2
, 1, 3, 5,..., 0,1, 2, 3,...,
2
n m
c m n
a b
| | | |
= + = = =
| |

\ . \ .
c

where c is the wave velocity. This solution does not include gravity effects in the
surface.


Mode


Theory

ADINA
1

4566

4567
2

13698

13924
3

22830

25517


User hints

$ If a more accurate modeling of the free surface is desired with the inclusion of
gravity effects, free surface elements can be included as in Example A.114.

$ There are no rigid-body modes in this frequency analysis because some of the
velocity potential degrees of freedom are deleted.
Reference

[1] Olson, L.G. and Bathe, K.J., "A Study of Displacement-Based Fluid Finite Elements
for Calculating Frequencies of Fluid and Fluid-Structure Systems", Nucl. Engng.
Des., Vol. 76, 1983, pp. 137-151.

b
a
Water
k = 3.16 10
5
r = 9.35 10
-
5
lbf/in
2
lbf-s /in
2 4
a = 2 in
b = 20 in

Figure A.71

A.73 Transient analysis of a piston-container-spring system

A.72 Transient analysis of a water column under compression,
potential-based and displacement-based elements

Objective

To verify the behavior of the two-dimensional potential-based fluid element for
transient analysis.

Physical problem

Fig. A.72 shows the physical problem in which a column of air is compressed by a
rigid, massless piston.


The model contains two unconnected regions, each one modeling the same water
column using different fluid elements. One region consists of four-node potential-
based fluid finite elements. The rigid piston is modeled by prescribed displacements
applied directly to the potential-based fluid region. The AUI automatically generates
a fluid-structure interface element on the corresponding boundary.

The other region (with a mesh identical to the potential-based mesh) consists of four-
node displacement-based fluid elements (included for comparison), with the
prescribed displacements applied directly onto the fluid. The trapezoidal rule is used
in the time integration with a time step increment of 610
-4
sec.

Solution results

The results for the two models compare well.


1 m
Fluid (Air)
= 1.41 10
5
= 1.21
Prescribed
displacement
U
1 m
h
= 0.03 sec
N/m
2
kg/m
3
U
Time
h = 0.1 m
3h 2h
t
2
2 3
t
3
U =

Figure A.72



Objective

To verify the behavior of three-dimensional potential-based fluid elements in transient
fluid-structure interaction analysis.

Physical problem

A stiff, massive plate sits on top of a column of water with a spring connecting the
plate to the base of the container; see Fig. A.73. An initial positive displacement
(moving away from the base) is applied to the plate, and a corresponding decrease in
pressure to the water. The transient solution response is to be determined.


Two three-dimensional solid elements with a large stiffness are used to model the
plate, and a single two-node truss element represents the spring. Four three-
dimensional potential-based fluid elements model the fluid. The AUI automatically
generates fluid-structure interface elements between the fluid and the solid. The
trapezoidal rule with a time step increment of 1.510
-3
sec is used in the solution
response calculation.

An initial displacement of 0.2 m is applied to the geometry volume used to model the
plate. The corresponding initial pressure in the fluid is -4.210
7
Pa (fluid pressure is
positive in compression). This initial pressure corresponds to an initial potential
velocity through the formula . p =

Therefore an initial potential velocity of
42000 m
2
/s
2
is applied to the geometry volume used to model the fluid.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for the lowest natural frequency of this problem is given in
[1]:

cot
0,
L
k cA
c
c
m
| |
+
|

\ .
= =

where c is the wave velocity and A is the surface area of the plate. Substituting
numerical values gives a natural frequency of 211.3 rad/sec.


The ADINA model is observed to vibrate with a frequency close to that predicted by
the theoretical solution.

Reference

Des., Vol. 76, 1983, pp. 137-151.

Spring k = 1.0 10
7
Fluid (water)
k = 2.1 10
9
Pa
Plate (rigid)
1000 kg mass
r = 1000 kg/m
3
N/m
L
b
L = 10 m
b = 1 m

Figure A.73

A.74 Analysis of a cylinder oscillating in a water cavity

A.74 Analysis of a cylinder oscillating in a water cavity

Objective

To verify the two-dimensional potential-based fluid element for added mass effects in
frequency analysis.

Physical problem

A rigid cylinder is attached to a massless spring and submerged in water, as shown in
Fig. A.74. The frequency of vibration of the cylinder is to be determined.


Due to symmetry only half of the domain is analyzed. The cylinder is modeled as a
rigid structure, while the spring is modeled as a two-node truss. Eight 8-node
potential-based fluid finite elements are employed to model the fluid region. The
AUI automatically generates fluid-structure interface elements to connect the fluid
and structural regions. The nodes on the interface elements are constrained by the
node with the concentrated mass. Modal stresses are calculated by ADINA so that
the AUI can display the modal pressures.

Solution results

The added mass for the cylinder is [1]

2
m a =

and therefore the natural frequency of the system is

k
m m
=
+

Substituting numerical values gives = 4.44 rad/sec.




Theory

ADINA
Added mass effect

4.44

4.532
Acoustic frequency of box

2276.

2278.

User hints

$ The use of the displacement-based fluid element will produce poor results in this
type of fluid-structure analysis [2].

$ The actual physical problem may be that the cylinder vibrates in an infinite fluid
region. In this case, a frequency solution cannot directly be performed, but the
transient response can be calculated, see Examples A.75 and A.76.

$ The acoustic frequency of the box enclosing the fluid varies with the size of the
box. Note that these acoustic frequencies are here much higher than the frequency
of the cylinder.

References

[1] Harris, C.M. ed., Shock and Vibration Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1988,
Chapter 29.

Des., Vol. 76, 1983, pp. 137-151.

Spring k = 1240.26
k = 2.1 10 Pa
9
Fluid (water):
31.4 kg mass
0.1m radius
2 m
2 m
N/m
r = 1000 kg/m
3
region
discretized
Cylinder:

Figure A.74

Analysis of a breathing sphere in an infinite fluid

A.75 Analysis of a breathing sphere in an infinite fluid

Objective

To verify the axisymmetric potential-based infinite fluid elements.

Physical problem

A sphere of stiffness k and mass m that "breathes" (moves in a purely radial direction)
in an infinite fluid medium is analyzed, see Fig. A.75. The motion starts when a
pressure pulse is applied to the interior of the sphere at time zero. The transient
response of the sphere is to be determined.


Symmetry considerations allow the modeling of only one half of the domain. The
sphere is modeled using axisymmetric shell elements. Near the sphere axisymmetric
potential-based fluid finite elements are used, and at the outer edge of this zone a
potential-interface of type infinite (spherical) is used. At time zero, a step in pressure
is applied to the inside of the sphere. The trapezoidal rule is used for the time
integration with a time step increment of 210
-4
sec.

Solution results

The theoretical solution for this problem is given in [1]. The ADINA model gives
almost the exact solution.

User hint

$ The thickness of the sphere is neglected, i.e. the pressure is applied to the
midsurface of the axisymmetric shell elements and the fluid is attached to the
midsurface.

Reference

[1] Olson, L.G. and Bathe, K.J., "An Infinite Element for Analysis of Transient Fluid-
Structure Interactions", Eng. Comp., Vol. 2, pp. 319-329, 1985.


Breathing
motion
a = 1
Infinite
fluid:
r = 10
3
k = 10
8
Sphere
Time
Applied
pressure
Equivalent sphere
properties:
t=0.1
r=10000
n=0
E=5 10
8
1/(4 a ) p
2
m=4000 p
k=4 10 p
8

Figure A.75

A.76 Transient analysis of an axisymmetric plate in water

A.76 Transient analysis of an axisymmetric plate in water

Objective

To verify the axisymmetric potential-based infinite fluid element.

Physical problem

A circular plate is mounted (clamped) into an infinite wall and exposed on one side to
water and the other side to vacuum, see Fig. A.76. The transient response of the plate
is to be determined.


The plate is represented by six eight-node axisymmetric solid elements. The water
near the plate is modeled using axisymmetric potential-based fluid finite elements and
water further from the plate is modeled using a potential-interface of type infinite
(spherical). The plate is given an initial displacement corresponding to its first mode
in vacuum and then released. The trapezoidal rule of time integration is employed to
calculate the transient response.

Solution results

An approximate analytical solution is given by Lamb in [1]. The finite element and
approximate analytical results show good agreement.

References

[1] Lamb, H. "On the Vibrations of an Elastic Plate in Contact with Water", Proceedings
of the Royal Society (London), Series A, Vol. 98, pp. 205-216, 1921.


Water:
k = 2.059 10
9
Circular iron plate
clamped into wall:
Infinite, rigid wall
n = 0.25
r = 7800 kg/m
3
E = 2.0 10
11
thickness
diameter
0.003125 m
0.175 m
(Vacuum)

N/m
2
r
f
3
= 1000 kg/m

Figure A.76

A.80 Response spectrum analysis of a simply supported beam (beam elements)

A.80 Response spectrum analysis of a simply supported beam (beam
elements)

Objective

To verify the response spectrum analysis methods for beam elements.

Physical problem

A simply supported beam is exposed to an earthquake load and a gravity load in the
Z-direction as shown in Fig. A.80. The earthquake load is defined by the given
acceleration response spectrum. The gravity load acting in the negative Z-direction is
9.81 m/s
2
.

It is desired to estimate the maximum response of the beam using the response
spectrum method.


The model consists of eighteen 2-node beam elements. A consistent mass matrix is
used and the subspace iteration method is used for the frequency analysis.

In the response spectrum calculations, two response spectrum definitions and one
response combination are considered. Response spectrum definition RS1 is an SRSS
combination of the modal displacements. Response spectrum definition RS2 is also
an SRSS combination of modal displacements but also includes the residual
displacements. The response combination is a superposition of response spectrum
RS2 upon the displacements due to gravity loading.

The input for this problem is divided between the pre- and post-processing phases of
the analysis as follows:

Pre-processing:

$ Material properties, problem geometry, finite elements and boundary
conditions

$ One load step corresponding to the static load case

$ A frequency analysis with a consistent mass matrix

$ Response spectrum calculations and residual (static correction) calculations are
to be performed.


Post-processing:

$ The damping factors of each of the modes

$ The earthquake response spectrum

$ The response spectrum and response combination definitions.

Solution results

The calculated results are in good agreement with analytical results. Some selected
results obtained for spatial combination number 1 are as follows:

Theory

ADINA
Displacement at X=5 m

-0.3591

-0.3575
Acceleration at X=5 m

64.19

63.76
Moment at X=5 m

-58861.

-58746.
Reaction at X=0 m

19684.

19067.

User hint

$ The option of calculating residual quantities can be important when a significant
portion of the response comes from high frequency modes, namely those modes
which are not explicitly included in the response spectrum solutions.

A.80 Response spectrum analysis of a simply supported beam (beam elements)

Z
u(X,t)
u (t)
g
EI , A, r
E = 2.0 10
11
I = 8.33333 10
-6
A = 0.01
L = 5
r = 7800
m
2
m
m
4
N/m
2
kg/m
3
L
X

All modes have a damping factor of 1%.

Earthquake response spectrum:
Frequency
(Hz)

0.5%
damping

2.0%
damping

5.0%
damping

7.0%
damping

10.0%
damping
33

9.81

9.81

9.81

9.81

9.81
9

48.66

34.74

25.60

22.27

18.64
2.5

58.37

41.69

30.71

26.68

22.37
0.25

7.22

5.64

4.63

4.24

3.84

Figure A.80

A.104 Clamped spherical shell under internal pressure

A.104 Clamped spherical shell under internal pressure

Objective

To demonstrate static linear analysis of axisymmetric shells.

Physical problem

A hemispherical clamped shell is subjected to internal pressure (Fig. A.104). The
material is modeled as linear elastic.


Fifteen equally-spaced 3-node axisymmetric shell elements are employed.

Solution results

The bending moment and membrane force at the base of the shell are

Theory [1]

ADINA
Membrane force
(per unit length)

43.4

43.1

Bending moment
(per unit length)

117.85

117.5

User hint

$ The ADINA membrane force and bending moment are computed by dividing the y
reaction and x-moment reaction by the radius of the shell (reactions are computed
by ADINA per radian of structure).

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S. P. and Woinowsky-Krieger S., Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1959, p. 552.


50.0
E = 2 10
5
n = 0.2
internal
1.0
pressure
P = 20.0

Figure A.104

A.110 Frequency analysis of a cooling tower using cyclic symmetry


Objective

To verify the cyclic symmetry analysis method used with different types of elements
in frequency analysis.

Physical problem

Fig. A.110 shows a cooling tower with its supporting frame and foundation. The
generatrix of the cooling tower is

( )
2
2 2
16 5
1
225 9
x
y z
+
+ =


Taking advantage of the geometric symmetry of the whole structure, only one cyclic
part of the whole structure needs to be modeled. The following types of elements are
used in the cyclic part:

Shell: Ten 4-node elements to model the tower.
Iso-beam: One element to model the stiffener on the lower side of the tower.
Beam: Two elements to model the supporting feet.
3-D: Two elements to model the foundation.
Plate: Eight elements to model the service platform on the upper edge of
the tower.
Truss: Two elements to model the supporting arm for the service
platform.
Pipe: One element on the lower edge to model the supply piping system.
3-D plane stress: Two elements on the top of the foundation to model the cover of
the foundation.

Solution results

To verify the results obtained when using cyclic symmetry, the same problem was
analyzed by modeling the whole structure without using cyclic symmetry. All the
results, including the natural frequencies, displacements, stresses and reactions, are
identical with the cyclic symmetry analysis. For example, the first four frequencies
obtained from both analyses are


Mode
number

frequency
(Hz)
1

.6708
2

.6708
3

.8720
4

.8720

For this problem, the use of cyclic symmetry drastically reduces the amount of input
required for the model.

User hints

$ Two beam elements are used on each side of the cyclic part to model the
supporting foot, which happens to be on the cyclic symmetric inner boundary lines.
The full section properties of the beam are entered and ADINA correctly accounts
for the reduction of the stiffness (and mass) for those elements lying completely on
the inner boundaries. The same is true for the truss elements.

$ Note that the shell nodes on the cyclic symmetric inner boundary lines must be 6
DOF nodes.

$ When comparing mode shapes from the cyclic symmetry model to those from the
whole model, note the following. For mode shapes corresponding to distinct
eigenvalues, all of the components of the two results are proportional. For mode
shapes corresponding to repeated eigenvalues, the mode shape from one analysis
can be constructed as a linear combination of mode shapes from the other analysis.


Tower
Service platform
Supporting arm
Foundation
Supporting
feet
X

Figure A.110

A.111 A pentagon subjected to various loadings using cyclic symmetry

A.111 A pentagon subjected to various loadings using cyclic symmetry

Objective

To verify the cyclic symmetry method in static analysis.

Physical problem

The pentagon-shaped solid shown in Fig. A.111 is subjected to pressure loads,
prescribed displacements and gravity loads.


Taking advantages of geometric symmetry, only one cyclic part of the whole structure
needs to be modeled. The mesh layout is shown in Fig. A.111.

Each cyclic part is subjected to different values and combinations of prescribed
displacements and pressure loads. These loads are specified separately for each
cyclic part.

Solution results

To verify the results obtained when using cyclic symmetry, the same problem was
analyzed by modeling the whole structure without using cyclic symmetry. All the
results, including displacements, stresses and reactions, are identical.

Cyclic part 1
Cyclic part 2
Cyclic part 3
Cyclic part 4
Cyclic part 5
X

Figure A.111


A.113 Multilayered simply-supported square plate under uniform
pressure (4-node shell)

Objective

To verify the computation of the stresses in the thick multilayered 4-node shell
element when using the orthotropic material model.

Physical problem

A simply-supported square plate is subjected to a uniform transverse pressure load
(Fig. A.113). The lay-up is made of three layers, all with the same orthotropic
material properties. The material axes are different in each layer and are oriented at
0, 90 and 0 degrees from the x axis, respectively, for layers 1, 2 and 3. The layers
have the same thickness.


A mesh of 66 4-node shell elements is used to model one quarter of the plate. For
each layer, the integration order through the thickness is set to 5 Newton-Cotes points
to obtain an accurate profile of the transverse shear stresses.

Solution results

The normal displacement at the center of the plate and the transverse shear stress
distributions at points A and B are compared with values obtained by superposition
(1313 terms) of the analytical solutions given by Pagano for sinusoidal pressure
loads [1]. The normal displacement results are

Theory

ADINA
1.2710
-5

1.2810
-5

Good agreement with the solution of Pagano is observed.

Reference

[1] Pagano, N.J., "Exact solutions for rectangular bidirectional composites and sandwich
plates", J. Comp. Mat., 4, pp. 20-34, 1970.

A.113 Multilayered simply-suppored square plate under uniform pressure (4 node shell)

X
a
Y
b
20
20
l
B
A
Pressure = 10
-4
E = 25.0 10
a
4
E = 1.0 10
b
4
G = 0.5 10
ab
4
G = 0.5 10
ac
4
G = 0.2 10
bc
4
n
ab
= 0.01
n
ac
= 0.01
n
bc
= 0.25
All layers have equal thickness.
Ply orientations : 0/90/0 b
region
discretized

Figure A.113


A.114 Gravity waves and acoustic waves of water in a tank

Objective

To calculate the natural frequencies of water in a tank with a free surface in a gravity
field using the two-dimensional potential-based fluid element.

Physical problem

The two-dimensional rectangular tank, shown in Fig. A.114, is filled with water with
a free surface subjected to gravity. The water is analyzed for its natural frequencies.


The fluid domain is discretized with a 55 finite element mesh of 9-node 2-D fluid
elements. A potential-interface of type free surface is used to model the free surface.
All nodes have velocity potential degrees of freedom; therefore a zero frequency
mode is present. Modal stresses are calculated by ADINA so that the AUI can
display the modal pressures.

Solution results

The lowest 16 frequencies predicted by the finite element model are compared with
the analytical solution from [1]:

Gravity waves:

( ) ( ) ( ) tanh , , 2 ,...
g h
kL kL kL
L L
| |
= =
|
\ .

Acoustic waves:

( ) 2 1
, 0,1,..., 1, 2,...
2
j
i
c i
L h

= + = = j

where ishe natural frequency (rad/s) g is the gravitational acceleration, L is the
tank width, h is the height of water in the tank and c is the wavespeed ( c

=
).

A.114 Gravity waves and acoustic waves of water in a tank

Mode
number

Natural frequency
(rad/sec)

Mode
number

Natural frequency
(rad/sec)

Theory

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
1

0.0

1.010
-5

9

3.509

3.973
2

1.188

1.188

10

3.722

4.329
3

1.751

1.753

11

3.923

4.487
4

2.149

2.157

12

232.0

232.0
5

2.481

2.509

13

328.2

328.2
6

2.774

2.920

14

518.9

519.5
7

3.039

3.208

15

696.1

696.5
8

3.283

3.577

16

733.8

734.1

Modes 12 to 16 are acoustic wave modes that have much higher frequencies than the
gravity wave modes.

User hints

$ Only eleven gravity wave modes can be calculated by this finite element model
because there are only eleven nodes on the free surface.

$ If the gravity wave modes are not desired, but the acoustic wave modes are, the
velocity potential degrees of freedom on the free surface should be deleted as
shown in Example A.71.

Reference

[1] Sarpkaya, T., Isaacson, M., Mechanics of Wave Forces on Offshore Structures, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, Co., 1981.

Water:
r = 999 kg/m
3
k = 2.18 10
9
Pa
g = 9.8 m/sec
2
10
g
20

Figure A.114


A.115 Electromagnetic interaction between two conductors (beam)

Objective

To verify the computation of the spatial function in the electromagnetic interaction
formula in conjunction with the use of Hermitian beam elements.

Physical problem

Two parallel conductors lying along skew axes are submitted to a static distributed
load proportional to a short-circuit electromagnetic interaction (Fig. A.115). The
values of the magnetic permeability
0
is assumed to be . An identical pair of
conductors is submitted to an equivalent distribution of nodal concentrated forces,
which are calculated analytically. The nodal displacements, element forces and
reactions are compared.
4


The finite element model consists of two pairs of conductors, each conductor being
modeled with five Hermitian beam elements. One pair of conductors is submitted to
reciprocal electromagnetic forces, in which the current intensities i
1
(t) and i
2
(t) are set
to 1.0. The other pair is submitted to equivalent nodal forces.

Solution results

The interaction forces are given by the following formula:

( ) ( )
( )
1 2 21 0
21 1 2
3
21
4
d d
i t i t

r r r
F
r

where F = force on conductor 1 due to interaction with conductor 2, i
21
1
(t) = current
in conductor 1, i
2
(t) = current in conductor 2, = differential vector element of
conductor 1, = differential vector element of conductor 2, = vector from the
middle of differential vector element to the middle of differential vector element
and
1
dr
2
dr
21
r
1
dr
2
dr
21
r = length of vector .
21
r

The displacements, forces and reactions of both finite element models are nearly the
same. For example, the end reactions are

A.115 Electromagnetic interaction between two conductors (beam)

Location

X reaction
(exact)

Y reaction
(exact)

X reaction
(electromagnetic)

Y reaction
agnetic) (electrom
A

2.04951

-3.54985

2.04980

-3.55036
B

2.04951

-3.54985

2.04980

-3.55036
C

-2.04951

3.54985

-2.04980

3.55036
D

-2.04951

3.54985

-2.04980

3.55036

B
C
D
Y
A
1.0
30
5.0
X
Torsional moment of inertia:
Bending moments of inertia:
I
ss
= 1.0417 10
-6
I
tt
= 4.166 10
-6
Section area:
A = 0.005
A
s
= 0.004167
Material constants:
E = 2.0 10
11
n = 0.3
I
rr
= 2.8625 10
-6

Figure A.115


A.116 Harmonic and random vibration analysis of a simply supported
beam

Objective

To demonstrate the harmonic and random vibration analysis features of the ADINA
system.

Physical problem

The simply supported beam shown in Fig. A.116 is loaded by a ground motion. In
one analysis, the ground motion is harmonic with varying frequency; the amplitude of
the ground motion vs. the loading frequency is given. In this analysis, it is desired to
calculate the steady-state response of the beam as a function of loading frequency.

In a separate analysis, the ground motion is random; the power-spectral-density
(PSD) of the ground motion amplitude is given. In this analysis, it is desired to
calculate the PSD of the beam response and the root-mean-square (RMS) values of
the beam response.


The finite element model consists of 18 2-node beam elements. The lowest three
natural frequencies and mode shapes of the beam model are obtained using the
subspace iteration method.

The user input for this problem is divided between the pre- and post-processing
phases of the analysis as follows:

Pre-processing:

Model geometry, number of natural frequencies to calculate, calculation of ground
motion modal participation factors.

Post-processing:

Modal damping factors, loading amplitude vs. loading frequency curve, loading
amplitude PSD curve.

A.116 Harmonic and random vibration analysis of a simply supported beam

Solution results

Harmonic loading:

Response HARMONIC_MAXIMUM gives the maximum values of the beam
response for a loading frequency of 40 Hz. Some of the maximum values are

Z-displacement at center of beam : 3.3846310
-3
m
Z-reaction at support : 1.8689310
3
N
Z-acceleration at center of beam : 2.1379110
2
m/s
2

Moment at center of beam : 3.7714110
3
N-m

Random loading:

Response RANDOM gives the RMS values of the beam response due to the
random loading. Some of the RMS values are

Z-displacement at center of beam : 7.3591810
4
m
Z-reaction at support : 3.7560010
Z-acceleration at center of beam : 1.9074610 s
2

3
N
2
m/
Moment at center of beam : 2.1605610
3
N-m

Z
u(X,t)
u (t)
g
EI , A, r
E = 2.0 10
11
I = 8.33333 10
-6
A = 0.01
L = 10
r = 7800
m
2
m
m
4
N/m
2
kg/m
3
L
X

Figure A.116(a)


Modal damping:
Mode

Damping (%)
1 20

2

15
3

10

Harmonic loading:
Frequency (Hz) Load amplitude
(acceleration in gs)
5

0.6392
25

15.981
15.000
100 15.000

25.001

Random loading:
Frequency (Hz)

PSD of load amplitude (g
2
/Hz)
20

0.014
70

1.0
150

200

0.00012
1.0

Figure A.116(b)

A.117 Axisymmetric crack in a bar

A.117 Axisymmetric crack in a bar

Due to symmetry, only the upper half of the specimen is modeled. Four-node
axisymmetric elements are used. The independence of the energy release rate from
the virtual shift geometry is checked by using 8 different shifts, each one including
the crack tip node.
Objective

To verify the calculation of the energy release rate G by the virtual crack extension
method in 2-D axisymmetric analysis.
Physical problem
A round bar with a circumferential crack is submitted to a uniform tensile load. The
geometry of the fracture specimen, the load and the boundary conditions are shown in
Fig. A.117. The material behavior is linear elastic.

Solution results

The stress intensity factor for this problem is given in reference [1]:

2
0 0
2
0.475 , ,
I
P
K K K b P p R
b
= = =

Numerical bounds of

I
K can be obtained from the value of the energy release rate
given by the finite element analysis, considering that
( )
2
1
I
EG
K =
using plane
strain assumptions and
I
K EG =
ates of
using plane stress assumptions. These relations
provide lower and upper estim
I
K .

ADINA gives the following results, using virtual shift number 4:

K
I
(10
7
N-m
-3/2
)
Theory

ADINA
(plane stress)

ADINA
(plane strain)
3.368

3.267

3.425


The maximum difference between the reference value and the ADINA values is 3 %.
User hints
$ Note that, for symmetry reasons, the total energy release rate G is twice the value
given by the finite element model.
$ The value of the energy release rate given by the first virtual shift is not accurate
since low order elements are used to mesh the crack tip area. Triangular 6-node
elements with 1/4 point midside nodes should be used to obtain a better
representation of the stress/strain singularity, if the result from the virtual shift
including only the crack tip node is to be considered.

Reference

[1] Y. Murakami, Stress Intensity Factor Handbook, Pergamon Press, 1987.
R = 0.02 m
b/R= 0.5
p = 1 N/m
2
10
8
E = 2.07 10 N/m
11
2
n = 0.3
p
2R
b
a
p

Figure A.117

A.118 Analysis of a cracked weld attachment

A.118 Analysis of a cracked weld attachment

Objective

To verify the calculation of the energy release rate by the virtual crack extension
method for a non-symmetric 2-D fracture specimen.
Physical problem
A T-joint with a crack is submitted to tensile loading. The geometry of the specimen,
the loading and boundary conditions are given in Fig. A.118. The material behavior
is linear elastic. It is assumed that the crack will propagate in the horizontal direction.

The mesh consists of 8-node and 6-node elements. Plane strain conditions are
assumed. Six different virtual material shifts of increasing volume, each including the
crack tip node, are used to obtain different estimates of the energy release rate and
check its shift independence.

Solution results

The stress intensity factor
I
K for this geometry is given in reference [1] as

0 0
1.317 ,
I
K K K p = = a

3/

so, for this geometry, .
7 -
1.651 10 N-m
I
K =
2
I
K is calculated from the ADINA
energy release rate G using the relation
( )
2
1
EG
I
K =
(plane strain assumption).

ADINA calculates
N-m
1207
m
G =
7 -3/2
m . The com
using virtual shift 6, and from this G,
parison is very good.
Reference

1.657 10 N-
I
K =

[1] I.J. Smith, "The effect of geometry changes upon the predicted fatigue strength of
welded joints." Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Num. Meth. in Fract. Mech., Swansea, U.K.,
1984.


a
a
L
b
p
t
w
b = 0.05 m
a = 45
n = 0.3
a/b = 0.10
w/b = 0.5
E = 2.07 10 N/m
11
2
p = 1.0 10 N/m
8 2
L/b = 12.0
t/b = 1.0
t

Figure A.118

A.120 Failure of a composite shell (4-node shell element)

A.120 Failure of a composite shell (4-node shell element)

Physical problem

Objective

To verify the calculation of anisotropic failure criteria in multilayered shells.

Two geometrically identical square plates are submitted to a constant bending
moment, see Fig. A.120. Each plate is made of a stack of 3 layers. The middle layer
(core) is softer than the upper and lower layers (faces). The material of the faces is
isotropic for plate 1 and orthotropic for plate 2. The material of the core is always
isotropic.

The failure criteria used are the maximum stress criterion for plate 1 and the Tsai-Hill
criterion for plate 2. This is a linear elastic analysis.

Because the plates are in a state of cylindrical bending, only one 4-node shell element
is needed to model each plate.
Solution results
The solutions are in agreement with the theoretical solutions.

1.0
1.0
thickness = 0.1
M M
M= 1000

Figure A.120(a)


Three shell materials:

Material 1: E=2.010
11
, =0.3

Material 2: E
a
=1.010
11
E
b
=2.010
11
E
c
=1.010
11

ab
=0.3
bc
=0.3
ac
=0.3
G
ab
=7.692310
10
G
bc
=7.692310
10
G
cc
=3.810
10

Material 3: E= 2.010
9
, =0.3

Shell model 1:

Layer 1 uses material 1

Shell model 2:


The failure stress for both shell models is 3.010
8
.

Figure A.120(b)

A.121 Plate subjected to acoustic noise


Objective

The finite element model consists of 16 8-node shell elements. The lowest ten natural
frequencies and mode shapes are obtained using the subspace iteration method. A
consistent mass matrix is employed.
The user input for this problem is divided between the pre- and post-processing phases of
the analysis as follows:
Pre-processing:
Model geometry, number of natural frequencies to calculate, material properties,
boundary conditions. One load step is specified, in which the applied loading is a unit
constant pressure over the plate. ADINA is requested to output modal stresses, modal
reactions and modal participation factors corresponding to the applied loading
(ADINA does not compute any other response corresponding to the applied loading).
Post-processing:
The modal damping factors for each mode, the pressure spectrum levels of the noise
loading. The relationship between the pressure band level and the pressure spectrum
level is [1]

To demonstrate and verify the random vibration analysis features of the ADINA system.

Physical problem
A square flat plate with clamped edges is subjected to noise, see Fig. A.121. The pressure
band levels of the noise are also given in the figure. It is desired to estimate the plate
response due to the noise.
We assume that: 1) the noise can be described by a pressure load varying randomly in
time, with zero mean value and RMS values given by the pressure band levels; 2) the
pressure load is the same at all points on the plate; 3) the response can be captured using
the first few modes of the structural response.


PSL = PBL - 10.0 log
10
(FMAX - FMIN)

where PBL is the pressure band level (the sound pressure level contained within the


frequencies FMIN to FMAX) and PSL is the pressure spectrum level (the sound
pressure level contained within a band of frequencies 1 Hz wide). Each pressure
spectrum level value is assigned to the frequency at the center of the frequency band.

Solution results

Of the first 10 mode shapes, only modes 1 and 6 have nonzero modal participation factors
with respect to a constant pressure load. This is because of the symmetry of the problem
and its loading.
The RMS displacements, accelerations and bending moments in the plate are calculated as
a modal-combination. The maximum obtained values over the plate are

$ We could also have used symmetry boundary conditions and modeled only one-
quarter of the plate.
Reference

Maximum RMS displacement: 3.41559 10
-4
m
Maximum RMS acceleration: 7.92526 10
-2
m
Maximum RMS bending moment-rr: 1.40203 N-m/m
Maximum RMS bending moment-ss: 1.40203 N-m/m
Maximum RMS bending moment-rs: 0.43733 N-m/m

User hint

[1] Seto, W. W., Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Acoustics, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1971.


0.2 m
0.2 m
Thickness = 0.001 m
E= 7.1 10 N/m
10
2
n = 0.334
r = 2700 kg/m
3
Edges of plate are clamped
Damping ratio for each plate mode is 2%

Frequency interval (Hz) Pressure band level (db)
Noise characteristics:

100.000 to 125.990 114.0
125.990 to 158.740

120.0
158.740 to 200.000

126.0
200.000 to 251.980

132.0
251.980 to 317.480 138.0
317.480 to 400.000 139.0
400.000 to 503.790

135.0
503.790 to 634.960

131.0
634.960 to 800.000 127.0
800.000 to 1007.930

123.0
1007.930 to 1269.920

1269.920 to 1600.000

115.0

119.0

(the frequency intervals are the 1/3 octave bands between 100 Hz and 1600 Hz).

The reference pressure is the standard value of 2.0 10
-5
N/m
2
(corresponding to air).

Figure A.121


A.122 Floor response spectrum analysis of an inclined building, response
spectrum load

The building plus machine system is subjected to an earthquake with horizontal
ground motion and vertical ground motion specified by response spectra. These
response spectra are given in the input data to this problem.

Objective

To demonstrate floor response spectrum analysis when ground motion response
spectra are specified.
Physical problem

A simplified model of an inclined building is shown in Fig. A.122. A machine that is
very light is modeled as a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system and vibrates in
the horizontal direction as shown. The response of the machine as a function of the
machine natural frequency is to be determined.

The building is modeled using six Hermitian beam elements. Notice that the machine
is not included in the finite element model. The first 6 natural frequencies and mode
shapes of the building are calculated using the subspace iteration method.

The user input for this problem is divided between the pre- and post-processing
phases of the analysis as follows:

Pre-processing:
Building model geometry, number of natural frequencies to calculate, material
properties, boundary conditions. ADINA is requested to perform response
spectrum calculations.

Post-processing:

Modal damping factors, earthquake response spectra, machine natural frequency
range and damping factor functions. The SRSS method is used to combine modal
responses and spatial responses. The building natural frequencies are re-entered
into a frequency table to specify that floor response spectrum values are calculated
for machine frequencies equal to building natural frequencies. Also the peak
broadening factor for each building natural frequency is specified in the frequency
table.

A.122 Floor response spectrum analysis of an inclined building, response spectrum load

Solution results

The results are presented as floor response spectrum curves. Results are presented for
the two loads acting separately and then for a combined load case in which the x
direction loads are scaled by 0.9 and y direction loads are scaled by 1.5. The
combined load case results are presented as unsmoothed curves and as smoothed
curves with peaks broadened. Also presented are the combined load case results for
different damping factor functions for the machine.

To provide a comparison, a finite element model of the building plus a machine with
natural frequency of 4 Hz was analyzed using the conventional response spectrum
method. The machine was modeled using a spring element and a lumped mass of
0.001 kg. In the comparison, only the earthquake load in the x direction is
considered:

Model/analysis Acceleration (m/s
2
)
Building only, floor response spectrum,
6 modes (this analysis)

15.8488

Building only, floor response spectrum,
1

15.8925
2 modes
Building plus machine, response spectrum,
6

Building plus machine, response spectrum,
12 building modes
15.8925

building modes
15.8925

The analysis of building plus machine, 12 building modes is taken to be the "exact"
solution since all of the building modes are considered.

When the floor response spectrum analysis contains all of the modes of the model, the
machine damping factor is small and the machine natural frequency is not close to
any building natural frequency, then identical results to the conventional response
spectrum method are obtained. When the floor response spectrum analysis does not
contain all of the modes, then a small error is present due to neglecting the remaining
modes.

User hints
$ We deliberately incline the building so that horizontal ground motions cause
responses in the vertical direction and vice versa. Thus the physical problem is
somewhat artificial.
$ The acceleration computed in this floor response spectrum analysis is an absolute
acceleration, but the displacement and velocity are relative to the ground motion.


$ Not all of the building natural frequencies correspond to peaks in the floor response
spectra. Only those building natural frequencies that correspond to peaks should
have nonzero peak broadening factors in the frequency table.
$ It is important to obtain floor response spectrum responses for machine natural
frequencies equal to the building natural frequencies in order to estimate the
maximum machine response.

$ When the ground motion is specified by time histories, floor response spectra can
be calculated, see Example A.123.

10 m
10 m
10 m
60
A
Machine, natural frequency f,
Y
X
damping factor z
Building girders:
E = 2 10 N/m
11 2
r = 7800 kg/m
2
A = 0.01 m
2
I = I = 8.333 10
-
m
ss tt
6 4
I = 1.470 10
-
m
rr
5 4
The machine is not included

in the finite element model.

(in percent)
Damping ratio

Building m de damping factors: o
Mode Damping ratio

Mode

1 1.0

4

2

3.0
3

2.0

6 3.5

2.5
1.5 5

Figure A.122


A.123 Floor response spectrum analysis of a building with sloped roof,
time history load

The building plus machine system is subjected to three ground motions, each ground
motion acting in a coordinate direction. Time histories of these ground motions are
given in Fig. A.123(b).

For each ground motion direction, an ADINA linear dynamic analysis is performed.
A time step of 0.01 seconds is chosen to accurately integrate frequencies of up to 5
Hz. The response is obtained for the duration of the ground motion (1.5 seconds).
These ADINA analyses are combined into a single ADINA-PLOT database file. This
permits ADINA-PLOT to combine the floor response spectra from the different
ground motions.

Objective
To demonstrate floor response spectrum analysis when ground motions are specified
by time histories.
Physical problem

A simplified model of a building with a sloped roof is shown in Fig. A.123(a). Notice
that the building is oriented at an angle to the X-axis. A machine that is very light is
connected to point A. The machine is modeled as a single degree of freedom (SDOF)
system and vibrates in the X coordinate direction.

The maximum response of the machine as a function of the machine natural
frequency is to be determined. The machine natural frequency can vary from 0.5 to 5
Hz and the machine damping ratio is 2.0%.

The building is modeled using 58 Hermitian beam elements. Notice that the machine
is not included in the finite element model. A consistent mass matrix is chosen and
the Newmark method with = 0.25, = 0.5 is used for the time integration.


Solution results

The calculated floor response spectra show the maximum absolute acceleration of the
machine as a function of the machine natural frequency, for the ground motions
acting separately and for a SRSS combination of the ground motions.

Loading Maximum absolute acceleration

The results for a machine with natural frequency of 1.5 Hz are as follows:

(ft/sec
2
)
X ground motion 22.9194
Y ground motion

16.2062
Z ground motion

0.0510
SRSS combination of X, Y and Z
ground motions

28.0703

$ When combining the ADINA analysis into a single database, it is important that the
number of time functions in each analysis be the same. However, the time
functions used within each analysis can be different. In this case, a dummy
function is added to the ADINA analysis for ground motion in the Z direction.
These results can be confirmed by adding a spring element to the model at point A,
with natural frequency of 1.5 Hz and damping ratio of 2%, vibrating in the X
direction. When the augmented model is subjected to the same ground motions, the
maximum absolute accelerations of the spring node are the same as in the above table.

