Reaction of Citric Acid Solution with Baking Soda

Figure 1
Introduction
An endothermic process is a chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed. When we perform an
endothermic reaction in a flask, it initially cools. Later, heat from the surroundings flows to the
flask until temperature balance is established.
In this experiment we follow temperature and pH changes occurring during the reaction between
citric acid solution and baking soda.
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,rior to beginning this acti-ity, state your problem and hypothesis..
#pen TextMaker %Start / Program / SoftMaker Office / TextMaker'.
0i-e your lab report a title
,lace your name/s on your document.
1ype your problem and hypothesis.
1ype the word 2Results.3
reate a data table to include " rows and 3 columns. 1ype temperature and pH in
the latter two columns4 and type initial reading, final reading, difference, and
&ualitati-e obser-ations in the latter 5 rows4 include units for temperature.
Sae your file as itric acid and your last name %itric Acid 6mith, for example'
#pen Multi!ab %lea-e 1ext7aker open in the background', and conduct the
following acti-ity.
Equipment
)o-a"888 data logger
1emperature sensor %9+" : ;;8<'
pH sensor
pH electrode
6ensor cable %to connect pH sensor to )o-a"888'
ontainer of tap water %to rinse pH electrode and to place pH electrode when not
measuring pH'
+" mL of a ;.8 7 citric acid H3!H"#$ solution
;88 mL graduated cylinder
;8 grams baking soda )aH#3 %approximately " le-el teaspoons'
6cale or balance to mass baking soda
ontainer or filter paper %on which to mass the baking soda'
6coop or spoon %to use while massing the baking soda'
; small polystyrene foam cup %= o>'
; large polystyrene foam cup %;! o>'
6afety goggles
Safety Precautions
?ollow standard safety procedures for laboratory acti-ities in a science classroom.
6afety goggles should be worn at all times.
@o )#1 touch or bang the end of the pH electrode, as it will break
When not using the pH electrode, place the electrode in tap water. If the electrode dries
out, it may damage.
6et the electrode storage solution container in an undisturbed area, so it does not spill.
Equipment Setup Procedure
;. onnect the temperature sensor to the IA# ; port.
+. onnect the pH sensor to the pH electrode.
3. Bsing a sensor cable, connect the pH sensor to the IA# + port.
5. lick the Setup on the main toolbar and program the )o-a"888 according to
the setup specified below.
Data Logger Setup
Input ;. 1emperature %9+" : ;;8<'
Input +. pH 8 99;5
Cate. D-ery second
6amples. +88 samples %83.+8 77.66'
Experimental Procedure
;. #btain and wear goggles.
+. ,our +" mL citric acid solution into the smaller coffee cup.
3. ,lace the small polystyrene coffee cup into the larger polystyrene coffee cup.
5. #pen the pH electrode and rinse the bulb and lower end of the probe in running
water.
". ,lace the temperature sensor and the pH electrode into the citric acid solution4 this
will allow the sensors to e&uilibrate prior to beginning the acti-ity.
!. 7ass ;8 g of baking soda and set it aside to use in a few moments.
$. lick Run on the upper toolbar to begin recording data.
E. 0ently stir the citric acid in the smaller cup with the temperature sensor. Wait until
readings from the sensors are stable %approximately +8 seconds'. Fou will )#1 stop
the )o-a until the end of the acti-ity. 1he )o-a program will end when the set time
has expired.
=. At +8 seconds or when the sensors ha-e stabili>ed, add ;8 grams of the baking soda
to the cup. @o )#1 stop the logger when the baking soda is added. 1he reaction will
produce a gasG 6tir gently with temperature probe until the )o-a finishes collecting
data. 1he logger will automatically end data collection after 3 minutes and +8
seconds.
;8. 6a-e your file as citric acid and your last name %itric acid 6mith, for example'
;;. 1oggle to 1ext7aker and add your &ualitati-e obser-ations to your data table.
;+. lean up4 the solution may be poured down the sink for disposal.
Data Analysis
While in Multi!ab, place one cursor on the temperature cur-e.
lick Tools / "nalysis / Statistics to find the maximum and minimum temperature
readings.
1oggle back to TextMaker. In your data table, record the maximum and minimum
temperature readings.
Bse the calculator on the )o-a %Start / Programs / Science and Math, #alc#$'
to calculate the temperature difference.
1oggle back to TextMaker %lea-e the alculator running in the background' and
record the difference in temperature in your data table. @o not forget to use proper
units.
Ceturn to Multi!ab and drag the cursor to the pH cur-e. lick on Tools / "nalysis /
Statistics to find the maximum and minimum pH -alues.
1oggle to TextMaker. In your data table, record the maximum and minimum pH
-alues.
1oggle to #alc#$ and calculate the difference in pH.
1oggle back to TextMaker and record the pH difference in your data table.
