HYDRAULICS

Rheological Models
Model 1: Newtonian Fluids
Pipe flow
Frictional Pressure Drop

Reynolds Number

Friction Factor
Laminar flow:

Turbulent Flow

Annular Flow
Frictional pressure drop

Reynolds number

Friction Factor
Laminar flow:

Turbulent Flow

Model 2: Bingham Plastic
Pipe flow
Frictional Pressure Drop

Reynolds Number

Friction Factor
Laminar flow:
*(

) ,

) - ,

)-+

,(

) (

)-,

{,(

) ( )- ,(

) ( )-

,(

,(

)-}
Turbulent flow:
(

Annular flow
Frictional Pressure Drop

)

Reynolds Number

Friction Factor
Laminar flow:
*(

) ,

) - ,

)-+

,(

) (

)-,

{,(

) ( )- ,(

) ( )-

,(

,(

)-}
Turbulent flow:
(

Model 3: Power Law Fluids
Pipe flow
Frictional Pressure Drop

Reynolds Number

,( )-

)
Friction Factor
Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

{[(

) (

)] (

)}

Annular Flow
Frictional Pressure Drop

Reynolds Number

,( )-

)

Friction Factor
Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

{[(

) (

)] (

)}

Cuttings Transport
Slip Velocity

where
= Newtonian viscosity of the fluid, Pa-s;

= particle diameter, m;

= particle slip velocity, m/s;

= total viscous drag force on the particle, N.

When the Stokes drag is equated to the buoyant weight of the particle W,

The slip velocity is given by:

Where

g = acceleration of gravity,

Stokes law is accurate as long as turbulent eddies are not present in the particles wake
The onset of turbulence occurs for

Particle Reynolds number is given by

For turbulent slip velocity, the drag force is given by

f is an empirically determined friction factor.
The particle slip velocity for turbulent flow is given by

If we define a laminar friction factor,

, then the above equation is valid for all Reynolds numbers.

For non-newtonian fluids,
Dodge and Metzner proposed apparent viscosity to be

()

()
(

Chein determined apparent viscosity for a Bingham plastic fluid to be