User hints

$ When it is not required to combine the results for different ground motion
directions, then each ADINA analysis can be loaded into a separate ADINA-PLOT
database. It is necessary to load the ADINA analyses into the same ADINA-PLOT
database only when the results for different ground motion directions are to be
combined using ADINA-PLOT.


30
12 ft
12 ft
12 ft
12 ft
X
X
Y
Y
Vertical columns:
E= 30 10 psi
6
E= 30 10 psi
6
n = 0.3
A= 19.70 in
2
I = 360.4 in
rr
4
I = 271.8 in
ss
4
I = 88.6 in
tt
4
r = 0.28 lbm/in
3
(r along beam axis,
s parallel to X)
Other girders:
n = 0.3
A = 10.22 in
2
I = 154.3 in
rr
4
I = 145.8 in
ss
4
I = 8.5 in
tt
4
r = 0.28 lbm/in
3
(r along beam axis,
t as indicated in figure)
t
t
t
A
A
25 ft 25 ft
Y
Z
X
Z

Figure A.123(a)


( )
1 2
sin sin 2
g x x
x f t t f = + t
0
0
0.5 1.0 1.5
2
3
1
f
x1
f
x2
Time (seconds)
X
ground
motion
envelopes
(ft/sec )
2

( )
1 2
sin1.5 sin3
g y xy
y f t t f = + t

0
0
0.5 1.0 1.5
2
3
1
f
y1
f
y2
Time (seconds)
Y
ground
motion
envelopes
(ft/sec )
2
4

( )
1
sin 2.5
g z
z f t = t

0
0
0.5 1.0 1.5
2
3
1
f
z1
Time (seconds)
Z
ground
motion
envelopes
(ft/sec )
2
4

Figure A.123(b)

A.124 Semi-elliptical crack in a half space, 3-D analysis

A.124 Semi-elliptical crack in a half space, 3-D analysis

Objective

To present an example of 3-D linear elastic stationary crack analysis.

Physical problem

A semi-infinite half space containing a semi-elliptical crack is considered, see Fig.
A.124. The half-space is submitted to a remote uniform tension. The variation of the
J-integral along the crack front is to be determined.


One quarter of the half space is modeled, due to symmetry considerations. The outer
boundaries of the model are chosen far enough from the crack so that the influence of
the boundary conditions is negligible.

The problem is modeled using the ADINA-M solid modeler. The geometry is divided
into three parts: the crack body (body 4), the crack sleeve body (body 1) and the
remainder of the model (body 2). The CRACK-M commands are used to create a
mapped mesh of 27-node brick elements and collapsed 27-node elements within the
crack body. Free-form mesh commands are used for the other bodies to create a free-
form mesh of 11-node tetrahedra, 14-node pyramids and 27-node brick elements. The
midside nodes of the collapsed elements connected to the crack front are shifted to the
quarter points to create a 1 r singularity in the stress/strain field.

The virtual shifts are created automatically from the crack body geometry.

Solution results

The ADINA results show good agreement with reference results (see ref. [1]).

Reference

[1] Newman, J.C. and Raju, I.S., "Stress-intensity Factors for a Wide Range of Semi-
elliptical Surface Cracks in Finite Thickness Plate", Engineering Fracture Mechanics,
Vol. 11, pp. 817-829, 1979.

c
a
X
Y
Z
s
c
f
a
X
Y
a = 0.254 m
c = 0.635 m
Material properties
E = 2.07 10 N/m
11
2
n = 0.3
Tension
s = 6.89 10 N/m
5
2
a

Figure A.124


ADINA problems (nonlinear analysis)


B1. Elastic-plastic analysis of a truss structure

B.1 Elastic-plastic analysis of a truss structure

A three-member lattice structure is subjected to a concentrated load as shown in Fig.
B.1. The material of the structure is assumed to be elastic-perfectly-plastic. The load
is applied in 5 equal increments.

Truss 1
Force (kips)
Objective

To verify the geometric and material nonlinear behavior of the truss element.

Physical problem

Each member is represented by a 2-node elastic-plastic truss element. The large
displacement, small strain kinematic formulation is used with stiffness reformation
and BFGS equilibrium iterations at every step.
Solution results
The ADINA numerical results obtained are as shown in the table below. Due to
symmetry, the force in truss 1 is the same as in truss 3.

Time

Force (kips)

Truss 2

1

26.12

52.23
2

52.23

104.45
3 78.35 156.66

4

100.00*

215.17
5

100.00* 300.00*
* Plastic
The sum of the internal truss forces in the Y-direction at time 5 is, since the
displacement in the Y-direction at point A is calculated to be 0.327614 inch,

2 2
5.327614
2 100 300 445.8342 kips
5 5.327614
+ =
+

This force is in equilibrium with the applied load.


User hints

$ The large displacement, small strain kinematic formulation must be used for a
physically realistic modeling of the structure. If a small displacement, small strain
kinematic formulation is employed, the structure is predicted to become unstable
once truss 1 and truss 3 become plastic since at that state there is no stiffness in the
X-translational degree-of-freedom at point A. Using the large displacement, small
strain kinematic formulation, the analysis proceeds beyond this load point, because
the forces in all the members provide a geometric stiffness to the structural model.

$ The truss element is formulated for small strain conditions only. Therefore, the
area of the truss element is assumed to remain constant during the analysis.

X
P
Y
a
a
a
y Y
3
y
Bar areas = 1.0 ft
2
a = 5.0 ft
E = 2.0 10
5
kips/ft
2
E
T
= 0.0
y
= 100.0 kips/ft
2
P
y
= 441.42 kips (limit load considering small displacements only)
A
P = 1.01 P
y
= 445.8342 kips

Figure B.1

B2. Large amplitude oscillations of a simple pendulum

B.2 Large amplitude oscillations of a simple pendulum

Physical problem
The pendulum is idealized as a truss element (large displacement, small strain
formulation) with a concentrated mass at its free end. The trapezoidal rule is
employed to obtain the step-by-step response with a step size of 0.025 seconds.
Stiffness reformation and BFGS equilibrium iterations are performed at each step of
the solution.

$ It is important in a dynamic analysis to have tight enough tolerances. If, for
example, in this analysis ETOL is set to 0.001 and RTOL is not used, then
considerable energy is lost in the analysis, see [1] p. 827.
$ Note that the load vector input by time functions at the start of the solution (t = 0)
is not used in ADINA. In this example, an initial acceleration is therefore
prescribed at time t = 0.
Reference
[1] Bathe, K.J., Finite Element Procedures, Prentice-Hall, 1996.

Objective
To verify the dynamic behavior of the truss element in large displacement analysis.

The simple pendulum shown in Fig. B.2 is released from a horizontal position at time
t = 0. The response for several periods of oscillation is to be determined.


Solution results
The maximum axial force in the truss is predicted by ADINA to be 293.78 N which
can be compared to the theoretical value 3Mg = 294.00 N .

User hints


Y
X
M
L
g
L = 3.0443 m
EA = 1.0 10
5
N
M = 10.0 kg
g = 9.8 m/s
2
l

Figure B.2

B5. Cantilever beam in creep

B.5 Cantilever beam in creep

The cantilever beam shown in Fig. B.5 is subjected to a constant bending moment at
the tip. The material of the beam is assumed to obey the uniaxial creep law

Objective

To verify the 2-D plane stress and isoparametric beam elements for material-
nonlinear-only analysis using a creep material model.

Physical problem

16 3
10 m/m
C
e t
=

where is measured in KPa and t in hours.


Two separate models of the cantilever are included, one using a plane stress element
and the other using an isoparametric beam element. For the analysis the integration
parameter = 1 and three time steps with t = 200 are used to reach the stationary
state. The ADINA restart option is employed to compute the creep response starting
from the elastic solution. Full Newton iterations without line searches are used for
the equilibrium iterations.

Solution results

The numerically obtained results for the plane stress element are compared with the
analytical solution [1]. The differences in the results are due to the relatively small
number of integration points in the z-direction used in the finite element analysis.
Similar results are obtained for the iso-beam element.

User hint

$ The solution algorithm displays solution stability even with large time steps.
However, the time step size has to be small enough to obtain an accurate solution.

Reference

[1] Penny, R.K. and Mariott, D.L., Design for Creep, McGraw-Hill, London, 1971.


4.0 m
0.4 m
0.4 m
M = 60 KN-m
Y
Z
X
E = 2 10
6
KPa
= 0
e
C
= 10
-16
3
t

Figure B.5

B6. Pipe whip analysis, direct integration solution

B.6 Pipe whip analysis, direct integration solution

$ In this analysis only 7 time steps are used for the dynamic response prediction.
Comparing the response predictions to the response calculated with a smaller time
step [1,2], it is noted that the solution given is sufficiently accurate.
Objective

To verify the dynamic behavior of the beam element in elastic-plastic analysis.
Physical problem

The cantilever pipe analyzed in ref. [1] and shown in Fig. B.6 is considered. The pipe
is initially at rest and is suddenly subjected to a constant tip load, causing it to
impinge onto a restraint.


The pipe is modeled using six Hermitian beam elements and the pipe material is
assumed to be elastic-perfectly-plastic as shown in Fig. B.6. The restraint, under the
assumption that it is subjected to a monotonically increasing compressive load, is
represented by a nonlinear elastic truss element with the stress-strain relation given in
Fig. B.6. The truss element contributes no stiffness until a strain of -0.125
(corresponding to a gap of 3 in.) is reached. For the step-by-step direct integration,
the trapezoidal rule (Newmark method) is used and the response is calculated using
the BFGS iteration for seven time steps with a time step of 0.002 sec. A lumped mass
matrix assumption is employed in the analysis.
Solution results

The pipe impinges onto the restraint at time 0.008 sec.
User hints
$ The characteristics of this problem are that the pipe is very flexible and impinges
suddenly onto a relatively stiff stop, resulting into a high nonlinearity. The BFGS
equilibrium iterations are very effective for this analysis, and converge with even a
relatively large time step.


$ The restraint can also be modeled using the gap option in the truss element. The
gap element can only resist compression. Note, however, that the gap element is
elasto-plastic whereas the restraint model in this example is nonlinear elastic.

References
[1] Ma, S.N. and Bathe, K.J., "On Finite Element Analysis of Pipe Whip Problems," J.
Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 37, pp. 413-430, 1976.

[2] Bathe, K.J. and Cimento, A.P., "Some Practical Procedures for the Solution of
Nonlinear Finite Element Equations," J. Comp. Meth. App. Mech. Eng., Vol. 22, pp.
59-85, 1980.

P
d
b
a
L
D
i
D
o
D
o
= 30.0 in a = 3.0 in
D
i
= 27.75 in b = 21.0 in
L = 360.0 in d = 5.75 in
diameter
restraint
Pipe material:
E
y
e
E = 2.698 10
7
psi
= 0.3
y
= 2.914 10
-4
psi
= 7.18 10
-4
slug/in
3
e
y
E
-.125
Restraint material:
E = 2.99 10
7
psi
y
= 3.80 10
4
psi
P = 6.57 10
5
lb at time 0

Figure B.6

B7. Pipe whip analysis, mode superposition solution

B.7 Pipe whip analysis, mode superposition solution

The results are similar to those obtained in Example B.6.
User hints

2
i

Objective
To verify the use of mode superposition in nonlinear analysis.
Physical problem
Same as in Example B.6.
Same as in Example B.6 except that mode superposition is used to obtain the dynamic
response. Two modes are employed in the mode superposition analysis and modified
Newton equilibrium iterations are performed in the response calculation. The number
of time steps and the step size are the same as in Example B.6.

Solution results

$ The mode superposition solution is very effective when only a few modes need to
be used to represent the response to sufficient accuracy. The pipe whip example
solved here is such a case.
$ Note that the mode shapes of the linear structure (corresponding to time 0) are used
in the mode superposition solution,
0 2 0 2
1 1 1 2 2
, = = K M K M

The response is then calculated using
t
where the are time
dependent coefficients evaluated in the solution. In essence, therefore, a two-
degree-of-freedom finite element model is considered with the displacement
assumptions and but all nonlinearities in the pipe and the stop are included
in the analysis.
( )
2
1
i
i
t
=
=
U ( )
i
t
1 2


B.8 Uniaxial cycling loading solution for von Mises plasticity, isotropic
bilinear hardening

$ The results are exact for any number of time steps used in each of the three loading
intervals since the loading is radial.

Objective

To verify the finite element solution when a bilinear von Mises elastic-plastic material
with isotropic hardening is subjected to uniaxial cycling loading conditions.

Physical problem

The bar shown in Fig. B.8 is subjected to a cyclic load.

Six finite element models are used, each employing one of the following element
types: truss, isoparametric beam, pipe, plane stress, 3-D solid and shell.
Solution results

The numerical results are identical to the analytical solution. The same response is
obtained using any of the element types listed.
User hints

L
E
y
e
A
P
E
T
E = 2.0 10
11
N/m
2
y
= 4.0 10
8
N/m
2
E
T
= 2.0 10
10
N/m
2
A = 0.01 m
2
L = 1.0 m

Figure B.8

B9. Uniaxial cycling loading solution for von Mises plasticity, bilinear kinematic hardening with
material rupture

B.9 Uniaxial cycling loading solution for von Mises plasticity, bilinear
kinematic hardening with material rupture

Objective

To verify the finite element solution when a von Mises elastic-plastic material with
kinematic hardening is subjected to uniaxial cycling loading conditions. Also, to
demonstrate the ADINA solution when rupture of the material occurs.

Physical problem

Same as Example B.8, except that the material can rupture at 0.007
P
A
= e .

Six finite element models are used, each employing one of the following element
types: truss, iso-beam, pipe, plane stress, 3-D solid and shell. In the models
employing pipe, plane stress and shell elements, two elements of the specified type
are used, one without rupture (cross-sectional area of 0.009) and one with rupture
(cross-sectional area of 0.001). These elements are connected to the same nodes, so
that the effective area of the assemblage before rupture is 0.01. In the other models, a
single element of the specified type is used without rupture.
Solution results

Before the rupture of the material is reached, the solution results are the same for each
element. These results are exactly equal to the analytical solution. After rupture
occurs (at step 14) the elements coupled to those with rupture continue to carry the
load and the stresses in these elements are therefore increased.

User hint
$ When using the rupture condition in the material model, it is important to use small
load increments (as in this example) because large load increments can cause large
unbalanced loads during the equilibrium iterations within a load step. In this case
the iteration path can lead to an unrealistically early occurrence of the rupture
condition.


B.10 Cable under gravity load

Physical problem

Node Displacements (inch)
Objective
To verify the large displacement behavior of the truss element and demonstrate the
modeling of cables.

A cable is stretched between a ground anchor point and a tower attach point, see Fig.
B.10. The cable has a cluster of 6 insulators attached to a point in the middle portion
and 3 insulators attached to the lower portion. The weight of each insulator is 510
lbs. The initial prestress of the cable is 7520 lbs and the self weight is 0.106667
lbs/in.


The finite element model consists of twelve 2-node truss elements. The insulators are
attached as concentrated masses. The material model for the truss element is linear
elastic and the large displacement, small strain kinematic formulation is used. In the
numerical solution, the BFGS method of equilibrium iteration is used with stiffness
reformation for every load step. The gravity loading is applied in 5 equal load steps.

Solution results

We note that the cable stiffens as the gravity load is increased. For an analytical
verification we select the following results as typical:

y

z
9

215.745

-248.196
6 242.152

-275.898
10

199.365

-226.345

Element

Truss internal force (lbs)
7

22843.5
8

24975.0

Using the above displacement solution the following internal truss forces can be
calculated theoretically:

B10. Cable under gravity load

Element 7:
7
7
7
1 22850 lbs
P
I
F F EA
L
| |
= + =
|
\ .

Element 8:
8
8
8
1 24970 lbs
P
I
F F EA
L
| |
= + =
|
\ .

where F L hese calculated
values for F F
8
agree with the corresponding ADINA results.

p
= initial prestress, l
7
= final length,
7
= original length. T
7
and
By projecting the ADINA calculated internal forces for elements 7 and 8 onto the
vertical (Z) axis it can be seen that equilibrium is satisfied in the vertical direction for
node 6.
User hint
$ The initial prestress in the truss elements is important since it provides stiffness in
the lateral direction for the elements if the large displacement, small strain
kinematic formulation is used. Without the prestress the initial stiffness matrix in
this example would be singular.

Y
L
y
L
z
Z
Anchor point
Tower attach point
Area A
Initial prestress
7520.0 lb.
Insulator
A = 0.361 in
2
L
y
= 8191.20 in
L
z
= 7312.05 in
E = 1.9 10
7
psi
= 0.295476 lbm/in
3
l
l

Figure B.10


B.15 Cyclic creep analysis of a thick walled cylinder

Objective
To verify the creep material model when 2-dimensional axisymmetric and 3-
dimensional elements are employed.
Physical problem
Figure B.15(a) shows the thick-walled cylinder which is to be analyzed for cyclic
internal pressure. Plane strain conditions are assumed. The material of the cylinder is
assumed to obey a uniaxial creep law of the form

18 4.4
6.4 10
C
e t
=


Two finite element models are used in the analysis: (1) three 2-D axisymmetric
elements and (2) three 3-D solid elements. In the case of the 3-D elements, a skew
system XYZ is employed to properly model the boundary conditions. The full
Newton iteration method with line searches is used.
Solution results
Practically the same results are obtained when using the 2-D or 3-D elements. The
solutions compare well with the steady-state solutions reported in ref. [1]. Solutions
close to these can be obtained with much larger time steps.

User hint

$ Notice that the use of 2-D axisymmetric elements assumes an angle of 1 radian in
the circumferential direction. However, to model the axisymmetric condition by
one layer of 3-dimensional elements, a smaller circumferential dimension must be
used. (Here one degree was modeled).
Reference

[1] Finnie, I. and Heller, W.R., Creep of Engineering Materials, McGraw-Hill, p. 208,
1959.

B15. Cyclic creep analysis of a thick walled cylinder

P
r
1
r
2
Y
X
-365
365
2.2 2.6 t (hr)
P
(lb/in
2
)
E = 2.0 10
7
lb/in
2
= 0.3
e
C
= 6.4 10
-18
.
4
.
4
.
t in/in
Temperature 100 F
r
1
= 0.16 in
r
2
= 0.25 in
Plane strain conditions

Figure B.15


B.16 Large displacement analysis of a simply-supported plate


Because of symmetry conditions only 1/4
th
of the plate needs to be modeled. One 16-
node shell element is used. Constraint equations are used to model uniform in-plane
edge displacements.
In the numerical solution, the loading is applied in 22 load steps up to the final load
parameter K = 500. For every load step the stiffness is reformed and the BFGS
method of equilibrium iteration is employed.
The computed displacement response agrees very closely with the solution given by
Levy [1].
User hint

Objective

To verify the shell element for large displacement analysis.

Physical problem

A simply supported square plate is subjected to a uniform pressure load, see Fig.
B.16. The plate material is linear elastic.

Solution results

$ The large displacement response of shells generally involves severe nonlinearities
because the structure, initially only in bending action, is subjected to increasing
membrane action with increasing load. This results in a stiffening effect. The
BFGS method is generally quite effective for these types of problems. If
difficulties are encountered in the convergence of the equilibrium iterations, then
the more powerful full Newton iteration method with line searches can be
employed.
Reference
[1] Levy, S., "Bending of Rectangular Plates with Large Deflections," Technical Notes,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, No. 846, 1942.

B16. Large displacement analysis of a simply-supported plate

a
a
Region discretized
E = 10
7
psi
= 0.1
h = 0.12 in (plate thickness)
a = 24 in
q = uniform applied pressure per unit area
K =
Eh
4
All edges are simply supported
qa
4

Figure B.16


B.17 Thermo-elastic analysis of a cantilever beam

Objective
To verify the thermo-elastic material model when used with 3-D solid elements.
Physical problem
A cantilever beam is subjected to a linearly varying temperature distribution in the Z-
direction, see Fig. B.17. No other loads are applied to the beam.

$ The thermo-elastic material model allows Young's modulus E, Poisson's ratio v and
the mean coefficient of thermal expansion to vary as a function of temperature.
The material model is considered nonlinear since the resulting stiffness matrix, in
general, is dependent on the applied temperature loading.
$ Since the theoretical displacement solution varies quadratically in the X- and Y-
directions, the 20-node element can describe the displacement field exactly.
Therefore, since the beam is free to bend in both the X- and Y-directions, the
stresses are zero everywhere.
Reference
[1] Boley, B.A. and Weiner, J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley and Sons, pp.
307-314, 1960.


Since the problem is anti-symmetric with respect to the neutral axis of the beam, only
the portion above the neutral axis is modeled. Three 20-node 3-D solid elements are
used.

Solution results
The ADINA analysis is carried out for material nonlinearities only. The analytical
solution using the theory given, for example, in [1] is w = -0.0054 inch and excellent
agreement can be observed.
User hints

B17. Thermo-elastic analysis of a cantilever beam

6 in
Y
neutral axis
150
125
100
Z
1 in
Reference temperature = 125 F
1 in
E = 3.0 10
7
lb/in
2
= 0.3
= 6.0 10
-6
in/in/ F

Figure B.17


B.18 Analysis of an underground opening

Solution results
Significant cracking occurs in the rock underneath the tunnel at the final overburden
pressure.

Objective

To demonstrate the use of the curve description model in a simplified analysis of an
underground opening.

Physical problem
A tunnel through a rock mass, see Fig. B.18, is considered. The walls of the tunnel
are reinforced with rock bolts. The rock material is assumed to have constant
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.
The rock is modeled using 8-node plane strain elements and the rock bolts by 2-node
truss elements. The pressure due to the overburdened rock material is simulated by a
pressure load. The curve description model is employed to describe the rock material.
The tensile failure option is used with material density = 0.12 kip/ft
3
and shear
reduction factor = 0.00099. Both the tensile stress and the shear stress are therefore
reduced to zero for a crack, i.e. when any principal tensile stress exceeds the in-situ
gravity stress at an integration point.
A materially-nonlinear-only analysis is carried out in eleven steps using full Newton
iterations with line searches. The final overburden pressure reached in the analysis is
30 kip/ft
2
.

User hints
$ When cracks form in a finite element model using the curve description material
model the stiffness generally changes drastically. Depending on the in-situ gravity
pressure the change in stresses associated with the formation of a crack may also be
significant. These effects generally result in a considerable redistribution of
stresses. It is, therefore important to take small enough load steps whenever cracks
are forming in order to avoid solution difficulties.

B19. Static analysis of a reinforced concrete beam

$ Note that the in-situ gravity pressure p
i
at the nodes is calculated using

p
i
= z
i
where z
i
is the nodal z-coordinate. The stress corresponding to this gravity
pressure is not included in the calculated stresses which are output. The gravity
pressure is, however, taken into account when the bulk and shear moduli are
determined and in the criteria for cracking.

Steel bolt
z = -60 ft
P kip/ft
2
4 ft 32 ft
Z
Y
E = 4.23 10
4
kip/ft
2
= 0.0
= 120 lb/ft
3
E
steel
= 4.32 10
7
kip/ft
2
A
steel
= 0.0021 ft
2
12 ft 12 ft
12 ft
18 ft
6 ft
4 ft
16 ft

Figure B.18


B.19 Static analysis of a reinforced concrete beam

The numerical solution is compared with the response predicted by Suidan and
Schnobrich [1] and reasonable agreement is observed.
User hints

Objective
To verify the concrete material model in plane stress analysis, and to demonstrate the
modeling of reinforced concrete.
Physical problem
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam subjected to two symmetrically applied
concentrated loads as shown in Fig. B.19 is considered. The steel reinforcement area
A
st
= 0.62 in
2
is used in this analysis.
Using symmetry conditions only one-half of the structure needs to be considered.
Fifteen 8-node plane stress elements are used to model the concrete of the beam and
five 3-node truss elements are used to model the reinforcement. The material of the
steel bars is modeled as elastic-plastic with strain hardening. The solution is obtained
in 35 equal steps using Newton iterations with line searches.

Solution results

$ The solution of concrete problems can be difficult, due to the sudden nonlinearities
that can take place as a result of cracking and crushing of the material. The overall
structural nonlinearities are more pronounced when only small amounts of steel
reinforcements are used in the structure. Significant stress redistributions can take
place in the concrete for each increment in load applied (note that depending on the
structure, the stress redistribution may well propagate the cracking of the material
and lead to total structural collapse). In this case small incremental load steps may
be required due to difficulty in equilibrium iteration convergence.

B19. Static analysis of a reinforced concrete beam

Reference

[1] Suidan, M. and Schnobrich, W., "Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete,"
ASCE, J. Struct. Div., Vol. 99, No. ST10, Oct. 1973.

P _
2
P _
2
50" 36" 50"
6"
12"
1"
A
st
=
0.62 in
2
2.00 in
2
Region
discretized

Figure B.19(a)

Steel

Young's modulus 0000 ksi 3
Poisson's ratio

0.2
Initial yield stress 4 ksi 4
Strain hardening modulus 300 ksi
7.33910
-4
lbf-s
2
/in
4
Density

Concrete

Uniaxial parameters:
itial tangent modulus 6100 ksi In

Poisson's ratio

0.2
Uniaxial cut-off tensile strength .458 ksi 0
Uniaxial maximum compressive stress (SIGMAC) .74 ksi -3
Compressive strain at SIGMAC

-0.002 in/in
Uniaxial ultimate compressive stress .225 ksi -3
Uniaxial ultimate compressive strain

-0.003 in/in

Figure B.19(b), part 1


T iaxial compressive failure curves: r
Principal stress ratios

Cu e num rv ber, I

1

2

3

4

5

6
S 0.00 0.25 0.50 P1(I)

0.75

1.00

1.20
SP3(I,1) (at SP2=SP1) 1.00 1.35 1.75

2.15

2.50

2.80
SP3(I,2) (at
P2=BETA$SP3) S

1.25

1.70

2.10

2.55

2.95

3.30

SP3(I,3) (at SP2=SP3)

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.10

Other parameters:
S 0 tress ratio for failure surface input (BETA)

.75
Constant for definition of critical strains (C1) 1.4
Constant for definition of critical strains (C2)

-0.4
Constant used to define the tensile strains
orresponding to zero stress (XSI) c
8.0
Stiffness reduction factor 0.0001
Shear reduction factor

0.5
Density

2.17210
-4
lbf-s
2
/in
4

Figure B.19(b), part 2

B20. Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam

B.20 Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam


The finite element model is the same as in Example B.19 except that the cross section
area of the trusses modeling the reinforcement of the beam is increased to A
in ic response is evaluated using the trapezoidal rule (the Newmark
method with = 0.25 and = 0.50) with a time step t = 0.001 sec. A lumped mass
matrix is used in the analysis and equilibrium iterations using the full Newton method
with line searches are employed at each time step. The ATS method is used to reduce
the time step when convergence is not achieved.

Objective

To demonstrate dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete model.
Physical problem
Same as in Example B.19 except that the reinforcement in the beam is increased to A
st

= 2.0 in
2
and that the concentrated load is applied as a step load at time t = 0 with
magnitude P = 13.5 kips.
+

st
= 2.0
2
. The dynam

The beam vibrates about a steady-state configuration in which the lower half of the
beam is in tension. Significant cracking occurs in the lower half of the beam. Most
of the cracks remain open throughout the vibration, but some of the cracks near the
neutral axis close when the beam moves to the top of its motion and reopen when the
beam moves to the bottom of its motion.

User hint
$ It is generally important in a nonlinear dynamic analysis to iterate for dynamic
equilibrium. If no iterations are performed errors may arise, which, in a dynamic
analysis, accumulate.
Solution results


B.21 Large deflection analysis of a shallow arch

Objective
To verify the large displacement behavior of the isoparametric beam element and to
demonstrate the restart option in static analysis.
Physical problem

A shallow arch is subjected to a concentrated apex load, as shown in Fig. B.21.


Using symmetry conditions, four 4-node iso-beam elements are used to model one
half of the structure. The apex load is applied in sixteen equal load steps and the
restart option is employed after the first eight steps. Stiffness reformations and BFGS
equilibrium iterations are employed for each load step.

Solution results

Good agreement with ref. [1] is obtained for the predicted displacements.

Reference

[1] Mallet, R.H. and Berke, L., "Automated Method for the Large Deflection and
Instability Analysis of Three-Dimensional Truss and Frame Assemblies," AFFDL-
TR-66-102, 1966.

w
P
R
h
R = 133.114 in
h = 0.1875 in
b = 1.00 in (width)
= 7.3397
E = 10
7
psi
= 0.2
region discretized

Figure B.21

B22. Eight-story building subjected to impact load using substructures

B.22 Eight-story building subjected to impact load using substructures

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of performing nonlinear dynamic analysis using
substructures.

Physical problem

The eight-story building shown in Fig. B.22 is analyzed for its dynamic response
when subjected to an impact load at the top.


The division of the building into substructures is indicated in Fig. B.22. The building
is modeled with beam elements in the master structure and the substructures. The
foundation is modeled with elastic truss elements in the vertical direction and with
elastic-plastic truss elements in the horizontal direction. The dynamic response is
evaluated using the trapezoidal rule (the Newmark method with = 0.25 and =
0.50) with a time step t = 0.02 sec. A lumped mass matrix discretization is used in
the analysis. Stiffness reformation and BFGS equilibrium iterations are employed in
every solution time step.

Solution results

The same results are obtained when the building is modeled without substructures.


15 ft
96 ft
Substructure 1, reuse 2
Substructure 1, reuse 1
20
P

Figure B.22

B23. Elastic-plastic analysis of a sand specimen under compression

B.23 Elastic-plastic analysis of a sand specimen under compression

Objective
To verify the Drucker-Prager material model when used for the axisymmetric
element.
Physical problem

A uniaxial strain test for McCormick Ranch Sand is considered, see Fig. B.23.
Four 4-node axisymmetric elements are used to model the sand specimen. The top
nodes in the model are subjected to prescribed displacements. Twenty prescribed
displacement steps are used with stiffness reformation and BFGS equilibrium
iterations at every step.
Solution results

The calculated solution is in reasonable agreement with the experimental data given
in [1].

User hints

$ For the present example one 4-node element is also satisfactory, since there is no
radial displacement variation and only a linear displacement variation in the
vertical (Z) direction.

Reference

[1] DiMaggio, F.L. and Sandler, I.S., "Material Model for Granular Soils," J. Eng. Mech.
Div. ASCE 97 (EMS), pp. 935-949, 1971.


D
Z
Y
Region
discretized
Prescribed displacement
E = 100.0 ksi
= 0.25
Yield function parameter = 0.05
Yield function parameter k = 0.1 ksi
Cap hardening parameter W = -0.066
Cap hardening parameter D = -0.78 ksi
-1
Tension cut-off limit T = 0.01
Initial cap position
0
I
a
1
= 0.0 ksi
D = 1.0 in
H = 0.5 in
H

Figure B.23

B28. Elastic-plastic bending of a pipe, with axial loading and internal pressure

B.28 Elastic-plastic bending of a pipe, with axial loading and internal
pressure

Objective

To verify the elastic-plastic response of the pipe element subjected to bending and
axial loading and to internal pressure.

Physical problem

A straight, simply supported pipe is loaded laterally and axially as shown in Fig.
B.28. The axial loading corresponds to a given thermal loading [1], [2]. The pipe is
also subjected to a constant internal pressure.

Eight pipe beam-type elements are used to model the entire structure. The multilinear
elastic-plastic material model with isotropic hardening conditions is used. Full
Newton iterations with line searches are employed.
To take into account the bending deformations due to the axial force F
y
, a large
displacement analysis is performed. The lateral force is increased according to the
following table in order to follow the distinct experimental points [2].

Lateral load P
Step

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
P (kips)

101

198

299

357

376

401

425

435

453

460

Solution results

The moment-curvature relation is computed for the test section of the pipe and
compared with experimental results. The curvature is computed as

=
B
/ L
AB

where
B
is the rotation at point B and L
AB
is the distance between points A and B.

Very good agreement between the computed and experimental results is obtained.


User hint

$ The solution effort is much affected by the number of integration stations used and
it should be noted that the pipe beam-type element is the most effective since it
requires only one integration point along the pipe length.

References

[1] Bounkamp, J.G. and Stephen, R.M., "Large Diameter Pipe Under Combined
Loading," Transp. Eng. J. ASCE, V. 99, No. TE3, pp. 521-536, 1973.

[2] Price, P. St. J. and Kim, H.O., Mechanical Stress Analysis of Buried Pipeline,
Northern Engineering Services Company, Ltd., Calgary, 1975.

F
y
6" 6" 93" 93" 24" 24" 132"
P _
4
P _
4
P _
4
P _
4
D = 48 in D = 48 in D = 48 in
A B
Internal pressure = 917 psi
Axial force F
y
= 2.52 10
6
lb
Lateral force P = 1000 lb
= .586 in
(End section)
= .485 in
(Test section)
= .586 in
(End section)

Figure B.28

B32. Excavation of a tunnel

B.32 Excavation of a tunnel

Objective

To verify the 2-D plane strain element when employing the birth/death option in
analyzing the construction of a tunnel.

Physical problem

The construction of a tunnel shown in Fig. B.32 requires the creation of the tunnel
opening by removal of material and the erection of props at the center line. The
displacements and stresses during the different phases of the construction are to be
determined.


Eight 4-node plane strain elements are used to model one half of the underground
region. The element death option is active for the element modeling the tunnel
region, and the element birth option is active for the truss element modeling the props.
The following step-by-step solution is performed to simulate the different phases of
construction:
Step 1: All elements except the truss are active and a uniform loading of q
= 80 kips/ft
2
is applied at the top surface.

Step 2: The element modeling the tunnel region becomes inactive to
simulate the creation of the opening. The truss remains inactive
and the applied loading is the same as in step 1.

Step 3: The truss element becomes active to simulate the addition of the
props. The applied loading is the same as in step 1.
Step 4: The applied loading is increased to 120 kips/ft
2
and the response of
the completed tunnel is obtained.

Stiffness reformation is performed at every load step.

Solution results

No comparisons of these finite element results with experimental or other computed
results are given, but the solution reported here satisfies some qualities that should be
observed; namely, a redistribution of stresses due to the excavation of the tunnel (step
2), no change in stresses due to the addition of the props only (step 3), and the tensile


stress developed in the roof due to the additional loading is relatively small when the
props are active (step 4).

User hints

$ Note that the only nonlinearity in this solution is due to the removal/addition of the
elements representing the tunnel and the props. Hence, since in this example a new
stiffness matrix is calculated at each step corresponding to the conditions at the end
of each step, this matrix does not change during the solution step and a linear
system is, therefore, considered in each step. Therefore the equilibrium iterations
converge immediately in this solution.

$ Note that the truss element representing the props has as its initial length the
distance between the element end nodes in the deformed configuration at time 2.0.
Hence, the element is born stress free. This holds for all elements that are born in a
solution.

60 ft below ground level
Region discretized
Opening
Prop
r
a
2r
a = 20.0 ft
r = 24.0 ft
Rock/soil:
E = 4.32 10
4
ksf
= 0.0
Prop:
E = 4.32 10
6
ksf
= 0.0

Figure B.32

B33. Cable/frame structure with cable failure

B.33 Cable/frame structure with cable failure

Objective

To verify the nonlinear elastic truss element when used to simulate cable failure in a
cable/frame structure.

Physical problem

The cable/frame structure shown in Fig. B.33 is subjected to a concentrated
downward load at the midspan. The cable is assumed to break at the joint when a
strain of 3% is reached. The behavior of the structure before and after the failure of
the cable is to be analyzed.


The frame is modeled with four linear elastic 2-node Hermitian beam elements and
the cable is modeled using a nonlinear 2-node truss element with the stress-strain
relationship shown in Fig. B.33. The load is applied in ten equal load steps. Stiffness
reformation and equilibrium iterations using the BFGS method are used at each
solution step in the analysis.

Solution results

The cable breaks at an applied load of 1100 kips. The structure becomes much softer
at this load and then begins to stiffen for higher loads.

User hints

$ The nonlinear elastic material can be used to model material failures as shown in
this example. Of course, general stress/strain reversals are then not possible. The
tension failure strain may only be reached from below.

$ Note that since the magnitude of the maximum deflection after the cable failure is
large, in practice a large displacement analysis including elastoplasticity is more
appropriate to predict the structural behavior.


X
Y
b
P
a
a
a = 20 ft
b = 12 ft
P = 1500 kips
e
0.03
E = 4.32 10
6
kips/ft
2
E = 0
Frame:
E = 4.32 10
6
kips/ft
2
= 0.28
I = 2.778 10
-2
ft
4
A = 0.3333 ft
2
Cable:
E = 4.32 10
6
kips/ft
2
A = 6.944 10
-3
ft
2
Cable stress-strain curve:

Figure B.33

B34. Elastic-plastic cantilever plate under end moment

B.34 Elastic-plastic cantilever plate under end moment

Objective

To verify the 2-D plane stress element when employed in an elastic-plastic analysis.

Physical problem

The cantilever plate shown in Fig. B.34 is subjected to a bending moment at its free
end. The bending moment is increased until most of the plate cross-section is plastic
and then unloaded. The residual stresses in the plate are to be determined.


The cantilever plate is modeled using one 8-node plane stress element which is
subjected to two equal and opposite forces at its end. The material of the plate is
assumed to obey an elastic-plastic isotropic hardening material law. Three solution
steps are employed to calculate the finite element response and the variation of the
applied loading is shown in Fig. B.34. In the analysis, the full Newton equilibrium
iteration method with line searches is employed and the finite element matrix is
calculated using 4 4 Gauss integration.

Solution results

The residual stress field is as follows:

Residual stress
yy
(N/mm
2
)

Beam theory

ADINA
Outer int. pt.

-133.6

-155.7
Inner int. pt.

225.9

210.4

User hint

$ Note that a high enough integration order in the thickness direction of the
cantilever plate is required to predict the spread of the plasticity through the
thickness.