"nnotate both graphs. Ceturn to Multi!ab and place the cursor on the temperature
graph at the highest temperature -alue, immediately before you added the baking
soda. Bse "dd "nnotation on the left side of the lower graphing tool bar to add
this temperature -alue. Bse the keyboard to type in the maximum temperature
-al-e4 use units. Bse Moe "nnotation to position the annotation. Hefore
adding an additional annotation, you must first remo-e the existing curosr, add the
cursor again, and position the new cursor to the desired location. )ow, annotate the
final temperature -alue. Cepeat the last steps to add the initial pH and the final pH
-alues.
lick on annotation icon and add two more labels. label one graph
temperature and the other pH. Cemember to remo-e the cursor and add a different
cursor prior to adding a new annotation.
1itle your graph. lick on Tools / %raph Title and type your title.
lick on Tools / #opy %raph
Ceturn to TextMaker. ,lace cursor beneath your data table4 add ;8 lines by clicking
the 2return key3 ten times on the keyboard. ,lace the cursor one or two spaces
below your data table and paste %$dit / Paste' your graph into your lab report.
Bse #alc#$ to calculate the total heat lost by the solution. Heat lost I m p J1
%mass K specific heat capacity of the solution K change in temperature'. Hecause
the citric acid solution is a weak a&ueous solution, use the specific heat capacity of
water %5.;E LAg <'. Four mass will be +" g %+" mL of citric acid solution placed into
the cup'. 1he unit for heat is Loules.
1oggle back to TextMaker and place the total heat lost below your data table on
your lab report. ,lace the cursor two lines beneath the total heat lost -alue. Include
your formula and substitution -alues.
Heneath your graph, type your conclusion. Four conclusion should be in paragraph
form and should include the answers to the &uestions below.
Questions
;. What was your problemM
+. Cestate your hypothesis.
3. Was your hypothesis correct or incorrectM
5. What happened to the temperature during the reactionM Bse numbers from your
data table as &uantitati-e e-idence for what happened. @o not forget units.
". What was the total heat loss during the reactionM Indicate how you calculated this
-alue. Bse proper units.
!. What happened to pH during the reactionM Bse numbers from your data table as
&uantitati-e e-idence for what happened.
$. Hased on pH, what kind of chemical reaction occurredM
E. What &ualitati-e e-idence indicated that a chemical reaction was taking placeM
=. Hased on temperature, was this an exothermic or an endothermic reactionM WhyM
;8. What gas was produced in this experimentM
;;. How might this lab be extendedM
Further Suggestions
;. hange the relati-e amounts of citric acid. ?ollow changes in temperature and
calculate the heat of reaction.
+. hange the relati-e amounts of baking soda. ?ollow changes in temperature and
calculate the heat of reaction.
Teacher otes
1o prepare a ; 7 citric acid solution, dissol-e +" of citric acid in ;88 mL of water.
An example of the temperature graph obtained in this experiment is shown below. If you want
labels for both temperature and pH to appear on the F9axis, copy and place two graphs on the
lab report in 1ext7aker. While in 7ultiLab, use the dropdown arrow abo-e the graph to show
IA#9; and IA#9+.
$xample of e'uation calculation(
Heat of reaction I %+" g' %5.;E LAg
8
' %;"."8
8
' I ;!+8 Loules %studentsN temperature
changes -ary'
Possible ans)ers to 'uestions
;. What was your problemM
Will -ary but should indicate what will happen to the pH and temperature of a citric
solution when baking soda is added.
+. Cestate your hypothesis.
Will -ary, but should answer the problem and should be stated in an 2if, then3 form.
3. Was your hypothesis correct or incorrectM
Will -ary, but should be consistent with hypotheses and what actually occurred.
5. What happened to the temperature during the reactionM Bse numbers from your data
table as &uantitati-e e-idence for what happened. @o not forget units.
Will -ary, but should be indicate the maximum and minimum temperature and pH
-alues shown on studentsN graphs and data tables.
". What was the total heat loss during the reactionM Indicate how you calculated this
-alue and unit proper units.
Will -ary. Heat of reaction I %+" g' %5.;E LAg8 ' %;"."8 ' I ;!+8 Loules, for example.
!. What happened to pH during the reactionM Bse numbers from your data table as
&uantitati-e e-idence for what happened.
Will -ary, but pH increased. 6tudents should use specific numbers that were
recorded in their data tables for support this increase.
$. Hased on pH, what kind of chemical reaction occurredM
)eutrali>ation reaction
E. What &ualitati-e e-idence indicated that a chemical reaction was taking placeM
Hubbles were obser-ed. A fi>>ing sound was heard.
=. Hased on temperature, was this an exothermic or an endothermic reactionM WhyM
Dndothermic4 heat was absorbed during the reaction, causing a decrease in
temperature.
;8. What gas was produced in this experimentM
#+
;;. How might this lab be extendedM
1he amounts of citric acid or the amounts of baking soda might be -aried to see how this
would affect the reaction.