Y
Z
L
h
M
thickness 20 mm
4.1
1 2 3
(10
6
N-mm)
Time
E = 1.7 10
5
N/mm
2
= 0.325
s
y
= 465 N/mm
2
E
T
= 1.7 10
3
N/mm
2
h = 40 mm
L = 100 mm
M

Figure B.34

B35. Cracking in a steel-lined concrete cylinder

B.35 Cracking in a steel-lined concrete cylinder

Objective

To demonstrate the use of the concrete material model in a two-dimensional analysis.

Physical problem

The steel-lined concrete cylinder shown in Fig. B.35 is subjected to a uniform internal
pressure. The pressure at which the concrete section is completely cracked is to be
determined.


The cylinder is modeled using six 8-node axisymmetric elements. The solution
response is evaluated in eighteen load steps using the load curve shown in Fig. B.35
and BFGS equilibrium iterations.

Solution results

In the finite element solution, cracks in the hoop direction first occur at the integration
points close to the inner surface of the concrete section at a pressure of 700 psi. The
cracks propagate in the radial direction during the load history and the concrete
section is completely cracked at a pressure of 1300 psi. The steel lining remains
elastic throughout the entire solution.

h
a b c d
p
Steel Steel
Concrete
a = 0.9 in
b = 0.1 in
c = 1.0 in
d = 0.1 in
h = 1.0 in
1500
700
0 2 18
Time
Pressure
(psi)

Figure B.35(a)


Material Parameters

Steel

Young's modulus

30,000 ksi
Poisson's ratio

0.2
Initial yield stress

44 ksi
Strain hardening modulus

300 ksi

Concrete

Initial tangent modulus

6100 ksi
Poisson's ratio

0.2
Uniaxial cut-off tensile strength

0.458 ksi
Uniaxial maximum compressive stress (SIGMAC)

-3.74 ksi

-0.002 in/in
Uniaxial ultimate compressive stress

-3.225 ksi

-0.003 in/in

T iaxial compressive failure curves: r

Cu ve number, I r

1

2

3

4

5

6
SP1(I)

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.20

1.00

1.40

1.70

2.20

2.50

2.80
SP3(I,2) (at
P2=BETA$SP3) S

1.30

1.50

2.00

2.30

2.70

3.20


1.25

1.45

1.95

2.25

2.65

3.15

Other control parameters:
Stress ratio for failure surface input (BETA)

0.75

1.4

-0.4
Constant used to define the tensile strains
orresponding to zero stress (XSI) c

2.0

Stiffness reduction factor

0.0001
Shear reduction factor

0.5

Figure B.35(b)

B36. Buckling of an elastic-plastic spherical cap

B.36 Buckling of an elastic-plastic spherical cap

Objective

To verify the geometric and materially nonlinear behavior of the axisymmetric
element when subjected to uniform pressure in dynamic analysis.

Physical problem

The spherical cap shown in Fig. B.36 is at rest and is suddenly subjected to a constant
and uniform pressure over its top surface. The same problem is also considered in [1]
and [2].

Because of symmetry conditions, only one radian of the cap is modeled using ten 8-
node axisymmetric elements. A skew coordinate system is used to model the
boundary conditions at the support as shown in Fig. B.36. The solution response is
calculated using the Newmark method ( = 0.55, = 0.276) with 50 time steps and a
step size of 10
-5
sec. The equilibrium iterations are performed using the full Newton
method without line searches. The large displacement, small strain kinematic
assumptions are used and the material is described as elastic-plastic with isotropic
hardening. The pressure load is modeled as deformation-dependent.

Solution results

Good agreement with the solution in [2] is observed.

User hint

$ In nonlinear dynamic analysis it is generally important to iterate in each time step,
although only relatively few iterations may be required for convergence.

References

[1] Ishizaki, T. and Bathe, K.J., "On Finite Element Large Displacement and Elastic-
Plastic Dynamic Analysis of Shell Structures," J. Comp. & Struct., Vol. 12, pp. 309-
318, 1980.

[2] Nagarajan, S. and Popov, E.P., "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Axisymmetric
Shells," Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., Vol. 9, pp. 535-550, 1975.


P (psi)
Time
w
0
R
h
a
b
= 26.67
h = 0.41 in
R = 22.27 in
E = 1.05 10
7
psi
= 0.3
y
= 2.40 10
4
psi
E
T
= 2.10 10
5
psi
= 2.54 10
-4
lbf-s
2
/in
4
P
600

Figure B.36

B37. Removal and addition of elements, birth/death option

B.37 Removal and addition of elements, birth/death option

Objective

To verify the behavior of all the structural elements in ADINA when using the
birth/death option.

Physical problem

Two points are connected by successively adding/deleting three bars as follows:
At time t = 0.0: The structure consists of bars 1 and 2, both stress free.
At time t = 1.8: Bar 2 is removed.
At time t = 2.0: Bar 3 is added stress-free.
The bars are equal in cross-section and material properties.

The bar structure, when one of the bars is present, is shown in Fig. B.37.

One end point of the bar structure is fixed while the other is loaded by a force in the
direction of the bars. The force is linearly increasing to P = 300 lb at time
t = 3.0. The displacements at times 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 are to be determined.


The bar structure is modeled using eight different models, where each model employs
only one of the structural finite element types available in ADINA, namely truss, 2-D
solid, 3-D solid, Hermitian beam, iso-beam, plate, shell and pipe, and a time step t =
1.0 is used.

Bar 1 is modeled by employing the birth option with TBIRTH = 0.0. Bar 2 is
modeled by employing the death option with TDEATH = 1.8. Bar 3 is modeled by
employing the birth option with TBIRTH = 2.2. Note that the first solution time that
bar 3 is active is 3.0 but its stress free configuration corresponds to solution time 2.0.


Solution results

From equilibrium considerations, the theoretical solution is

Tim
e

End displacement

Bar 1

Strain

Stress
0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0
1.0

0.5

0.041667

50.0
2.0

2.0

0.166667

200.0
3.0

2.538462

0.211538

253.846

Time

Bar 2

Bar 3

Strain

Stress

Strain

Stress
0.0

0.0

0.0

Inactive
1.0

0.041667

50.0

Inactive
2.0

Inactive

0.0

0.0
3.0

Inactive

0.038462

46.1538

The finite element analysis yields the same solution.

L
Y
Z
P
A
K =
EA
L
= 100
300
200
100
TDEATH = 1.8 s, death option, el. no. 2
TBIRTH = 2.2 s, birth option, el. no. 3
1 2 3
Time (s)
P

Figure B.37

B38. Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever beam, part 2

B.38 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever beam, part 2

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of performing a temperature and thermal stress analysis
using the ADINA-T and ADINA programs.

Physical problem



The cantilever beam is modeled using six 20-node 3-D solid elements. In the
temperature analysis using ADINA-T (Example T.5) the temperature distribution
through the thickness is calculated and the resulting nodal point temperatures are
written to the temperature file. A thermal stress analysis is performed using the
ADINA program by reading the nodal point temperature data from the temperature
file. In the ADINA analysis, a thermo-elastic material model is used with the same
data as in Example B.17.

Solution results

Practically the same numerical solution is obtained by ADINA for this finite element
model as for the model described in Example B.17.


B.39 Cantilever beam in creep (2-D plane stress, iso-beam), variable
time step

Objective

To demonstrate creep analysis with variable time step in ADINA by using the restart
option.

Physical problem



Same as in Example B.5, except that the time steps chosen are as follows:

Number of steps

t

Comments
1

0.001

The elastic solution is
omputed. c
5

20.0

5

40.0

3

100.0

The restart option is used to change the time step.

Solution results

Practically the same numerical results are obtained in this analysis as in Example B.5.
The numerical solutions for bending stress at time t = 600 hrs compare with the
analytical stationary state solution as follows:

distance from the neutral
axis (m)

bending stress (KPa)

analytical solution

ADINA
2-D element

0.2000

4375.

4506.
Iso-beam
element

0.2000

4375.

4559.

(The results for the 2-D element are obtained by extrapolation from the integration
point results.)

B40. Analysis fo snap through of an arch structure

B.40 Analysis of snap through of an arch structure

Objective

To perform a postbuckling analysis of an arch structure using the load- displacement
control method.

Physical problem

An assemblage of two identical bars is subjected to an apex load, see Fig. B.40.


From symmetry, the arch structure is modeled using one 2-node truss element.

Solution results

The analytical solution for the load-deflection relationship is ([1], p 495):

2
1
2 1 sin15
1 2 sin15
P EA
L
L L
(
(
( | |
= +
|
(
\ .

| |
(
+
|
(
\ .

An excellent comparison with the analytical solution is observed.

User hint

$ If a static solution is attempted by using either the modified Newton iteration, full
Newton iteration or BFGS method, the displacement response can be traced only to
= 1.1. Beyond this region the program execution is terminated because the arch
stiffness matrix is not positive definite.

Reference

[1] Bathe, K.J., Finite Element Procedures, Prentice-Hall, 1996.


L
15 15
P
L = 10
Z
Y
E = 2.1 10
6
A = 1.0 (area)

Figure B.40

B41. Snap back of a bar structure

B.41 Snap back of a bar structure

[1] G. Powell and J. Simons, "Improved iteration strategy for nonlinear structural
analysis", TRR. Lab., Rep. 1049, 1982.

Objective

To verify the load-displacement control method for post collapse analysis of
structures.

Physical problem

The bar structure shown in Fig. B.41 is considered. A concentrated force, P, is
applied to the structure at its left end and the structural large displacement response is
analyzed.


The bar structure is modeled using three 2-node truss elements and the large
displacement, small strain kinematic formulation is employed.

Solution results

An excellent comparison with the solution given in [1] is observed. Note that the
displacements at points 1 and 2 are equal when the applied load is zero.

Reference

B A
5 5
5
3
Area = 1.0
Area =
1
_
6
P
E = 3 10
6
A B

Figure B.41


B.42 Nonlinear response of a shallow spherical shell

Objective

To analyze the large displacement response of a shell structure using the load-
displacement control method.
Physical problem

A spherical shell is subjected to an apex load, see Fig. B.42. In an X-Y plane view,
the structure is square (2a 2a) in shape. All four edges are hinged.

From symmetry, only one quarter of the shell structure is discretized using nine 4-
node shell elements. Symmetrical boundary conditions are applied at nodes along
sides AB and AD using the six degrees of freedom per node option. The five shell
degrees of freedom per node option is used for all other nodes. Also, for nodes along
sides BC and CD, all displacement degrees of freedom are deleted to model the hinge
boundary condition.

Solution results

The ADINA numerical results for the applied force apex displacement relationship
are in good agreement with the solution presented in refs. [1] and [2].

User hints

$ Note that one 16-node isoparametric shell element can also be used instead of nine
4-node shell elements to discretize one quarter of the shell structure. The stiffness
matrix obtained has a larger bandwidth than the stiffness matrix for the 4-node
shell element model. The 16-node shell element model also gives answers which
are in good agreement with the response given in refs. [1] and [2].
$ Due to symmetry, the analysis can also be performed by only considering 1/8
th
of
the total shell structure (e.g., region ABC in Fig. B.42).

References

[1] Leicester, R.H., "Finite Deformations of Shallow Shells," Proceedings of American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 94, (EM6), pp. 1409-1423, 1968.

B42. Nonlinear response of a shallow spherical shell

[2] Horrigmoe, G., "Finite Element Instability Analysis of Free-Form Shells," Report 77-
2, Division of Structural Mechanics, The Norwegian Institute of Technology,
University of Trondheim, Norway, 1977.

A
Apex load P
B
C
D
2a
2a
Radius = 2540
Thickness = 99.45
Z
Y
X
The shell edges
are hinged
region
discretized
a = 784.90
E = 68.95
= 0.30

Figure B.42


B.43 Linearized buckling analysis of a stiffened plate

Objective

To evaluate the linearized buckling load and corresponding mode shape for a
stiffened plate subjected to longitudinal compression.

Physical problem

A simply supported plate stiffened by a longitudinal rib is considered, see Fig. B.43.
The rib is located symmetrically with respect to the plate. The plate-stiffener
assembly is subjected to a longitudinal compressive total force P = 29160. This force
is increased until buckling of the plate occurs.


The buckling mode is expected to be symmetric [1]. Thus, one quarter of the plate is
modeled using nine 4-node shell elements and three 2-node isoparametric beam
elements. For shell nodes along the symmetry axes AB and AD, the six degrees of
freedom per node option is employed. At all other nodes, five shell degrees of
freedom are considered per node. Symmetrical boundary conditions are applied along
sides AB and AD. Along sides BC and CD, the z-displacement degree of freedom is
deleted. The magnitude of the applied load is, from symmetry conditions, half of the
total load.

Solution results

The ADINA program performs a linearized buckling analysis as follows:

$ For the given total load, P = 29160, the displacement response of the stiffened plate
is calculated. The structure is in a state of uniaxial compression.
$ Using the deformed geometry corresponding to the external load P = 29160, an
eigenvalue problem is solved to obtain the critical load P
crit
= 36322. Hence,
1257
cross-sectional area of the stiffened plate
crit
cr
P
= =

From ref. [1], the analytical solution is 1220
cr
= .

B42. Nonlinear response of a shallow spherical shell

User hints

$ If the linearized buckling solution is performed with the plate subjected to a smaller
total initial compressive load, P = 2916 nearly, the same buckling load is predicted,
i.e., P
crit
= 36338.

$ Since the plate geometry is flat, the linearized buckling analysis can also be
performed by considering six degrees of freedom per shell node and deleting the z-
rotational degree of freedom at all nodes except those on side AD.

$ If there is no a priori knowledge of the buckling mode shape, the full structure must
be discretized to include the possibility of a non-symmetric buckling mode shape.

$ To calculate the concentrated loads to be applied to the stiffened plate nodes, it is
necessary to add the load needed for the beam to the loads needed for the
unstiffened plate.

Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M., Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd edition, McGraw-
Hill, 1961.

L B
A
D
C
Region discretized
Stiffened plate
(edges simply supported)
Total compressive load, P
4.0
0.50
0.54
54
Cross-section
E = 2.1 10
6
= 0.03
A = 28.89
L = 102

Figure B.43


B.44 Large displacement analysis of a stiffened plate with initial
imperfections

Physical problem
Objective

To perform a large displacement analysis of a plate structure with initial
imperfections using the load-displacement control method.

A simply supported stiffened plate subjected to a longitudinal compressive force is
considered (see Example B.43). The initial imperfection in the stiffened plate
geometry is chosen to be:

( )| |
0 0
imperfect perfect
geometry geometry
scalar ( ( = +

X X

where = vector of initial nodal point coordinates and = lowest buckling mode
shape of the stiffened plate subjected to longitudinal compression.
0
X

Due to symmetry in the chosen imperfect geometry, only one quarter of the plate is
modeled using nine 4-node shell elements and three 2-node isoparametric beam
elements (same as Example B.43).
An analysis is performed to calculate the relationship between the applied
compressive force and the lateral (out-of-plane) center displacement for the plate.


The user input for the structure geometry consists of two parts, namely:

$ The coordinates for the perfect geometry of the stiffened plate

$ The buckling mode shape, .

To obtain , a linearized buckling analysis was performed (see Example B.43) and
the calculated buckling mode shape was saved in the modes file. For the present
analysis, this mode shape is used as input for the initial imperfection geometry data.
The z-displacement component of the initial imperfection at geometry point 1 is
prescribed in the input as equal to 0.001.

B44. Large displacement analysis of a stiffened plate with initial imperfections

Solution results

The numerical solution shows that the lateral displacement at the center of the plate
increases rapidly when
cr
(
cr
= 1220.1, see Example B.43).

User hints
$ As the specified initial imperfection is small, the bending moments generated in the
plate due to the applied compressive force are small and thus the plate is primarily
in a state of uniaxial compression until > 0.80
cr
.

$ If a large initial imperfection is specified, the lateral displacement at the center of
the plate increases more gradually with increases in the applied compressive load.

$ The shell element normal vectors are generated internally for the perfect geometry
and subsequently modified automatically by ADINA to account for the initial
imperfections.


B.45 Linearized buckling analysis of a circular arch

Objective

To evaluate the first and second in-plane buckling mode shapes and corresponding
linearized buckling loads for a circular arch subjected to a uniform pressure loading.

Physical problem

A circular arch with fixed ends is considered, see Fig. B.45. The arch is subjected to
a distributed load, p = 1.0/unit length. An analysis is performed to calculate estimates
of the applied distributed load intensities corresponding to the first and second in-
plane buckling modes of the arch.


The first buckling mode is expected to be skew-symmetric [1]. The full arch is
modeled using twenty 2-node isoparametric beam elements. All out-of-plane motions
are suppressed.

Solution results

The ADINA program performs a linearized buckling analysis as follows:

$ For the given distributed load, p = 1.0/unit length, the displacement response of the
circular arch is calculated.

$ Using the deformed geometry corresponding to the prescribed external loading, an
eigenvalue problem is solved to obtain the following values of the linearized
buckling distributed load intensities:

Buckling mode
number

Intensity of applied distributed load
Theory [1] ADINA
1 83 86

2

129

B45. Linearized buckling analysis of a circular arch

User hints

$ If a linearized buckling analysis is performed for the circular arch subjected to
uniform pressure and all buckling modes (i.e., in-plane and out-of-plane) are
permitted, the lowest two m des correspond to: o
Buckling mode number Intensity of applied distributed load
1 (out-of-plane)

40
2 (in-plane)

85

$ Even though the arch structure has an axis of symmetry, the full arch is discretized
because a mode shape of interest is skew-symmetric.
Reference

[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M., Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd edition, McGraw-
Hill, 1961.

R
H
P
2
R
h
_
~
2H
h
= 10.0
b = 1.0
h = 1.0
= 22.5
R = 64.85
b
h

Figure B.45


B.46 Linearized buckling analysis of a column

Physical problem
The column shown in Fig. B.46 is considered.
The column is modeled using two 2-node Hermitian beam elements.
Solution results

Objective

To use the option of linearized buckling analysis to obtain the lowest Euler buckling
load for a column.

The theoretical Euler buckling load is
2
2
cr
EI
P
L
= .


P
cr

Theory

ADINA
51.40

51.70

User hint

$ To predict the higher buckling loads accurately, it is necessary to employ a finer
finite element discretization.

B46. Thermo-elastic analysis of a column

Y
X
Load P
Cross-section
E = 1.0 10
5
L = 10
h = 0.5
b = 0.5
L
h
b

Figure B.46


B.47 Thermo-elastic analysis of a circular plate

Objective
To verify the 4-node shell element subjected to a temperature gradient through its
thickness.
Physical problem

A circular simply supported plate with a uniform temperature gradient through its
thickness is considered, see Fig. B.47. The temperature gradient is the same at all
points within the plate.
Due to symmetry, only a quarter of the plate is discretized. Four degenerated 4-node
shell elements are used to discretize the region A-O-B in Fig. B.47. At each shell
node, the value of the temperature gradient specified is 20.0
d
dx
= where is the
temperature. The reference temperature for the entire plate is
REF
= 0.0.

Solution results

The analytical solution for the central deflection W

0
is given by [1]
2
0
3
6
T
R M
W
Et
=

where
3
12
T
d Et
M
dx
| |
=
|
\ .
. ADINA gives the analytical value of W
0
= 0.50.

User hints

$ Since the plate is simply supported all along its edge, no stresses are developed
within the plate.

$ Due to axisymmetry, the analysis can also be performed by using only one 4-node
shell element. Note that the circumferential displacement component along all
element sides must then be constrained to equal zero.

B47. Thermo-elastic analysis of a circular plate

Reference

[1] Boley, B.A. and Weiner, J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley and Sons, p.
402, 1960.

Region
discretized
t
X
Z
Y
radius = 50.0
E = 2.1 10
6
= 0.30
= 2.0 10
-5
t = 50
Edge is simply supported
O
A
B

Figure B.47


B.48 Large displacement analysis of a cantilever subjected to
deformation dependent pressure loading

Objective
To verify the 2-node isoparametric beam element subjected to deformation dependent
loading.
Physical problem
A cantilever is subjected to a distributed deformation dependent pressure loading, see
Fig. B.48. The cantilever experiences large in-plane bending displacements due to
the applied loading.

Solution results
The obtained numerical results are compared with the solution given in refs. [1] and
[2] and good agreement is observed.
User hints
$ The load-deflection relationship of the model shows that the cantilever structure
stiffens considerably with increasing tip displacement. Thus, full Newton iterations
are best used in the solution of this problem.

References
[1] Bathe, K.J., Ramm, E. and Wilson, E.L., "Finite Element Formulations for Large
Deformation Dynamic Analysis," Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., Vol. 9, pp. 353-386,
1973.


The cantilever is modeled using six 2-node isoparametric beam elements. The
solution response is traced in two steps using full Newton iterations without line
searches.

$ The auxiliary node must be located so that it always remains on the same side of
each element in the structure throughout the analysis. Otherwise the applied
pressure loading will switch direction in each element for which the auxiliary node
switches sides.

B48. Large displacement analysis of a cantilever subjected to deformation dependent pressure
loading

[2] Holden, J.T., "On the Finite Deflections of Thin Beams," Int. J. Solids Struct. Vol. 8,
pp. 1051-1055, 1972.

L
P lb/in
Cross-section
h
b
L = 10 in
h = 1 in
b = in
E = 1.2 10
4
lb/in
2
= 0.2

Figure B.48


B.49 Elastic-plastic analysis of a thick-walled cylinder

A thick-walled long cylinder is subjected to internal pressure, see Fig. B.49. The
cylinder material is elastic-perfectly plastic.

User hint

Objective
To verify the load-displacement control method for solution of materially nonlinear
problems.
Physical problem

Four 8-node axisymmetric elements are employed to discretize a unit length of the
cylinder. The axial strain is zero throughout the cylinder.
The elastic-plastic response is traced using the load-displacement control (LDC)
algorithm.
Solution results

A good comparison between the numerical results and the solution given in ref. [1] is
observed.

$ When using an equilibrium iteration method with prescribed load levels, very small
load steps need to be used near the collapse load. However, the LDC algorithm
computes the complete load-displacement response automatically without the
necessity of specifying the time functions for the variation of the applied external
load.

Reference

[1] Prager, W. and Hodge, P.G., Theory of Perfectly Plastic Solids, Dover Publications,
New York, 1968.

B49. Elastic-plastic analysis of a thick-walled cylinder

Z
Y
r
1
r
2
Internal
pressure P
E = 8.66667 10
4
= 0.3
E
T
= 0.0
y
= 15.26
r
1
= 1.0
r
2
= 2.0

Figure B.49


B.50 Thermal buckling of a simply supported rectangular plate

A rectangular flat plate with a hinged boundary is considered, see Fig. B.50. The
initial plate temperature is zero degrees and the temperature is uniform through the
plate thickness. The in-plane thermal stresses are generated within the plate by
changing the plate temperature. An estimate of the lowest temperature at which the
generated thermal stresses will cause plate buckling is to be calculated.

Objective

To verify the linearized buckling analysis option when temperature effects are
included.

Physical problem


Since the buckling mode is expected to be symmetric, only a quarter of the plate is
modeled using four 8-node isoparametric shell elements. The material constitutive
law is thermoelastic and the material elastic constants do not vary with temperature.

Solution results

The analytical solution for this problem is given in ref. [1] as
( )
( )
2 2 3
2 2
2
1
1 1 ,
12 1
cr REF
a D Eh
D
Eh b a
| |
= + + =
|

\ .


where
REF
= reference temperature at which the plate is stress-free.

Critical temperature
cr
(F)
Theory

ADINA
102.8

101.4

B50. Thermal buckling of a simply supported rectangular plate

User hint

$ The eigenvalue solution is performed using the subspace iteration method. A tight
convergence tolerance (SSTOL = 1.0 10
-12
) is used to obtain the eigenvalue of
interest accurately.
Reference

[1] Boley, B.A. and Wiener, J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley and Sons,
1960.

a = 10 in
b = 50 in
Translational displacements are zero
along the boundary
Region discretized
Y
X
a
b
REF
= 0 F
h = 2.5 in (plate thickness)
E = 2.1 10
6
psi
= 0.25
= 2.0 10
-5
in/in/ F

Figure B.50


B.51 Large deflection analysis of a cable structure

Objective

To verify the BFGS method for large displacement analysis of cables.

Physical problem
Figure B.51 shows the cable problem considered. The cable is fixed at end A and is
free to move into the Y-direction at end B. The deformed cable configuration is to be
calculated when the end B is displaced by 14.4 meters along the Y-direction.
The cable is modeled using 10 truss elements and it is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load simulating the cable self weight. The large displacement, small strain
kinematic formulation is employed in this analysis.
The Y displacement at end B is prescribed using the time function given in Fig. B.51.
Solution results
A good comparison with the experimental results referred to in [1] is observed.

User hints

$ In the unstressed configuration, the straight cable has no stiffness in the direction
normal to its longitudinal axis. Thus to obtain a positive definite stiffness matrix in
the first time step, nonzero initial conditions for displacements at the cable nodes
are specified such that tensile stresses are introduced in the cable. These initial
conditions agree with the prescribed displacement time function.

$ In this problem, after the self weight forces are applied to the cable nodes, the
external force vector for the cable structure does not change for subsequent time
steps. This makes the energy convergence criterion more difficult to satisfy than
the force convergence criterion (as the denominator of the energy criterion is a
small quantity). Therefore, for this case, the solution convergence is measured
using the force convergence criterion.

B51. Large deflection analysis of a cable structure

Reference

[1] Bathe, K.J. and Cimento, A.P., "Some Practical Procedures for the Solution of
Nonlinear Finite Element Equations," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 57-85, 1980.

U
B
B
28.94 m
Z
Y
A
15 m
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F = 0.264 N
cable A = 0.0005498 m
E = 1.746 10
7
N/m
2
68
Time
2.06
U
B
(m)
-11.54

Figure B.51


B.52 Large displacement analysis of a thin cantilever subjected to end
moment

The structure is modeled using ten 2-node isoparametric beam elements.
Solution results
The theoretical solution for the end rotation and the translational displacements at end
B is given by

Objective

To verify the full Newton iteration method with line searches for large displacement
analysis.
Physical problem
A thin cantilever beam is subjected to an end moment, see Fig. B.52.

sin 1 cos
, 1 ,
B B B
B
B B
V W ML
EI L L
B

= = =


M
B
(radians) V
B
/L W
B
/ L
heory ADINA Theory T

ADINA

Theory

ADINA
196.4 10
-4

0.79 0.79 0.10

0.10

0.37
392.7 10
-4

1.58

0.63

0.64

0.37
1.58 0.36 0.37

A good comparison between the numerical and analytical solutions is observed.

User hint

$ The solution response is traced in four equal load steps. The full Newton iteration
method with line searches is effectively used in the solution of this problem.

B52. Large displacement analysis of a thin cantilever subjected to end moment

0.1
E = 3 10
4
b = 0.1 (thickness)
10
M

Figure B.52


B.53 Elasto-plastic analysis of a rectangular shaft subjected to a
twisting moment

Objective

Reference
[1] Greenberg, H.J., Dorn, W.S. and Wetherell, E.H., "A Comparison of Flow and
Deformation Theories in Plastic Torsion of a Square Cylinder," in Plasticity, Proc.
2nd Symp. on Naval Structural Mechanics (E.H. Lee and P.S. Symonds, Eds.)
Pergamon Press, New York, 1960.

To verify the isoparametric beam element when subjected to a uniform twisting
moment.

Physical problem

A cantilever structure with a square cross-section as shown in Fig. B.53 is considered.
The beam has a bilinear constitutive law with isotropic hardening behavior. The
bilinear material model properties are chosen to be a close approximation to the
Ramberg-Osgood material relationship employed in ref. [1]. A torque is applied to
the structure at its free end.

The cantilever is modeled using one 2-node isoparametric beam element. The
solution is obtained using three load steps with full Newton iterations with line
searches.

Solution results
The numerical results obtained are compared with the solution of ref. [1] and good
agreement is observed.

User hint

$ The solution can also be obtained very effectively using BFGS iterations or full
Newton iterations without line searches.

B53. Elasto-plastic analysis of a rectangular shaft subjected to a twisting moment

a
a
T
a = 1
e =
E
1 +
100
)
2n
[ ( ]
E = 18600, n = 9
ADINA:
E = 18600, = 0.0
y
= 93.33, E
T
= 900
Greenberg et. al.:
Material data:
L
L = 10

Figure B.53


B.54 Elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model, isotropic
hardening
To verify the multilinear material model for the truss, pipe, 2-D solid, 3-D solid, shell
and iso-beam elements.
Physical problem

Objective

A bar structure is subjected to cyclic uniaxial loading, see Fig. B.54. The material
behavior is modeled by a multilinear stress-strain relationship with isotropic
hardening.
Six separate models of the same structure shown in Fig. B.54 are considered as
follows:
Model 1: The bar structure is discretized using one 2-node truss element.

Model 2: The bar structure is modeled using one pipe element.

Model 3: The bar structure is modeled using one 4-node 2-D solid (plane stress)
element. At nodes 5 and 7, the z-displacement degree of freedom is kept
active to permit a nonzero zz-component of strain.

Model 4: The bar structure is modeled using one 8-node 3-D solid. Nodes 9 to 12
remain in the y-z plane, while nodes 13 to 16 are free to move into the x-
direction to provide plane stress conditions.

Model 5: The bar structure is modeled using one 4-node shell element. At nodes 17
and 19, the z-displacement degree of freedom is kept active to permit a
nonzero zz-component of strain.

Model 6: The bar structure is modeled using one 2-node iso-beam element.

The stiffness matrix of the elements is reformed at each time step and the full Newton
iteration method without line searches is used to obtain the solution.

B54. Elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model, isotropic hardening

Solution results

The numerical solution obtained yields an identical load-deformation relationship for
each of the models. The numerical solution agrees with the analytical solution.

User hints
$ Since v = 0.0 for the 2-D solid element, the zz-component of strain is zero in the
elastic region. Subsequently the zz-component of strain is nonzero because the
plastic strains are considered to be incompressible. Thus, if the z-displacement
were constrained at nodes 5 and 7, the 2-D solid element would not give the same
answers as the truss, pipe and iso-beam elements.

Similar arguments hold for 3-D solid element and the shell element.

$ Since the loading is radial the solutions are exact for any number of time steps in
each loading regime. In practice, the loading is generally complex and smaller load
steps should be used to accurately calculate the plastic response.

L
P
u
A = 1.0
L = 1.0
(cross sectional area)
500
1000
1500
2000
E = 10
6
E
T1
= 5 10
5
E
T2
= 2 10
5
Stress
Strain

Figure B.54


B.55 Elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model, kinematic
hardening

Objective

Same as in Example B.54, except for the hardening assumption and the time function.
Solution results
User hint

To verify the multilinear material model for the truss, pipe, 2-D solid, 3-D solid, shell
and iso-beam elements.

Physical problem
Same as Example B.54, but the material behavior is modeled by a multilinear stress-
strain relationship with kinematic hardening.

all models. The numerical solution agrees with the analytical solution.

$ The same solution can be obtained using only 4 steps because the loading is radial
(proportional). In practical analyses involving more complex stress states, the load
step chosen typically needs to be smaller to permit an accurate calculation of the
plastic response.

B57. Analysis of Hertz plane strain contact problem

B.57 Analysis of Hertz plane strain contact problem

Solution results

Objective
To employ the 2-D contact surfaces to analyze plane strain contact conditions.
Physical problem
An elastic cylinder contacts a flat rigid surface, see Fig. B.57. The radius of the
contact region is much smaller than the cylinder radius. The contact surfaces are
assumed to be frictionless.

The elastic cylinder is chosen to be the contactor body. From symmetry conditions,
only one quarter of the cylinder needs to be modeled. The mesh is refined near the
region of anticipated contact. Because the deformations are small, linear plane strain
elements are employed. A 2-D plane strain contactor surface is defined from A to B.
The flat rigid surface is chosen to be the target body. It is modeled using 2 nodes,
each with all its degrees of freedom deleted.

The load is applied by constraining all of the Z-displacements of the top surface of the
mesh to be equal and applying the load to one of the nodes. Also used is a soft truss
connecting the cylinder to ground. This truss ensures that the model is stable when
not in contact. Only a negligible amount of load applied to the structure is carried by
the truss.

The numerical results obtained for contact tractions are compared with the classical
Hertz solutions [1] and reasonable agreement between the solutions is observed.

Reference
[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Goodier, J.N., Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill, pp. 409-420,
1970.


Load P
Z
Region
discretized
Y
R = 10
A
B
Contactor surface
Rigid target
surface
R
s
= 0.0
E = 30000
= 0.25

Figure B.57

B58. Rubber ring pressed between two plates, no friction

B.58 Rubber ring pressed between two plates, no friction

To verify the mixed u/p formulation in conjunction with frictionless contact
conditions for modeling axisymmetric rubber problems.
A rubber ring is pressed between two rigid plates, see Fig. B.58. The force-deflection
curve, stress distributions and contact traction distributions are to be obtained.
Frictionless contact is assumed.

Objective

Physical problem

Due to symmetry, an axisymmetric analysis is performed. Only one-half of the ring
cross-section needs to be discretized. Constraint equations are used along the top of
the discretized region to apply uniform z-displacements. The z-displacement of the
single unconstrained node on this line is prescribed and the force applied to the model
is measured using the corresponding z-reaction.
A compressible Mooney-Rivlin material description is used to model the rubber. The
bulk modulus is chosen to set the ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus equal to
1500 (which is equivalent to a Poisson's ratio of .4997 in a linear elastic analysis).
Because of the almost incompressible material description, the mixed u/p formulation
is used with nine-node elements. Full Newton iterations without line searches are
used in the equilibrium iterations.
A contactor surface is placed along the bottom of the ring and a rigid target surface is
specified using two nodes which have all degrees of freedom removed. The
coefficient of friction is set to zero in this analysis.
Solution results
The ring expands radially as the ring is compressed. Reasonable agreement between
the force-deflection solution in [1] and the ADINA results is observed.


User hint
[1] Lindley, P.B., "Compression Characteristics of Laterally-Unrestrained Rubber O-
Rings," J. Instn. Rubb. Ind., Vol. 4, pp. 209-213, 1967.

$ The displacement-based formulation cannot be used to solve this problem because
the elements will lock.

Reference

0.012 m
Prescribed displacement
0.04865 m
Region discretized
Mooney-Rivlin constants:
C
1
= 0.293 MPa
C
2
= 0.177 MPa
= 1410 MPa
C
L

Figure B.58

B59. Dynamic analysis of frictional sliding of a point mass

B.59 Dynamic analysis of frictional sliding of a point mass
Physical problem

Objective

To verify the use of 3-D contact surfaces to model frictional sliding.

A point mass is attached to two identical springs which are anchored to a flat rigid
surface, see Fig. B.59. The coefficient of friction between the mass and the rigid
surface is 0.15. Both springs have the same linear force-deflection relationship.

The point mass is given an initial velocity of -1.0 in the X direction. The movement
of the mass takes place along the X direction and the motion is resisted by the
developed frictional force (when the mass is moving along the positive X direction,
the frictional force acting on the mass equals 0.30 in the negative X direction). An
analysis is performed to evaluate the effect of friction on the vibrations of the mass-
spring system.

Target Surface The flat rigid surface is chosen to be the target surface and is modeled
using four nodes each with no degrees of freedom.

Contactor surface The mass-spring system is chosen to be the contactor body. An
auxiliary node (fixed in space) is used to define the contactor surface consisting of
two contactor segments. The auxiliary node lies outside the region of the rigid target
surface and thus is not in contact throughout the analysis. The direction of the normal
vector at the point mass is obtained from the geometry of the contactor segments.

Solution results

The obtained solution is such that at any given time, the work done by the frictional
force equals the difference between the initial energy and the current energy of the
system. Hence the maximum amplitude of vibration decreases linearly in the
successive oscillations.


m = 0.2
10 10
Y
X
Rigid surface
= 0.15
Springs
E = 1000.0
A = 1.0
Acceleration due to gravity = 10
in the negative Z direction

Figure B.59

B62. Analysis of Hertz dynamic contact problem

B.62 Analysis of Hertz dynamic contact problem

The obtained numerical solution for the normal contact tractions compares well with
the approximate analytical solution [1].
User hint
$ This problem can also be solved using 2-D axisymmetric elements.

Objective

To verify the use of 3-D contact surfaces for analysis of dynamic contact.
Physical problem
Figure B.62 shows the problem considered. A sphere moving with a uniform initial
velocity impacts a flat, rigid surface.
Due to symmetry of the sphere geometry, only a thin wedge from the sphere
continuum is discretized. The wedge is bounded by its two semicircular sides and the
enclosed wedge angle is 1 degree. The wedge is discretized using eight node 3-D
solid elements.
The contactor surface is defined over the wedge boundary. The target surface is
defined to be the flat rigid surface, which is modeled by specifying target nodes with
no degrees of freedom.

Solution results

Reference
[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Goodier, J.N., Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill, 1970.


E = 30000
Region
discretized
Contactor surface
Rigid target
surface
R = 5
Z
Y
= 0.25
= 0.01
s
= 0.0
R

Figure B.62

B65. Large displacement analysis of a spherical shell (LDC method)

B.65 Large displacement analysis of a spherical shell (LDC method)
Physical problem

User hint

Objective

To verify the 2-D solid axisymmetric element in large displacement analysis using the
load-displacement control (LDC) method.

A spherical shell is subjected to a concentrated apex load, see Fig. B.65.

Ten 8-node axisymmetric elements are used. The nodes at the apex can slide in the
vertical (Z) direction while the nodes at the other end are fixed. The LDC method is
used to automatically select the load magnitudes.

In the first step, the Z-displacement at the apex of the shell is prescribed to be -
0.01 in. The maximum apex displacement of interest is -0.175 in.
Solution results
Good agreement with the solutions by Stricklin [1] and Mescall [2] is observed.

$ The axisymmetric element extends 1 radian in the circumferential direction. The
total apex load of 100 lbs applied to the actual shell is therefore represented by a
load of 100/2 applied to the model.

References

[1] Stricklin, J.A., "Geometrically Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Analysis of Shells of
Revolution," High Speed Computing of Elastic Structures, Procedures of the
Symposium of IUTAM, University of Liege, August, 1970.
[2] Mescall, J.F., "Large Deflections of Spherical Shells Under Concentrated Loads," J.
App. Mech., Vol. 32, pp. 936-938, 1965.


w
F
R
R = 4.76 in
h = 0.01576 in
H = 0.0859 in
= 10.9
E = 1.0 10
7
psi
= 0.3
Region discretized
h
Z
Y
H
F = 100 lb

Figure B.65

B66. Torsion of a squat rubber cylinder

B.66 Torsion of a squat rubber cylinder

Solution results

Objective

To verify the 3-D mixed u/p formulation element using a rubber material description.
Physical problem

The solid rubber cylinder shown in Fig. B.66 is fixed at one end and is subjected to a
prescribed rotation at the other end. The cylinder is constrained in the axial direction.

The cylinder is modeled using eight collapsed 27-node elements that use the mixed
u/p formulation. The rubber is modeled using the compressible Mooney-Rivlin
material description, with the bulk modulus chosen to set the bulk to shear modulus
ratio equal to 5000. On the far end of the cylinder, all of the nodes are fixed. On the
near end, the angular displacement of the center node is prescribed and nonlinear rigid
links placed between this node and the other nodes on the near end cause the entire
cross-section to rotate by this amount.

The analytical solutions for the moment M and compressive axial force N are given
by Rivlin [1] (assuming total incompressibility) as

( ) ( )
2
4 4
1 2 1 2
, 2
2
M C C r N C C r
L L
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

where r is the cylinder radius, L is the cylinder length and is the total angular
displacement. Good agreement is observed between the analytical solution and the
ADINA results.

User hint

$ The Ogden material can also be employed in this example, see Example B.99.

Reference
[1] Rivlin, R.S., "Large Elastic Deformations of Isotropic Materials III. Some Simple
Problems in Cylindrical Polar Coordinates," Phil. Trans. A.240, pp. 509-525 (1948).


N
N
M
M
Radius = 0.05 m
Length = 0.1 m
Mooney-Rivlin material:
C
1
= 3.0 10
5
Pa
C
2
= 1.5 10
5
Pa
= 4.5 10
9
Pa
Cylinder constrained to have no displacements in the axial direction.

Figure B.66

B69. Pipe elbow under internal pressure with interaction effects

B.69 Pipe elbow under internal pressure with interaction effects

Objective

To verify the solution procedure for computation of the response of a pipe structure
subjected to bending when stiffening effects due to internal pressure are important.

Three pipe elements are used to model the structure. Only the section of the pipe
between points B and C needs to be considered due to symmetry.
Solution results
The comparison between computed and experimental results of refs. [1] and [2] is
shown in the table below. The flexibility factor is defined as

Physical problem
The pipe structure is shown in Fig. B.69 is loaded by the forces F and the internal
pressure.

The ovalization of the pipe at the symmetry point decreases as the internal pressure
increases.

3
4
D
a E
f
MR
=

where a is the mean radius of the pipe cross-section, M is the bending moment,
D
is
the rotation around the x axis at point D and the other quantities are shown in Fig.
B.69.

Internal pressure
(psi)
Flexibility factor

Experiment ADINA
100.

7.75

7.52
200.

4.75

4.26

User hints
$ Ovalization effects are important in this problem, so ovalization degrees of freedom
are employed.


[1] Kafka, P.G. and Dunn, M.B., "Stiffness of Curved Circular Tubes with Internal
Pressure," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 78, pp. 247-254, 1956.
[2] Rodabaugh, E.C. and George, H.H., "Effect of Internal Pressure on Flexibility and
Stress-Intensification Factors of Curved Pipe or Welding Elbows," ASME Journal of
Applied Mechanics, Vol. 79, pp. 939-948.

$ The internal pressure acts against ovalization and can significantly reduce the
flexibility of the pipe structure. The effect of internal pressure on flexibility is
analyzed in refs. [1] and [2].
References

Z
Y
B
R
45
F
F
C
A
D
R = 10 in
F = 10 lbf
L = 59 in
D = 3 in
= 0.016 in
E = 3.0 10
7
psi
L
D

Figure B.69

B70. Elasto-plastic uniaxial large strain solution, isotropic hardening

B.70 Elasto-plastic uniaxial large strain solution, isotropic hardening

Objective

To verify the ADINA large strain elastic-plastic algorithm in 2-D and 3-D solid
elements.

Physical problem
The material is stretched uniaxially by applying a load as shown in Fig. B.70.

One 2-D plane stress and one 3-D solid element are used. The first load step
corresponds to the start of yielding, then the load is increased in the next 20 steps;
then follows an elastic unloading in steps 22 and 23 and reverse plastic deformations
in steps 24 to 33. The full Newton method without line searches is employed in the
analysis.

Solution results

Both elements give the analytical solution.

User hints

$ The stresses are computed including the effect of change of the element
dimensions. As can be observed, the stresses balance the total axial force applied
at any time.

$ The solution is exact for any number of time (load) steps used when the loading is
radial (proportional) as in this example. However, convergence in the solution of
the equilibrium equations must be achieved.

$ When reversing the direction of load application, it can be helpful to take a small
step first and then larger steps to complete the load reversal.


Y
1.0
1.0
Z
p
y
p
y
E = 2 10
6
KPa
= 0.3
y
= 2 10
3
KPa
E
T
= 2 10
4
KPa
deformation
independent
pressure
load
1
21 22 23 32
2000
5500
5450
-5500
-6000
Time

Figure B.70

B71. Elasto-plastic uniaxial large strain solution, kinematic hardening

B.71 Elasto-plastic uniaxial large strain solution, kinematic hardening

Physical problem
User hints

Objective
To verify the ADINA large strain elastic-plastic algorithm in 2-D and 3-D solid
elements in the case of kinematic hardening conditions.

Same as Example B.70, except that the material is uniaxially loaded as shown in Fig.
B.71 and the large strain elastic-plastic material description uses kinematic hardening.

Same as Example B.70, except that kinematic hardening is used instead of isotropic
hardening.

Solution results

Both elements give the analytical solution.

$ See the user hints for Example B.70.

p
y
Time
1 21 22 26
2000
5500
5490
3500
1700
independent
deformation-
pressure
load

31
Figure B.71


B.72 Contact analysis of two concentric cylinders

Eight 8-node 2-D solid elements are employed along with two contact surfaces to
model a section of the structure. The elements adjacent to the contact surfaces
partially overlap. No loads are applied to the model.
The analytical solution for the contact pressure can be found using the displacement
solution for a thick-walled cylinder [1]:

Objective

To verify the use of contact surfaces when the surfaces initially overlap.

Physical problem

Two long concentric cylinders are press-fit into each other, see Fig. B.72. The
contact pressure and stress distributions are to be determined. Plane strain conditions
along the cylinder axis are assumed.

Solution results

The model deforms to eliminate the overlap.

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1
1 2 1 2
b a
p
b a
b a a
b a E b a E
=
| | |
+ +
| + + +
|

\ . \
2
2
b
|
|
|
.


p (N/mm
2
)
Theory

ADINA
68.5

68.4

Reference

[1] Reismann, H. and Pawlik, P., Elasticity: Theory and Applications, John Wiley and
Sons, 1980.

B72. Contact analysis of two concentric cylinders

10 mm
E
1
1
E
2
2 Region discretized
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
a
1
= 80 mm
b
1
= 100 mm
a
2
= 99.5 mm
b
2
= 110 mm
E
1
= 1.50 10
5
N/mm
2
1
= 0.25
E
2
= 2.07 10
5
2
= 0.3

C
L

Figure B.72


B.73 Analysis of a single DOF elasto-plastic spring

Objective
The spring is represented as a truss element. The mass is one-half of the truss
element mass. The total static response is reached in one load step and the subsequent
dynamic response is calculated using t = 0.00025.
Solution results

Theory

To check the static to dynamic restart option in ADINA.

Physical problem

Fig. B.73 shows the spring and mass considered. The material constitutive relation is
elastic-plastic.



ADINA
Static displacement

0.2725

0.2725
Maximum displacement

0.7725

0.77232
Frequency of vibration prior to
eaching the maximum response r
225.7 224.4

Frequency of vibration after
reaching the maximum response

2252.0

2244.0

User hint
$ The dynamic response is in this example only due to the externally applied increase
in load applied after the static load application; hence due to the load of 500 lbs.
This load causes further plastic deformations from time = 1.0 to 1.014 after which
an elastic oscillation occurs.

B73. Analysis of a single DOF elasto-plastic spring

R
m
10
R
R
t
u
5500
5000
1.0
static load
application
dynamic load
application
4500
K = 2 10
5
K = 2 10
3
l

Figure B.73


B.74 Creep solution using creep law no. 3

Objective

To verify the isoparametric beam, pipe, shell, 2-D solid and 3-D solid elements in the
analysis of steady state shear creep.

Physical problem
A cantilever is loaded in pure shear, see Fig. B.74.
The structure is modeled by one element. In the isoparametric beam, pipe and shell
elements, all rotational degrees of freedom are restrained to eliminate any normal
stresses due to bending. The time integration of the creep response is performed
using the Euler backward method ( = 1).

Solution results

The numerical solution is in excellent agreement with the analytical solution which is

( )
4 0
7.995 10 0.5
C
t t
= +
.8

where is the shear creep strain at time t.

A = 0.01 m
2
F
E,
E = 2.07 10
5
MPa
= 0.3
F = 1 MN
e
C
= 4.1 10
-11 3.15
(t + 0.5 t
0.8
)

Figure B.74

B75. Cantilever beam in creep (2-D plane stress, iso-beam), time step blocks

B.75 Cantilever beam in creep (2-D plane stress, iso-beam), time step
blocks

Same as Example B.39.

Solution results

Objective

To demonstrate creep analysis with variable time step in ADINA by using time step
blocks.

Physical problem

Same as Example B.39, except that time step blocks are used to change the time step
and restarts are not employed.

The same numerical results are obtained in this analysis as in Example B.39.


B.76 Large displacement analysis of a thin cantilever subjected to end
moment, ATS method

To verify the automatic time stepping (ATS) method for large displacement analysis.
Objective

Physical problem


Same as Example B.52, except that the ATS method is used. The entire load is
applied in one load step.

Solution results

B82. Analysis of an orthotropic thermoelastic brick

B.82 Analysis of an orthotropic thermoelastic brick

Objective
To verify the orthotropic thermoelastic material model when used with 3-D elements
and skew systems.
Physical problem
An orthotropic thermoelastic brick is heated to a state of uniform temperature, see
Fig. B.82. The material constants are defined in the skew system a-b-c.

6

A patch of two 8-node 3-D solid elements is used. The boundary conditions are
chosen to allow the block to expand freely.
Solution results
The finite element analysis solution is stress-free, which is correct. The total strains
and thermal strains predicted by the model are
6 6
1.0 10 , 2.0 10 , 3.0 10
TH TH TH
aa aa bb bb cc cc
e e e e e e

= = = = = =

and these are also the analytical solutions.

L
C
L
b
L
a
Temperature =
a
c
b
E
a
= 2.0 10
7
E
b
= 1.0 10
7
E
c
= 9.0 10
6
G
ab
= 8.0 10
5
G
ac
= 7.0 10
5
G
bc
= 6.0 10
5
a
= 1 10
-6
b
= 2 10
-6
c
= 3 10
-6
ab
= 0.2
ac
= 0.15
bc
= 0.10
X
Y
Z
L
a
= 4.0
L
b
= 2.0
L
c
= 1.0
= 1.0

Figure B.82


B.99 Torsion of a squat rubber cylinder (Ogden material)

Physical problem

Reference
[1] Ogden, R.W., Non-linear Elastic Deformations, Ellis Horwood Limited, p 294, 1984.
Objective
To verify the 3-D mixed u/p formulation element using the Ogden material
description.

Same as Example B.66, except that the Ogden material is employed in this example.

Same as Example B.66 except that the rubber is modeled using the compressible
Ogden material description, with the bulk modulus chosen to set the bulk to shear
modulus ratio nearly equal to 5000. The material constants are
1
= 1.7510
5
Pa
1
= 3.5 = 4.510
9
Pa
9
4.5 10 Pa =
2
= -7.510
4
Pa
2
= -2.4
3
= 2.510
4
Pa
3
= 4.5

Solution results
The analytical solutions for the moment and compressive axial force can be derived
assuming total incompressibility following reference [1]. The ADINA solutions
agree well with the analytical solutions.

B106. Belleville spring

B.106 Belleville spring

Physical problem
A Belleville spring is a conical truncated shell, simply supported along its lower edge
and loaded along its upper edge, see Fig. B.106. The force-deflection curve of the
spring is to be computed.
Ten equally-spaced 2-node axisymmetric shell elements are used. A linear elastic
material description along with the large displacement, small strain kinematic
formulation is employed. The LDC solution method is used to automatically select
the load sizes.

Objective
To demonstrate nonlinear static analysis of axisymmetric shells.

Solution results
Excellent agreement is observed between the ADINA results and results presented in
[1].
Reference
[1] Surana, K.S., "Geometrically Nonlinear Formulation for the Axisymmetric Shell
Elements," Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng., Vol. 18, pp. 477-502, 1982.

P
h
t
R
2
R
1
E = 2.1 10
3
kg/cm
2
= 0.3
R
1
= 7.62 cm
R
2
= 2.54 cm
t = 0.508 cm
h = 1.27 cm

Figure B.106


B.113 3-D plane stress elements with wrinkling

Objective

To test 3-D plane stress elements under large deformations and out-of plane loadings.

Two 4-node 3-D plane stress elements are used. The large displacement, small strain
kinematic formulation is used in conjunction with a fabric material description.
Initial strains are used to prestress the mesh.
Solution results
The results are checked for step 8. The analytical stress for this configuration is
computed as follows (reference [1] gives the notation used). From the geometry we
have initial and current lengths of . Therefore the
material stretch is
Physical problem
A mesh of pre-stressed plane strain elements is subjected to out-of-plane prescribed
displacements, see Fig. B.113. A fabric material description is employed.

0 1
2 2
25.0, 40.30260662 L L = =
1.612104265 = , the Green-Lagrange strain is
1 0
0 2 2 2
/
t
L L =
( )
2
0 22 0 2
1 2
t t
= 0.79944008 = and the Cauchy stress is
22 0
t t
=
2 0 22
1984.7
t
E = .
ADINA gives exactly these results.

In step 9, the deformations were chosen so as to introduce compressive strains within
element 1. Therefore this element wrinkles.

User hint
$ If no initial strains are introduced into the model, the initial stiffness matrix is
singular.
Reference

[1] Bathe, K.J., Finite Element Procedures, Prentice-Hall, 1996, Chapter 6.

B113. 3-D plane stress elements with wrinkling

b b
a a
Z
10
Initial strains: e
aa
= e
bb
= 1 10
-5
25 25
X
Y
Y
X
Fabric material:
E
a
= 1540
E
b
= 1540
E
c
= 1540
G
ab
= 770
ab
= 0
ac
= 0
bc
= 0
thickness = 1.0

l

Figure B.113


B.114 Multilayered elasto-plastic cantilever (8-node shell)

Physical problem
A cantilever beam subjected to a tip bending moment is considered, see Fig. B.114.
The lay-up of the beam consists of three layers: the material of the core is elastic and
the material of the faces is elasto-plastic with isotropic hardening.

Objective
To verify the computation of elasto-plastic stresses in the multilayered 8-node shell
element.

The model consists of one multilayered 8-node shell element subjected to a consistent
bending moment at one end and clamped at the other end. The boundary conditions
are chosen so that the moment is uniform throughout the mesh. A 3 3 3 Gauss
integration scheme is used within each layer.
Solution results
A comparison is made between the distribution of bending stresses as given by the
shell model and by a 2-D model made of three layers of 8-node elements. During the
analysis, the upper and lower layers become plastic and the stresses compare very
well.

B114. Multilayered elasto-plastic cantilever (8-node shell)

20
5
M
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
1
Layers have equal thickness.
Material properties:
Layers 1, 3: Elastic-plastic material
E = 2.5 10
5
= 0.3
y
= 7.0
E
T
= 2.5 10
4
E = 2.5 10
4
= 0.3
Layer 2: Elastic material

Figure B.114


B.115 Pre-stressed cylinder modeled with initial strains

Two concentric cylinders are considered, see Fig. B.115. Without initial strains, the
external radius of the inner cylinder is equal to the internal radius of the outer
cylinder. A uniform initial strain field is imposed on the outer cylinder, causing it to
shrink onto the inner cylinder. The contact pressure between the two cylinders is to
be evaluated.
Five 8-node axisymmetric 2-D elements are used for each cylinder. Frictionless
contact surfaces are placed at the boundary between the two cylinders. The solution
is evaluated in one step with no external loads applied.
Solution results

The analytical solution is derived as follows:

Objective

To verify the initial strain option for 2-D solid elements.

Physical problem

1 2
+ = in which
displacement of inner cylinder at cylinder interface,
2
= radial displacement of outer
cylinder at cylinder interface and = radial displacement due to the initial strain in
the outer cylinder. From strength of materials formulas,
1
= radial

2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
,
bp b a bp c b
E E b a c b
| | | + +
= = +
|

\ . \

|
|
.
Hence

( )( )
( )
2 2 2 2
3 2 2
2
E b a c b
p
b c a

=


p
Theory

ADINA
371.6

371.7

B115.Pre-stressed cylinder modeled with initial strains

Good agreement with the stress-free boundary conditions and with the analytical
contact pressure is observed.

User hints
$ Note that the same results are obtained by subjecting the external cylinder to
thermal loading with

b
=

where = coefficient of thermal expansion and = temperature increase.

$ Within a stress-free element, a positive uniform initial strain field corresponds to a
shrinkage of the element. This is because the strain that enters into the stress-strain
law is calculated as the sum of the total (mechanical) strain and the initial strain.

a = 5
b = 10
c = 15
= 7.55 10
-4 d
a
b
c
E = 2.1 10
6
= 0.0
d = 4
e
I
xx
=e
I
yy
=e
I
zz
=0.0
e
I
xx
=e
I
yy
=e
I
zz

C
L

Figure B.115


B.116 A slice of a Sandia pressure vessel

Objective
To evaluate the concrete material model.
Physical problem

Solution results
References
[1] Bathe, K.J., Walczak, J., Welch, A., Mistry, N., "Nonlinear Analysis of Concrete
Structures," J. Computers and Structures, Vol. 32, No. 3/4, pp. 563-590, 1989.
[2] Bathe, K.J., Walczak, J., "On the Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
Structures," Proceedings, 2nd Int. Conference on Computer-Aided Analysis and
Design of Concrete Structures, SCI-C, Zell-am-See, Austria, April 1990.

A Sandia reinforced concrete pressure vessel discussed in references [1] and [2] is
considered. Fig. B.116(a) shows a simplified diagram of the pressure vessel. In this
analysis, a slice of the pressure vessel at the height 5.969 m is subjected to boundary
and loading conditions corresponding to the response of the complete structure.
Three 8-node axisymmetric finite elements are used to model the concrete of the
vessel. The material description used for the concrete is summarized in Fig.
B.116(b). The steel hoop, longitudinal and radial reinforcements are modeled using
1-node axisymmetric and 2-node truss elements. These reinforcements are modeled
using nonlinear elastic material descriptions. The loads on the structure are increased
until the steel reinforcements have yielded.

Good agreement is observed between the experiment data and the numerical solution.

User hint

$ Note that relatively large load steps were employed to obtain the solution.

B116.A slice of a Sandia pressure vessel

5.969 m

Figure B.116(a)


Material Parameters

Concrete:


Initial tangent modulus 24800 MN/m
2

Poisson's ratio 0.15
Uniaxial cut-off tensile strength 4.1 MN/m
2

Uniaxial maximum compressive stress (SIGMAC)

-41 MN/m
2


-0.00186 m/m
Uniaxial ultimate compressive stress

-30 MN/m
2


-0.0032 m/m

Triaxial compressive failure curves:

Curve number, I
1 4 5 6

2

3

SP1(I) 0.0

0.1

0.4

1.0

1.00

1.62

2.10

2.50

2.80

4.75
SP3(I,2) (at SP2=BETASP3)

1.20

2.25

2.75

3.01

3.25

4.60

1.20 2.06 2.55

2.32

2.72

3.79

0.2 0.3

Other parameters:
tress ratio for failure surface input (BETA) .5 S

0

1.4

-0.4
Constant used to define the tensile strains corresponding to zero
tress (XSI) s

8.0

Stiffness reduction factor .0001 0
S 0.5 hear reduction factor

Density 2400 kg/m
3

Figure B.116(b)

B117. Thermo-elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model, isotropic hardening

B.117 Thermo-elasto-plastic analysis with multilinear material model,
isotropic hardening

Objective

To verify the thermo-elastic-plastic multilinear material model for the iso-beam, pipe,
2-D solid, 3-D solid and shell elements.

Physical problem

A bar structure is subjected to cyclic uniaxial loading, see Fig. B.117. The material
behavior is modeled by a temperature-dependent multilinear stress-strain relationship
with isotropic hardening.
Five separate models of the same structure are considered as follows:
Model 1: The bar structure is modeled using one 2-node plane stress isoparametric
beam element.

Model 2: The bar structure is modeled using one 2-node pipe element.

Model 3: The bar structure is modeled using one 4-node 2-D solid (plane stress)
element. At nodes 5 and 7, the z-displacement degree of freedom is kept
active to permit a nonzero zz-component of strain.

Model 4: The bar structure is modeled using one 8-node 3-D solid element. Nodes 9
to 12 remain in the y-z plane, while nodes 13 to 16 are free to move into
the x-direction to provide plane stress conditions.

Model 5: The bar structure is modeled using one 4-node shell element. At nodes 17
and 19, the z-displacement degree of freedom is kept active to permit a
nonzero zz-component of strain.

The stiffness matrix of the elements is reformed at each time step and the full Newton
iteration method with line searches is used to obtain the solution.


Solution results
each of the models. The numerical results agree with the analytical solution.

User hints
$ The temperature for the first three steps is = 100 and the yield curve for this
temperature is obtained by the interpolation between the input yield curves at = 0
and = 200.

$ The accumulated effective plastic strain
P
e in steps 4 to 10 is the same as in
Example B.54 since the stress-strain curves shown in Fig. B.54 and Fig. B.117 for
= 200 are identical and the loading is radial to the yield surface.

2000
1500
1000
500
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Stress
Strain
E
T
1
= 5.0 10
5
E
T
2
= 2.0 10
5
E
T
1
= 2.66 10
6
E
T
2
= 5.0 10
5
A
L
u
P
A= 1.0
L = 1.0
E = 10
8
= 0.3
= 10
-5
= 200:
= 0:
E = 10
6
= 0.0
= 10
-4
= 0
= 200

Figure B.117

B118. Dynamic impact of two dissimilar elastic bars (2-D model)

B.118 Dynamic impact of two dissimilar elastic bars (2-D model)

Objective

To verify the 2-D dynamic contact algorithm.

Physical problem

$ The parameters and of the Newmark method are chosen to make the Newmark
method almost simulate the central difference method.
$ The time step is selected based on the planar wave velocity as in the central
difference method; in one time step, the planar wave travels through one element.
Reference
An elastic bar with an initial velocity V
y
= 5.0 impacts another elastic bar initially at
rest. After impact, the two bars move in the y-direction and elastic planar waves are
transmitted in each bar.

The bar on the left contains the the contactor contact surface and the bar on the right
contains the target contact surface. Frictionless contact is assumed. The time
integration is performed using the Newmark method with = 0.001001 and =
0.502.
Solution results
The velocity and contact force histories of the nodes on the contact surfaces are
compared with the analytical solutions, which are derived from reference [1]. The
jumps in the time histories correspond to the times required for the planar waves to
make round trips through the bars. Good agreement is observed.
User hints

[1] Clough, R.W. and Penzien, J., Dynamics of Structures, McGraw-Hill, 1975.


1
10 10
Z
Y
Thickness of bars = 1.0
Initial Y velocity = 5.0
Frictionless contact
Intitially at rest
E = 1 10
5
= 0.0
= 4.0
E = 6250
= 0.0
= 4.0

Figure B.118

B119. Viscoplastic analysis of a thick-walled cylinder

B.119 Viscoplastic analysis of a thick-walled cylinder

Objective

To verify the user-supplied material model for 2-D and 3-D elements.

Physical problem

A thick-walled long cylinder subjected to constant internal pressure is considered.
The cylinder material is perfectly viscoplastic.


Two separate models of the same structure are considered:

Model 1: The cylinder is discretized using six 8-node 2-D axisymmetric solid
elements. The axial displacements on the top and bottom surfaces are set
equal to zero.

Model 2: A 10 degree segment of the cylinder is modeled by six 3-D solid elements.
Axial displacements on the top and bottom surfaces are set equal to zero.
Also, the circumferential displacements on the bounding radial planes are
set equal to zero. To properly impose the boundary conditions on the
radial surface inclined at 10 degrees to the y-z plane, a skew coordinate
system is employed.

The forward stress integration scheme is used, with 5 subincrements within each time
step.

Solution results

The viscoplastic strain rate components are given by
VP
ij
e

3
1
2
ij VP
ij
y
S
e
| |
=
|
|

\ .

where S
ij
are the deviatoric stress components, is the effective stress, defined as

3
2
ij ij
S S =


Also,
y
is the yield stress and is the fluidity parameter. The viscoplastic strain rates
are set equal to zero when
y

The solution for the first time step (t = 1 10
-4
) corresponds to the elastic stress
state. The steady state is reached after 5 steps of t = 0.5. The results of the two
models are very close.

User hints
$ The steady-state solution can also be obtained using the plasticity model and
perfect plasticity conditions.

Z
Y
r
1
r
2
E = 8.66667 10
4
= 0.3
E
T
= 0.0
y
= 15.26
r
1
= 1.0
r
2
= 4.0
= 1 10
-3
Internal
pressure P

Figure B.119

B120. A thin rod impacts a rigid surface

B.120 A thin rod impacts a rigid surface

Objective

To verify the contact-impact calculation using the central difference method.

Physical problem

Fig. B.120 shows the geometry of the analyzed rod. The rod drops with a constant
velocity V = 5 m/s and impacts the rigid surface. The stress wave is initially
compressive and propagates upward, then reflects on the free end and becomes a
tensile wave going downward. When this tensile wave reaches the bottom end and
reflects, the rod flies upward.


Five hundred 4-node axisymmetric elements are employed. The central difference
method is used for time integration and therefore the mass matrix is lumped. The
time step size selected in this problem is 0.1
L
t
c
= where L is the minimum

dimension of an element, and c is the acoustic wave speed calculated as
E
= c

where E is the elastic modulus and is the density.

Solution results

The numerical results show the stress wave propagating through the rod, as described
above.


L
V
E 1.5625 10
5
MPa
d
= 0.25
= 7500 kg/m
3
d = 0.1
V
0
= 5 m/s
L = 5 m
Circular cross-section

o

Figure B.120

B121. Frequency analysis of a rotating blade

B.121 Frequency analysis of a rotating blade

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of frequency analysis with deformation dependent
centrifugal effects.

Physical problem

The blade shown in Fig. B.121 rotates at 3000 rpm. The 4 lowest natural frequencies
are to be calculated.


The blade is modeled using ten 8-node 3-D solid elements. The nodes at the base of
the blade are fixed. This problem is analyzed in two consecutive runs. In the first
run, a static analysis is performed with the blade subjected to centrifugal loading.. In
the second run (restart), a frequency analysis is performed. In the frequency analysis,
the centrifugal load effects are taken into account.

Solution results

The results are tabulated for three analyses:

Natural frequency (Hz) Frequency
no.

Nonlinear analysis,
deformation dependent
load

Nonlinear analysis,
deformation independent
load

Linear
analysis

1

63.28

80.63

21.22
2

98.04

98.02

59.14
3

188.0

194.4

96.55
4

355.4

355.4

255.1

User hints

$ It is important to perform a nonlinear analysis and model the centrifugal loading as
deformation-dependent to obtain an accurate solution.

$ Incompatible modes are used in the 3-D elements (the default). If incompatible
modes are not used, the natural frequencies are much higher, because 8-node 3-D
elements are too stiff in bending.


25
10
1042.5 775
Clamped
60
= 3000 rpm
All dimensions in mm
E = 2.0 10
5
N/mm
2
= 0.3
= 7800 kg/m
3
= 7.8 10
-9
N-s
2
/mm
4

c

Figure B.121

B122. Analysis of a centre cracked plate with quadratic temperature distribution

B.122 Analysis of a centre cracked plate with quadratic temperature
distribution

Objective

To verify the calculation of the J-integral when thermal strains are present, using the
virtual crack extension method.

Physical problem

A finite plate with a centre crack oriented along the Y-axis is submitted to a
nonuniform thermal loading, see Fig. B.122. The temperature is a quadratic function
of the Y coordinate. The material behavior is thermo-elastic.


Due to symmetry, only one quarter of the plate needs to be modeled. Plane stress
assumptions are used. The mesh is made of 8-node elements, except one ring of
elements around the crack tip which is made of 6-node triangular elements. The
temperature distribution is given by

2 4 0
2
10 y y
c
| |
= =
|
\ .
2

with = 0 C at the centre of the plate and = 100 C at the free edge. Five different
virtual material shifts are used to check the J-integral shift independence.

Solution results
The stress intensity factor K
I
for this problem is given in reference [1] as

2 2
0
I 0 0
2
1.0 ,
3 2
E b a
K K K
c
| |
a = =
|
\ .

A value of K
I
is derived from ADINA using the relation
I
K EJ = where J is twice
the value of the J-integral obtained in ADINA, since only half of the material around
the crack is taken into account in the finite element model.


The following results are obtained using virtual shift 2:

K
I
(10
7
N-m
-3/2
)
Theory

ADINA
1.626

1.632

User hint

$ The data for temperature loads can be read from a file where they can be previously
generated using a simple Fortran program.

Reference

[1] T.K. Hellen and F. Cesari, "On the solution of the centre cracked plate with a
quadratic thermal gradient", Eng. Fract. Mech., vol. 12, pp 469-478, 1979.

y
h
b
a
b = 0.10 m
h/b = 2.5
a/b = 0.10
= 10
4
y
2
E = 2.07 10
11
N/m
2
= 1.35 10
-5
m/m/ C
= 0.3

Figure B.122

B123. Fracture analysis of an elastic-plastic CT-specimen

B.123 Fracture analysis of an elastic-plastic CT-specimen

Objective

To verify the calculation of the J-integral by the virtual crack extension and the line
contour methods, in the case of an elastic-plastic analysis.

Physical problem

A CT-specimen is submitted to a displacement controlled loading, see Fig. B.123.
The material is elastic-plastic multilinear.


Due to symmetry, only the upper half of the specimen is modeled. Plane strain
conditions are assumed. The mesh is made of 9-node elements. The large
displacement, large strain kinematic formulation and the mixed u/p formulation are
used. In order to include crack tip blunting effects in the analysis, the crack front is
modeled with a semicircular profile.

Solution results

The ADINA results are compared to experimental and numerical results. They show
very good agreement with both, even at high levels of plastic strains. The virtual shift
number 2 and the line contour number 2 are used for the comparison.

User hints

$ The actual crack propagation is not taken into account in this example. See
Example B.124 for crack propagation modeling.

Reference

[1] H. Talja, Nordic numerical round robin for a side-grooved CT-specimen, VTT
Research Report 669, Espoo, 1989.


V
V = 3.5
D
C
d
W
a B
H
H = 25.5
Dimensions:
All lengths in mm.
W = 50.35
a = 27.713
B = 25.0
D = 12.5
C = 62.5
d = 60.0

Figure B.123(a)

Multilinear elastic-plastic stress-strain curve:

E = 2.110
11
N/m
2

v = 0.3

e (log strain) (10
8
N/m
2
) (true stress)
0.0010

2.128
0.0050

2.593
0.0125

3.125
0.0760

4.388
0.2800

4.920

Figure B.123(b)

B124. Crack propagation in a 2-D specimen

B.124 Crack propagation in a 2-D specimen

Objective

To demonstrate the use of ADINA for the analysis of crack propagation in a specimen
under mode I loading.

Physical problem

A specimen with a crack oriented along the Y-axis is submitted to displacement
controlled loading, see Fig. B.124.


Due to symmetry, only the upper half of the specimen is modeled. Plane strain
conditions are assumed. The mesh consists of 119 8-node elements. The large
displacement, small strain kinematic formulation is used.

The analysis uses a moving virtual shift with two rings to calculate the J-integral,
which means that the virtual shift is applied to two concentric rings of elements
around the crack tip node. As the crack tip node changes, the nodes in the virtual
shift are updated.

Solution results

The ADINA results show a smooth progression of the crack as the load increases.

User hint

$ The moving virtual shift can be replaced by a fixed virtual shift. Note that if a fixed
virtual shift is used to calculate the J-integral during crack propagation, it should
include all the possible successive nodal locations of the crack tip node.


E = 183000 N/mm
2
0.3
10.
50.
10.
100.
150.
20.
30.
J-integral
(N/mm)
Crack increment
(mm)
d
a
W
Region discretized
Resistance curve
W = 99.93 mm
a = 61.54
d = 120

Figure B.124

B127. Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever (4-node shell), part 2

B.127 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever (4-node shell), part 2

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of using 4-node shell elements in thermal and stress
analysis with ADINA-T and ADINA.

Physical problem



The cantilever beam is modeled using three 4-node shell elements. In the temperature
analysis using ADINA-T (Example T.68), the temperature distribution through the
thickness is calculated and the resulting nodal point temperatures and temperature
gradients are written to the temperature and temperature gradient files. In the ADINA
analysis, a thermo-elastic material model is used with the same data as in Example
B.17. A steady-state analysis of eight time steps (with t = 0.5) is performed.

Solution results

The same numerical solution is obtained by ADINA for this finite element model as
for models described in Examples B.17 and B.38.

User hint

$ The temperature solution times written to the temperature and temperature gradient
files by ADINA-T need not correspond to the times for which the displacements
and stresses are calculated using ADINA.


B.128 Displacement controlled crack propagation, 2-D analysis

Objective

To present an example of crack propagation analysis in which the crack advance is
monitored by the amount of displacement of a point located at the mouth of the crack
(displacement obtained from an extensometer, for example).

Physical problem

A CT-specimen is submitted to a displacement controlled monotonic loading (mode
I), see Fig. B.128. The material of the specimen is elastic-plastic.


The 2-D finite element model consists of a rectangular mesh of 670 8-node elements.
The mesh is refined in the area where the crack propagates. Due to symmetry, only
the upper half of the test specimen is modeled. The elements close to the point where
the displacement is prescribed are elastic, in order to prevent a plastic zone from
appearing in that region. A prescribed displacement is applied at the mouth of the
crack. Fifty load steps are employed.

Solution results

The variation of the J-integral as the crack propagates shows good agreement with
experimental results. Note that, to be valid, the J-integral must always be computed
using a virtual shift which includes the actual crack tip.

B128. Displacement controlled crack propagation, 2-D analysis

F
F
a
0
True stress
Displacement /2 (mm)
Log strain Crack length (mm)
0.5
2.0
1000
1.0
Multilinear plastic
stress-strain curve
Control curve
Geometry of specimen and elastic properties
(N/mm
2
)
a
0
= 29.385 mm
W = 50 mm
E = 2.3 10
5
N/mm
2
= 0.3
W
/2

Figure B.128


B.130 Towing of a submerged sphere

Objective

To present a transient analysis of a cable/sphere subjected to hydrodynamic forces.

Physical problem

A sphere attached to a cable is towed underwater. The cable is initially vertical, at
rest in still water.


The cable is modeled using 10 2-node cable elements. The sphere is represented by a
concentrated mass at the bottom node of the cable. Kinematically, large
displacements and small strains are assumed.

The analysis is performed in 2 runs, using the ADINA restart option:

The first run is a one step static analysis in which the gravity loads are applied to the
structure.

The second run is a dynamic analysis with 5000 steps in which the cable and the
sphere are submitted to drag and inertia forces generated by their movements relative
to the fluid. The towing speed is imposed by specifying a time dependent
displacement at the top of the cable. Explicit time integration is used.

Solution results

The deformation of the cable when steady-state equilibrium is reached shows very
good agreement with the solution of the same problem solved by a static analysis.

B130. Towing of a submerged sphere

Towing cable
Hydrodynamic drag
and inertia forces
Water surface
Prescribed
displacement
Towed sphere
(1)
(1) Initial geometry
(2) Steady-state equilibrium under gravity and hydrodynamic forces
(2)
Y
X

Length of cable = 300 ft Diameter of sphere = 1.0 ft
Diameter of cable = 0.03 ft Weight of sphere = 700 lb
Young's modulus of cable = 3.0 10
8
psf Drag coefficient of sphere = 0.5
Density of cable = 300 lb/ft
3
Inertia coefficient of sphere = 0.0
Drag coefficient of cable = 1.5 Density of seawater = 1.987 slugs/ft
3

Inertia coefficient of cable = 0.0

Figure B.130



ADINA-F problems

ADINA-F problems

F1. General Couette flow (2-D and 3-D elements)

F.1 General Couette flow (2-D and 3-D elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the two- and three-dimensional quadratic fluid flow
elements.

Physical problem

The problem of the general Couette flow is considered, see Fig. F.1. The bottom
surface is fixed and the top surface is moving at a constant velocity. There is also a
pressure gradient applied in the flow direction. The flow is assumed to be a fully
developed laminar flow and the velocity profile is to be found.


This problem is solved using two separate two- and three-dimensional models in the
same analysis. In each model three quadratic elements are used normal to the flow
direction. A steady-state flow condition is assumed.

Solution results

The governing equation for this problem is

2
2
v
z
d d
dy d
=
p

The analytical solution is

2
1
v ,
2 2 2
yz
dp z hz Vz dp h V
z
dy h dy h
| |
| |
= + = +
| |
\ .
\ .

The finite element and analytical solutions for the velocity and shear stress
distributions are identical.

User hints

$ Note that here the tractions normal to the vertical boundaries are equal to the
pressure. ADINA-F applies the normal tractions (and hence the pressure).

ADINA-F problems

$ The pressure gradient is imposed by applying a uniform pressure (normal traction)
of 5.0 at the left face of the finite element model and no pressure at the right face.
This gives the desired gradient of 1
dp
dy
= . Note that the same solution for
velocity would be obtained if, instead, pressures of 5.0 + p
0
and p
0
were applied to
the left and right faces, respectively, for any value of p
0
.

$ Note that the mathematical traction (MT) formulation is used. This formulation is
useful when modeling the artificial finite boundary of an infinite domain.
References

[1] Schlichting, H., Boundary-Layer Theory, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New
York, 1979.

[2] Potter, M.C. and Foss, J.F., Fluid Mechanics, The Ronald Press Company, 1975.

dp
dy
= -1
V = 60.
h = 3.
= 1.
= 0.01
y
z
V
dp
dy
h

Figure F.1

F2.Flow in a pipe (axisymmetric elements)

F.2 Flow in a pipe (axisymmetric elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements.

Physical problem

The problem of a fully developed flow in a pipe is considered, see Fig. F.2. A
pressure gradient is applied in the axial direction, and the velocity profile is to be
found.


The finite element model consists of 4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements. The
pressure gradient is imposed by applying a uniform pressure of 10 on the left face and
no pressure on the right face. A steady-state flow condition is assumed.

Solution results


1 d dw d
r
r dr dr dz
| |
=
|

\ .
1 p
(here r y)

and the analytical solution is

( )
2 2
0
1
,
4 2
rz
dp r dp
w r r
dz dz
= =

The velocity profile and the streamlines obtained from the finite element analysis
correspond to the analytical solution.

User hints

$ An axisymmetric element models an angle of one radian in the circumferential
direction.

$ Note that the pressure on the vertical boundaries of the model is equal to the
normal traction on these boundaries, and in ADINA-F normal tractions are applied.

ADINA-F problems

$ Note that the mathematical traction (MT) formulation is used. This formulation is
useful when modeling the artificial finite boundary of an infinite fluid domain.

Reference


dp
dz
= -1
z
r
dp
dz
r
0
w(r)
r
0
= 2
= 1.0
= 0.2

Figure F.2

F4. Flow in an annulus (3-D elements)

F.4 Flow in an annulus (3-D elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 8-node three-dimensional FCBI elements.

Physical problem

The problem of a fully developed flow in an annulus is considered, see Fig. F.4. A
pressure gradient is applied in the flow direction, and the velocity profile in the
annulus is to be found.


This finite element model consists of 8-node FCBI elements. A sector of 1 degree is
represented, and a steady-state flow condition is assumed.

Solution results


1 1 d du d
r
r dr dr dx
| |
=
|

\ .
p

and the analytical solution is

( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2 1
1
2
1
ln
4
ln
1 1
2
4
ln
rx
r r
r dp
u r r
dx r r
r
r r
dp
r
dx r r
r
(
(
| |
(
= +
|
(
| |
\ .
(
|
(
\ .
(
(
(
= +
(
| |
(
|
(
\ .

The velocity profile and stress distributions from the finite element analysis compare
well with the analytical solutions.

ADINA-F problems

Reference


dp
dx
= -1
dp
dx
r
2
r
1
u(r)
x
y,r
= 1.0
= 0.2
r
2
= 2.0
r
1
= 1.0

Figure F.4

F5. Laminar flow between rotating cylinders

F.5 Laminar flow between rotating cylinders

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node two-dimensional FCBI elements.

Physical problem

The problem of a fully developed flow between concentrically rotating cylinders is
considered, as shown in Fig. F.5. Body force effects are ignored.


The finite element model consists of 4-node 2-D FCBI elements.

The inner and outer rotating cylinders are modeled with an angular velocity boundary
condition. The pressure at one point on the inner cylinder is set to zero.

Solution results

The governing equations for this problem are

( )
2 2
2
v v
0,
d
d dp
dr r dr r dr

v

| |
+ = =
|
\ .
,


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2
1 1
v ,
r
r r
r r r r
r
r r r r r r r r

| | | |
= + =
| |

\ . \ .

( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
2 2
1
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2 1 2 1
2
4 4
1 2 2 1
2 2 2
2 2
1
2 1
2 2
2 2 1 1
2 2
2 1
2
ln
2
1 1
2
2 constant
r r r r r r
p r
r r
r
r r r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r

| |
= +
|
\ .
| |

|
\ .

= =

ADINA-F problems

The velocity, shear stress, pressure and vorticity obtained from the finite element
analysis compare well with the analytical solutions.

Reference

v
1
2
r
2
r
1
r
r
1
= 1
r
2
= 2
1
= 1
2
= 2
= 1
= 1

Figure F.5

F7. Non-Newtonian flow between two parallel plates (2-D and 3-D elements)

F.7 Non-Newtonian flow between two parallel plates (2-D and 3-D
elements)

Objective

To verify the fluid power law material model for the quadratic 2-D and 3-D fluid
elements.

Physical problem

The laminar steady flow of a non-Newtonian fluid between two parallel plates is
considered, see Fig. F.7. A pressure gradient is applied in the flow direction. The
velocity profile is to be found.


This problem is solved using two separate two-and three-dimensional models in the
same analysis. Due to symmetry, only one half of the fluid flow is considered. The
finite element model consists of 9-node 2-D elements and 27-node 3-D elements, with
five elements in the z direction. The power law fluid model is used to represent the
non-Newtonian fluid.

Solution results

The general governing equations for this problem are

, 2
yz
yz yz
dp
e
dy z
= =

where ( )
1 v
, 2 and
2
n
yz yz
A D D e e
z
= =
. The analytical solution is

1
1
2 2
1 1
2
1
v 2 ,
2 2 2
n
n n
n
n n
yz
dp
n h h d dy
z
n A dy
+
+ +
+ +
(
(
(
+ | | | | | |
(
( =
| | |
(
+
\ . \ . \ . (

(

2
p h
z =

The 2-D and 3-D finite element results compare well with the analytical solutions for
both the velocity and the shear stress.

ADINA-F problems

User hint

$ The boundary conditions are applied as in Examples F.1 and F.2. Note that here
again the normal tractions on the left and right vertical faces are equal to the
pressure.

Reference

[1] Crochet, M.J., Davies, A.R. and Walters, K., Numerical Simulation of Non-Newtonian
Flow, Elsevier, New York and Amsterdam, 1983.

dp
dy
= -1.0
y
z
dp
dy
h
v(z)
h = 1
0
= 1000
A= 1.0
n = -0.75
= 1.0

Figure F.7

F9. No flow test

F.9 No flow test

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node 2-D FCBI elements when subjected to gravity
loading.

Physical problem

The fluid in the domain shown in Fig. F.9 is subjected to gravity loading. Zero
velocities are imposed on the fluid boundaries, and the solution should of course give
zero velocities everywhere and a hydrostatic pressure distribution.


The finite element model consists of 72 4-node 2-D FCBI elements. The pressure is
assumed to be zero at one node on the top surface (z = 0) and gravity loading is
applied.

Solution results

The analytical solution of this problem is , p gz = = v 0 everywhere. The model
gives the predicted pressure variation which is equal to the analytical solution.

User hints

$ This is a very simple but instructive problem. The analysis tests whether the
gravity loading option is properly implemented and whether elements can predict
the pressures in the domain accurately [1].

$ Note that in this analysis, the pressure at one node must be prescribed. This is
because the normal velocity conditions on the complete boundary of the domain are
prescribed.

Reference

[1] Fortin, M. and Fortin, A., "Experiments with Several Elements for Viscous
Incompressible Flows," Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 5, pp. 911-928,
1985.

ADINA-F problems

y
z
g
10
20
2
g = 10.
= 1.0
p = 0. at (20, 0)
20

Figure F.9

F10. Flow in a converging channel (Hamel problem)

F.10 Flow in a converging channel (Hamel problem)

Objective

To demonstrate the modeling of an accelerated flow in a converging channel using 4-
node 2-D FCBI elements.

Physical problem

Fig. F.10 shows the problem considered. For the ideal Hamel problem, the fluid
flows in the space between two infinite plates intersecting at an angle. The velocity
profile is self-similar at all radii and each fluid particle moves along radial lines
towards the sink.

The Reynolds number for this problem is defined by

Re
r
V r
=

where is the wedge half angle, r is the radial coordinate and V
r
is the velocity along
the centerline at r. The case of Re = 61 is studied in this problem.


In the finite element analysis only a finite length of the wedge geometry can be
modeled, and only one half of the fluid flow domain is considered due to symmetry
conditions. The boundary conditions are that the exact velocity is applied on the
upstream surface and no slip conditions are prescribed at the plate walls.

Solution results

The analytical solution of the Hamel problem is found in ref. [1]. The velocity along
the centerline and the wall pressure compare well with the analytical solution. Note
that the radial mesh is needed to obtain an accurate finite element solution.

Reference

[1] Batchelor, G.K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press,
1981.

ADINA-F problems

r = 4.0
r = 0.25
inflow velocity
profile
no-slip
boundary
z
y
Region discretized
30
= 1
= 0.04

Figure F.10

F12. Square wall-driven cavity problem

F.12 Square wall-driven cavity problem

Objective

To demonstrate the analysis of a square wall-driven cavity.

Physical problem

Fig. F.12 shows the problem of a square wall-driven cavity. In this analysis the
tangential velocity is imposed along the upper boundary while the normal velocity on
that boundary is zero. The flow is characterized by the Reynolds number

Re
top
U L
=

where L = width of the wall and U
top
= uniform tangential velocity applied on the top
surface. The steady state analyses for Re =100, 400 and 1000 are performed.


A mesh of 4-node 2-D FCBI elements is employed. For the case of Re = 1000, two
load steps are used to obtain a converged solution.

Solution results

The results are in good agreement with those of ref. [1].

User hint

$ Note that in this analysis the pressure at one node must be prescribed. This is
because the normal velocity conditions on the complete boundary of the domain are
prescribed. Here, we select the pressure at point A to be equal to zero.

Reference

[1] Fortin, M. and Thomasset, F., "Mixed Finite Element Methods for Incompressible
Flow Problems," J. of Comp. Physics, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 113-145, 1979.

ADINA-F problems

U
top
L
L
A
L = 1.0
= 1.0
U
top
= 1.0
= 0.01, 0.0025, 0.001

Figure F.12

F13. Natural convection in a square cavity

F.13 Natural convection in a square cavity

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of solving strongly temperature-dependent and coupled
flow problems.

Physical problem

The problem of natural convection in a square cavity is to be analyzed, see Fig F.13.
The fluid in the cavity is subjected to gravity and the vertical walls are at different
temperatures resulting in natural convection. This problem is characterized by the
Rayleigh number and the Prandtl number

3
Ra , Pr
g L
= =

where = temperature difference between the hot and cold walls and L = depth of
the cavity. The problem is solved for the Rayleigh numbers of 10
3
, 10
4
, 10
5
and 10
6
,
each time with Pr = 0.71 and assuming steady-state conditions.

The finite element analysis uses the Boussinesq approximation, which assumes that
the fluid density varies with the temperature but the fluid flow is governed by the
incompressible flow equations. The finite element mesh consists of a 12 12 mesh
of 9-node 2-D elements of gradually varying sizes. The smaller sized elements are
used near the wall to account for the velocity and thermal boundary layer effects. For
the case of Ra = 10
6
, five load steps are used to obtain a converged solution. Only
one solution step is required for the other cases. In the input to ADINA-F, we use the
above equations in a modified form so that the density input gives the Rayleigh
number.

Solution results

The governing equations of the mathematical model are non-dimensionalized by
choosing
2
2
, , and
c
h c
L
L L

as scale factors for length, velocity, pressure and
temperature. Then the nondimensionalized equations are [1]

( )
2 2
, Ra Pr Pr , p = = + + = u 0 u u e u u

ADINA-F problems

The Nusselt number is defined as

( )
Nu
hL qL q
k k k
= = =
L
User hint
$ Since boundary velocities are prescribed in this analysis, the pressure is set equal to
zero at point A.

and is equivalent to a dimensionless heat flux. Here, the heat flux is calculated at
element integration points nearest to the hot wall. The results of maximum horizontal
velocity, maximum vertical velocity and maximum and minimum local Nusselt
number show good agreement with the solutions of Davis [1].

Reference

[1] De Vahl Davis, G., "Natural Convection of Air in a Square Cavity: A Bench Mark
Numerical Solution," Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 3, pp. 249-264,
1983.

F13. Natural convection in a square cavity

A v = w = 0
v = w = 0
v = w = 0 v = w = 0
c h
g
= (Ra/Pr)
0.5
c
p
= Pr = 0.71
= 1.0
g = 1.0
= 1.0
k = 1.0

Figure F.13

ADINA-F problems

F.28 Flow in an annulus (3-D elements) B transient analysis

Objective

To verify the use of the time integration method in transient analysis using 8-node
3-D FCBI elements.

Physical problem

The same problem as described in Example F.4 is solved. However, a transient flow
condition is considered here.


The finite element model is the same as in Example F.4. The Euler backward
integration method with unequal time step increments is used in the transient analysis.
The time step increment t = 1 is for the first three steps, 2 for the fourth step, 2.5 for
the fifth to seventh steps and 37.5 for the last step.

Solution results

The steady-state solution is given in Example F.4. During the analysis, the finite
element solution tends towards the steady-state solution.

F33. Sinusoidal oscillation of a flat plate supporting a fluid

F.33 Sinusoidal oscillation of a flat plate supporting a fluid

Physical problem

Objective

To verify the use of the restart option and the assignment of initial conditions in
transient analysis using 4-node 2-D FCBI elements.

An infinite flat plate is supporting a fluid and oscillating sinusoidally, see Fig. F.33.
The velocity profile of the fluid is to be determined.


The finite element model consists of forty 4-node 2-D FCBI elements. The Euler
backward time integration method with a time increment
2
80
t

= is used for a total
of 80 time steps. Two consecutive runs are made. The first run consists of 40 time
steps which correspond to the time span 0 to . The second run using the restart
option consists of another 40 time steps which correspond to the time span from to
2. Initial velocities obtained from the analytical solution are assigned to all nodes
for the first run.

Solution results

The governing equation of this problem is [1]

2
2
v v
t z

=

subject to the boundary conditions

( ) ( ) v 0, cos , v , 0 t V t z t = = =

The solution is given in ref. [1] as

v cos exp
2 2
V t z
| | |

=
|
|

\ . \
z
|
|
|
.

Good agreement between the finite element solution and the analytical solution is

ADINA-F problems

observed.

Reference

[1] Potter, M.C. and Foss, J.F., Fluid Mechanics, The Ronald Press Company, New York,
p. 289, 1975.

Fluid
V cos t
= 1
= 1
v = 1
= 1

Figure F.33

F35. Heat generated in laminar flow between two rotating cylinders (2-D elements)

F.35 Heat generated in laminar flow between two rotating cylinders (2-
D elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements, in particular the
calculation of viscous dissipation.

Physical problem

The problem of a fully developed flow between two concentrically rotating cylinders
is considered. The same problem is also considered in Example F.5 but without
viscous dissipation. Here
1
= 0,
2
= 1 and k = 0.2, corresponding to a Brinkman
number of 5, see below.


The finite element model is the same as in Example F.5, except that viscous
dissipation is considered.

Solution results

The governing equation and the solution for velocity, shear stress, pressure and
vorticity are given in Example F.5. The governing equation for the temperature
arising from dissipation is [1]:

2
v v
0
k d d d
r
r dr dr dr r
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

with boundary conditions

1 1 2
at , at r r r r = = = =
2

The solution is (ref. [1], but note that there are errors in [1] regarding the formulas of
velocity and temperature)

( )
( )
2
4
2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 1
1 1
ln ln
1
Br 1 1
ln ln
r r
r r r r r
r r r r r r
r r
( | | | |
( | |
| | | |
\ . \ .
(
=
| |
(
| | | |
\ . \ .
(
| |
(
\ . \ .
+

ADINA-F problems

where
( )
2 2
1 1
2 1
Br
r
k

=

is the Brinkman number. The finite element temperature
profile compares well with the analytical solution.

Reference

[1] White, F.M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p. 117,
1974.

F37. Free-convection flow between two vertical plates (2-D elements)

F.37 Free-convection flow between two vertical plates (2-D elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node two-dimensional FCBI element in ADINA-F
when subjected to a buoyancy force.

Physical problem

A fluid between two vertical plates of different temperatures rises near the hot plate
and falls near the cold plate due to buoyancy effects, see Fig. F.37. The flow field is
to be considered in steady state conditions.

The governing equations are (the body force term g is not included) [1]

The finite element model consists of twenty 4-node 2-D FCBI elements. Only one
layer of elements is used in the vertical direction. The temperature is prescribed at the
nodes along the two vertical plates.

Solution results

( )
2 2
2
0, 0
m
d w d
g
dy dy
+ = =
2
k

where (
0 1
1
,
2
m
+ )

= subjected to the boundary conditions
=
0
at y = -h,
1
at y = h, w = 0 at y = h.

The analytical solution is [1]

( )
* * *3 *
Gr
,
6
w y y = =
*
y

where
* * *
1
, ,
m
m
hw y
w y
h

= = =

( )
2 3
1
2
Gr
m
g h
=
= Grashof number

ADINA-F problems

Note that the solution is independent of k and c
p
.

Very good comparisons of velocity and temperature are shown between the ADINA-
F and the analytical solution.

User hint

$ Note that when the body force g (which induces zero velocity) is deleted the
pressure output from ADINA-F is the dynamic pressure, which is equal to the total
pressure minus the hydrostatic pressure.

Reference
[1] White, F.M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, p. 115,
1974.

h h
Z
Y
=
2
=
1
g
h = 1
g = 1
= 1
= 1
c
p
= 1
k = 1
= 1

Figure F.37

F39. Viscous dissipation in pipe flow (axisymmetric elements)

F.39 Viscous dissipation in pipe flow (axisymmetric elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements, in particular the
capability to include viscous dissipation.

Physical problem

Same as Example F.2, except that viscous dissipation is included. The temperature at
the pipe wall is prescribed to be zero.


The finite element model consists of 4-node 2-D axisymmetric FCBI elements. A
steady state flow condition is assumed.

Solution results

The governing equation and the solution for the velocity and shear stress are given in
Example F.2. The governing equation for the temperature arising from dissipation is
[1]

2
1 d d dw
r
r dr dr dz
| | |
=
|
\ . \
|
|
.
The velocity w is calculated as shown in Example F.2 and is used to solve for the
temperature,
(here r y)

( )
2
2 4
4
1 ,
8
w
R dp dx
w r
w
k R
| |
= + =
|

\ .

where
w
is the pipe wall temperature and w is the mean velocity. The temperature
profile obtained from ADINA-F compares very well with the analytical solution.

Reference
[1] White, F.M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p. 130,
1974.

ADINA-F problems

F.41 Natural convection in a porous medium

Objective
To demonstrate the capability of solving natural convection problems in porous
media.
Physical problem
The problem of natural convection in a rectangular enclosure with a porous medium
is to be analyzed, see Fig. F.41. Constant heat is generated in the medium. The fluid
in the enclosure is subjected to gravity. The top and bottom walls are insulated while
the two vertical walls have a constant temperature of zero. The fluid is free to flow in
the tangential direction along the boundary of the enclosure while it cannot penetrate
the boundary of the enclosure.

Darcy's law and the Boussinesq approximation are assumed to be valid for the flow.
A steady-state condition is assumed. The solution for this problem is governed by the
Rayleigh number, see below. The case of Ra = 100 is considered here.


Due to symmetry, only the left half of the enclosure is modeled. A mesh of 10 40
equally sized 4-node FCBI elements is used. The symmetry boundary condition is
applied along the vertical center line.

Solution results

The governing continuum mechanics equations are

( ) ( )
( )
, ,
, ,
,
v 0, v 1
v
i i i i i
i
B
p i i i
i
p g
c k q
0
= = +
= +

where g
i
is the gravitational acceleration component in the i-direction,
0
is the
reference temperature,
i
is the permeability in the i-direction, is the porosity,
( ) 1
s
k k k = +
is the effective thermal conductivity with k and k

s
being the thermal
conductivities of the fluid and solid respectively and q
B
is the uniform volumetric heat
generation rate. The Rayleigh number is
3 B
Ra
g q L
k

=

.

F41. Natural convection in a porous medium

Good agreement between the finite element solution and the solution of [1] is
observed along the vertical centerline of the enclosure.

[1] Haajizadeh, M., Ozque, A.F. and Tien, C.L., "Natural Convection in a Vertical
Porous Enclosure with Internal Heat Generation," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 27,
No. 10, pp. 1893-1902, 1984.
Reference

q
B
g
v = 0
q = 0
v = 0 v = 0
=
0
=
0
2.0
1.0
w = q = 0
w = q = 0
Region discretized
z
y
= 1 = 1 k = 1
c
p
= 1
q
B
= 100
0
= 0
= 1
= 1
g = 1
= 1

Figure F.41

ADINA-F problems

F.48 Conjugate heat transfer in a pipe heated on finite length

The heat transfer equation for the fluid is
Objective
To verify the 4-node FCBI axisymmetric elements in modeling conjugate heat
transfer problems.
Physical problem

A section of pipe of infinite length is shown in Fig. F.48. The flow in the pipe is
assumed to be described by the Hagen-Poiseuille parabolic velocity distribution. The
external surface of the pipe is heated over a finite length L with constant heat flux .
The unheated part of the external surface is assumed to be adiabatic. Dissipation due
to friction is neglected.

The finite element mesh consists of 4-node FCBI elements. The region to be
discretized includes the heated region and its extension to 5R both upstream and
downstream. The length of the extension is selected such that the heat flux is close to
zero at the upstream and downstream boundaries of the mesh in both the radial and
the axial directions. The normal heat flux is prescribed at the external surface in the
heated region while it is set to zero on all the other external boundaries. The
reference temperature is set to zero at the origin. A constant pressure gradient is
applied along the axial direction. The degrees of freedom of velocity and pressure in
the solid are deleted.

Solution results

2
2
1
p f
c w k r
z r r r z
( | |
= +
( |

\ .

(here r y)

where

2
2
max max
1 ,
4
r d
w W W
R d
| |
| | | |
= = |
| |
|
p R
z
\ . \ .
\ .


F48. Conjugate heat transfer in a pipe heated on finite length

0 at 0, 0 as , 0 as r z z
r z r

= = = =

The heat transfer equation for the solid is

2
2
1
0
s s
r
r r r z
| |
+ =
|

\ .

0 as , 0 as
s s
z z
z r

= =

0
s
z
at r = R + t in unheated part, z < 5, z > 5 + L

0
s
r
at r = R + t in heated part, 5 z 5 + L

At intersurface (r = R) the conditions

,
s
s f s
k k
r r

= =

should be satisfied.

For a fully developed pipe flow with the heat flux imposed along the complete pipe
section which extends to infinity both upstream and downstream the analytical
solution is (see ref. [1])

( ) ( )
4
0
2
max
4
1 7
4 2
w w
f p
q R t R t q
r r
z
k R R W R c 4
(
+ +
| | | |
= + +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

and the heat flux is

( )
( )
3
2 2
max
4
2
constant,
w f
f f
p
q R t k
r r
k k R
z r W R c R R
+
(
= = = +
(

4
w
t q

in the axial and radial directions respectively.

ADINA-F problems

For a pipe with heat flux imposed along a finite length, the closed form solution is not
known. However, when L is large, a fully developed thermal flow is observed in the
heated section and the solutions given above are approximately correct.
[1] Lienhard, J.H., A Heat Transfer Textbook, second edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987.

Good agreement is observed between the finite element solution and the analytical
solution. Note that the analytical solution for the temperature is calculated with
which comes from the ADINA-F solution. The heat flux at the mesh
boundaries is zero as should be expected.
0
0.49077 =

Reference

5.0 5.0 L
q
w
= 0 q
w
= 0 q
w
= 1.0
Fluid
Pipe
q = 0
q = 0
R
t
y,r
z
L = 10.0
t = 0.1
k
t
= 1.0
k
s
= 1.0
= 1.0
R = 1.0
c
p
= 5.0
= 0
C
L

Figure F.48

F52. Flow past a cylinder, Re=20,40

F.52 Flow past a cylinder, Re = 20, 40

The flow field around a cylinder is considered, see Fig. F.52, for two values of
Reynolds number, Re = 20 and Re = 40, where Re =

Objective

To demonstrate the analysis of flow past a cylinder.

Physical problem

2 VR
and V is the velocity of

the uniform incoming flow.
A fine mesh of 3/4-node mixed FCBI elements is used. A steady-state analysis for Re
= 20 and 40 is performed.

Solution results

The pressure acting on the cylinder is normalized as

* 0
2
1
2
p p
p
V

Reference
where p
0
is the pressure at infinity (the pressure at the most upstream point). The
vortex length and the pressure on the cylinder are compared with experimental results
[1] and good agreement is observed.

User hint

$ Since the shear stresses along the outlet boundary are unknown the mathematical
traction formulation is employed.

[1] Batchelor, G.K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, pg.
259, reprinted 1981.

ADINA-F problems

R = 1
v = 1.0
Slip wall
Non-slip wall
Slip wall
40.0
30.0
45.0
= 0.05
= 1.0

Figure F.52

F62. Fluid flow over a cantilever in a channel

F.62 Fluid flow over a cantilever in a channel

Objective
To demonstrate the use of ADINA-FSI in the solution of a one-way coupling of fluid-
structure interaction problem.
Physical problem

Since this is a one-way coupling of fluid-structure interaction problem, first the
ADINA-F model is solved to obtain the flow field and then the ADINA model is
solved to obtain the deformed shape of the cantilever.
The finite element mesh for the ADINA-F model consists of 4-node FCBI elements.
No-slip boundary conditions are applied on the wall of the channel and on the surface
of the cantilever. The cantilever itself is not included in the mesh. Normal tractions
are applied at the inlet boundary of the channel and the flow field is assumed to be
unchanged at the downstream boundary by using the mathematical traction
formulation. The iterative method of solution is used and reaction forces are
calculated.
Solution results
The cantilever bends under the drag forces from the fluid. The fluid flow obeys the
no-slip condition corresponding to the original configuration of the cantilever.

A cantilever in a channel is subjected to the pressure of the wind blowing in the
channel, see Fig. F.62. The fluid field around the cantilever as well as the deflections
and stresses of the cantilever itself are to be solved. It is assumed that the deflection
of the cantilever does not change the fluid field. Therefore, this is a one-way
coupling of fluid-structure interaction problem. Steady state solutions corresponding
to two pressure levels at the inlet are requested.


User hint
$ When the deformation in the cantilever is assumed to change the flow field, then
the analysis can be performed as a two-way coupling of fluid-structure interaction
problem. See Example F.76 for an example of this type of analysis.

ADINA-F problems

dp
dy
h
w
d
= -10
-2
d = 40
h = 15
w = 1
dp
dy

Figure F.62

F64. Round die-swell problem, Re = 23.7, C
a
= 3.568

F.64 Round die-swell problem, Re = 23.7, C
a
= 3.568

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements when a free
surface is modeled.
Physical problem
The extrusion of a viscous jet from a round die is considered, see Fig. F.64. The
behavior and shape of the free surface are of particular interest. Gravity effects are
neglected in this example.
The capillary number is 3.568
a
U
C

= =
, where is the surface tension and U is the

mean velocity in the die. The Reynolds number is
0
23.7
Ur
= =
Re , where r
0
is the
radius of the die.

Solution results
Fairly good agreement between the free surface profile from the finite element
solution and the results from [1] is observed.

The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI elements. The no-slip condition is
imposed on the wall. The flow is assumed to be a fully-developed Poiseuille flow at
the in-flow boundary. The stress-free condition is imposed at the out-flow boundary
except at the node on the free surface where surface tension exists. The free surface
boundary condition is automatically imposed by the program on the elements with
free surface.

User hints

$ The physical traction formulation is used since the physical traction (the surface
tension) is applied on the free surface.
$ The finite element boundary at the downstream location has to be sufficiently far
enough away to ensure a stress free boundary condition (i.e., a uniform velocity
profile is reached).

ADINA-F problems

Reference

[1] Gear, R.L., Keentok, M., Milthorpe, J.F. and Tanner, R.I., "The shape of low
Reynolds number jets", Phys. Fluids, 26, pg. 7, 1983.

r
0
= 1
= 0.2
= 6.32
= 0.0420403
Re = 32.7
C
a
=3.568
r
0
U=
3
4

Figure F.64

F66. Draining of a circular tank by an a opening

F.66 Draining of a circular tank by an opening

Reference

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements with free surface in
a transient analysis.

Physical problem

A water tank with an initial flat water surface is drained by an opening as shown in
Fig. F.66. The flow rate is assumed to be constant. The flow field and the free
surface shape are to be determined.

The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI elements. The boundary
conditions on the wall are such that the fluid can slip on but not penetrate the tank
wall. The velocity at the opening is prescribed so that the constant flow rate is
maintained. The iterative method of solution is used in this example.

Solution results

Reasonable agreement between the finite element solution and the solution from [1] is
observed.

[1] Nitikitpaiboon, C. and Bathe, K. J., "An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian velocity
potential formulation for fluid-structure interaction", Computer & Structures, Vol. 47,
No. 4/5, pp. 871-891, 1993.

ADINA-F problems

flowrate = 0.31 m
3
/sec
r = 1.0 m
a = 0.2 m
h = 0.35 m
= 1000 kg/m
3
= 10
-3
kg/msec
g = 9.8 m/sec
2
g
h
a
r
C

Figure F.66

F67. Analysis of two merging streams with moving boundaries

F.67 Analysis of two merging streams with moving boundaries

Solution results
Although no analytical or other solution is given, the solution looks reasonable.

Objective
To demonstrate the use of ADINA-F in a problem with multiple moving boundaries.
Physical problem

Two fluids with different viscosities flowing in two inclined ducts merge into a single
duct whose upper wall terminates at a downstream location as shown in Fig. F.67.
The fluids are assumed to be immiscible. The interface between the two fluids and
the shape of the free surface which begins at the lip of the upper duct wall are to be
determined. Surface tension effects are ignored in this example.


The initial mesh has a flat fluid-fluid interface and a flat free surface. The moving
direction of the moving boundaries is in the Z-direction.

free
surface

Figure F.67

ADINA-F problems

F.69 Natural convection in a square cavity (2-D 4-node elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 2-D 4-node FCBI elements.


4-node FCBI
elements
Physical problem
Same problem as Example F.13, except that only Ra = 10
6
is considered.

The finite element model consists of 576 2-D 4-node FCBI elements. Two load steps
are used to obtain a converged solution.

Solution results
The results are very close to those obtained using the 9-node elements.
User hint
$ The statistics regarding the use of two different element types for the same physical
problem are:

(this analysis)

9-node quadratic elements
(in Example F.13)

Number of nodes

625 625

Number of elements

576

144
Number of equations

2307 1851

Number of time steps

2 5

F67. Analysis of two merging streams with moving boundaries

F.76 Fluid flow over a tower in a wind tunnel

Objective
To demonstrate the use of ADINA-FSI to analyze a fully coupled fluid-structure
problem.
Physical problem
A tower is tested in a wind tunnel with two levels of wind pressure, see Fig. F.76.
The deformation of the tower is so large that its influence on the fluid field cannot be
neglected. Steady-state solutions are to be determined.


The finite element mesh for the ADINA-F model consists of 4-node FCBI elements.
No-slip boundary conditions are applied on the wall of the wind tunnel and on the
surface of the tower. The no-slip boundary conditions applied on the wall of the wind
tunnel are specified by applying a wall boundary condition, whereas the no-slip
boundary conditions applied on the surface of the tower are specified by applying an
FSI boundary condition. Normal tractions are specified at the inlet and the velocity
derivatives at the outlet are set to zero by using the mathematical traction formulation.

The finite element mesh for the ADINA model consists of 4-node plane strain
elements. The mesh is subjected to pressures from the flow field calculated by the
ADINA-F model.

Solution results

The tower bends under the drag forces from the fluid. The fluid flow obeys the no-
slip condition corresponding to the deformed configuration of the tower.

User hint
$ Since the vorticity and stress are not smooth, use of a finer mesh might be
appropriate.

ADINA-F problems

d
h
w
z
y
dp
dy
Fluid:
dp
dy
= -0.02
d = 40
= 1
= 1
Tower:
h = 15
w= 1
E= 10
5
= 0.2

Figure F.76

F77. Laminar flow over a backward-facing step

F.77 Laminar flow over a backward-facing step

$ Enough of the channel downstream of the step must be included in the model so
that the recirculating region is entirely contained in the model.

Objective

To demonstrate the use of the 2-D 4-node FCBI elements in problems with laminar
flow.

Physical problem

The laminar flow in a channel with a backward-facing step is considered, see Fig.
F.77. Two cases are studied. One is a flow with a Reynolds number of 200 (the
length scale is based on the step height) and the other with a Reynolds number of 600.


The finite element mesh consists of 568 4-node FCBI elements. The no-slip
boundary condition is imposed at the wall by deleting the velocity degrees of
freedom.
Solution results
A recirculating region is observed downstream of the step. The length of the
recirculating region increases as the Reynolds number is increased.

User hint

ADINA-F problems

2
8 24
3
1
v =
= 1
= 1.43 10
-5
v

0.00286 for Re = 200
0.00858 for Re = 600

Figure F.77

F78. Turbulent flow over a backward-facing step

F.78 Turbulent flow over a backward-facing step

A comparison of k and velocity against experimental results [1] shows that the
calculated velocities compare quite well with the experimental results, but the
calculated values of k are significantly lower that the measured values. This is
deemed to be due to various effects, including the assumptions in the k- model.
[1] Kim, J., Kline, S.J. and Johnston, J.P., "Investigation of a Reattaching Turbulent
Shear Layer: Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step", Vol. 102, Sept. 1980,
Transactions of the ASME.

Objective

To verify the k- turbulence model.
Physical problem
The same problem of Example F.77 is considered, except that only the case of the
Reynolds number of 6.97 10
4
is studied with the assumption of the k- turbulence
model. The material constants and the values of k and at the inlet are listed in Fig.
F.78.


The finite element model is finer than the one used in Example F.77. It consists of
1500 4-node FCBI elements. Also the k and degrees of freedom are active and the
no-slip boundary is specified explicitly as a wall boundary condition.

Solution results

Reference

ADINA-F problems

2
8 24
v = 1
3
1
k = 0.003
= 4.9295 10
-4
= 1
= 1.43 10
-5
C
1
= 1.44
C
2
= 1.92
C
3
= 0.8
C = 0.09
k
= 1.0
= 1.3
t
= 0.9
d
w
= 70
= 0.41

Figure F.78

F80. A compressible fluid passing over a flat plate (2-D elements)

F.80 A compressible fluid passing a flat plate (2-D elements)

Objective

To verify the behavior of the viscous compressible 2-D fluid flow elements.

User hints
$ The initial conditions for the pressure and the temperature should always be
specified for the compressible fluid calculation.
$ In the compressible fluid calculation the following two conditions should be always
satisfied to obtained a physically sound problem:

- The coefficient c c

Physical problem

A viscous compressible fluid flows past a semi-infinite long flat plate, see Fig. F.80.
The plate is assumed to be adiabatic. The Prandtl number is 1, the Mach number is
0.4 and the Reynolds number is 1000.

The 2-D compressible fluid elements are used in the model. The no-slip and adiabatic
boundary conditions are applied on the plate. The external condition with specified
velocity, density and temperature is applied to the upstream and top boundaries.
Along the downstream boundary, the flow condition is assumed to be uniform and
therefore the (free) outlet condition is applied. Finally the symmetric condition is
applied to the bottom upstream of the plate.

Solution results

The comparison of the finite element solution with the analytical solution [1] is good.

- The pressure and the temperature should always be positive.
p
should be always larger than
v
.

$ In ADINA-F the normal traction and not the pressure should be specified as the
boundary condition, except at the upstream boundary of the external flow, where
the pressure as well as the velocities and the temperature should all be prescribed.
$ The primary variables in the compressible fluid are velocities, pressure and
temperature.

ADINA-F problems

$ The density, the local sound speed, the internal energy, the enthalpy and the local
Mach number can be calculated from the primary variables:

( )
( )
v v
v v
, ,
,
p
p
p
p
c
p
c c c e c
c c c
u
e p c M
c
= = =

+ = =
,

Reference
York, pp. 333, 1979.

Plate
Symmetric condition
External condition:
No-slip adiabatic condition
Outlet
condition
Region discretized
u = 1
= 4.464
r = 1
= 1 10
-3
c
p
= 3.5
k = 3.5 10
-3
c
v
= 2.5

Figure F.80

F81. A compressible fluid passing over a flat plate (3-D elements)

F.81 A compressible fluid passing a flat plate (3-D elements)

Same as Example F.80.
The 3-D compressible fluid elements are used in the model. The same boundary
conditions and initial conditions as described in Example F.80 are applied on the
Solution results
York, pp. 333, 1979.

Objective

To verify the behavior of the viscous compressible fluid flow 3-D elements.
Physical problem

3-D model. The iterative solution method is employed.

The comparison of the finite element solution with the analytical solution [1] is good.

Reference

ADINA-F problems

F.82 Shock wave of inviscid compressible fluid in a channel

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 2-D compressible fluid flow elements with the shock
wave capture capability in a transient analysis.
An infinitely long channel contains an inviscid compressible fluid, see Fig. F.82.
Initially there is no flow in the channel. Due to the existence of the pressure jump a
flow is induced. A transient analysis is performed to determine the development of
the flow.
The problem is essentially one-dimensional and only one element is used in the
direction perpendicular to the flow. Only a finite length of the channel is included.
The boundary condition on the wall of the channel is that the fluid can not penetrate
but can slip on the wall. The two open ends of the channel are also modeled as if they
were walls. This is because during the analysis no flow is induced near the open
ends. Sixty time steps with a time increment of 0.015 are used in the transient
analysis.

Physical problem

Solution results

The comparison of the finite element solution with the analytical solution is good.
User hint
$ To simulate the inviscid compressible fluid flow specify a zero viscosity
coefficient, a zero thermal conductivity coefficient and a slip but nonpenetrable
boundary condition on the wall.

F82. Shock wave of inviscid compressible fluid in a channel

At time 0.0,
At time 0.0,
= 1
= 1
p = 1 p = 0.02
-
wall
wall
= 0.0
c
p
= 3.5
c
v
= 2.5
k = 0

Figure F.82

ADINA-F problems

F.83 Analysis of a free-falling parachute

Physical problem
A parachute is freely falling in the air as shown in Fig. F.83. The shape of the
parachute as well as the surrounding fluid field is to be predicted at the steady state
condition.
A transient analysis of the fluid-structure interaction for the free-falling parachute is
performed until steady state is reached. Axisymmetric conditions are assumed.
The finite element mesh for the ADINA model consists of axisymmetric shell
elements and truss elements. The only load acting on the parachute is from the fluid
flow and is calculated by the ADINA-F model. One end node of the truss element is
fixed while the other end node connected to the parachute is free. At the
axisymmetric centerline the node is fixed in the y-direction.
Solution results

Objective

To demonstrate the use of ADINA-FSI to solve a fluid-structure interaction problem.

The finite element mesh for the ADINA-F model consists of mixed 3/4-node FCBI
elements. No-slip boundary conditions are applied on the parachute. The inlet
velocities are specified along the bottom line of the fluid domain.

During the analysis, the parachute forms a rounded shape and circulation is developed
in the surrounding air. There is a noticeable pressure difference between the upper
and lower face of the parachute.

F83. Analysis of a free-falling parachute

Figure F.83

ADINA-F problems

F.84 Radiation exchange between two concentric cylinders
Objective
To demonstrate the usage of the specular-diffuse-transparent radiosity boundary
condition with 2D FCBI elements.

Physical problem
The domain includes two concentric cylinders, see Fig. F84. Initially, the inner
cylinder has a higher temperature, while the outer one has a lower temperature. Note
that the temperature at the inner surface of the outer cylinder is prescribed. The
temperature at the inner cylinder will decrease due to radiation exchange between the
cylinders.

Two-dimensional FCBI elements which are treated as solid are used in this model.
The heat transfer option is turned on. The specular-diffusive-radiation boundary
condition is assigned at both the outer surface of the inner cylinder and the inner
surface of the outer cylinder. A high uniform temperature is prescribed at the inner
cylinder as an initial condition. A low temperature(not changing with time) is
prescribed at the inner surface of the outer cylinder as a boundary condition. A
transient analysis is performed.

Solution results
The time history of the temperature at the outer surface of the inner cylinder shows
the effect of the radiation exchange. The result looks reasonable.

F84. Radiation exchange between two concentric cylinders

High
Temperature
Low Temperature

Figure F.84

ADINA-F problems

F.85 Radiation exchange between parallel square plates, transient
analysis

The time history of the temperature at the two plates shows the effects of the radiation
exchange. The results look reasonable.

Objective
To demonstrate the usage of the specular-diffuse-transparent radiosity boundary
condition and radiation boundary condition with 3D FCBI elements.

Physical problem

Two parallel square plates have different temperature initially, see Fig. F.85. The
temperature history at the two plates due to the radiation exchange is to be found.

Three-dimensional FCBI elements which are treated as solid elements with heat
transfer are used in the finite element model. The specular-diffuse-transparent
radiosity boundary condition is prescribed at the inner surfaces of the two plates. The
radiation boundary condition is prescribed at the outer surfaces of the two plates.
Initially, a uniform, high temperature is prescribed at the upper plate, while a low
temperature is prescribed at the lower plate. A transient analysis is performed.

Solution results

F85. Radiation between two parallel square plates, transient analysis

High temperature
Low temperature

Figure F.85

ADINA-F problems

F.86 Analysis of two merging streams with mass transfer (NMASS=2)
Physical problem

Objective

To demonstrate the mass transfer capabilities of ADINA-F for a problem involving
two species and fluid.

Two species flowing in two inclined ducts merge into a single duct, see Fig. F.86.
The diffusion of the two species is to be determined.


4-node planar FCBI elements are used. There are two species (plus the fluid) in this
model. At both the upper inlet and lower inlet, the mass ratio of two species are
specified separately. A parabolic flow velocity is assigned at both the upper inlet and
the lower inlet using a spatial function. Skew systems are used at the two inlets to
enforce that the flow direction is the normal direction of the inlet surface. The effect
of the species on the fluid is neglected. The flow domain is divided into three parts.
The mass diffusive coefficient inside each part is assumed to be constant. A steady
analysis is performed.

Solution results

Although no analytical or other solution is given, the solution looks reasonable.

F86. Analysis of two merging streams with mass transfer (NMASS=2)

(1)
(2)
(3)

Figure F.86

ADINA-F problems

F.87 Pressure drop in a pipe (plus mass transfer)

4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements are used to simplify the model from 3D to 2D.
There are two materials in this model, one is the fluid, another one is the species. The
effect of the species on the fluid is neglected. A parabolic velocity distribution is
prescribed at the inlet using two spatial functions. The species injection is modeled
by applying a zero mass ratio to the two lines at the inlet and a unit mass ratio to the
middle point at the inlet. A steady analysis is performed.
Solution results
The pressure drops linearly in the axial direction. This is the same as the analytical
solution. The diffusion of the species in the axial direction is observed.

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 4-node axisymmetric FCBI elements, especially with
mass transfer.
Physical problem
The problem of a fully developed incompressible flow in a pipe is considered with
mass transfer, see Fig. F.87. A parabolic velocity is applied in the axial direction, and
a species is injected at r = 0.5R (R is the radius of the pipe, r is the radial position of
the injection). The pressure drop and the species diffusion along the axial direction
are to be found.

F87. Pressure drop in a pipe (plus mass transfer)

Radius of pipe: R
Length of pipe: :L
R=1, L=10
z
y
C
v
=
0
v
=
w
=
0
v = 0, w = 1-y , =
2
1 y = R/2
0 otherwise

Figure F.87

ADINA-F problems

F.88 Slightly compressible test case 1 (load type: displacement)

Objective

To demonstrate the capability for solving slightly compressible flow problems.
The fluid inside a cylinder is compressed at the top end, see Fig. F.88. The bottom
end and the side wall are fixed. The top end moves down two-thirds the length of the
cylinder uniformly between time 0.0 and time 1.0. Then it stays at the final position.
The flow is assumed to be laminar and axisymmetric.

Physical problem


This problem is solved using the two-dimensional slightly compressible flow model.
In the model, axisymmetric FCBI elements are used to simplify the model from 3D to
2D. The velocity at the bottom is set to be zero and the y-velocity at the center line is
fixed as a symmetric boundary. The side wall is treated as a nonslip wall. The top
wall is treated as a moving wall, in which the displacement is prescribed using a time
function. The fluid bulk modulus ( ) is specified as a material constant to model the
compressibility of the fluid. A transient analysis is performed.

User hint
Solution results
The finite element and analytical solutions for the time history of the pressure inside
the cylinder are identical. A uniform pressure and a vortex are found inside the
cylinder at the final time step.

$ In general, in order to obtain an accurate transient solution of the acoustic wave
motion, the time step length should be chosen such that 1 ~ 10
c t
x
, where
c = and is the density of the fluid. However, in this problem, there are
two main time scales, one from the acoustic wave and the other from the moving
piston. Due to the fact that the acoustic wave is much faster than the piston, these
two scales differ significantly. Since the major concern in this case is to simulate
the piston, the time step length is chosen to resolve the piston moving process.
This time step length 8200
c t
x
is much larger than the one that is needed to

resolve the acoustic wave. Therefore, the simulation is more like a quasi-steady

F88. Slightly compressible test case 1 (load type: displacement)

case for the acoustic wave. One can see that the pressure inside the cylinder is
almost uniform at every time step.

y
z
v
=
0
v = w = 0
n
o
n
s
l
i
p
w
a
l
l
Moving wall
(with time function)

Figure F.88



ADINA-T problems

ADINA-T problems

T1. Frequencies of a water filled cavity

T.1 Frequencies of a water-filled acoustic cavity

Physical problem
Objective

To verify the two-dimensional conduction element when used for frequency analysis.

The acoustic cavity considered for analysis is shown in Fig. T.1. The cavity is
bounded by rigid walls and filled with water which is assumed to be inviscid. The
natural frequencies of the cavity are to be determined.

The wave equation governing the motion of the fluid inside the cavity is given by [1]:

2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
, c
y z c t

+ = =

0
n
at the boundary

where is the velocity potential, c is the velocity of sound in water, is the bulk
modulus and is the density of water. The natural frequencies of the cavity can be
obtained by performing an eigenvalue analysis of a planar heat flow problem in which
the conductivity k and specific heat c correspond to and respectively.

Four 8-node planar conduction elements are used to model the cavity. The degrees of
freedom of all the nodal points are left free corresponding to the boundary conditions
of the cavity. In the finite element frequency analysis, a consistent heat capacity
assumption is used.
Solution results

The lowest four frequencies predicted by the finite element model are shown in the
table below. Analytical solutions evaluated using formulas given in [2] are also
shown for comparison.

ADINA-T problems

Analytical * [2] ADINA-T
(n=0, m=0) 0 0
(n=0, m=1)

9132

9166
(n=1, m=0) 15220

15277
(n=1, m=1)

17846

17749
*
2 2
, , 0,1, 2, 3,...
n m
c m n
a b
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
=

User hints

$ Since only the gradient of the potential is zero at the boundaries while the potential
is free, there is one zero frequency (rigid body) mode in this problem.

References

$ This problem can also be solved using ADINA, see Example A.65.

[1] Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M., Fluid Mechanics, translated by Sykes, J.B. and Reid,
W.H., Pergamon Press, pp. 245-246, 1959.

Reinhold, pp. 337-341, 1979.

Water
Rigid boundary
b
a
a = 12 in
b = 20 in = 9.35 10
-
lb-sec /in
5
2 4
= 3.16 10 psi
5

Figure T.1

T2. Transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid

T.2 Transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid

User hints
$ Note that the same problem can also be analyzed using the 2-D and 3-D elements,
but since only one-dimensional heat flow shall be predicted, it is most appropriate
to employ the 1-D elements in the idealization.

Objective
To verify the behavior of the 1-D conduction element in a transient analysis.
Physical problem
A uniform infinite solid is initially at zero temperature and suddenly exposed to a
constant uniform surface heat flow input at time t = 0
+
, see Fig. T.2.
Fifteen equal length 1-D conduction elements are used. A lumped heat capacity
representation and the Euler backward method for the time integration are employed.

Solution results

The calculated temperature distributions are compared with the analytical solution [1]
and good agreement is observed.

Reference

[1] Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J.C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed., Oxford
University Press, 1959.

ADINA-T problems

Unit heat
flow input
per unit area
3.0"
Region discretized
Area =
1 in
2

Figure T.2

T3. Transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid

T.3 Steady-state heat conduction in a square column

Objective

To verify the behavior of the two-dimensional planar conduction element in a steady-
state temperature analysis.

Physical problem

A square column is subjected to 100 F on one side and to 0 F on the other sides, see
Fig. T.3.

Solution results

Finite erlement model
Using symmetry conditions, only one-half of the column is modeled. The model
consists of eight 8-node planar conduction elements and the conductivity of the
material is assumed to be temperature independent.

The calculated temperature distribution along the centerline of the column is
compared with an analytical solution [1] and good agreement is observed.
User hints

$ Nodes with temperatures of zero degrees can be deleted as degrees of freedom. If
nodal temperatures are specified to be different from zero, prescribed temperatures
must be used.
$ The mesh used in this analysis gives a reasonably accurate temperature solution
along the centerline. However, high temperature gradients are present at the lower
left-hand corner of the column. To accurately model this region, a finer mesh
should be used.

Reference


ADINA-T problems

100 F 0 F
0
0
4 in
4 in
Region
discretized

Figure T.3

T4. Steady-state heat conduction in a long hollow cylinder

T.4 Steady-state heat conduction in a long hollow cylinder

Objective

Solution results

To verify the behavior of the axisymmetric conduction element when subjected to a
uniform surface temperature.
Physical problem

A long hollow cylinder is subjected to a uniform inside surface temperature of 100 F
and a uniform outside surface temperature of 0 F, see Fig. T.4. The cylinder is
assumed to be insulated to prevent axial heat flow.


The model consists of ten 4-node axisymmetric conduction elements and the material
is assumed to have constant isotropic conductivity and constant specific heat.

The solution results are compared with the analytical solution [1] and good agreement
is observed.
Reference


h
ri
r
o
Y
=
o
=
i
Z
Region
discretized
r = 1.0 in = 100 F
r = 2.0 in = 0 F
i i
o o

h = 0.1 in k = 1.0 Btu/in-sec- F

Figure T.4

ADINA-T problems

T.5 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever beam (part 1)

Solution results
The correct temperature and heat flux results are predicted by ADINA-T.

Objective
To demonstrate the capability of performing a temperature and thermal stress analysis
using the ADINA-T and ADINA programs.
Physical problem

The cantilever beam is modeled using six 20-node three-dimensional solid elements.
In the temperature analysis using ADINA-T the temperature distribution through the
thickness is calculated and the resulting nodal point temperatures are written to the
temperature file. A thermal stress analysis is then performed using ADINA in
Example B.38. The element conductivity matrices in ADINA-T are calculated using
2 2 2 Gauss integration.

User hint
$ The temperature solution times written to the temperature file by ADINA-T need
not correspond to the times for which the stresses are calculated using ADINA.
ADINA automatically establishes the nodal temperature values at the required
ADINA time points by linearly interpolating the temperatures written by ADINA-T
to the temperature file at successive ADINA-T time points.

T6. Thermal eigenvalues and mode shapes for a conduction problem

T.6 Thermal eigenvalues and mode shapes for a conduction problem

Objective

To verify the transient behavior of the 1-D conduction element in thermal eigenvalue
analysis.
Physical problem
The thermal eigenvalues are

A uniform infinite liquid is considered as shown in Fig. T.6. The conductivity,
specific heat and density of the liquid are assumed constant. The thermal eigenvalues
and mode shapes are to be determined for a column of the liquid.


The finite element model consists of eight equally spaced 1-D 2-node conduction
elements. A lumped diagonal heat capacity matrix is employed in the analysis.

Solution results

2
, 0,1, 2,...
n
n k
n
L c
| |
= =
|
\ .

with associated mode shapes

( )
2
exp cos
n
n x
t
cL L
=


Mode

at node 1

Theory

ADINA-T

Theory

ADINA-T
0 0

0

0.5 0.5
1

0.6662 0.6577

0.7071

0.7071
2

2.665

2.531

-0.7071 -0.7071

ADINA-T problems

y
1
Insulated
x
Region discretized
4 in.
k = 1.08 Btu/in-sec- F
c = 1.0 Btu/in - F
3

Figure T.6

T7. Torsional rigidity of a square shaft

T.7 Torsional rigidity of a square shaft

Objective

To verify the behavior of the two-dimensional conduction element when applied to a
torsional problem.

Physical problem

The square shaft shown in Fig. T.7 is analyzed for its elastic torsional behavior. The
torsional rigidity of the shaft, defined as the ratio of the applied torque to the angle of
twist per unit length, is to be determined.
The governing equation for the elastic torsional behavior is given in [1], art. 104:
2 2
2 2
2 . 0 G
y z

+ + =

where is a stress function, G is the material shear modulus and is the angle of
twist per unit length. This equation is analogous to the heat transfer equation
governing planar heat flow:

0
B
y z
k k q
y y z z
| | | |
+ + =
| |

\ .
\ .

where k k
z
are the thermal conductivities corresponding to the principal axes y
and z respectively, is the temperature in the body and q
generation.

y
and
B
is the internal heat

Four 8-node planar conduction elements with unit conductivity are used in the finite
element model. In the analysis, q
B
is set equal to 2 and the resulting nodal point
temperatures
i
correspond to
i
G
for the torsional problem. The condition of a

stress-free boundary is imposed by setting the temperatures of the boundary nodal
points to zero.

ADINA-T problems

Solution results

36.0 G.
$ The shear stresses can easily be obtained from the calculated heat fluxes within the
elements, see [2] p. 664.

The following results are obtained in the finite element analysis:

9 12 14 17 13
1.94118 , 2.11765 G G = = = = =

Following the procedures given in Example 7.3 in ref. [2], the torsional rigidity is
predicted to be 35.8 G. The theoretical solution, given in [1] art. 109, is

User hints

$ Due to symmetry conditions it would be sufficient to model only one quarter of the
cross-section of the shaft.

References

[1] Timoshenko, S.P. and Goodier, J.N., Theory of Elasticity, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill,
1970.
[2] Bathe, K.J., Finite Element Procedures, Prentice-Hall, pp. 642-670, 1996.

T
4"
4"
T

Figure T.7

T8. Transient analysis of a semi-infinite corner subjected to prescribed temperature on the
boundary (using Euler backward method)

T.8 Transient analysis of a semi-infinite corner subjected to prescribed
temperature on the boundary (using Euler backward method)

Objective
To verify the 2-D conduction element for transient analysis using the Euler backward
method.
Physical problem
Fig. T.8 shows the 90 semi-infinite corner considered. The two sides AB and BC are
subjected to a prescribed temperature 50
s
= and the initial temperature within the
semi-infinite domain is
0
0 = . The heat capacity of the material is constant. A
transient analysis is performed to calculate the temperature distribution within the
semi-infinite domain at different values of time.

User hint
$ A larger value of time step t can also be employed for analysis because the Euler
backward time integration scheme is unconditionally stable.
Reference

The domain is discretized using a 10 10 mesh of 4-node 2-D conduction elements.
The conduction matrix is evaluated using a consistent heat capacity matrix. The time
step is t = 0.016.

Solution results

Good agreement between the calculated temperatures and the analytical solution [1] is
observed.


ADINA-T problems

0.75
0.75
s
= 50
s
= 50
y
x
Region discretized A
B
C
k = 35.0
c = 100.0
o
= 0

Figure T.8

T9. Transient analysis of a semi-infinite corner subjected to prescribed temperature on the
boundary (using trapezoidal rule)

T.9 Transient analysis of a semi-infinite corner subjected to prescribed
temperature on the boundary (using trapezoidal rule)

Objective
To verify the 2-D conduction element for transient analysis using the trapezoidal rule
(Euler method, = 0.5).

Good agreement with the analytical solution is observed.
User hint

Physical problem
Same as Example T.8.



Solution results

$ A larger value of time step t can also be employed for analysis because the
trapezoidal rule of time integration is unconditionally stable.

ADINA-T problems

T.10 Semi-infinite region subjected to constant heat flux on the
boundary (Euler forward method)

Objective
To verify the one-dimensional conduction element in transient analysis using Euler
forward integration.

Reasonable comparison with the analytical solution [1] is observed considering the
coarseness of the mesh.
User hints
$ The Euler forward method is conditionally stable. The time step t is chosen such
that

Physical problem
Fig. T.10 shows the semi-infinite domain considered. The boundary at x = 0 is
subjected to a constant heat flux. An analysis is performed to calculate the
temperature distribution within the domain at different values of time.
The finite element model consists of eight 1-D conduction elements. A lumped
specific heat matrix is employed and the time step is t = 0.015.
Solution results

t
( )
2
4
x

where x = shortest element length and = thermal diffusivity = k/c. In this
problem x = 0.250 and = 1.0.
Reference

T10. Semi-infinite region subjected to constant heat flux on the boundary (Euler forward
method)

2
x
A = 1.0
k = 1
c = 1
Region discretized

0
= 0
q = 1.0
s
q
s

Figure T.10

ADINA-T problems

T.11 Analysis of a semi-infinite solid subjected to internal heat
generation (trapezoidal rule)

Objective
To verify the 1-D conduction element with the option of internal heat generation.

A good comparison with the analytical temperature solution of ref. [1] is observed.
Reference

Physical problem
Fig. T.11 shows the semi-infinite domain considered. The domain surface at X = 0 is
insulated. The internal heat is only generated in the region 0 X B. A transient
analysis is performed to calculate the temperatures within the domain at different
values of time. The material conductivity and specific heat are constant over the
entire temperature range of interest.
The finite element model consists of 16 1-D conduction elements. The heat
generation region, 0 X B, is discretized using two elements. The time integration
is performed using the trapezoidal rule ( = 0.5). The time step used is t = 0.0016
and a lumped specific heat matrix is used.

Solution results

University Press, p.80, 1959.

T11. Analysis of a semi-infinite region subjected to internal heat generation (trapezoidal rule)

k = 0.125
c = 0.50
B
x
A= 1.0
Region discretized
= 0
C
q = 1500
B
B = 0.04
C = 0.32
d
dx

Figure T.11

ADINA-T problems

T.12 Analysis of a semi-infinite solid subjected to internal heat
generation (Euler forward method)

Objective
To verify the 1-D conduction element with the option of internal heat generation and
with the time integration performed using the Euler forward method.

Same as Example T.11. The time step employed is t = 0.0004.
Solution results
A good comparison with the analytical solution is observed.
User hints

Physical problem

$ The Euler forward method is conditionally stable. The time step t is chosen such
that
( )
2
4
x
t

=

where x = shortest element length and = thermal diffusivity, In this example,
x = 0.02 and = 0.25.

T51. Transient temperature analysis of a slab

T.51 Transient temperature analysis of a slab

Objective

To verify the behavior of the 1-D conduction element in ADINA-T when subjected to
simultaneous boundary convection and radiation in a transient analysis.
Physical problem

The slab shown in Fig. T.51 is considered. The slab is initially at a uniform
temperature

i
and at time t = 0
radiation. The time history of the temperature at the surface and at the center of the
slab is to be determined.

+
the slab surfaces are exposed to convection and
The surface temperature and the temperature at the center of the slab depend upon
two parameters: the Biot number Bi and the radiation parameter . In this analysis Bi
= 4 and = 4.
Because of symmetry conditions only one-half of the slab is modeled. The finite
element model consists of twenty equally spaced 1-D 2-node conduction elements.
The thermal conductivity and the heat capacity of the material are assumed to be
constant. A diagonal heat capacity matrix is used. The transient temperature
response is evaluated using the Euler backward method in the step-by-step analysis.
Conductivity reformations and heat flow equilibrium iterations using the modified
Newton-Raphson method are performed at each time step.
In order to obtain the required accuracy in the ADINA-T analysis, the time step size is
changed during the response prediction, as shown in the table below.

*
2
t
t
L

=

Number of
0.00 < t* 0.06

0.001

60
0.06 < t* 0.66

0.01 60
0.66 < t* 3.66

0.05 60
*
2
t
t
L
=
time steps

ADINA-T problems

Solution results

The ADINA-T solutions are compared with solutions obtained by Haji-Sheikh and
Sparrow [1] who used a probability method. Good agreement is observed.
User hint

Reference
[1] Haji-Sheikh, A. and Sparrow, E.M., "The Solution of Heat Conduction Problems by
Probability Methods," Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 39, pp. 121-131, 1967.

$ The same problem has also been solved with ADINA-F, see Example F.26.

L
x
2.0
Region discretized
e = r = 0.0
Simultaneous boundary
convection and radiation
Simultaneous boundary
convection and radiation

Conductivity k = 0.01 Btu/Fhrin
Specific heat c Fslug
Emissivity constant = 1.0 (black body)
p
= 0.01 Btu/
Thermal diffusivity = k/c
p
= 1.0 in
2
/hr
Convection coefficient h = 0.04 Btu/Fhrin
2

Shape factor f = 1.0
Boltzmann's constant = 1.1895810
-11
Btu/in
2
hrR
4

Radiation parameter
3
1
4
f L
k

= =
4
h L
Bi
k
= = Biot number

Figure T.51

T52. Transient temperature analysis of a space shuttle

T.52 Transient temperature analysis of a space shuttle

t (sec) t (sec) Number of
Objective
To verify the behavior of the 1-D conduction element using nonlinear material models
in a transient analysis.
Physical problem
The space shuttle orbiter thermal protection system shown in Fig. T.52 is to be
analyzed. The protection system is composed of different nonlinear materials and the
thermophysical properties of these materials are given in the input data for this
problem. The uniform initial temperature is 322.22 K. At time t = 0
+
a step heat
flow input is imposed on the surface of the thermal protection system and maintained
for 100 sec. after which no heat flow input is imposed. Simultaneously, the surface of
the protection system is exposed to radiation with a sink of absolute zero temperature.
It is desired to predict the transient surface temperature of the protection system.
The finite element model consists of nineteen 1-D conduction elements and one
boundary radiation element. A lumped heat capacity matrix is used. Conductivity
reformations and heat flow equilibrium iterations using the modified Newton-
Raphson method are performed at each step of the analysis.

In order to obtain the required accuracy in the ADINA-T analysis, the time step size is
changed during the response prediction. The table below gives the time step size
selections using the -family time integration method with = 0.7.

time steps
0 t 15

2.5

6
15 < t 100

5.0

17
100 < t 115

2.5 6
115 < t 140

5.0

5

Solution results

This problem was also solved by Williams and Curry who used the finite difference
method [1] and excellent agreement is observed.

ADINA-T problems

References
[1] Williams, S.D. and Curry, D.M., "An Implicit-Iterative Solution of the Heat
Conduction Equation with a Radiation Boundary Condition," Int.J. Num. Meth. Eng.,
Vol. 11, pp. 1605-1620, 1977.

Insulated
042 coating
RSI
RTV-560 RTV-560
Felt
Aluminum
.0381 cm
7.366 cm
.01905 cm .01905 cm
.4191 cm .1524 cm
Heat flow input
0 50 100 150
1.36 10
q (W/m )
5
2
s
Time (sec)
Radiation
heat flux
= 0 K
r
Heat flow
input q
s

Figure T.52

T53. Solidification of a semi-infinite slab of liquid

T.53 Solidification of a semi-infinite slab of liquid

Objective
To verify the 1-D conduction element in ADINA-T when employed in transient
conduction with phase changes.
Physical problem
A uniform infinite slab of liquid is initially at zero temperature, see Fig. T.53.
Suddenly the temperature of the surface of the liquid is reduced to -45 F and
maintained constant. The freezing front position and the temperature in the slab are
to be predicted.


The model consists of thirty-two 2-node equally spaced 1-D elements. The
conductivity, specific heat, and density of the liquid and solid phases are assumed
equal and constant. A lumped heat capacity matrix is employed. The Euler backward
method of time integration with a time step of 0.1 sec. is used in the finite element
analysis. Equilibrium iterations are employed at every time step and the iteration
convergence tolerance is 0.0001.
Solution results
Reasonable agreement between the finite element solution and the analytical solution
[1] is observed.

Reference

[1] Morgan, K., Lewis, R.W. and Zienkiewicz, O.C, "An Improved Algorithm for Heat
Conduction Problems with Phase Change," Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., Vol. 12, pp.
1191-1195, 1978.

ADINA-T problems

y
1 in
0
x

s
= -45 F
Region discretized

i
= 0 F
k = 1.08 Btu/in-sec- F
c = 1.0 Btu/in - F
3
L = 70.26 Btu/in (latent heat capacity)
3

f
= -1 F (freezing temperature)
4 in
A= 1.0 in
2

Figure T.53

T54. Solidification of a corner region

T.54 Solidification of a corner region

Objective

To verify the 2-D conduction element in ADINA-T when employed in transient heat
conduction. with phase changes.

Physical problem

The corner of a uniform infinitely long container carrying a liquid with initial
temperature and freezing temperature
f
is considered, see Fig. T.54. At time t = 0,
the temperature of the container surface is reduced to a temperature lower than
f

and is maintained constant. The solution for the temperature and the position of the
phase transition region is to be determined.


A 10 10 mesh of four-node planar linear conduction elements is used to model the
corner of the liquid. A lumped heat capacity assumption must be used in the model
since phase change effects are included. The Euler backward method of time
integration with a time step of 0.01 sec. is employed in the step-by-step solution.
Equilibrium iterations are performed at each time step using the modified Newton-
Raphson method and the standard tolerance 0.001 is used.

Reference
[1] Budhia, H. and Krieth, F., "Heat Transfer with Melting or Freezing in a Wedge", Int.
J. Heat Mass Trans., Vol. 16, 195-211, 1973.
Solution results

Reasonable agreement between the finite element solution and the analytical solution
[1] is observed.

ADINA-T problems

1
1
s
= -1
Region discretized
q
n
= 0
q
n
= 0
Fluid
Container
i
f
f
= 0.3
= 0.0
= 0.0
k = 1.0
c = 1.0
L = 0.25 (latent heat capacity)
z
y

Figure T.54

T55. Change in electric potential due to crack growth in a specimen

T.55 Change in electric potential due to crack growth in a specimen

By symmetry, only one-half of the specimen is modeled. The model consists of 8-
node isoparametric planar conduction elements, some of which are degenerated into
6-node triangles. Along the line of crack propagation, convection elements with a
large convection coefficient are used to apply the voltage boundary condition of 0
volts. These convection elements are removed using the element death option to
simulate crack growth. In this way, the voltages for several crack lengths are
obtained in one ADINA-T run.
Solution results

Objective

To verify the two-dimensional planar conduction element when applied to an electric
conduction problem.
Physical problem

The V-notched bending specimen shown in Fig. T.55 is analyzed for a crack
propagating downward from the notch. This specimen has experimentally been
analyzed (Ritchie [1]) by passing an electric current through the specimen and
measuring the voltage across the crack.

The following analogies are used in this analysis: temperature is analogous to voltage
(field potential), heat flux is analogous to current.

The ratio
c a c
V
V is plotted as a function of crack length for the ADINA-T results

and Ritchie's experimental data. Good agreement is observed.

Reference

[1] Ritchie, R.O. and Bathe, K.J., "On the Calibration of the Electrical Potential
Technique for Monitoring Crack Growth Using Finite Element Methods," Int. J. of
Fracture, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 47-55, February 1979.

ADINA-T problems

l
c
a
w
Uniform
current
input
Propagating
crack
5.2 in
45
Voltage measurement
(ref. point)
L = 100 in
w = 20 in
c = 5 in
Line of
symmetry
L/2

Figure T.55

T56. Analysis of a one-dimensional steady state seepage flow

T.56 Analysis of one-dimensional steady state seepage flow

Two separate models are considered:
Objective
To verify the seepage model for analysis of unidirectional seepage flow.
Physical problem
Three layers, each of different permeability, are placed on top of each other, see Fig.
T.56. At the top face (Face A), the total seepage head is prescribed to equal 20.0 and
at the bottom face (Face B), the total seepage head is prescribed to equal 8.0.


Model 1: The 2-D conduction elements are used to discretize the domain of interest.
Each layer is represented by one 4-node element.

Model 2: The 3-D conduction elements are used to discretize the domain of interest.
Each layer is represented by one 8-node element.

Solution results
The ADINA-T numerical solution obtained for seepage head matches exactly with the
analytical solution which is obtained from Darcy's law:

d
k q
dz
=

where k = permeability, q = rate of seepage flow and = total seepage head. In this
case = , and q = 0.857.
8.0 4.0
18.29, 14.86
z z = =
=

ADINA-T problems

4.0
4.0
4.0
Face B
total head (prescribed) = 8.0
Face A
total head (prescribed) = 20.0
Layer 1
k = 2.0
1
Layer 2
k = 1.0
2
Layer 3
k = 0.5
3
Direction of
seepage flow
z
y

Figure T.56

T57. Unconfined flow through a rectangular dam

T.57 Unconfined flow through a rectangular dam

Objective
To perform an unconfined flow seepage analysis using 2-D conduction elements.
Physical problem
An analysis of steady-state free surface seepage through the rectangular dam shown in
Fig. T.57 is considered. The upstream and downstream water levels are maintained at
sixteen and zero feet respectively, and isotropic conditions with a constant
permeability are assumed.


The rectangular dam is discretized using an 8 8 mesh of 2-D conduction elements.
3 3 Gauss integration is employed.

Solution results

Good agreement is observed between the calculated free surface and the results of
[1,2].

Reference

[1] Herbert, R., "Time Variant Ground Water Flow by Resistance Network Analogies," J.
of Hydrol., Vol. 6, pp. 237-264, 1968.

[2] France, P.W., Parekh, C.J., Peters, J.C. and Taylor C., "Numerical Analysis of Free
Surface Seepage Problems," Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
J. Irrigation and Drainage Division, Vol. 97, pp. 165-179, 1971.

ADINA-T problems

Water level
16 ft
16 ft
impermeable
Water
Permeability
k = k = 1 ft/hr
y z
Specific weight
= 62.3 lb/ft
3
Dam

Figure T.57

T58. Unconfined seepage through a gravity dam

T.58 Unconfined seepage through a gravity dam

Objective

To perform an unconfined flow seepage analysis using 2-D conduction elements.

Physical problem

The steady-state free surface seepage through the dam shown in Fig. T.58 is
considered. The dam material is isotropic.


The mesh consists of 90 4-node finite elements. The permeability matrix for the
domain of interest is evaluated using 3 3 Gauss integration.

Solution results

Good agreement is observed between the calculated free surface seepage line and the
solution from ref. [1].

User hint

$ In the starting iteration vector for the seepage head,
(0)
, each entry not prescribed
by the boundary conditions is taken to be equal to 4.0, which corresponds to the
maximum value of the seepage head in this problem.

Reference
[1] Harr, M.E., Groundwater and Seepage, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962.

12.64 ft
16 ft
45 45
Impervious 4 ft
Region discretized
Water level
Isotropic material: k = k = 2.5 ft/hr
y z

Figure T.58

ADINA-T problems

T.59 Analysis of a semi-infinite region subjected to a constant surface
temperature undergoing two phase changes

Objective
To verify the one-dimensional conduction element for analysis of phase changes.

Physical problem

The semi-infinite region shown in Fig. T.59 is subjected to a prescribed surface
temperature that is lower than the initial temperature of the region. The material
includes two phase changes.


The finite element model consists of forty 1-D conduction elements. The temperature
degree of freedom at node 1 is deleted to impose the zero surface temperature. The
element conduction matrix is evaluated using one point integration and a lumped
specific heat matrix is employed. The time integration is performed using the Euler
backward method and the time step is t = 0.04.

Solution results

Good agreement between the calculated temperature distribution and the analytical
solution of ref. [1] is observed.

User hints

$ The material conductivity and specific heat are assumed to remain constant in the
entire range of temperatures from 0 to 100. As a result the semi-infinite domain
is discretized using linear one-dimensional conduction elements with constant
material properties.

$ In practice, if the conductivity and specific heat of the material vary with
temperature, then the corresponding finite element model can be obtained using a
nonlinear material description.

T59. Analysis of a semi-infinite region subjected to a constant surface temperature undergoing
two phase changes

Reference

University Press, Inc., N.Y, p. 290, 1959

8.0

o
= 100

s
= 0
Region discretized
A = 1.0
k = 1.0
c = 1.0
First phase change:

f
= 50
f
= 0
Second phase change:

f f
= 90 = 0

Figure T.59

ADINA-T problems

T.60 Parallel plates, 3-D radiosity solutions

Objective

To verify the behavior of radiation surface elements, including low order and high
order elements, in modeling the radiation exchange between diffuse-grey reflecting
surfaces.

Physical problem

Radiation between two parallel plates is considered, see Fig. T.60. The radiation
surfaces are assumed to be grey and to have the diffuse reflection property. The
radiosity distributions on the plates are to be calculated.


Three separate models are considered in the same analysis: one pair of four 4-node
surface elements, one pair of four 9-node surface elements and one pair of one 16-
node surface elements. Gauss integration orders of 2, 3 and 4 are used in each model
to calculate the radiosity and heat flux. No conduction elements are needed for the
steady-state analysis.

Solution results

The nodal radiosities along the plate diagonal are compared with those given by
Sparrow et al.[1]. The result demonstrates that the higher order element gives the
better solution; indeed just one 16-node element gives a reasonable result.

User hints

$ When the distance between two plates becomes smaller, more elements should be
used for the radiosity calculations.

$ If only the radiosity solution is sought, all the nodal temperatures must be
prescribed.

$ In the model preparation, the radiation surfaces are attached to shell conduction
elements. These elements, which would be used in analyses in which conduction
effects are important, are deleted in this analysis before the end of the model
preparation.

T60. Parallel plates, 3-D radiosity solutions

Reference

[1] Sparrow, E. M. and Haji-Sheikh, A., "A Generalized Variational Method for
Calculating Radiant Interchange Between Surfaces", Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol.
87, pp. 103-109, Feb. 1965.

L _
2
L
plate 1
plate 2

1
1
66.534 K
e 0.9

2
= 0 K 5.6696 10
-
W/m K
8 2
4
L = 2 m e = 0.1
2

Figure T.60

ADINA-T problems

T.62 Radiation exchange of two concentric cylinders

Objective

To verify the behavior of the diffuse-grey radiation element in two-dimensional
transient analysis.

Physical problem

Two infinitely long cylinders are considered, see Fig. T.62. The temperature of the
outer cylinder is kept constant at 530 R (70 F) and the initial temperature of the
inner cylinder is 660 R (200 F). The temperature of the inner cylinder changes due
to the radiation exchange between the two cylinder surfaces.


The whole geometry (cylinder cross sections) needs to be included in the finite
element model to obtain a thorough visibility checking. The inner cylinder body is
represented by 10 (radial) 80 (circumferential) planar conduction elements. The
surfaces of the inner and outer cylinders are represented by 80 and 200 planar
grey-diffuse radiation elements. Since the material properties (conductivity, heat
capacity and emissivity) are constant, the matrices are not reformed in the
step-by-step analysis. The nonlinearity of this problem lies in the radiation exchange
between cylinder surfaces and so equilibrium iterations must be performed at each
step. The Euler backward time integration method with two time blocks (t=0.1 for
the first 100 time steps and t=0.5 for another 20 steps) is used.

Solution results

The calculated result predicts that the temperature of the inner cylinder approaches
the temperature of the outer cylinder, as anticipated. The conductivity effect in the
cooling process is also observed in the calculated solution.

T62. Radiation exchange of two concentric cylinders

e 0.5
e 0.7
0.25 ft
0.5 ft
Prescribed
temperature 530 R
(Boltzmann's constant) = 1.73 10 Btu (ft hr R )
-8 2
/
4
Initial temperature = 660 R

c = 62.4 Btu/(ft R)
3
k = 0.35 Btu/(hr ft R)

Figure T.62

ADINA-T problems

T.63 Unconfined seepage through a gravity dam, 3-D elements and
constraint equations

Objective

To verify the 3-D conduction elements in seepage analysis and to verify the constraint
equations.

Physical problem

Same as in Example T.58.


The mesh consists of 90 8-node conduction elements, with the same two-dimensional
layout as in Example T.58. The nodes in the X=-1 plane are constrained (thermal
coupling) to the corresponding nodes in the X=0 plane. Therefore, two-dimensional
solutions should be obtained.

Solution results


T64. Radiation between parallel square plates, transient analysis

Example T.64

Radiation between parallel square plates, transient analysis

Objective

To verify the behavior of the diffuse-grey radiation element in three-dimensional
transient analysis.

Physical problem

Two parallel square plates are considered, see Fig. T.64. The initial temperatures of
the hot plate and the cold plate are 1000 C and 20 C respectively. The
environmental temperature is 20 C. The temperature variations with time of both
plates are to be calculated.


Both plates are represented by 4 4 4-node shell conduction elements, with a
thickness ratio of 1/1000. The radiative heat interchange is modeled by 4 4 4-node
diffuse-grey radiation elements on each plate. The heat interchange with the
environment is modeled using boundary radiation elements with the property of pure
emission. Modified Newton iteration with matrices reformed at each step is
performed. Euler backward time integration is used and three time blocks (with
t=0.1 for the first 100 steps, t=1.0 for the next 90 steps and t=10.0 for the next 90
steps) are selected.

Solution results

The results show that the diffuse-grey radiation elements can realistically model the
effect of radiation interchange between surfaces.

User hint

$ 9-node elements were also used in a separate analysis and almost the same result
was obtained.

ADINA-T problems

Initial temp. 1000 C
Initial temp. 20 C
Temp. of environment 20 C
h
L
L
L 2000 mm
h 500 mm
k (conductivity) 10 W (mm- K)
c (specific heat) 10 J (mm - K)
e (emissivity) 0.9
(Boltzmann's constant) 5.67 10 W (mm - K

-2
-3
3
-14
2
/
/
/
4
)

Figure T.64

T65. Unconfined flow through a rectangular dam, user-supplied model

T.65 Unconfined flow through a rectangular dam, user-supplied model

Objective

To verify the usage of the user-supplied material model in ADINA-T.

Physical problem



The same finite element mesh as in Example T.57 is used. However, the
user-supplied material is employed to predict the two-dimensional seepage flow. The
user subroutine TUSER2 which provides the permeability coefficient and calculates
the seepage is provided along with the input to this problem. TUSER2 needs to be
compiled and linked with the rest of the ADINA-T program.

Solution results

The results are identical to the solutions obtained in Example T.57.

ADINA-T problems

T.66 Condensation/convection analysis of an axisymmetric structure

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of the condensation effect in the boundary convection
elements.

Physical problem

An axisymmetric structure is considered, see Fig. T.66. The cylinder end A-B and its
side A-D are subjected to condensation/convection conditions. The initial
temperature of the structure is 20E C. The temperature distributions of the structure
due to condensation/convection effects are to be calculated.


The structure is represented by 10 10 axisymmetric elements and each
condensation/convection surface is modeled by ten axisymmetric convection
elements. Euler backward time integration is performed with the selection of three
time blocks, t=1 for the first 60 steps, t=2 for the next 30 steps and t=5 for the
next 36 steps. Whether the condensation or convection takes place is calculated based
on the boundary conditions and material properties.

Solution results

The solution compares well with the one in ref. [1].

Reference

[1] H. Mynott, Siemens Energieerzeugung KWU, Germany, in private communications.

T66. Condensation/convection analysis of an axisymmetric structure

100 mm
200 mm
A B
C D
C
k = 3.5 10
-
W/mm- K
2
c = 3.768 10
-
J/mm - K
3
3

Region A-B:

= 5 10
-3
W/mm
2
- K (condensation)
h = 2 10
-4
W/mm
2
- K (convection)

Time (sec)
e
sup
(C)

p (bar)
0.0

20.0

1.0
300.0

300.0

2.5

Region A-D:

= 5 10
-3
W/mm
2
-K (condensation)
h = 3 10
-4
W/mm
2
-K (convection)

Time (sec)
e
sup
(C)

p (bar)
0.0

20.0

1.0
300.0

540.0

1.5

e
sat
(C) = -84.0306 + 183.835 p
0.1514
(bar), p 2
= -11.770 + 118.495 p
0.2216
(bar), p > 2
374.15C

Figure T.66

ADINA-T problems

T.67 Radiant interchange between circular disks, axisymmetric
elements

Objective

To verify the behavior of axisymmetric radiation elements in modeling the radiation
exchange between parallel circular disks.

Physical problem

The radiation between two parallel circular disks is considered, see Fig. T.67. The
temperature of one disk is kept at 100 C and the temperature of the second disk is kept at
0 C. The radiation surfaces are assumed to be grey and assumed to have the diffuse
reflection property. The heat flux distributions on the plates are to be calculated.


Ten two-node axisymmetric elements represent each circular disk. A Gauss integration
order of 3 for the radial direction is used in each element. There are no conduction
elements included in this steady-state analysis.

Solution results

The calculated local heat flux solution compares well with the one given by Sparrow et al.
[1].

User hints

$ In this analysis the radiosity is calculated analytically along the circumferential
direction. The radiosity can also be calculated numerically, but then at least 24
Gauss points should be used.

$ If the distance between the two disks becomes larger, then fewer elements can be
used for the radiosity and heat flux calculations.

$ If only the radiosity solution is sought, all the nodal temperatures must be
prescribed.

T67. Radiation exchange between two circular disks, axisymmetric elements

Reference

[1] Sparrow, E. M. and Gregg, J. L., "Radiant Interchange Between Circular Disks
Having Arbitrarily Different Temperatures", Journal of Heat Transfer, pp. 494-502,
Nov. 1961.

R
R
h
R = 1
h = 0.1
e (emissivity) = 0.1
(Boltzmann's constant) = 10
-8
Cold disk
Temp. = 0
Hot disk
Temp. = 100

Figure T.67

ADINA-T problems

T.68 Thermal stress analysis of a cantilever (4-node shell), part 1

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of using 4-node shell elements in thermal and stress
analysis.

Physical problem



The cantilever beam is modeled using three 4-node shell elements. In the temperature
analysis using ADINA-T the temperature distribution through the thickness is
calculated and the resulting nodal point temperatures and temperature gradients are
written to the temperature and temperature gradients files. A thermal stress analysis
is then performed using ADINA in Example B.127. A steady-state analysis with the
input of three time blocks is performed.

Solution results

The correct temperature and heat flux results are predicted by ADINA-T.

T69. Solidification of a corner region, shell elements

T.69 Solidification of a corner region, shell elements

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of using shell conduction elements in phase change
analysis.

Physical problem



A 10 10 mesh of 4-node shell conduction elements is used to model the corner of
the liquid. A lumped heat capacity must be used since phase change effects are
included. The Euler backward method of time integration with a time step of 0.01 is
employed in the step-by-step solution. Equilibrium iterations are performed at each
time step using the modified Newton-Raphson method and the default tolerance 0.001
is used.

Solution results

The results are identical to those obtained in Example T.54.

ADINA-T problems

T.70 Solidification of a semi-infinite slab of liquid, ATS method

Objective

To demonstrate the capability of the ATS method in nonlinear transient analysis.

Physical problem



The same finite element model as in Example T.53 is used. Here, the maximum
number of equilibrium iterations is limited to 20 and then the ATS method is
activated.

Solution results

The results are very close to those obtained in Example T.53.

T71. Radiant interchange of adjoining plates with opening angle 60

T.71 Radiant interchange of adjoining plates with opening angle 60

Objective

To verify the behavior of radiation planar elements in modeling the adjoining plates
problem.

Physical problem

Radiation heat transfer occurs between two adjoining plates with an angle of 60, see
Fig. T.71. Planar conditions are considered. The radiation surfaces are assumed to be
grey and to have the diffuse reflection property. The local heat fluxes are to be
calculated.


Ten planar radiation elements represent each plate and a Gauss integration order of 10
is selected for each element. Since only a steady-state solution is sought, the
conduction elements are not included here. However, the temperatures of both plates
are prescribed at 100 C.

Solution results

The calculated local heat flux distributions are close to those given in ref. [1].

User hints

$ Using an emissivity of 0.1 is a severe case for this analysis, therefore 10 Gauss
points are used for the calculation of the radiosity matrix and heat flux. When a
higher value of emissivity is used (eg. 0.7), a lower integration order can be
employed.

Reference

[1] Sparrow, E. M. et al. "Analysis, Results, and Interpretation for Radiation Between
Some Simply-Arranged Gray Surfaces", Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 83, pp.
207-214, May, 1961.

ADINA-T problems

60
L
L

(temperature) 100
e (emissivity) 0.1
(Boltzmann's constant) 10
L = 1.0
-8

Figure T.71

T72. Radiant analysis of a cask with annular regions

T.72 Radiation analysis of a cask with annular regions

Objective

transient analysis.

Physical problem

The physical problem, shown in Fig. T.72, consists of several different annular
regions. Region I contains a volumetric heat source, region II represents a monolithic
cask wall, region III is a voided neutron shield, and region IV is a thermal radiation
shield. Regions II and IV exchange heat solely by thermal radiation. Heat is also
exchanged with surrounding environment by thermal radiation. All surfaces and the
environment are assumed black.

The analysis consists of two solution runs. First, a steady-state solution, with radiant
heat loss to a 54.4 C environment, is sought. Second, using the steady-state solution
for the initial conditions, the environment is subjected to a step increase to 800 C and
is kept at this temperature for 30 minutes. Then, the environmental temperature is
lowered to 54.4 C and the analysis is continued for 60 minutes (cool-down period).


Regions I and II are each represented by 5 (radial) 40 (circumferential) planar
conduction elements. Region IV is represented by 1 (radial) 80 (circumferential)
planar conduction elements. To model the radiation between the surfaces of region II
and IV, 40 and 80 planar grey-diffuse radiation elements are used on each opposing
surface. On the outer surface of region IV, 80 boundary radiation elements with the
property of pure emission are used to model the heat exchange with the environment.

A lumped heat capacity matrix is formed for the transient analysis and full Newton
iterations are used throughout the solution. Euler backward time integration is used
and the time steps blocks for the two solution runs are as follows:

ADINA-T problems

No. of steps

Time increment
(sec.)
Run 1

10

1000.

20

2000.

50

5000.
Restart

4

0.25

2

4.5

8

5.0

12

12.5

16

25.0

24

50.0

10

10.0

35

100.0

Solution results

The calculated temperatures at marked locations T3, T8 and T4 are given in the
following table.

T3

T8

T4 Time
(sec.)

Sandia

ADINA-T

Sandia

ADINA-T

Sandia

ADINA-T
0

137.

136.19

204.

203.67

214.

213.45
1800

689.

687.5

376.

374.29

263.

262.32
5400

203.

202.87

298.

297.37

313.

312.31

The results compare well with those given in ref. [1].

User hint

$ In the finite element analysis, an emissivity coefficient of 0.999 (instead of 1.0)
should be used for the black surfaces.

Reference

[1] Sandia National Laboratories, "Sample Problems Manual for Benchmarking of Cask
Analysis Codes", Report no. Sand88-0190.TTC-0780.UC-71, Feb. 1988 and Sand88-
0380.TTC-0783.UC-71, Aug. 1988.

T72. Radiant analysis of a cask with annular regions

Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
T4
T8
T3
Region 4

Region
I

Region
II

Region
III

Region
IV
Radius, r (cm)

16.51

38.74

53.98

54.61
ensity, (kg/m
3
)

2707

7832.8

--

7832
Specific heat, c
p
(cal/gmC)

0.214

0.113

--

0.113
Conductivity, k (kw/mC)

0.242

0.045

--

0.045
Heat source, Q (kw/m
3
)

38.32

--

--

--

D

Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.6703 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
.

Figure T.72

ADINA-T problems

T.73 Analysis of the piezoelectric actuation of an aluminum structure

Objective

To demonstrate the use of ADINA-TMC, here applied to the solution of a
piezoelectric problem.

Physical problem

Experiments performed on an aluminum cantilever by Anderson and Crawley [1] are
considered here, see Fig. T.73. Two piezoceramic actuators are bonded to each of the
upper and lower surfaces of the beam. The beam specimen is statically deformed by
applying an electric field in a direction normal to the middle plane of the actuators.
The actuators on the top of the beam are subjected to a field equal in value but
opposite in sign to the actuators on the bottom, to produce bending in the Y-Z plane.
The experiments showed a nonlinear constitutive relation in the piezoelectric coupling
for such an electrical field.


In the finite element analysis, 2-D 9-node elements are used for both the aluminum
beam and the piezoelectric actuators. A perfect bond is assumed between the beam
and the actuators. The nonlinear constitutive relation reported in the experiments [1]
is used in this analysis,

13
2
4
1 1
2
yy
Be
A
d
A
| |
| = + +
|
\ .

where
7
2.54 10 A

= mm/volt, mm
10
1.94 10 B

=
2
/volt
2
and d
13
is a coupling
coefficient dependent on the strain component e
yy
. The other coefficients are
considered to be constants.

Since this is a fully coupled problem, ADINA-TMC is used. The total number of
iterations for this problem is 4 for an applied voltage of 100 volts.

In the ADINA finite element model, the user-supplied subroutine CUSR2P is used for
this problem, and may be modified by the user (this subroutine is provided along with
ADINA). A convergence tolerance of 0.001 for the displacements is used.

T73. Analysis of the piezoelectric actuation of an aluminum structure

In the ADINA-T finite element model, the subroutine TUSR2P is used, and may be
modified by the user (this subroutine is provided along with ADINA-T). A
convergence tolerance of 0.001 for the voltage is used.

Solution results

The strain component at point P calculated from the finite element analysis is 6.03
10
-5
which compares well with the value reported in [1].

Reference

[1] Anderson, E.H. and Crawley, E.F., "Piezoceramic actuation of one- and two-
dimensional structures." Space Systems Laboratory SSL 5-89, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, May 1989.

+V
P
Strain gages
Piezoceramics
Aluminum beam
Y
267.1 mm
63.5 mm
25.4 mm
X
Beam thickness = 1.59 mm
51 mm

Figure T.73

ADINA-T problems

T.74 Consolidation analysis (plane strain) with ADINA-TMC

Objective

To present a soil consolidation analysis using ADINA-TMC.

Physical problem

A column of soil confined laterally so that no lateral expansion can occur is submitted
to a uniform pressure at the top, see Fig T.74(a). Water can only escape at the upper
surface of the column (which is supposed to be very porous). Both the displacement
of the soil downward and the water pressure depend only on the altitude z and the
time t.

The soil skeleton is elastic. The strains and displacements are assumed to be small.


ADINA model: A 110 mesh of 2-D plane strain elements is used.

ADINA-T model: A 110 mesh of 2-D planar conduction elements is used. The water
pore pressure is zero at the top of the column. The water flow is zero on the lateral
and bottom faces of the column.

Solution results

ADINA model: The settlement of the soil is measured at the top of the column. The
settlement time history obtained with ADINA-TMC compares very well with the
solution given in [1].

ADINA-T model: The profile of the water pore pressure along the column is compared
with the results given in [1] and excellent agreement is observed.

User hints

$ Modifications, if any, can be made in subroutines CUSR2C (ADINA model) and
TUSR2C (ADINA-T model).

$ It is preferred to solve soil consolidation problems using the pore pressure material
model of ADINA (and not using ADINA-TMC).

T74. Consolidation analysis (plane strain)

Reference

[1] Biot, M.A., "General Theory of Three-dimensional Consolidation", J. Applied
Physics, Vol. 12, February 1941.

surface
L = 100 in
b = 10 in
E (soil) = 5.0 10 lb/ft
5 2
(Poissons ratio) = 0.3
= 1.0
= 0.001
k (permeability) = 1.0 in/day
(consolidation parameter 1, soil volumetric strain)
(consolidation parameter 2, pore pressure)
Z
Y
L
p
p = 1.0 lb/in
2
b

Figure T.74


T.75 Radiation analysis of a cask with annular regions and a shield

Objective

transient analysis.

Physical problem

This problem is similar to Example T.72, except that a shield is added, see Fig. T.75.
In addition to the heat exchanges being described in T.72, the radiant heat transfer
between the cask and the shield and between the shield and the ambient are also
considered.

The analysis consists of two solution runs. First, a steady-state solution, with radiant
heat loss to a 54.4 C environment, is sought. Second, using the steady-state solution
for the initial conditions, the environment is subjected to a step increase to 800 C and
is kept at this temperature for 30 minutes. Then, the environmental temperature is
lowered to 54.4 C and the analysis is continued for 60 minutes (cool-down period).


Regions I and II are each represented by 5 (radial) 40 (circumferential) planar
conduction elements. Region IV is represented by 1 (radial) 80 (circumferential)
planar conduction elements. The plate is modeled by 20 (along the width direction)
2 (along the thickness direction) planar conduction elements. To model the radiation
between the surfaces of region II and IV, 40 and 80 planar grey-diffuse radiation
elements are used on each opposing surface. The environment is represented by a
closed surface with prescribed temperatures. The heat interchanges are modeled by
80, 44 and 80 planar grey-diffuse radiation elements on the outer surface of casket, on
the plate surface and on the environment.

A lumped heat capacity matrix is formed for the transient analysis and modified
Newton iterations are used throughout the solution. Euler backward time integration
is used and the time step blocks for the two solution runs are as follows:

T74. Consolidation analysis (plane strain)

No. of steps

(sec.)
Time increment

Run 1

400

500.0
Restart

4

0.25

2

4.5

8

5.0

12

12.5

64

25.0

4

0.25

2

4.5

9

10.0

140

25.

Solution results

The calculated temperatures at the marked locations T1, T3 and T6 are given in the
following table.

T1

T3

T6 Time
(sec.)

Sandia

ADINA-T

Sandia

ADINA-T

Sandia

ADINA-T
0

89.

87.08

147.

143.25

139.

135.18
1800

686.93 765.

762.98

662. 658.83

689.

5400

206.

206.86

245.

243.87

203.

199.60

The results compare well with those given in ref. [1].

User hint

$ In the finite element analysis, an emissivity coefficient of 0.999 (instead of 1.0)
should be used for the black surfaces.

Reference

[1] Sandia National Laboratories, "Sample Problems Manual for Benchmarking of Cask
Analysis Codes", Report no. Sand88-0190.TTC-0780.UC-71, Feb. 1988 and Sand88-
0380.TTC-0783.UC-71, Aug. 1988.


Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
T4
T8
T3
Region 4
T1
T6

Shield characteristics
Width, W

109.2 cm
Thickness,

2.54 cm
Distance from cask, D

30.48 cm
ensity, 7832.8 kg/m
3

S
p
0.113 cal/gmC
Conductivity, k 0.045 kw/mC

D

pecific heat, c

Figure T.75


ADINA-EM problems

ADINA-EM problems

List of symbols

E = Electrical field intensity
H = magnetic field intensity
A= magnetic vector potential
= electric potential
= permittivity of material
= permeability of material
= electric conductivity of material
= electromagnetic wave frequency

Notes

Please note that all material properties and solution variables are non-dimensional in this
verification manual.
For complex numbers, 1 j = is used in this verification manual for EM harmonic
problems, while is instead used in our ADINA-EM Theory and Modeling Guide. i

EM.1 Constant charge density source in a 2D E-plane

EM.1 Constant charge density source in a 2D E-plane

Objective

To calculate the electric field intensity due to a constant charge density source in a 2D E-
plane.
The problem of a static electric field in a circular region is considered, see Figure EM.1. A
constant charge density source is applied and the static electric field intensity is to be
obtained.

Solution results

Physical problem


The finite element model consists of FCBI-C elements. The constant charge density is
imposed as a source over the whole finite element domain. A static electric field solution is
assumed.

0
E
E 0
=
=


0 r
2
theory
r
E e
=

User hints

EM-PARALLEL boundary condition on E: n E 0 = should be applied on the outer
boundary to make the solution unique.

Reference

[1] David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1999

ADINA-EM problems

0

= 3.3
=1.1
r
o
n x E = 0
e
r

Figure EM.1

EM.2 Constant current density source in a 2D E-plane

EM.2 Constant current density source in a 2D E-plane

Objective

To calculate the magnetic field intensity due to a constant current density source in a 2D E-
plane.
Physical problem
The problem of a static magnetic field in a circular region is considered, see Figure EM.2. A
constant current density source is applied on an annular region and the static magnetic field
intensity is to be obtained using ADINA-EM.

The finite element model consists of FCBI-C elements. The constant current density is
imposed as a source over one of the two finite element domains. A static magnetic field
solution is assumed in the direction perpendicular to this E-plane.

Solution results
0
0
J
H
H e
=
=


0 0 0
0 0
( ) ,
( ) ,
theory x i
theory i x i
J r r r r r
J r r r r
H e
H e
= < <

User hints

An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition on H: n H 0 = should be applied on the outer
boundary to make the solution unique.

Reference


ADINA-EM problems

J
0
= 2.2
n x H = 0
e
r
r
o
r
i
2

= 4.4
2
= 5.5
1

= 1.1
1
= 2.2
.
x

Figure EM.2

EM.3 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields in a 2D E-plane


To calculate the harmonic electric and magnetic field intensity solutions on a 2D E-plane.
Physical problem

Objective

The problem of harmonic electric and magnetic fields in a circular region is considered, see
Figure EM.3. A harmonic electric field with constant magnitude is imposed on the outer
boundary of the circular region. The electric and magnetic field intensities are to be obtained
using ADINA-EM.

The finite element model consists of FCBI-C elements. An external electric field is imposed
as an excitation along the boundary of the outer of the two finite element domains. The
harmonic electric field solution corresponds to the -direction and the magnetic field acts in
the direction perpendicular to the E-plane.
Solution results
*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

with
*
j
= ,
*
= .


In domain D1:

{ }
{ }
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
*
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
z
A J r BY r
A J r BY r
j
H e
E e
= +
= +

1

In domain D2:

ADINA-EM problems

{ }
{ }
2 2 0 2
2
2 2 1
*
2
( )
( )
z
A J r
A J r
j
H e
E e
=
=
2

with as:
1 1 2
, , A B A
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
*
1 2
1 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 2
*
2 1
*
1 2
1 0 2 1 1 1 2 0 1
*
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (
( ) ( ) ( ) (
A i i i i
B i i i i
A i i i
B i i i
C Y r J r Y r J r
C Y r J r Y r J r
V Y r J r Y r J r
V J r J r J r J r
)
)
i
i

=
=
=
=

1 1
1 2 1 2
1 1
0
2
1 1
0 1 0 1
1 1
,
( ) ( )
A B
A B
A B
o o
A B
V V
A A B A
C C
H
A
V V
J r Y r
C C

= =
=
+

and is the Bessel function of the first kind of order ( )
p
J x p , Y is the Bessel function
of the second kind of order
( )
p
x
p .

User hints
An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition on : E = should be applied as an excitation
on the outer boundary to make the solution unique.
E
0
E

Reference

[1] C.A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, Wiley, 1989


D2
D1
= 0 /
= 0
E = E
0
e
r
r
o
r
i
e
x
.

Figure EM.3

ADINA-EM problems

This page intentionally left blank

EM.4 Static EM field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in a 2D E-plane

EM.4 Static EM-field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in a
2D E-plane

The problem of fluid flow coupled with static EM-fields is considered, see Figure EM.4. A
constant current density is applied through a constant static electric field on the conducting
fluid region. The static electric and magnetic field intensities are to be obtained using
ADINA-EM.

Objective

To calculate the Lorentz force from a constant current density and the static magnetic field
on a conducting fluid in a 2D E-plane.

Physical problem


The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The constant current density
is imposed through an electric field intensity at the boundary, and a linear variation of
magnetic field conforms to the current density flowing through the conducting fluid over the
finite element domain. A static electric and magnetic field solution is calculated in this E-
plane. The conducting fluid flow is also assumed to be steady-state.

Solution results

0
0
H
H E
E
E 0
=
=
=
=

plus the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid flow.


ADINA-EM problems

0
0 0
2
0 0
,
( ) , ( ) , 2.0
1
( ) ( 2 2 )
2
z
z
E E E const
H y H y Ey H H
p y E Ey H y E H
E e
H e

= = =
= =
= +
=

User hints
An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition on E: n E 0 = should be applied on the upper
boundary to make the electric field constant. An EM-NATURAL boundary condition is
applied by default on lower and upper boundaries.

Reference
[1] P.A. Davidson, An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics, Cambridge University Press,
2001

conducting fluid
= 0.5
= 2.0
=1.0
f
= 0.05
f
= 1.0
n x E = 0
E = E
0
wall
E = 0 n
.
H = 0 n
.
E = 0 n
.
H = H
0
v = v
0
e
y
e
z
x
.
E = E
z
= constant
H
0
= -2.0
0
e
x
e
z

Figure EM.4

EM.5 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in a 2D E-plane

EM.5 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in a 2D
E-plane

Objective

To verify the Joule heating effect due to a static electric field inside a conducting block in a
2D E-plane.

Physical problem

The problem of Joule heating from a static electric field inside a conducting block is
considered, see Figure EM.5. A constant current density is generated through a constant
static electric field on the conducting block and the static electric field intensity and
temperature distribution in the block are to be obtained using ADINA-EM coupled with
ADINA-F.

is imposed through an electric field intensity at the boundary along the finite element
domain. A static electric field solution is assumed in this E-plane. The temperature
distribution inside the conducting block is also assumed to be steady-state.

Solution results
0 E
E 0
=
=

plus the heat conduction equation for the temperature in the block.


0
2 2
2
0 0
2.5,
2
z
E E J E
J J
y y y
k k

= = =
= + +

where = 1.1, = 2.2, k = 1.5,

0
= 10.5.

ADINA-EM problems

User hints

An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition on E: n E 0 = should be applied on the upper
boundary to make the electric field constant. Zero heat flux is applied on the right, lower and
upper boundaries.

Reference

2001

= 1.1
= 2.2
k = 1.5
0
= 10.5
conducting fluid
n x E = 0
E = E
0
E = 0 n
.
= 0 n
.
E = 0 n
.
e
y
e
z
x
.
E = E
z
= 2.5
0

Figure EM.5

EM.6 Static magnetic field due to constant current source on a 2D H-plane

EM.6 Static magnetic field due to constant current source on a 2D H-
plane

Objective

To verify the calculation of the magnetic field intensity due to a constant current density
source in a 2D H-plane.

Physical problem

The problem of a static magnetic field in a circular region is considered, see Figure EM.6. A
constant current density source is applied perpendicular to the H-plane and the static
magnetic field intensity is to be obtained.
imposed as a source over the whole finite element domain. The static magnetic field solution
is calculated.

Solution results
0
0
x
J H e
H
=
=

0
/ 2
theory
J r H e
=

User hints
An EM-NORMAL boundary condition on 0 n H = should be applied on the outer
boundary to make the solution unique. The element group should be set to
MAGNETIC=YES to solve for the magnetic field only.
Reference
[1] David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prientice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1999

ADINA-EM problems

J
0
= 2.2
n x H = 0
e
r
r
o
= 2.2
.
x
e

Figure EM.6

EM.7 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields on a 2D H-plane

EM.7 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields on a 2D H-plane

Objective

To verify the harmonic electric and magnetic field intensity solutions on a 2D H-plane.
Physical problem
The problem of harmonic electric and magnetic fields in a circular region is considered, see
Figure EM.7. A harmonic electric field with constant magnitude is imposed at the outer
boundary of the circular region. The electric and magnetic field intensities in the domain are
to be obtained using ADINA-EM.
The finite element model consists of FCBI-C elements. An external electric field is imposed
as an excitation along the outer boundary of the finite element domain. The harmonic
magnetic field solution is calculated in the -direction and the electric field in the direction
perpendicular to this E-plane.

Solution results


*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

with
*
j
= ,
*
= .


{ }
{ }
1 0
1 1
( )
( )
x
A J r
A J r
j
E e
H e
=
=

with

0
1
0
( )
o
E
A
J r
=

ADINA-EM problems

and is the Bessel function of the first kind of order p. ( )
p
J x

User hints

An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition on should be applied as an excitation
on the outer boundary to make the solution unique. The instantaneous electrical and
magnetic fields calculated from their real and imaginary parts in ADINA post-processing are
shown at different phase angles by setting different OMEAGT values.

x
E
0
E = e

Reference


= 5.0
E = E
0
= 3.3
e
r
r
o

= 1.1
= 2.2
.
x
e

Figure EM.7

EM.8 Static EM field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in a 2D H-plane

EM.8 Static EM field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in a
2D H-plane
Solution results

Objective

To verify the Lorentz force calculation from a static electric field and a static magnetic field
on a conducting fluid in a 2D H-plane.

Physical problem

The problem of fluid flow coupled with static EM-fields is considered, see Figure EM.8. The
fluid is rotating in the region. A constant current density is applied through a constant static
electric field on the conducting fluid region and the static electric and magnetic field
intensities are to be obtained using ADINA-EM.

imposed through an electric field intensity at the outer boundary. A static electric and
magnetic field solution is calculated in the H-plane. The conducting fluid flow is also
assumed to be steady-state.


0
0
x
E
H
H e
E
E 0
=
=
=
=


( )
0
2
0 2
2 2
0
0
4.4
( ) / 2
1
( )
2 2
E E
H r Er
V E
p r r
r
= =
=
| |
| |
| =
|
|
\ .
\ .
r

ADINA-EM problems

User hints

An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition on E, and an EM-PARALLEL boundary
condition should be applied on the outer boundary to make the electric field
constant. Electric field intensity is specified on the outer boundary. A zero reference pressure
is fixed on a point of the outer boundary, and the outer boundary has a constant velocity in
n H 0 =
e
direction.

Reference

2001

= 1.1
= 1.3
= 1.0
f
= 1.0
f
= 2.0
tangential velocity = 0.35
n x H = 0
e
r
r
o
.
x
e
E = E
0
E
0
= 4.4

Figure EM.8

EM.9 Joule heating by a static electric field in a conducting block in a 2D H-plane

EM.9 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in a 2D
H-plane
Objective
To verify the Joule heating effect due to a static electric field inside a conducting block in a
2D H-plane.
The problem of Joule heating from a static electric field inside a conducting block is
considered, see Figure EM.9. A constant current density is generated through a constant
static electric field on the conducting block. The static electric field intensity and temperature
distribution in the block are to be obtained using ADINA-EM coupled with ADINA-F.


Physical problem


imposed through an electric field intensity at the boundary of the finite element domain.
Static electric and magnetic field solutions are assumed in the H-plane. The temperature
Solution results

0
0
x
E
E
E 0
H
H e
=
=
=
=


0
2
2 2
0
,
( )
2
x
o
E
J
r r
k
E e J E

= =
= +
where

0 0
11.5, 1, 1.5, 3.3 r k = = = =

ADINA-EM problems

User hints

An EM-NORMAL boundary condition 0 n H =
E
is applied along the outer boundary. An
EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition on should also be applied on the outer boundary to
make the electric field constant. Temperature is assumed to be steady-state and a constant
temperature boundary condition is applied along the outer boundary.

Reference

2001

0
= 11.5
= 1.1
= 1.3
= 3.3
k

= 1.5
f
= 2.0
n
.
H = 0
e
r
r
o
.
x
e
E = E
0
E
0
= 4/3
e
x

Figure EM.9

EM.10 Constant charge density source in 3D with free-form mesh

EM.10 Constant charge density source in 3D with free-form mesh

Objective

To verify the electric field intensity solution of constant charge density source in 3D.

Physical problem

The problem of a static electric field in a spherical region is considered, see Figure EM.10. A
constant charge density source is applied and the static electric field intensity is to be
obtained over the whole spherical domain.

The finite element model consists of 4-node free-form FCBI-C elements. The constant
charge density is imposed as a source over the whole finite element domain. A static electric
field solution is assumed.

Solution results
0
E
E 0
=
=


0
3
theory
r
r
E e
=

User hints
An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition n E 0 =

should be applied on the outer
boundary of the spherical domain to render the numerical solution unique.

Reference

ADINA-EM problems

n x E = 0
= 1.1
0
= 3.3
e
r
r
o

Figure EM.10

EM.11 Static magnetic field due to a constant current source in 3D

EM.11 Static magnetic field due to constant current source in 3D
Objective
Physical problem
The problem of a static magnetic field in a cylindrical region is considered, see Figure EM.6.
A constant current density source is applied in the region flowing along the cylindrical axis
and the static magnetic field intensity is to be obtained.

To verify the magnetic field intensity solution due to a constant current density source in 3D.


The finite element model consists of 3D FCBI-C elements. The constant current density is
imposed as a source over the whole finite element domain. The static magnetic field solution
is calculated.
Solution results


0
0
x
J H e
H
=
=

0
/ 2
theory
J r H e
=

An EM-NORMAL boundary condition
User hints

0 n H = should be applied on all outer boundaries
to make the solution unique. When applying the EM-NORMAL boundary condition on the
boundary surfaces with discontinuous normals, this boundary condition should be split into
multiple EM-NORMAL boundary conditions for these surfaces, as we do in this verification
example. For the element group, set MAGNETIC=YES to solve the magnetic field only.
[1] David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prientice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1999

Reference

ADINA-EM problems

= 2.2
J = 2.2
e
x
e
r
r
o
n
.
H = 0
(all surfaces)

Figure EM.11

EM.12 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields in 3D

EM.12 Harmonic analysis of electric and magnetic fields in 3D

Objective
To verify the solutions of the harmonic electric and magnetic field intensities in 3D.
Physical problem
The problem of harmonic electric and magnetic fields in a cylindrical domain is considered,
see Figure EM.12. A harmonic magnetic field with constant magnitude is imposed on the
outer boundary of the cylindrical domain and the electric and magnetic field intensities are to
be obtained using ADINA-EM.
The finite element model consists of 3D FCBI-C elements. An external magnetic field is
imposed as an excitation on the outer boundary of the finite element domain. A harmonic
electric field solution is calculated in the -direction and the magnetic field in the direction
along the cylinder axis.

Solution results


*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

with
*
j
= .


{ }
0
( )
x
AJ r H e = , where
*
=
{ }
1
*
( ) AJ r
j
E e
=

with defined as: A

0
0
( )
o
H
A
J r
=

ADINA-EM problems

and is the Bessel function of the first kind of order p. ( )
p
J x

User hints

This is a high frequency problem. An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition H =
should be applied as an excitation on the outer boundary to make the solution unique. An
EM-NATURAL boundary condition should be explicitly applied at the surface with
curvature.
0
H

Reference


= 1.1
= 2.2
= 1.5
= 5.0
H = H
0
e
x
e
r
r
o
n x

H = 0
n x

H = 0
e

Figure EM.12

EM.13 Impedance boundary condition for harmonic analysis in a 2D E-plane

EM.13 Impedance boundary condition for harmonic analysis in a 2D E-
plane

Objective

To verify the behavior of harmonic electric and magnetic field intensity solutions on a 2D E-
plane with impedance boundary conditions.

Physical problem

The problem of the harmonic electric and magnetic fields in a rectangular region is
considered, see Figure EM.13. A harmonic electric field with constant magnitude is imposed
on the left boundary of the rectangular region and an impedance boundary condition is
imposed on the right boundary. The high frequency electric and magnetic field intensities are
to be obtained using ADINA-EM.

The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. An external electric field is
imposed as an excitation over the left boundary of the whole finite element domain and an
impedance boundary condition is used on the right boundary to simulate a wave impedance
by a different material to the right of the finite element domain. An harmonic electric field
solution in the z-direction and a magnetic field in the direction perpendicular to this E-plane
are to be calculated.
Solution results

*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

with
*
j
= .

The boundary conditions are:
at :
x

0 y =
0 z
E E =
at :
0
y y =
z s
E Z H =


ADINA-EM problems

( )
j y j y
z z z
j y j y
x z z
E E e E e
H E e E e

+
+
= +
=

with
*
= ,
0 0
,
z z
BE A
E E
A B A B
+
E
= =

, and

0 0
1 , 1
j y j y
s s
A Z e B Z e

| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .

User hints


An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition should be applied as an excitation on the
left boundary, and an impedance boundary condition is applied on the right boundary,
coupling the electric and magnetic fields.
0
E = E
Reference

= 1.1
= 2.2
= 0.6
E = E
0
e
z
E
0
= (3.0, 4.0)
= 5.0
n x E = -Z
s
n x n xH
Z
s
= (0.2, 0.3)
n x E = 0
e
y
e
z
x
.
n x E = 0
y = 0
y = y
0

Figure EM.13

EM.14 Impedance boundary condition with curvature for harmonic analysis in 3D

EM.14 Impedance boundary with curvature for harmonic analysis in 3D


Objective

To verify the behavior of harmonic electric and magnetic field intensity solutions for an
impedance boundary condition with curvature effect in full 3D.

Physical problem
The problem of harmonic electric and magnetic fields in an annular block is considered, see
Figure EM.14. A harmonic magnetic field with constant magnitude is imposed on the outer
boundary of the region and an impedance boundary condition is imposed on the inner
boundary. The electric and magnetic field intensities are to be obtained using ADINA-EM.

The finite element model consists of 8-node hexahedral FCBI-C elements. An external
magnetic field is imposed as an excitation over the outer boundary of the whole finite
element domain and an impedance boundary condition is used on the inner boundary to
simulate a wave impedance by a different material, enclosed in the finite element domain. A
harmonic magnetic field solution is assumed in the -direction. z

Solution results

*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

with
*
j
= . The boundary conditions are:

at :
i
r r =
s s x
Z Z H n E n n H e = =
at :
o
r r =
0 x
H H e =

The solutions are:

{ }
{ }
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
*
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x
A J r BY r
A J r BY r
j
H e
E e
= +
= +

ADINA-EM problems

2 2 *
= ,
2 0 1 0
1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
,
D H D H
A B
C D C D C D C D
= =

with , and
1 0 1 1 0
*
2 0 2 1 0
*
( ), ( ) (
( ), ( ) (
o i
o i
C J r D J r Z J r
j
C Y r D Y r Z Y r
j
)
)
s i
s i
= = +
= = +

User hints
An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition should be applied as an excitation on
the outer boundary, and an impedance boundary condition is applied on the inner boundary,
both for the electric and magnetic fields. The instantaneous electrical and magnetic fields
calculated from their real and imaginary parts in ADINA post-processing are shown at
different phase angles by setting different OMEAGT values.
Reference
where is the Bessel function of the first kind of order p, Y is the Bessel
function of the second kind of order p.
( )
p
J x ( )
p
x

x
H
0
H = e


EM.14 Impedance boundary condition with curvature for harmonic analysis in 3D

= 1.2
= 2.3
= 1.7
= 5.0
H = H
0
e
x
H
0
= (3.0, 4.0)
n x E = -Z
s
n x n x H
Z
s
= (0.2, 0.3)
n x H = 0
e
r
r
o
n
.
E = 0
n x H = 0
n
.
E = 0
e
x
r
i

Figure EM.14

ADINA-EM problems


EM.15 Static EM field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in 3D

EM.15 Static EM field coupling with fluid flow through Lorentz force in
3D

Objective

is generated through the imposed electric field intensity at the two end boundaries. The static
electric and magnetic field solutions are obtained in this 3D domain. The fluid flow is also

To calculate the Lorentz force from a static electric field and a static magnetic field on a
conducting fluid in 3D.

Physical problem

A problem of fluid flow coupled with static EM-fields is considered, see Figure EM.15. A
constant electric field is applied along the axial direction of the conducting fluid region,
which in turn generates a magnetic field in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical
region. The static electric and magnetic field intensities are to be calculated, and the Lorentz
force on the fluid affects the fluid flow. A constant fluid velocity is prescribed on the outer
cylindrical surface.

Solution results
0
0
x
E
H
H e
E
E 0
=
=
=
=

plus the Navier-Stokes equations governing the fluid flow.

0
x
E E e = ,
0
( ) / 2 r E r H e
=
( )
2
2
0
2 2 0
0
0
1
( )
2 2
V E
p r r
r
| |
| |
| =
|
|
\ .
\ .
r

ADINA-EM problems

User hints

An EM-NORMAL boundary condition 0 n H = should be applied on all outer boundaries,
and the EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition is used to impose a constant E to make the
solution unique. A zero reference pressure is prescribed on a point of the outer boundary.
Slip wall boundary conditions are imposed on all but the outer boundary.

Reference
2001

2
= 1.1
2
=1.3
= 1.0
f
= 1.0
f
= 2.0
n
.
H = 0
E = E
0
v
0
e
r
r
o
n
.
H = 0
n
.
E = 0
e
n
.
H = 0
n x E = 0
e
x
E
0
= 4.4
r
0
= 1
v
0
= 0.35

Figure EM.15

EM.16 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in 3D

EM.16 Joule heating by static electric field in a conducting block in 3D

Objective

To verify the Joule heating capability due to a static electric field inside a conducting block
in 3D.

The problem of Joule heating due to a static electric field inside a conducting cylindrical
block is considered, see Figure EM.16. A constant electric field is applied along the axial
direction of the conducting fluid region, generating a constant current density. The static
electric field intensity and temperature distribution in the block are to be obtained using
ADINA-EM coupled with ADINA-F.

Physical problem


is generated through electric field intensity at the two end boundaries over the finite element
domain. Static electric and magnetic field solutions are assumed, and temperature
Solution results
0
0
E
E 0
H
H E
=
=
=
=


The analytical solutions are

0
x
E E e = ,
0
4/ 3 E =
4.4
x
J E e = =
2
2 2
0 0
( ) , 11.5
2
o
J
r r
k

= + =

ADINA-EM problems

User hints
An EM-NORMAL boundary condition n H 0 =
E
is applied on the outer boundary. An
EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition on is also applied on the outer boundary.
Temperature is assumed to be steady-state and a constant temperature boundary condition is
applied on the outer boundary.

Reference

2001

2
= 1.1
2
=1.3
= 3.3
k = 1.5
f
= 2.0
n
.
H = 0
E = E
0
0
e
r
r
o
n
.
H = 0
n
.
E = 0
e
n
.
H = 0
n x E = 0
e
x
E
0
= 4/3
r
0
= 1
0
= 11.5
e
x

Figure EM.16

EM.17 Joule heating by harmonic electric field in a conducting block in a 2D E-plane

EM.17 Joule heating by harmonic electric field in a conducting block in a
2D E-plane

Objective

To verify Joule heating capability due to a harmonic electric field inside a conducting block
in a 2D E-plane.

Physical problem

The problem of Joule heating due to a harmonic electric field inside a conducting block is
considered, see Figure EM.17. A time-varying current density is generated through a
harmonic electric field on the conducting block. The heat generated from the harmonic
electric field is averaged over time. The harmonic electric and magnetic field intensities and
the temperature distribution in the block are to be obtained using ADINA-EM coupled with
ADINA-F.


Solution results

The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The time and spatially
varying current density is imposed through a harmonic electric field intensity at the boundary
of the finite element domain. The harmonic electric and magnetic field solutions are
calculated in this E-plane. The temperature distribution inside the conducting block is

The governing equations for EM fields in this problem are
*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

Also, , ( )
z z
E y E e = ( )
x x
H y H e = and
*
j
= .
at :

Boundary conditions are:

0 y =
0 z
E E =
at :
0
y y =
1 z
E E =

Then the analytical solutions for the EM fields are:

ADINA-EM problems

( )
j y j y
z z z
j y j y
x z z
E E e E e
H E e E e

+
+
= +
=

with
2 2 *
= , , and
0 0
,
j y j y
A e B e

= =
1 0 0
,
z z
E BE AE E
E E
A B A B
+

= =

1
The equation governing for the heat transfer in the block is:
with

2
0 k q + =

1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
z z
q y E y E y = , ( ) y =

0
( 0) y = = ,
0
( ) y y
y
0

= =

Then the analytical solution for the temperature is:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
(2 2 ) cos(2 )
2
ty ty
a b e c d e
k t t
ac bd sy C y C
s
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
+ + +
`
|
\ .

)

with real( ), imag( ), real( ), imag( )
z z z
a E b E c E d E
z
+ +
= = = =
real( ), imag( ) s t
, and
= = ,

0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 0
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 0
1 1 1
( ) ( )( ) (2 2 )( ) sin(2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) (2 2 )
2 2 2 2
ty ty
C a b e c d e ac bd sy
k t t s
C a b c d ac bd
k t t s

= + + + + +
`
)

| | | | | |
= + + + + +
`
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

)
)

EM.17 Joule heating by harmonic electric field in a conducting block in a 2D E-plane

User hints

Reference
An EM-NATURAL boundary condition for should be applied on the left and right
boundaries to conform to the EM-DIRICHLET boundaries for . The heat flux is set to
zero on the right, lower and upper boundaries.
H
E

2001

n
.
= 0
E = E
1
e
z
= 1.1
= 2.2
= 3.3
E = E
0
e
z
k = 1.5
n x E = 0
e
y
e
z
x
.
n x E = 0
n
.
H = 0
n
.
H = 0
0
= 10.5
y = 0
y = y
0

Figure EM.17

ADINA-EM problems


EM.18 Linear electric potential in a 2D E-plane

EM.18 Linear electric potential in a 2D E-plane

Objective

To verify the behavior of electric potential solution between two flat plates with constant
electric potentials in a 2D E-plane.

Physical problem

The problem of a static electric field in a rectangular region is considered, see Figure EM.18.
Constant electric potentials are applied on the left and right plates, and the static electric
potential over the region is to be obtained.
Solution results

The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The constant electric
potential are imposed on the boundaries of the finite element domain. A static electric field
solution is assumed.

0 =


1 0
0 0
1 0
( ) y y
y y

= +

User hints

An EM-NORMAL boundary condition should be applied on the upper and lower
boundaries to render the solution unique.

Reference


ADINA-EM problems

n
.
= 0
= 1.1
e
y
e
z
x
.
n
.
= 0
=
1
=
0

y = y
0
y = y
1

Figure EM.18

EM.19 Magnetic vector potential on a 2D E-plane

EM.19 Magnetic vector potential on a 2D E-plane
Objective


To verify the magnetic vector potential solution between two flat plates with a constant
electric current density source on a 2D E-plane.

Physical problem
The problem of a static magnetic field in a rectangular region is considered using the
magnetic vector potential, see Figure EM.19. A constant electric current density source is
applied in the whole region, and the static magnetic vector potential is to be obtained.


The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The constant electric current
density is imposed on the whole finite element domain. A static magnetic field solution is
assumed.
Solution results

2
0
A J =


2 0
1 2
( )
2
z
J
y C y C A e

= + +

with

0 1 0
1 1 2
1
,
2
J A A
C y C
y
0
A

= + =

User hints
An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition n A 0 = should be applied on the upper and
lower boundaries to obtain a unique solution.

ADINA-EM problems

Reference


= 0.5
= 2.0
= 1.0
n x A = 0
e
y
e
z
x
.
n x A = 0
J = J
0
e
z
A = A
1
e
z
A = A
0
e
z
y = 0
y = y
1

Figure EM.19

EM.20 Lorenz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a 2D E-plane

EM.20 Lorentz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid
in a 2D E-plane

The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The electric field intensities
are imposed at the boundaries of the finite element domain. The harmonic electric and
magnetic field solutions are calculated in this E-plane. The fluid flow in the finite element
domain is assumed to be steady-state.

Objective
To calculate the Lorentz force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a 2D E-
plane.
Physical problem

The problem of the Lorentz force on a conducting fluid due to a harmonic electric field is
considered, see Figure EM.20. A time-varying current density is generated through the
harmonic electric field in the conducting fluid. The Lorentz force is averaged over the time
of one period. The harmonic electric and magnetic field intensities and the pressure
distribution in the fluid are to be obtained using ADINA-EM coupled with ADINA-F.


Solution results
The governing equations for EM fields in this problem are

*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

Also,
*
j
= , ( )
z z
E y E e = and ( )
x x
H y H e = .

Boundary conditions are:

at : 0 y = 1.0
z
E =
at :
0
y y =
0
j y
z
E e

=

The analytical solutions for the EM fields are:

ADINA-EM problems

,
j y j y
z x
E e H e

= = , with
2 2 * 2
( ) j
= =

We define
r
j
i
= + , and then the equation for the fluid pressure is:
2
1
i
y em
b y
p Te f e

= = ,
2 3
1
2 2
1
( )
2 2
i i r i
T

= +

0 The boundary condition is:
0
( ) p y y = = . Then the analytical solution for the pressure
is:

2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T
p e

= +C , with
0
2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T

= C e

User hints

An EM-NATURAL boundary condition on should be applied on the upper and bottom
boundaries to conform to EM-DIRICHLET boundaries for E. The wall boundary
conditions are slip, and a constant inlet velocity on the left boundary and zero normal
traction on the right are specified.
H

Reference
2001

EM.20 Lorenz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a 2D E-plane

conducting fluid
= 1.1
= 1.4
= 2.3
0
= 1.0
f
= 0.005
f
= 3.5
slip wall
slip wall
n x E = 0
e
y
e
z
x
.
n x E = 0
n
.
H = 0
n
.
H = 0
E = E
0
e
z
E = E
1
e
z
v = v
0
e
y
y = 0
y = y
0
= 2.0

Figure EM.20

ADINA-EM problems


EM.21 Lorenz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a 2D H-plane

EM.21 Lorentz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting
fluid in a 2D H-plane
Objective

The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The magnetic field intensities
are imposed at the left and right boundaries of the finite element domain. The harmonic
electric and magnetic field solutions are calculated in the H-plane. The fluid flow in the finite
element domain is assumed to be steady-state.
Solution results

To verify the Lorentz force calculation due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a
2D H-plane.

Physical problem
The problem of the Lorentz force on a conducting fluid due to a harmonic electric field is
harmonic electric field in the conducting fluid. The Lorentz force is averaged over the time


The governing equations for the EM fields in this problem are
*
j
j
H E
E H
=
=

with
*
j
= , ( )
x x
E y E e = , and ( )
z z
H y H e = .


at : 0 y =
0 z
H H =
at :
0
y y =
0
1 0
j y
z
H H H e

= =
where
*
= .

The analytical solutions for the EM fields are:

ADINA-EM problems

0 0
*
,
j y j y
x z
E H e H H e

= =
We again define
r i
j = + and
*
/( )
r i
S S jS = + = , and then the
equation for the fluid pressure is:

2
1
i
y em
b y
p Te f e

= = ,
2
2 2
1 0
( (
2 2
i r i i i
S ))H T S

= +

The boundary condition is:

0

0
( ) p y y = =
Hence the analytical solution for the pressure is:
2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T
p e

= +C , with
0
2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T

= C e

User hints
A EM-NATURAL boundary condition on should be applied on the upper and bottom
boundaries to conform to EM-DIRICHLET boundaries for . The wall boundary
conditions are slip walls, a constant inlet velocity on the left boundary and the zero normal
traction on the right boundary are specified.
E
H
Reference
2001

EM.21 Lorenz body force due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid in a 2D H-plane

conducting fluid
= 1.1
= 1.4
= 2.3
f
= 0.005
f
= 3.5
slip wall
slip wall
n x H = 0
e
y
e
z
x
.
n x H = 0
n
.
E = 0
n
.
E = 0
E = H
0
e
z
H = H
1
e
z
v = v
0
e
y
y = 0
y = y
0
= 5.0

Figure EM.21

ADINA-EM problems


EM.22 Harmonic magnetic vector potential in a lossless material on a 2D H-plane

EM.22 Harmonic magnetic vector potential in a lossless material on a 2D
H-plane

Physical problem
The problem of the harmonic magnetic field in a rectangular region is solved using the
magnetic vector potential, see Figure EM.22. An external excitation source is imposed on the
left and right boundaries, and the harmonic magnetic vector potential in the region is to be
obtained.
,
Objective

To calculate the harmonic magnetic vector potential in a lossless material between two flat
plates on a 2D H-plane.


The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The constant magnetic vector
potentials are specified over the left and right boundaries of the finite element domain. A
harmonic magnetic field solution is calculated in the finite element domain.

Solution results

2 2
0 A A + = ( )
x x
A y A e =

with boundary conditions:
0

0
0
( 0)
( )
x
x
A y A
A y y
= =
= =


1 2
j y j y
x
A C e C e

= +

0
2 j y
M e

= ,
0
1
1
A M
C
M
=
,
0
2
1
A
C
M
=
with

User hints

The EM-NORMAL boundary condition 0 n A = should be applied on the upper and lower

ADINA-EM problems

boundaries to obtain a unique solution. The instantaneous magnetic vector potential

Reference

= 1.1
= 0.90909
= 0
= 5.0
e
y
e
z
x
.
n
.
A = 0
n
.
A = 0
A = A
1
e
x
A = A
0
e
x
y = 0
y = y
0

Figure EM.22

EM.23 Harmonic analysis by potential formulation on a 2D E-plane

EM.23 Harmonic analysis by potential formulation on a 2D E-plane

Objective

To calculate the high frequency harmonic electric and magnetic potential between two flat
plates in a 2D E-plane.
Physical problem
The problem of the high frequency harmonic fields in a rectangular region is considered
using the electric scalar potential and the magnetic vector potential, see Figure EM.23. The
harmonic fields are excited at the upper and lower boundaries.
The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The electric potentials are
prescribed on the left and right boundaries and the magnetic vector potentials are prescribed
on the top and bottom boundaries. The harmonic electric and magnetic field solutions are
calculated.
Solution results

( )
2 2 * *
0
2 0
j A J
+ = +
=

0 0 1 0
( 0) , ( ) , ( 0) 0, ( ) y y y z z z
n n
0

= = = = = = = =

0
( 0) A
y
z A e = = ,
0 1
( ) A
y
z z A e = = ,
0 y
n A 0
=
= ,
0
y y
0
=
n A =


1 0
0
0
y
y

= + , and
0
1 2
2
( )
j z j z
y
C
a e a e A e

= + +
with
* 2 2
= , and
2 2
1
1 2
D B D
a
1
B B
,
1 1 2
2
1 2
B D D
a
B B
,

ADINA-EM problems

* 1 0
0
0
C j
y

= ,
0 0
1 2
,
j z j z
B e B e

= = ,
0
1 0
2
A
C
D
= ,
0
2 1
2
A
C
D
= .

User hints

An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition n A 0 = should be applied on the left and right
boundaries to get a unique solution.

Reference

=
0
n
.
= 0
A = A
0
e
y
= 1.1
= 2.2
= 3.3
e
y
e
z
x
.
n
.
= 0
A = A
1
e
y
n x A = 0
n x A = 0
=
1
y = 0
y = y
0
z = z
0
z = 0

Figure EM.23

EM.24 Static potential based EM fields coupling with fluid flow on a 2D E-plane

EM.24 Static potential based EM fields coupling with fluid flow on a 2D
E-plane

Objective
To verify the Lorentz force calculation, through A potential formulation, due to a
constant current density and a static magnetic field on conducting fluid in a 2D E-plane.


Physical problem

The problem of the fluid flow coupled with the static EM-fields is considered, see Figure
EM.24. A constant current density is generated through a linear electric potential field in the
conducting fluid. The static electric and magnetic potentials are to be obtained using
ADINA-EM.

is generated through the electric potentials prescribed at the upper and lower boundaries, and
the magnetic potential conforms to the current density in the conducting fluid of the finite
element domain. A static electric and magnetic potential field solution is calculated in the E-
plane. The conducting fluid flow is also assumed to be steady-state.
Solution results

2
2
0
A

=
=

0 0 1 0
( 0) , ( ) , ( 0) 0, ( ) z z z y y y
n n
0

= = = = = = = =

0
( 0) A
z
y A e = = ,
0 1
( ) A
z
y y A e = = ,
0 z
0
=
n A = ,
0
z z
0
=
n A =


0 0
C z = +

ADINA-EM problems

2
0 1
1
( A
2
z
C y C y A e = +
0
) +
with

1 0 1 0
0 1
0 0
A A 1
,
2
C C
z y
0 0
C y

= = .
The solution for the fluid pressure in the domain is:

2 2
0 0 0 1
1
( ) { ( ) ( )}
2
0
p y C C y y C y y = +
User hints
An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition on

n A 0 = should be applied on the upper and
lower boundaries to get a unique solution.
2001

Reference

conducting fluid
= 0.5
= 2.0
= 1.0
slip wall
slip wall
=
0
e
y
e
z
x
.
n
.
= 0
A = A
0
e
z
n x A = 0
n x A = 0
=
1
n
.
= 0
A = A
1
e
z
v = v
0
e
y
y = 0
y = y
0
z = z
0
z = 0

Figure EM.24

EM.25 Joule heating of steady current in a cond. block in a 2D H-plane by potential formulation

EM.25 Joule heating of steady electric current in a conducting block in a
2D H-plane by potential formulation
Objective

To verify the Joule heating capability due to a steady electric current inside a conducting
block in a 2D H-plane through A formulation.

Physical problem

The problem of the Joule heating due to a steady current inside a conducting block is
considered, see Figure EM.25. A constant current density is imposed on the conducting
block. the static electric field intensity and the temperature distribution in the block are to be
obtained using ADINA-EM coupled with ADINA-F.
prescribed in the finite element domain. The static magnetic potential solution is assumed in
the H-plane. The temperature distribution in the conducting block is assumed to be steady-
state.
Solution results


2
0
A J = , A( )
x
r A e = ,
0 0
J
x
J e =



2 2
0 0 0
1
A {A J ( )
4
x
r r e = + } with
0
J 4.4 = .
2
2 2 0
0
J
( )
2
o
r r
k

= + , with
0
11.5 =

User hints

An EM-PARALLEL boundary condition
0
A n A e
= is applied over the outer boundary.

Temperature is assumed to be steady-state and a constant temperature boundary is applied

ADINA-EM problems

over the outer boundary.

Reference
2001

J
0
= 4.4
= 1.1
= 1.3
= 3.3
k

= 1.5
f
= 2.0
n x A = A
0
e
e
r
r
o
.
x
e
0
= 11.5

Figure EM.25

EM.26 Lorentz body force by harmonic EM fields in a cond. fluid, potential based formulation

EM.26 Lorentz body force by harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid
on a 2D H-plane in potential based formulation

Objective
To verify the Lorentz force calculation due to harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid on a
2D H-plane through

A formulation.
Physical problem
The finite element model consists of 4-node FCBI-C elements. The magnetic vector
potentials are prescribed on the left and right boundaries of the finite element domain. The
harmonic electric and magnetic fields are calculated in the H-plane. The fluid flow in the
finite element domain is assumed to be steady-state.
Solution results
The governing equation for the EM fields in this problem in the

The problem of the Lorentz force on the conducting fluid from the harmonic electric field is
harmonic magnetic field in the conducting fluid. The Lorentz force is averaged over the time


A formulation is

2 2
0 A A + = , A( )
x
y A e = ,
with
*
j
= , and
2 2 *
= .


at : 0 y =
0
A A =
at :
0
y y =
0
1 0
A A =A
j y
e

=

0
A
j y
x
e A e

=

ADINA-EM problems

We define
r i
j = + ,
r i
r
j
S S
j
i
jS

= =
+ , and let
2 2 0
0
A
{ ( ) }/
j
H

= = + , then the equation for the fluid pressure is:

2
1
i
y em
b y
p Te f e

= = ,
2
2 2
1 0
( (
2 2
i r i i i
S ))H T S

= +

The boundary condition is:

0
( ) p y y = = 0

Then the analytical solution for the pressure is:

2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T
p e

= +C , with
0
2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T

= C e

User hints

An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition on is applied on the left and right boundaries
and an EM-NORMAL boundary condition
A
n A 0 = is applied on the upper and bottom
boundaries to get a unique solution. The wall boundaries are slip and a constant inlet velocity
on the left boundary and a zero normal traction on the right are prescribed.

Reference

2001

EM.26 Lorentz body force by harmonic EM fields in a cond. fluid, potential based formulation

conducting fluid
= 1.1
= 2.2
= 3.3
slip wall
slip wall
e
y
e
z
x
.
A = A
0
e
x
n
.
A = 0
n
.
A = 0
A = A
1
e
x
v = v
0
e
y
y = 0
y = y
0

Figure EM.26

ADINA-EM problems


EM.27 Static 3D EM fields in potential-based formulation

EM.27 Static 3D EM fields in potential-based formulation

Objective

To verify the 3D static electric and magnetic field solutions using the potential based A
formulation.

Solution results
,
Physical problem
The problem of the 3D static EM-fields is considered, see Figure EM.27. A constant electric
field is generated along z-direction due to the electrical potentials in the conducting block,
and it in turn generates a constant electric current density. Thus, a static magnetic field is
generated due to this current density. The static electric and magnetic potentials are to be
calculated using ADINA-EM.

is generated due to the imposed electric potentials on the boundaries at the lower and upper
ends, and the magnetic field conforms to the current density in the finite element domain. A
static electric and magnetic field solution is calculated in the 3D domain.

2
0 =
2
A = A( )
z
y A e = ,

1
0 0 1
( ) , ( ) z z z z = = = =
0 n n = = on all other boundaries;
1 0 0 1
A( ) A , A( ) A y y y y = = = =
0 1
z z z z
n A n A 0
= =
=
0 1
x x x x
n A 0
= =
= = = , n A

0
( ) G z z
0
= +
1 0
1 0
z z

=
, with G

ADINA-EM problems

2
1
1
A
2
Gy C y C = + +
2
, with
2 2
1 1 0
1
1 0
1 1
(A ) (A )
2 2
Gy Gy
C
y y
+ +
=
0
,
2
2 0 0 1
1
A
2
y = +
0
C y

C G

User hints
An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition for the electric potential should be applied to
the two boundary surfaces parallel to the z-planes to generate constant current density, and
an EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition for the magnetic vector potential is also
prescribed to the two boundary surfaces parallel to the y-planes to get a unique solution.
A

Reference
= 0.5
= 2.0
= 1.0
=
0
n
.
= 0
A = A
0
e
z
n x A = 0
n x A = 0
=
1
n
.
= 0
A = A
1
e
z
e
y
e
z
e
x
n
.
A = 0
n
.
A = 0
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)

Figure EM.27

EM.28 Lorentz body force due to 3D harmonic EM fields, in potential based formulation

EM.28 Lorentz body force due to 3D harmonic EM fields in a conducting
fluid in the potential-based formulation

Objective

To verify the Lorentz force calculation due to 3D harmonic EM fields in a conducting fluid
using the A formulation.

Physical problem

The problem of the Lorentz force on a conducting fluid due to the 3D harmonic electric and
magnetic fields is considered, see Figure EM.28. A time-varying current density is generated
due to the harmonic magnetic and electric fields in the conducting fluid. The Lorentz force is
averaged over the time of one period. The harmonic electric and magnetic potentials and the
pressure in the fluid are to be obtained using ADINA-EM coupled with ADINA-F.


The finite element model consists of 8-node FCBI-C elements. The harmonic scalar electric
potential and the magnetic vector potential are prescribed at the boundaries of the finite
element domain. The harmonic electric and magnetic potential are calculated. The fluid flow
in the finite element domain is assumed to be steady-state.

Solution results
The governing equations for the EM fields in this problem in the A formulation are

( )
2 2 * *
2
0
j A
+ =
=

Also, ( ), A( )
y
y z A e = = and
*
j = .


0 0
0
( 0) , ( )
( 0) 0, ( )
y y y
z z
n n
1
0 z

= = = =

= = = =

Please note the model is actually rotated with angles related to x-, y- and z- axes in the
verification example.

ADINA-EM problems

0
( 0) A
y
z A e = = ,
0 1
( ) A
y
z z A e = =
0
0
,
y y
n A 0 n A 0
= =
= =
y

1 0
0 0 0
0
f y y
y

= + = +
0
1 2
2
j z j z
C
A a e a e

= + + ,
with
2 2 * *
0
, C j f
0
= =
A
, and and could be determined by the Dirichlet
boundary conditions for . In this verification model, the boundary conditions are
prescribed as such that
1
a
2
a
0
0
2
C
2 1
0, a a A
= = .
We define
r i
j = + ,
r
S S
i
jS
= = + , and,
0
E ja
1
= (which is real), then
the equation for the fluid pressure is:

2 2 2 2
0
( ( ))
2 2
i
z em
b y i r i i i
p S S E e f e

= = +

The boundary conditions for fluid flow are:

0
( 0) v , ( )
z
z p z v e = = = =
0
0 z
The analytical solution for pressure is:
, all the other boundaries are slip walls.

2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T
p e

= +C , with
0
2
1
1
2
i
y
i
T

= C e ,
2
2 2
1 0
( (
2 2
i r i i i
S ))E T S

= +

User hints
An EM-DIRICHLET boundary condition for the electric potential

should be applied to
the two boundary surfaces parallel to the y-planes to generate a current density, and an EM-
DIRICHLET boundary condition for magnetic vector potential A is also prescribed on the
two boundary surfaces parallel to the z-planes. EM-PARALLEL boundary conditions for the
magnetic vector potential are prescribed on both the boundary surfaces parallel to the y-
planes to get a unique solution. The instantaneous electrical potential and magnetic potential

EM.28 Lorentz body force due to 3D harmonic EM fields, in potential based formulation


Reference
[1] P.A. Davidson, An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics, Cambridge University
Press, 2001

= 5.0
f
= 0.005
f
= 3.5
=
0
n
.
= 0
A = A
0
e
y
n x A = 0
n x A = 0
=
1
n
.
= 0
A = A
1
e
y
e
y
e
z
e
x
n
.
A = 0
n
.
A = 0
n
.
= 0
v = v
0
e
z
n
.
= 0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
(0, 0, 0)

Figure EM.28

Index

Index
1
16-node shell elements, 45, 65, 178, 212
1-D conduction elements, 369, 375, 382,
384, 386, 387, 389, 391, 402
2
2-D conduction elements, 379, 381, 393,
397, 399, 401
2-D contact surfaces, 239
2-D fluid elements, 299, 307, 315, 339,
347, 350
2-D potential-based fluid elements, 103,
105, 113, 115, 119, 121, 123, 136
2-D solid elements, 23, 237, 256, 270
3
3-D conduction elements, 397, 408
3-D contact surfaces, 243, 245
3-D displacement-based fluid elements,
88
3-D fluid elements, 307, 349
3-D potential-based fluid elements, 117
3-D solid elements, 33, 39, 79, 176, 180,
207, 237, 245, 253, 255, 260, 263, 275,
279, 283
4
4-node shell elements, 99, 107, 108, 134,
147, 212, 214, 216, 222, 236, 275, 416
8
8-node shell elements, 14, 39, 58, 66, 101,
149, 268
A
Acoustic cavity, 105, 367
Addition of elements, 205
Annulus, 303, 318
Arrival time option, 95
ATS method, 187, 262, 418
Axisymmetric conduction elements, 373
Axisymmetric elements, 7, 9, 12, 91, 111,
143, 176, 191, 201, 203, 226, 245, 247,
281, 301, 325, 328, 412, 414
B
Backward-facing step, 343, 345
Bending action, 67, 107, 178
Boussinesq approximation, 315, 326
Buckling analysis, 21421, 220, 228
C
Cables, 174, 197, 230, 294, 295
Cask, 421, 422, 428, 429
Central difference method, 86, 88, 91,
277, 281
Centrifugal loads, 133, 283
Circular plate, 12, 123, 222
Compressible fluid, 34751, 362
Concentrated loads, 28, 51, 163, 184, 187,
215, 247
Concentric cylinders, 61, 103, 256, 270,
354, 406
Concrete material, 184, 187, 201, 272
Condensation, 412
conducting fluid, 481
Conjugate heat transfer, 328
Constant charge density, 433
constant charge density source, 453
Constant isotropic conductivity, 373
Constant specific heat, 373
Constraint equations, 70, 88, 119, 178,
241, 408
Contact problem, 239, 245
Contactor surfaces, 239, 241, 243, 245
Convection, 2, 315, 316, 323, 326, 327,
340, 387, 388, 395, 412, 413
Convection coefficient, 2, 388, 395
Couette flow, 299
Crack propagation analysis, 287, 289, 292
Creep material, 167, 176, 208, 260, 261
Curve description model, 182

502
Index

Cyclic symmetry analysis, 70, 130, 131,
133
D
Dam, 399, 401, 408, 411
Darcy's law, 326, 397
Determinant search method, 77, 78, 79, 81
Die-swell problem, 335
Diffuse-grey radiation, 406, 409, 421, 428
Drag forces, 333, 341
Drucker-Prager material, 191
E
Elastic foundation, 72
Elastic-plastic analysis, 163, 169, 170,
172, 173, 184, 189, 193, 199, 203, 226,
234, 236, 238, 253, 255, 258, 268, 275,
287, 288, 292
electric field intensity, 453
electric scalar potential, 487
Electrical potential, 395
Electromagnetic interaction, 138
Element birth, 195
Element death, 195, 395
Emissivity coefficient, 422, 429
Explicit time integration, 294
External flow, 347
F
Fabric analysis, 266
FCBI elements, 301, 303, 305, 309, 311,
313, 318, 319, 321, 323, 325, 326, 328,
331, 333, 335, 337, 340, 341, 343, 345,
352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362
Fluid-fluid interface, 339
Fluid-structure interaction analysis, 117,
333, 337, 352
Fracture mechanics, 159
Free-convection, 323
Freezing, 391, 393
Frequency analysis, 76, 7884, 97, 105,
107, 113, 119, 125, 130, 136, 283, 367
Full Newton iterations with line searches,
182, 193, 234
Full Newton iterations without line
searches, 167, 224, 234, 241
Fully coupled problem, 341, 352, 424
Fully developed flow, 301, 303, 305, 321
G
Gravity load, 125, 174
Ground motions, 89, 140, 152, 154, 155,
156
H
Hamel problem, 311
harmonic electric field, 477, 499
Harmonic electric field intensity, 437
harmonic magnetic field, 457, 499
Harmonic magnetic field intensity, 437
harmonic magnetic vector potential, 485
Heat conduction, 369, 371, 373, 388, 390,
391, 393
Heat generation, 327, 377, 384, 386
Hermitian beam elements, 19, 24, 27, 34,
63, 72, 80, 89, 95, 138, 152, 155, 169,
197, 220
high frequency harmonic field, 487
Hydrodynamic forces, 294
I
impedance boundary condition, 459
Imperfections, 216, 217
Inertia forces, 294
Initial conditions, 88, 230, 319, 347, 349,
421, 428
Initial strains, 266, 270, 326
Internal heat generation, 327, 377, 384,
386
Iso-beam elements, 21, 22, 25, 26, 35, 63,
67, 81, 167, 188, 208, 236, 238
J
J-integral, 159, 285, 287, 289, 292, 305
Joule heating, 443, 451, 467, 491

Index

L
Laminar flow, 299, 321, 343
Large displacement, large strain
formulation, 287
Large displacement, small strain
formulation, 163, 164, 174, 203, 211,
230, 265, 266, 289
LDC method, 247
linear electric potential, 473
Linearized buckling analysis, 214, 215,
216, 218, 219, 220, 228
Long cylinder, 226, 279
Lorentz force, 441, 449, 465, 477, 489,
493, 499
lossless material, 485
M
magnetic field intensity, 455
Magnetic field intensity, 435
magnetic vector potential, 475, 487
Mass transfer, 35861
Materially-nonlinear-only formulation,
99, 182
Mathematical traction (MT) formulation,
300, 302, 331, 333, 341
Membrane action, 14, 18, 57, 107, 178
Merging streams, 339, 358
Mesh refinement, 108
Mode superposition analysis, 95, 171
Mooney-Rivlin material, 241, 249
Moving boundaries, 339
N
Natural convection, 315, 316, 326, 327,
340
Newmark method, 89, 91, 155, 169, 187,
189, 203, 277
No flow test, 309
Nodal equivalent forces, 87
Noise, 149, 151
Nonlinear elastic material, 169, 170, 197,
272
Non-Newtonian flow, 307, 308
O
Ogden material, 249, 264
One-way coupling of fluid-structure
interaction analysis, 333
Orthotropic material, 68, 69, 99, 101, 134,
147, 263
Orthotropic plate, 68, 99, 101
P
Parachute, 352
Phase change, 391, 393, 417
Physical traction formulation, 335
Piezoelectric analysis, 424
Pipe elbow, 109, 251
Pipe elements, 109, 193, 236, 251, 275
Pipe flow, 325, 329
Pipe whip analysis, 169, 171
Planar conduction elements, 367, 371,
377, 395, 406, 421, 428
Plane strain elements, 32, 78, 182, 195,
239, 266, 341, 426
Plane stress elements, 30, 74, 76, 99, 167,
184, 199, 266
Plate elements, 18, 36, 47, 49, 51, 53, 57,
60, 82, 97
Porous medium, 326
Postbuckling analysis, 209
Prescribed displacements, 115, 133, 191,
230, 266, 292
Prescribed temperatures, 371, 379, 381,
428
Pressure vessel, 14, 272
R
Radiation, 2, 354, 356, 38790, 404, 406,
409, 414, 419, 421, 428
Radiation exchange, 354, 356, 404, 406,
414
Radiation interchange analysis, 404, 414,
415, 419
Radiosity, 356, 404, 414, 419
Random vibration analysis, 140, 149
Reinforced concrete, 184, 185, 187, 272
Residual stresses, 199

504
Index

Response spectrum method, 12527, 152
56
Restart option, 167, 188, 208, 258, 294,
319
Rhombic plate, 53
Rigid links, 41, 61, 103, 249
Rotating cylinders, 305, 321
Rubber analysis, 241, 242, 249, 264
S
Seepage analysis, 397, 399, 401, 408, 411
Shell conduction elements, 401, 404, 417
Shell structures, 18, 43, 57, 58, 60, 108,
203, 212
Shock wave, 350
Skew systems, 14, 15, 17, 28, 30, 32, 33
37, 7983, 107, 176, 263, 358
Square cavity, 315, 316, 340
Square plates, 45, 49, 51, 68, 134, 147,
178, 409
Static EM-field coupling, 441
Static magnetic field, 445
Steady-state temperature analysis, 371
Stiffener, 41, 130, 214
Stress intensity factor, 14344, 285
Subspace iteration method, 76, 79, 80, 82,
83, 84, 97, 107, 125, 140, 149, 152, 229
Substructures, 189
T
Target surfaces, 241, 243, 245
Temperature gradients, 222, 291, 371, 416
Temperature loads, 286
Thermal flow, 328
Thermal stress analysis, 207, 291, 374,
416
Thermo-elastic material, 180, 207, 222,
275, 285, 291
Thermo-elastic-plastic material, 275
Thick cylinder, 7
Thick-walled cylinder, 176, 226, 256, 279
Torsion, 19, 25, 234, 249, 264
Torsional rigidity, 377, 378
Transient flow, 318
Transient heat conduction, 367, 393
Transient temperature analysis, 387, 389
Transition elements, 39, 43
Trapezoidal rule, 91, 115, 117, 121, 123,
165, 169, 187, 189, 381, 384
Traveling load, 95
Truss elements, 28, 38, 72, 73, 8688,
117, 131, 16365, 169, 170, 174, 175,
182, 184, 189, 19597, 209, 211, 230,
236, 258, 272, 352
Turbulence, 345
Turbulent flow, 345
Two-way coupling of fluid-structure
interaction analysis, 333, 341
U
User-supplied material, 279, 411
V
Variable time step, 208, 261
Viscoplastic material, 279, 280
Viscous dissipation, 321, 325
Von Mises plasticity, 172, 173
W
Wall-driven cavity, 313
Wave equation, 367
Wave propagation, 86, 88
Wind tunnel, 341


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Report ARD 11-12 December 2011

ADINA Verification Manual

(plane strain assumption).

The machine is not included

= where L is the minimum

. The analytical solution is

is the effective thermal conductivity with k and k

at r = R + t in unheated part, z < 5, z > 5 + L

and V is the velocity of

, where is the surface tension and U is the

is much larger than the one that is needed to

for the torsional problem. The condition of a

V is plotted as a function of crack length for the ADINA-T results

Initial temperature = 660 R

= . The boundary conditions are:

= is applied over the outer boundary.

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